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New technologies and architectures for efficient data centers 2015 Report by Yole Developpement
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Transcript of New technologies and architectures for efficient data centers 2015 Report by Yole Developpement
From Technologies to Market
Sample
From Technologies to Market
© 2015
New technologies & architectures
for efficient Data Centers
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Report Objectives 4
• What Is In This Report? 5
• Glossary 7
• Executive Summary 8
• Today’s Challenges on New Generation Data Centers 29
Big Metrics 34
Technological Breakthroughs 42
• General Aspects Of Data Centers 54
Power Consumption – Energy Efficiency Issues 61
• Supply Chain 74
• Architectures & Power Systems 81
Traditional Architectures 89
Modular & Container Architectures 99
• Technical Solutions & Technological Breakthroughs 116
DC Grid 118
Servers 135
o Emerging NVM 141
Silicon Photonics 154
Uninterruptible Power Supply 170
Wide Band Gap Devices 179
Cooling Systems 187
• Conclusions 194
• Latest News 198
• Yole Presentation 202
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New Technologies and Architectures for Efficient Data Centers
3
COMPANIES CITED IN THE REPORT
Cisco, Arista Networks, HP, Dell, Vmware, Brocade, Lenovo, Huawei, Extreme Networks, Avaya, Toshiba, EPC, Samsung, SanDisk, Micron, Sony, SK Hynix, Violin memory, STEC, Tms, Fusion-io, Eaton Corp., Emerson Electric, Schneider Electric, General Electric,
Belkin Industries, Socomec, Newave, Emerson Network Power, Stulz, Uniflair, GEA Group, APC, Air Data, Airedale, RC Group, Intel, IBM, Luxtera, Mellanox, Molex, SGI, Sun Microsystems, Lampertz, Bull, ActivePower, Verari Forest, Delta, ABB, Digital Really, QTS Data Centers, Sabey Data Centers, DuPont Fabros, Equinix, NTT, Facebook, Google, Ebay, Amazon, Microsoft, and more!
4
MAIN 4 CHARACTERISTICS
• High concentration of heat
• All the concentrated electronics generate huge amount of heat in a closed space
• Large cooling systems have to be installed
• Huge amounts of data
• Increasing need for bandwidth
• Interconnexions between servers are done thanks to being at the same physical site
• Data Centers need to be close to big urban areas
• Very high electricity consumption• A proximity of a point access to very high
electrical power is required
• Multi-sourcing is obligatory for safety reasons
• Strong trends towards the use of renewableelectricity sources (hydro, PV, wind…)
• Ways to reduce the consumption are activelyresearched
• Requirements on extremely high (24/7) data availabilityand security
• Solutions implemented to ensure “ALWAYS-ON state” - uninterruptedpower supply, redundancy - System resilient to failure and enabling rapidrecovery after failure
• System protected against human and natural detrimental influence
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
5
POWER REQUIREMENTS
Power needed by the IT equipment
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
6
POWER REQUIREMENTS OF A DATA CENTER
In order to feed the IT equipment, more than double of power is needed
• In a traditional Data Center, about50% of the power consumption isused for something else than the ITloads.
• This means that to supply the ITequipment with a power of 60 kW, atleast 150 kW are required. (For a PUEof 2.5)
• Virtually, every watt expended in aserver room in terms of processingpower, power supplies, lighting, etc. isturned into heat.
• Thereby, huge amounts of heat have tobe dissipated in a relatively small andclose environment.
Traditional Data Centers are considered extremely inefficient, as in many cases less than half of the power is used for IT loads
PUE = 2.5
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
7
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Different alternative power sources
• Several projects have been presented using renewable energies to power their data centers:
In order to reduce the electricity bill, Data Centers are incorporating additional alternative power sources
Geothermal Data Centers: A number of data
centers in the Midwest (US) are using geothermal
cooling in their data centers. Then there’s Iceland
and its plentiful supply of geothermal energy.
In the US, there is a potential of >2,000 GW on
geothermal energy
Waste Heat Reclamation: Most data centers are
already generating an energy source: the heat
emerging from the back of their server racks.
Here’s a look at some facilities that are reusing
this waste heat.
Wind-Powered Data Centers: Only a handful of
companies have implemented wind turbines in
working data centers, but new players have some
ambitious plans in this area.
Solar-Powered Data Centers: Emerson Network
Power, i/o Data Centers and AISO are among the
companies that have implemented on-site solar
solutions.
Waste heat from servers at the new Telecity Paris data center (left) is
being used to heat an on-site arboretum (right).
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
8
GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Evolution with a decreasing average PUE
• Each hypothesis fix new PUEs by region from the mentioned years on.
• Each new hypothesis also takes into account the previous hypothesis.
In the case that by 2019 PUEs would decrease considerably, with averages between 1.3-1.5, the global energy consumption will stay stable (below 400TWh) until 2020
-24%
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
9
ENTERPRISE STORAGE SUPPLY CHAIN
Emerging NVM could beused at both drive (HDD,SSD) and storage systemlevel for various cachememory applications. Earlyadopters are SSDmanufacturers whointegrate EverspinSTTMRAM for memorytype SCM applications. In asecond step, RRAM couldalso be used as storagetype SCM. Enterprisestorage end users will alsopush chip makers tointroduce new solutions inorder to follow data trafficexplosion.
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
10
F3 & F4 CLASSES
Multi-sourcing and circuit redundancy are the key features of the safest Data Centers
The two safest topologies – class 3 & class 4 – provides different power source access connections from the grid (multi-sourcing).
There are (at least) two completely independent power circuits, with component redundancy.
Class F4 Fault Tolerant
Class F3Not UPSs in every
distribution channel –Not a complete
redundancy
• The F3 class does not have a
complete circuit redundancy as
UPSs are used just in one of the two
independent circuits.
• The F4 topology guarantees that
every critical load is at least supplied
by two independent and equal
distribution circuits.
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
11
MARKET SPLIT OF ARCHITECTURES
Which topology is the most widespread?
• F0 and F1 architectures are the most expanded ones: >95%
• However, they represent server closet and small rooms which we do not consider as a Data Center.
• The real Data Center split is here below:
• Double power source,
UPS redundancy, but
not circuit redundancy
• Multi power sourcing,
circuit redundancy
Architecture class split by number of sites
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
12
REDUNDANCY
Redundancy increases the problem of overrating
• The load rate of the power converter affects its efficiency. In consequence, losses increase considerably when load decreases from 50 %.
• Servers rarely work at 100 % of their capacity. Furthermore redundancy divides the transmitted power of a component by the redundancy power factor.
• Therefore, components are rated for the 100 % of the capacity, when in reality they transfer less than 25 % of the load each (when double redundancy in circuit and component level).
Redundancy power factor = Component redundancy * Circuit redundancy
AC/DC rectifiers
Component (or converter)
level redundancy
System without
redundancy
Redundancy
Circuit level redundancy1st Converter 2nd Converter 2nd power distribution circuitWorking nearly at
100% of load rate
Each converter is
working at 25% of its
load rate
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
13
CONTAINERS
Modular “Plug & Play” solutions
• Rugged, portable and energy efficient containerized datacenters that provide plug & play datacentercapacity inside an ISO container in a fast and cost effective way.
All-in-one compact units providing a fully functional data center
AST Modular containers:- Up to 12x42 servers
- Up to 96 kW in power and cooling
- N+1 redundancy (power & cooling)
- 100kVA UPS
- 320sqft (29.7 m2)
Schneider Electric acquired
AST Modular in 2014
Huawei:- Up to 8x45 servers
- Up to 60 kW in IT
- Row-level air conditioner
horizontal air supply
- 120kVA UPS
- 320sqft (29.7 m2)
IDS1000A-40 container
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
14
CONTAINER DATA CENTER MANUFACTURERS
2014 market share
AST Modular was bought by Schneider Electric in the beginning of 2014
Other players are:
- Sun Microsystems
- Verari Forest
- Lampertz
- Bull
- ActivePower
- Cisco
- etc.
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
15
CONTAINER DATA CENTER MARKET
Market estimation in M$ for the period 2010-2020
• From 2014 on, this market will significantly
increase as many Data Center manufacturers
have seen the interest of using these modular
containers.
• Container based Data Centers
had an stable growth in the last
five years.
CAGR 15-20
+23.2%
CAGR 10-14
+11.7%
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
16
DC ARCHITECTURE
From AC to DC power distribution in Data Center
AC distribution: at least 3 sequential power
conversion stages involving a change from AC to
DC or vice versa
DC distribution removes 2 of the 3
sequential AC-DC/DC-AC power
conversion stages.
AC is 400 Vrms in Europe and 120 Vrms or 240 Vrms in the US
DC can be 48V, 326V or 380V depending on the region and the power load
POL: point-of-load
VRM: voltage regulation modules
Redundant
Redundant
A 10% to 20% energy saving on
the overall Data center is
expected by moving to DC
distribution
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
17
ARCHITECTURE COMPARISON
Design
Most innovative
concept are used in
installations for outdoor installations
(higher power and
less controlled
environment)
Innova
tio
ns
Tra
ditio
nal
arch
itect
ure
s
Traditional AC
systems
Row level DC
distribution
Facility level DC
distribution
Modular AC
systems Facility level DC
demonstrators
Increasing
environmental
constraints
In the short-mid
time future
DC solutions
AC solutions
Next coming
architectures
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
18
DC EQUIPMENT PLAYERS
• Several Data Center equipment suppliers are working on DC voltage solution, even though there is not a market for it yet.
• Special efforts are done at a reliable 400V DC breaker that would suit with Data Center safety & reliability requirements.
• So far, 48 VDC and 60VDC breakers are commercially available.
Players involved in the development of DC solutions:
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
19
FOCUS ON MEMORIES
Introduction of the typical memory types in data centers
Non-volatile memories stock data even if they are not supplied by electricity. Volatile memories are erase without electricity supply.
Working memory
DRAM
Speed
Gb capacity
> $1/Gb
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
20
RRAM CHIP MAXIMUM DENSITY ROADMAP
Stand-alone devices
RRAM will start being used in data centers from 2015 on as Storage Class Memory (SCM) 1 Gb
10 Mb
100 Mb
10 Gb
Chip Maximum
density
RRAM
High density
for
enterprise
storage
100 Gb
1 T b NAND
10 T b
3D NAND
Transition
Micron/sony
16 Gb
Adesto
64 Mb
RRAM
Low
density for
wearable &
industrial
Year of
commercial
sample
availability
Memory SCM
enterprise storage
applications
NAND
substitution in
data centers
Yole Développement © January 2015
Attacking the
data storage
application
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
21
EMERGING NVM MARKET FORECAST
By application from 2014–2020 (in $M)
CAGR 2014-2020
118%
85%
154%
35%
CAGR 2014-2020
118%
85%
154%
35%
CAGR 2014-2020
118%
85%
154%
35%
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
22
UPS MARKET
>200kVA UPS market dedicated to data centers
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
23
DATA CENTRE NETWORKING
Where optics is cool!
Just a few examples of photonicsolutions that willreducepower.
Router ASIC with integrated optics
(Compass-EOS) OOO routers (Calient)
AOC (Finisar)
Active Optic interconnect
(TE Connectivity)
Hybrid optical/electrical switching (UCSD)
Si photonics and closer integration
(Luxtera)
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers
24
WHY SiC & GaN ADDED VALUE?
High electron mobility and high junction temperature are the key intrinsic characteristics.
High electron mobilityHigh Junction
Temperature
No recovery time
during switching
Low lossesless energy to dissipate
Fewer cooling
needs
System size and
weight
reduction
High switching
frequency
Smaller filters
and passives
Intrinsic
properties
Impact on
operation
Impact on
power module
Impact on
power system
©2015 | www.yole.fr | New technologies & architectures for efficient data centers