New Syllabus for Post Graduate Studies (M. Sc.) in...

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New Syllabus for P. G. Studies (M. Sc.) in Botany: 2017-2018.

New Syllabus for Post Graduate Studies (M. Sc.) in Botany

(w.e.f. the academic session 2017 – 2018)

Includes Interdisciplinary Courses (IDC) as part of Choice

Based Credit System (CBCS)

Department of Botany Raiganj University

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Raiganj University New Syllabus for P. G. Studies (M. Sc.) in Botany

Duration: 2 years (Four Semesters); Total Marks -1600; Total Credit - 128

Semester I Course/Paper Name of the Course

Marks Credit

Hours Class Test Final Total CT L Total

Theoretical

SI-BOT-1/T Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SI-BOT-2/T Mycology and Plant Pathology 20 55 75 6 3 57 60 SI-BOT-3/T Cytology and Genetics 20 55 75 6 3 57 60 SI-BOT-IDC1 Inter Disciplinary Course (IDC)-I* 30 70 100 8 5 75 80

Practical

SI-BOT-4/P Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

25 2 55

SI-BOT-5/P Mycology and Plant pathology 25 2 55 SI-BOT-6/P Cytology and Genetics 25 2 55

Tutorials – 55 hours Total – 480 hours

Semester II

Course/Paper Name of the Course

Marks Credit


Theoretical SII-BOT-1/T Plant Physiology and Metabolism 20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SII-BOT-2/T Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Plant Developmental Biology

20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SII-BOT-3/T Microbiology 20 55 75 6 3 57 60 SII-BOT-IDC2 Inter Disciplinary Course (IDC)-II* 30 70 100 8 5 75 80

Practical SII-BOT-4/P Plant Physiology and Metabolism 25 2 55

SII-BOT-5/P Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Plant Developmental Biology

25 2 55

SII-BOT-6/P Microbiology 25 2 55


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Semester III Course/ Paper Name of the Course

Marks Credit


Theoretical

SIII-BOT-1/T

Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany and Palynology

20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SIII-BOT-2/T Ecology, Evolution and Plant resource utilization 20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SIII-BOT-3/T Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 20 55 75 6 3 57 60 Practical

SIII-BOT-4/P

Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Palaeobotany and Palynology.

25 2 55

SIII-BOT-5/P Ecology, Evolution and Plant resource utilization

25 2 55

SIII-BOT-6/P Bioinformatics and Biostatistics 25 2 55 Continuing Evaluation SIII-BOT-7/S Seminar 50 4 40 SIII-BOT-8/G Group Discussion 50 4 40


Semester IV Course/ Paper Name of the Course

Marks Credit


Theoretical

SIV-BOT-1/T Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SIV-BOT-2/ET Special/Elective - Paper – I** 20 55 75 6 3 57 60

SIV-BOT-3/ET Special/Elective - Paper – II** 20 55 75 6 3 57 60 Practical

SIV-BOT-4/P Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

25 2 55

SIV-BOT-5/EP Corresponding to both the Special papers*

50 4 100

Continuing Evaluation SIV-BOT-6/DR Project Work/Dissertation/Review 100 8 90


*IDC-I and IDC-II mentioned here are to be pursued by students other than M. Sc. in Botany. Students of M. Sc. Botany will pursue IDCs in other PG Department(s) and it will be a 08+08=16 credit course spread over two semesters (Semester-I & II).

**Special/Elective Course (any one to be selected; each course contains two theory and one practical paper): 1. Cytogenetics, 2. Microbiology, 3. Mycology and Plant Pathology, 4. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 5. Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics

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Semester‐I(SI)PaperSI‐BOT‐1/T‐BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyofplants

(Theory)

1. Carbohydrates:Structureandfunction;Plantstoragecarbohydrates;Cellwall‐structure&function;Glycoproteins&proteoglycans;sugarcode.

2. Lipids and membranes: Structure and function; types and function ofmembranelipids.

3. Lipidmetabolism:Fattyacidbiosynthesisandbreakdown;Synthesisofstorageandmembranelipids.

4. Proteins:Aminoacidcomponentsandstructural features;Primary, secondary,tertiary, quarternaryand supra‐molecular structuresdomains,motif and folds;Non‐covalentinteractionsinrelationtostructuralconformation;Ramachandranplots.

5. MembraneTransport:Membrane transport proteins; Primary and secondaryactive transport; Kinetic analysis of transportmechanisms; Membrane H+ andNa+‐K+ATPase.Importinsandexportins.

6. Aminoacidbiosynthesis:α‐KetoglutarateandOxaloacetatefamilies.7. Nucleic acids: Composition, three dimensional structures; helix (A, B, Z),

differentformsofRNA;DNAreplication;Nucleicacidbiosynthesis.8. Enzymology:Generalcatalyticproperties;Enzymekinetics‐Michaelis–Menten

andLineweaverBurkeplots;NegativeandPositiveco‐operativity;Regulationofenzymes;Allostericenzymes;Isozymes;Roleofcoenzymesandcofactors.

9. Cellsignaling:Signalingmoleculesandtheirreceptors,functionsofcellsurfacereceptors(G‐proteincoupledreceptor,receptorPTK,cytokineandnon‐receptorPTK), second messengers. Cell interactions: Cellular adhesions, junctionalproteinsandreceptors.

10. DNAhybridization&sequencing:Generationofradio‐labeledprobeandblottingtechniques; Southern and Northern hybridization; DNA Sequencing methods;Polymerasechainreaction:Principles&methods.

PaperSI‐BOT‐2/T‐MycologyandPlantPathology(Theory)

MYCOLOGY

1. IntroductiontoMycology:Generalprinciplesofclassificationoffungi,MajorGroupsofFungi;Fungalreproduction,Sporeforms,FungalPhylogenyandEvolution,fungalphysiology,nutrition,andgrowth.

2. Ultrastructureoffungalcellandcomposition3. GeneticsandCellcycleinyeast4. Appliedmycology:Overview;Fungiinfermentationtechnology;mycorrhizain

agriculture;Bioremediation;5. Cultivationofediblemushroom:Pleurotussp,andAgaricussp6. Lichens:Thallusstructure,reproductionandeconomicimportance.

PLANTPATHOLOGY7. PrinciplesofPlantPathology.

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8. Hostpathogeninteractions:Mechanismofpenetrationandtheprocessofdiseasedevelopment.

9. Modeofinfectionandroleofenzymesandtoxinsinplantdisease.10. Plant defense mechanism: Preexisting structural and induced structural and

chemicaldefense11. Structuralandchemicaldecayofwoodbywooddecayingmicroorganisms12. MajorFungal,Bacterial,ViralandNematodediseasesofCropPlants.13. Molecularmethodsfordetectionofplantpathogens14. Methodsofplantdiseasecontrol15. Epidemiologyofplantdiseases

PaperSI‐BOT‐3/T‐CytologyandGenetics(Theory)

1. Chromosome structure and packaging of DNA; Euchromatin and

heterochromatin; Karyotype analysis and evolution; specialized type ofchromosomes;Molecularbasisofchromosomepairing.

2. Cellularorganelles:ultrastructure,functionandtheirevolution.3. Molecular mechanism of recombination; Plasmids, IS elements; Transposons

and retro‐elements; Sex‐linked, sex‐limited and sex‐influenced traits; Sexdetermination; Sex differentiation; Dosage compensation and geneticimprinting;Maternaleffectsandcytoplasmicinheritance.

4. Mutationatmorphological,biochemicalandmolecularlevel;modificationandrepairofDNA;RepetitiveanduniqueDNAsequences.

5. Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; RNA processing; RNA editing;Regulationofgeneexpression;Operoncircuits.

6. Thegeneticcodeanditsevolution;Translationinprokaryotesandeukaryotes. 7. PopulationGenetics‐populations,genepool,genefrequency;Hardy‐Weinberg

Law;conceptsandrateofchangeingenefrequencythroughnaturalselection,migration and random genetic drift; molecular clock and phylogeneticevolution.

8. DNA fingerprinting; RAPD, RFLP, AFLP; genetic, cytogenetics and physicalmapping using molecular markers; Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)andGenomicinsituhybridization(GISH)andtheirimplications.

9. Genomics; The Human genome project and its importance; Functional andcomparativegenomics.

10. Principles of Plant breeding; conventionalmethods of breeding self and cross‐pollinatedplants;PolyploidyandEvolutionofmajorcropplantswheat, cotton,rice;pre‐breedingforcropimprovement;greenrevolutionandricebreeding.

PaperSI‐BOT‐4/P‐BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyofplants

(Practical)

1. Preparationofbuffers,solutionsanddilutions.2. Extractionof proteins fromplantmaterials andestimationbyLowry'smethod

usingBSAstandardcurve.3. Extraction of carbohydrates from plant materials and estimation of reducing

sugarsbySomogyi‐Nelsonmethod.4. Determinationofacidvalueoffat.

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5. Extraction of plant phenolics and estimation of total phenols andO‐dihydroxyphenols.

6. Separationofaminoacidmixturebythinlayerchromatography.7. SDS‐PAGEanalysisofproteins8. IsolationofplantgenomicDNA,estimationbyUVspectroscopy.9. Isolation of plant total RNA, estimation by UV spectroscopy and gel

electrophoresis.

PaperSI‐BOT‐5/P‐MycologyandPlantPathology(Practical)

1. Sterilizationandincubation‐principlesandusesofinstruments.2. Culturemediaandtheirpreparation.3. Preparationofstabs,slantsandpouringofplates.4. Isolationoffungifromwater/soil/airbycultureplatetechnique.5. Isolationofpathogenfromdiseasedtissues.6. Preparationofpurecultureandsubculturing.7. Inoculationoftuberandfruit.8. Morphologicalandreproductivestructureofsomemacroandmicrofungi.9. Symptomologyandhistopathologyofsomecommondiseaseswithdiagnostic

characteristics.10. IsolationoffungalDNAandPCRbasedanalysis.11. Fungaltissue‐culture;PreparationofspawnandcultivationofPleurotus.12. Identificationofspecimensfromfieldtrip.

PaperSI‐BOT‐6/P‐CytologyandGenetics(Practical)

1. Orcein and Feulgen staining of metaphase plates; Preparation of karyotype and

idiogramwithanalysis.2. Linear differentiation of chromosomes through G‐banding, C‐banding and Q‐

banding3. Induction of polyploidy using colchicine; different methods of application of

colchicines4. StudyofMeiosisinAllium,Tradescantia,Petunia,andotherplants.5. Studyofchromosomalaberrationswithchemicalmutagentreatments.

Semester‐II(SII)

PaperSII‐BOT‐1/T‐PlantPhysiologyandMetabolism(Theory)

1. TransportandtranslocationofwaterandsolutesPropertiesandmovementof

water molecules; Water balance of the plant; Water transport through xylem;Mechanismof loadingandunloadingof photoassimilates and translocation in thephloem

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2. Sensory Photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action ofphytochromes,cryptochromesandphototropins;Photophysiologyoflightinducedresponses;Stomatalmovement;photoperiodismandbiologicalclocks

3. Plantgrowthregulatorsandelicitors:Physiologicaleffects,mechanismofactionand signal transduction of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisicacid;BiologicalactionofBrassinosteroidsandpeptidehormones.

4. Physiologyofplantdevelopmentandflowering:Embryogenesis‐apical‐basal&radial patterning; Developmental control of root and shoot apical meristem; leafdevelopmentand;Endogenousclockanditsregulation;ConceptofFlorigen;Geneticandmolecularanalysisoffloralinductionanddevelopment.

5. StressPhysiology:Conceptoftoleranceandacclimation;Plantresponsestobiotic(pathogen and insects) and abiotic water deficit, salinity, metal toxicity, freezingandheatstress;Mechanismofoxidativestressandabioticstresstolerance

6. Secondarymetabolites:Characteristic featuresofsecondarymetabolitesofplantorigin;Basicmetabolicpathwaysandoriginofsecondarymetabolites;biosynthesisand biological significance of terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen‐containingcompounds.

7. Photochemistryandphotosynthesis:Generalconcepts;photosyntheticpigmentsandlightharvestingcomplexes;photo‐oxidationofwater;mechanismsofelectronandprotontransport;Benson‐Calvincycle;CO2concentratingmechanisms

8. Respiration: Overview of plant respiration; Glycolysis; TCA cycle, ElectronTransportsystemsandATPsynthesis;PhotorespirationAlternativeoxidasesystem.

PaperSII‐BOT‐2/T‐TaxonomyofAngiosperms(Theory)

1. Nomenclature‐differentmethods.SourcesofNames2. Concept of ICBN and ICN; brief knowledge of nomenclatural types as per

Melbourne‐ICN(2012);MajorRules:(a)Typeconcept;(b)Principleofpriority;(c)Valid publication; (d) Starting points ofNomenclature, and (e) Limitations to theprincipleofpriority

3. Evolutionofcharactersanddifferentiationofspecies4. Taxonomic Data Sources: (a) Anatomy, (b) Cytology, (c) Embryology, (d)

Palynology,(e)Phytochemistry,(f)GenomeAnalysis,(g)Nucleicacidhybridization5. TaxonomicTools:Herbaria,Floras,Serological&MolecularTechniques6. BotanicGardens ‐ importance,examplesandacronyms.Processingofherbarium

specimens7. Taxonomichierarchy 8. History of Plant Classification, Phenetic versus phylogenetic systems, cladistics;

CurrentsystemsofClassifications;broadoutlineofAPG‐III(2009)includingitsmeritsanddemerits.

9. Taxonomicliteratureandartificialkeys10. Salient features, Floral range and phylogenetic importance of the following

families:11. Dicots‐ Amborellaceae, Annonaceae, Papilionaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Apocynaceae,

Lamiaceae,Droseraceae,Nepenthaceae,Rubiaceae,Ericaceae,Asteraceae,Dipsacaceae.12. Monocots‐ Alismataceae, Potamogetonaceae, Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae,

Orchidaceae,Poaceae,Iridaceae,Juncaceae. 13. Biodiversity ‐ importance and preservation; Conservation Hotspots, IUCN guide

lines;invasions&introductions,endemism

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14. NumericalTaxonomy:Aimsandobjectives, characters and attributes,OTUs. Codingclusteranalyses,meritsanddemerits.

15. DNAbar‐codingforidentificationofplants.

PaperSII‐BOT‐3/T‐Microbiology(Theory)1. Diversity: Phototrophic bacteria; Chemolithotrophic bacteria; Spirochetes;

Rickettsias;Chlamydias;Mycoplasmas;MyxobacteriaandArchaea.

2. Taxonomy:Classification and survey ofmicroorganisms;Microbial phylogeny asrevealed by rRNA sequencing Nomenclature; Species concept; Criteria forclassification;Bergey’sManual

3. Functionalanatomyofcells:Cellsurfaces(glycocalyx,cellwall, flagellaandpili)and their role; Plasma membrane (bacterial and archaeal) and transport acrossthem;Survivalthroughtheproductionofsporesandcysts

4. Metabolism: Photosynthesis (anoxygenic and oxygenic); Chemosynthesis;Fermentation(alcoholic,Entner‐Doudoroffpathway;lacticacid–homoandhetero,propionicacid,mixedacid,butanediolandbutanol;Sticklandreaction);Respiration(anaerobicandaerobic),NitrogenmetabolismandBiologicalnitrogenfixation

5. Growth:Measurementsof growth;Growth cycleofpopulations;Generation time;Continuous culture; Synchronized growth; Diauxy; Growth on solid media;Environmentalfactorsinfluencinggrowth

6. Genetics:Storageandexpressionofgeneticinformation(prokaryoticchromosome,plasmidand ribosome);Replicationofprokaryotic chromosomes;Molecularbasisof mutation; Isolation of mutants; Gene transfer mechanisms (transformation,transduction and conjugation); Regulatory mechanisms in bacteria‐ induction,repression, feedback inhibition, catabolite repression and attenuation; Vitaloperons

7. MedicalMicrobiology:Pathogenicpropertiesofbacteria:toxinsandextracellularenzymes; brief account of major human disease and their bacterial pathogens.Principles of chemotherapy, general account of chemotherapeutic agents, sulfadrugsandantibiotics.

8. Fundamentals of Immunology: History of immunology, innate and acquiredimmunity, humoral and cell mediated immunity, organ and cells involved inimmunity, T cells and B cells; antigens: characteristics and types, adjuvants.Immunoglobins:types,structureandproperties.

9. Viruses and acellular microbes: Nomenclature and classification, distinctivepropertiesofvirus,morphologyandultrastructure,capsidandtheirarrangements,typesofenvelopesandtheircomposition,viralgenome,theirtypesandstructure,virusrelatedagents(viriodsandprions).Viralreplication:lyticandlysogenic.

PaperSII‐BOT‐4/P‐PlantPhysiologyandMetabolism(Practical)

1. Determination of amylase activity of monocot seeds in different stages of

germination.2. Assayofcatalaseofseedlingsgrowingindifferentenvironment.

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3. Studyofmobilizationofstarchduringseedgerminationbyamylases.4. Determinationoftotalacidityofcellsap.5. Effectofkinetinoncotyledonenlargement.6. Effectofdifferentsolutesandtemperatureonmembranepermeability.7. Effectofsolutesontheresponseofmembranestodifferentchemicals.8. Preparationofstandardcurveandestimationofprotein9. Preparationofstandardcurveandestimationofaminoacids10. DeterminationofHillactivitybyisolatedchloroplasts11. Extractionofchloroplastpigmentsandquantitativeestimation.

PaperSII‐BOT‐5/P‐TaxonomyofAngiosperms(Practical) 1. Workout of plant specimens and description of vegetative and reproductive

charactersfromrepresentativefamilieslocallyavailable.2. Traininginusinglocalflorasandotherliteratureandherbariaforidentificationof

specimensdescribedintheclasses.3. Studyofvarioustaxaofagenus,locationofkeycharactersandpreparationofkeys

atspecieslevel.4. Fieldexcursionforfamiliarizationwithandstudyofvegetationtype(s)andflora(s)

of different areas in and outside the state, and in the local areas, and training incollectionandpreservationmethodologies.

PaperSII‐BOT‐6/P‐Microbiology(Practical)

1. Differential Staining (Gram and endospore) and study of morphology of

prokaryoticcells.2. Isolationofbacteriausingstreak‐plate,pour‐plateandspread‐platetechniques.3. Evaluation of disinfectants (phenol coefficient) as a measure of controlling

microbialgrowth.4. Isolationandenumerationofviablemicroorganisms fromsoilbyserialdilution‐

agarplatemethod;isolationandstudyofrhizobiafromrootnodules.5. Studyofbacterialgrowthusingturbidimetricmethod.6. Measurementofwetweightanddryweightofbacterialcellsduringgrowth.7. Determination of quality of milk using Breed’s and methylene blue reduction

methods.8. Antibioticssensitivitytestusingpaperdiscmethod.9. Determinationoftheinfluenceoftemperature,pH,osmoticpressureandaeration

onmicrobialgrowth.

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Semester—III(SIII)PaperSIII‐BOT‐1/T‐Phycology,Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnology,

PaleobotanyandPalynology(Theory) Phycology1. Algaeindiversifiedhabitats:Terrestrial,freshwaterandmarine 2. Thallusorganization,3. Cellultrastructure 4. Reproduction 5. Criteriaforclassification:Pigments,Reservefoodsandflagella 6. Salientfeaturesofmajorgroups:Cyanophyta,Prochlorophyta,Chlorophyta,

Bacillariophyta,PhaeophytaandRhodophyta.7. Economicimportance:Algalblooms,Algalbiofertilizers,Algaeasfood,

feedandusesinindustry

Bryology1. Salientfeaturesofmajorgroups 2. Sporegerminationinliverwortsandmosses 3. Alternativepathwaysinlifecyclesofbryophytes4. Bryophytesasindicatorsofpollution5. Usefulchemicalconstituents6. Fossilbryophytesasindicatorsofpastenvironmentandpastplant

communitiesPteridology1. Basicadaptationonland 2. Salientfeaturesofmajorgroups 3. Originandevolutionofpteridophyta 4. Stelarevolutioninpteridophyta 5. Telometheoryandoriginofmegaphyll 6. Eusporangiateandleptosporangiateferns 7. Usefulchemicalconstituents8. EconomicimportanceGymnology1. Classificationandsalientfeaturesofmajortaxa 2. Originandevolutionofgymnosperms 3. Distributionthroughdifferentera 4. DistributioninIndia:FossilandlivingPalaeobotany1.Sedimentaryrocks;Stratigraphy;GeologicalTimeScale;Basicconceptsofcontinental

driftandplatetectonics2.Taphonomy3.Coal,petroleum–originanddepositionalenvironmentcoalandpetroliferousbasinsof

India4.Reconstructionoffossilplants 5.Datingoffossils

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6.Colonizationofland;emergenceofseedplants;appearanceofangiosperms7.Fundamentalsofpalaeogeograpgy,palaeoecologyandpalaeoclimatology

Palynology1.Branchesofpalynology2.Spore,pre‐pollenandpollenmorphology,3.Wallchemistry,exineornamentation4.Evolutionofaperturetypes5.ApplicationofneopalynologyandpalaeopalynologyPaperSIII‐BOT‐2/T‐Ecology,EvolutionandPlantresourceutilization

(Theory)Evolution:1. Originofcellsandunicellularevolution‐originofbasicbiologicalmolecules;concept

ofOparinandHaldane;Miller’sexperiment(1953);evolutionofprokaryotes;originofeukaryoticcellsandevolutionofunicellulareukaryotes.

2. Theories of organic evolution: Lamarck;Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation,struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity of mutations; theevolutionarysynthesis.

3. Molecular evolution; Concepts of neutral evolution; Molecular divergence andmolecular clocks; origin of new genes and proteins; gene duplication anddivergence.

4. Adaptive radiation; isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity andSympatricity;Convergentevolution;Sexualselection;Co‐evolution.

Ecology:1. Concept and dynamics or ecosystem, components, food chain and energy flow,

ecological pyramids; productivity and biogeochemical cycles; Different types ofecosystems (grassland and Savannas, shrubland and deserts, Tundra and taiga,Temparateforests,Tropicalforests,Lakesandponds,freshwaterwetlands,Streamsandrivers,Oceans,Estuarineandmangrove)

2. Population ecology (Basic characteristics with examples, life table, survivorshipcurves, growth curves) and biological control; Community structure andorganization;Environmentalpollution;Sustainabledevelopment

3. Ecosystem dynamics and management; Stability and complexity of ecosystems;Environmental Impact assessment, Principles of conservation; conservationstrategies;cryopreservation,Sustainabledevelopment.

Plantresourceutilization:1. Traditional knowledge on the use of Bioresources: ‐ Utilization, need, survey,

evaluationandconservation.Non‐TimberForestProducers2. MicrobialResources: ‐Biofertilizers,Biopesticides,Mycorrhizae,EdibleMushroom

(Agaricus,PleurotusandVolvariella)‐cultivationandmanagement3. Plants and Civilization: Centres of origin and gene diversity; Botany, utilization,

cultivation and improvement of food plants, drug, fibre and industrial values;Unexploited plants of potential economic value; Plants as a source of renewableenergy;Geneticresourcesandtheirconservation,cryopreservation

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PaperSIII‐BOT‐3/T‐BioinformaticsandBiostatistics(Theory)

Bioinformatics:1. Introductiontotheconceptofhardwareandsoftware.2. IntroductiontoWindows,UNIXandLinux;IntroductiontoPerlandPython.3. Differenttypesofbiologicaldatabaseslikesequencedatabases,structural,

genomicandpathwayinteractiondatabases;informationretrievalfrombiologicaldatabases;sequenceanalysisoverview.

4. Introductiontogenomebrowsers;Onlinebioinformaticstools;Differenttypesoffileformatsusedinbioinformaticsanalysis;Genomeannotation.

5. Nucleotideandproteinsequenceanalysis,sequencealignmentandapplications.6. Phylogeneticanalysis.7. Introductiontoproteinstructurepredictionandanalysis;drugdesigning.

Biostatistics:

1. Samplingandsampledesigns;Classificationandtabulationofdata;Visualizingdata(diagrammaticandgraphicalpresentation)

2. Measuresofcentraltendencyanddispersion3. Probabilitydistributions4. Differencebetweenparametricandnon‐parametricstatistics5. Confidenceinterval;Errors;Levelsofsignificance6. Regressionandcorrelation;t‐test;ANOVA;Chi‐squaretest7. Basicintroductiontomultivariatestatistics8. ApplicationofSPSS,Sigmaplot,XLSTATetc.insolvingstatisticalproblems

PaperSIII‐BOT‐4/P‐Phycology,Bryology,Pteridology,Gymnology,

PaleobotanyandPalynology(Practical)

1. Morphological study of representative members of Cyanophyceae,Chlorophyceae,Phaeophyceae,Bacillariophyceae,Rhodophyceae

2.StudyofreproductivemembersofdifferentgroupsofBryophytes3.StudyofreproductivestructuresofdifferentgroupsofPteridophyta.4. Detectionandbioassayofallelopathicsubstancesoffern.5.ComparativestudyofvegetativeandreproductivestructuresofrepresentativesofdifferentgroupsofGymnosperms4. StudyofimportantfossilGymnospermsfrompreparedslidesandspecimensPaperSIII‐BOT‐5/P‐Ecology,EvolutionandPlantresourceutilization

(Practical)

1. Estimationofdissolvedoxygencontent.2. Estimationofdissolvedcarbonate&bicarbonatecontent.3. DeterminationofsoilpH.4. Determinationofsoilquality:i)organicmatterorii)Exchangeablecalciumand

magnesium5. Mushroomculturetechniques

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6. Nurserytechniquesofpropagation7. Studyofeconomicallyimportantplants

PaperSIII‐BOT‐6/P‐BioinformaticsandBiostatistics(Practical)1. Nucleicacidandproteinsequenceretrieval2. Sequenceanalysistechniques3. ScriptingandPerl/Pythonprogramming4. Applicationofonlinetoolsandworkflowdesign5. Computer‐oriented statistical techniques for solvingdescriptive and inferentialstatistical problems and performing different statistical techniquesmentioned in thetheoreticalsyllabus.

Semester—IV(SIV)

PaperSIV‐BOT‐1/T‐PlantBiotechnologyandGeneticEngineering(Theory)

1. Introduction and history of plant Tissue culture, culture media, Initiation and

maintenanceofCallusandsuspensioncultures;singlecellclones2. Biochemicalproduction3. Organogenesis; somatic embryogenesis; transfer and establishment of whole

plantsinsoil4. Rapidclonalpropagationandproductionofvirus‐freeplants5. Invitropollination;embryocultureandembryorescue6. Protoplastfusion,selectionofhybridcells;symmetricandasymmetrichybrids,

cybrids.7. Nuclearcytologyofculturedplantcellsandsomaclonalvariations8. Productionofhaploidplantsandtheirutilization9. Cryopreservationandslowgrowthforgermplasmconservation10. Proteomics: Proteomics basic principles and applications. Protein‐protein

interactionviapull‐downandyeasttwo‐hybridassay.DNA‐proteininteractions:DNaseIfootprinting.

11. Protein sequencing – principle and methods. MS/MS techniques for proteinidentification(PMF).

12. Basic principles of genetic engineering; Applications of recombinant DNA inagriculture and medicine; Restriction endonucleases, Modification methylasesandotherenzymesneededingeneticengineering.

13. Cloning vectors; Plasmids and plasmid vectors, Phages and Phage Vectors,phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosome vectors (YAC, BAC), Animal virusderivedvectors‐SV40andretroviralvectors;Cloningstrategies&screeningofrecombinantclones.

14. Molecularcloning:RecombinantDNAtechniques,constructionofgenomicDNAandcDNAlibraries,screeningoflibraries

15. Expressionstrategiesforheterologousgenes16. Use of transposons in genetic analysis: Transposon tagging and its use in

identificationandisolationofgenes17. Biosafetyregulation:PhysicalandBiologicalcontainment

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PaperSIV‐BOT‐1/T‐PlantBiotechnologyandGeneticEngineering(Practical)

1. Meristemtipculture2. Somaticembryogenesis3. Separationofaminoacidmixturebythinlayerchromatography.4. SDS‐PAGEanalysisofproteins5. IsolationofplantgenomicDNA,estimationbyUVspectroscopy6. RAPD amplification and data analysis of a typical plant and dendrogram

preparationandgeneticdistancemeasurement.7. Isolation of plant total RNA, estimation by UV spectroscopy and gel

electrophoresis.

Elective/SpecialCourses

(Anyoneelective/specialcoursetobeoptedforthe4thSemester;eachcoursecontainstwotheoreticalandonepracticalpaper)

Elective/SpecialCourse:CytogeneticsSIV‐BOT‐2/ET[Specialpaper–I(Theoretical)]

1. Gene structure: Genetic fine structure, cis‐trans test, complementation test,overviewofpromoterstructuresand5'capping,3'polyadenylationineukaryoticgenetranscription,RNAtransport,splicing‐editing.

2. GenomeorganizationandAnalysis:Anoverviewwithnucleosomepackaging,DNA structure, 'A', 'B' & 'Z' forms, Chromosome sorting by FACS, PFGE andmicrodissection.

3. NGS: High‐throughput DNA sequencing (Illumina/Solexa technique), genomeprobingusingDNAmicroarray(DNAchip),DNAdatabasesandaccessinggeneticinformationviaBioinformaticsalgorithms.

4. Recombinant DNA Technology: Gene cloning principles; Tools‐techniques,constructionofgenomicandcDNAlibrariesandscreening‐expression,choiceofvectors and their structural features, In vitro mutagenesis and application.Antisense,ribozymeandRNAitechnologyandimportance.

5. Genome function: Characterization of gene transcripts‐transcriptomics viaSAGE, Differential display, RNase protection assay, Northern blotting, nuclearrun‐on assay and genetic information passed on to protein‐proteomics, andprotein‐protein interaction via pull‐down and yeast two‐hybrid assay, FRET;DNA‐proteininteractions:EMSA,DNaseIfootprinting,ChIP

6. Transgenic crops: Strategies to develop transgenic crops throughAgrobacteriummediated or physical mediated gene transfer methods. Controlandsilencingoftransgeneexpression.

7. GM crops and ecological concern: GM crops for disease/drought /insect/herbicide tolerance and terminator technology.Advantages ofTransplastomicsand its development. Gene targeting through gene‐knock‐out using Cre‐LoxPsystemandgenetagginginplants.EcologicalriskandethicalissuesofGMcrops

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SIV‐BOT‐3/ET[Specialpaper–II(Theoretical)]1. Genetic Markers and PCR amplification: RFLP, RAPD, SNPs, FISH &

Chromosome painting, Gene amplification and PCR: Basic principles andmethodologies of PCR, design of PCRprimers, RT‐PCRandReal‐TimePCR andtheirutility.

2. Genomemapping: Genetic mapping, physical mapping, sequencing genomes‐assembly of a continuous DNA sequence, understanding of genome sequence‐ORF,homologysearchandcomparativegenomics,exon‐intronboundaries.

3. Molecular plant breeding: Theory and practices, molecular breeding tools‐markersandmaps;moleculartechniques inOmics‐ functionalandcomparativegenomics;breedingpopulations–DH,RIL,NIL,CSSL;markerassistedselection(MAS)‐ theoryandpractice;breeding informatics‐plantDatabases,prospectsofbreedinginformatics,ricegenomeanalysis‐SNPsandInDelsvariations,analysesbasedondifferentgenomebrowser‐NCBI,Gramene,RAP‐DB.

4. Moleculardissectionof complex traits‐ QTLs, QTLsmapping across species(Rice);Ricebiologyinthegenomicera;Developmentofimprovedricevarietiesthroughmolecularbreeding‐submergencetolerance,blight‐blastresistantrice,salt tolerance rice‐ through gene introgression from donor parents and genepyramiding.

5. Genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotic organelles: Chromosomes ofprokaryotes, genetic features of prokaryotic genomes; physical features oforganellegenomeandgeneticcontentoforganellegenomes.

6. Molecular phylogenetics: The origins of genome; RNA genome and DNAgenome, acquisition of new genes, noncoding DNA and genome evolution;reconstruction of DNA‐based phylogenetic trees and applications of molecularphylogenetics.

7. Genemanipulationandapplications:Producingusefultherapeuticmolecules,pharmacogenomics, new drugs, improving agronomic traits by geneticmodification. Metabolomics and global biochemical networks; analysis oftranscriptomicsandproteomics;geneinhibitionattheproteinlevel.

SIV‐BOT‐5/EP[Specialpaper–Practical]

1. Plant DNA isolation and its quantification by UV Spectrophotometer andPreparationof"Cot‐curve"fromisolatedDNA

2. RestrictionenzymedigestionofgenomicDNAanditsseparationon1%agarosegelelectrophoresisandvisualizationonUV‐transilluminationafterstainingbyEthidiumbromide

3. rDNA construction: Isolation of plasmid DNA and cut with restriction enzymeandligationintoknownVectorpBR322/pUCseries/pGEM‐T.

4. TransformationofE.colihostusingconstructedchimericplasmid5. PCRandmultiplearbitraryampliconprofiling(AP‐PCR/RAPD)anddataanalysis

with genetic distance measurement and dendrogram construction forphylogeneticstudy.

6. RT‐PCRusingreversetranscriptaseandcellularmRNAassubstrate.7. Callusinitiationandplantletsregenerationfromtissueexplants.

16


8. RicegenomeanalysisbasedongenomesequencingdataofIRGSP‐2005orMSU7.9. SSRmarkerprofilingusingricegenomicDNAandtheiranalysis.10. SNPsand InDelsvariationanalysisbasedonwholegenomesequencingdataof

rice,codonbiasanalysisandGC%analysis.

Elective/SpecialCourse:MicrobiologySIV‐BOT‐2/ET[Specialpaper–I(Theoretical)]

1. Microbial Systematics: Classical and modern approaches to bacterial taxonomy,chemo‐taxonomic characteristics (peptidoglycan, lipids, fatty acids and proteins)andgenotypiccharacteristics(DNA‐basecomposition,‐fingerprinting,‐relatedness;RNAsequenceanalysis,DNA‐RNAhybridization);bacterialphylogeny.

2. Genetics: Genetic code‐ its nature and deciphering; Transcription; Translation;Plasmid biology (Types; Detection and purification; Replication); Transposons−Insertionsequencesandcompositetransposons,phagesastransposons,replicative,non‐replicative and conservative transposition. Transformation; Conjugation;transduction;Bacterialgenomemapping;Mutationanddetection.

3. Environmentalmicrobiology: Biofilms; Microbial competition and cooperation;Biogeochemicalcycles(nitrogen,sulfur,phosphorusandiron);Microbialleachingofores; Wastewater treatments; Biodegradation of petroleum and xenobiotics;Bacterial plastics; Metagenomics; Brief idea of exobiology; Methods in microbialecology.

4. Food Microbiology: Food produced by microbes: Fermented foods (fermenteddairyproducts,alcoholicbeverages,vinegar, fermentedvegetables),microbialcellsas food. Food as substrate formicroorganism, food borne disease; contaminationandspoilageoffood(meatandmeatproducts,fish,fruitsandvegetables,milkandmilkproducts),methodsoffoodpreservation(physicalandchemical);Probiotics

5. Microbes inAgriculture:Biologicalnitrogen fixation,nitrogenaseandalternativenitrogenase system, nif genes; degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin,production of biofertilizers. Microbial control of insects. Use of viruses inagriculture.

6. Bioinformatics&ComputationalBiology:Advancedbiologicalsequenceanalysis;Predictive methods using nucleotide and protein sequences; Advanced BLASTtechniques; Codon usage analysis; Advanced molecular phylogenetics; Molecularmodelling;ConceptsofNextGenerationSequencingandNGSdataanalysis.

SIV‐BOT‐3/ET[Specialpaper–II(Theoretical)]

1. Medical Microbiology: Normal microbiota of human body; host‐parasiterelationship in baterial pathogenicity: non‐specific mechanisms of host defense,mechanism of bacterial virulence, genetics of bacterial virulence; chemotherapy:antibiotics (origin, classification, chemistry and mode of action); semisyntheticantibiotics;antibioticresistanceinbacteria,mechanism(s)ofantibioticresistance.

17


2.Immunology:Theoriesofantibodyproduction,antibodydiversity;antigen‐antibodyreactions; immunoassay methods and their applications, major histocompatibilitycomplex (structure and function), complement system and complement activation;monoclonalantibodies(productionandapplications);ImmunologicaltechniqueslikeimmunoelectrophoresisandELISA.

3. Water microbiology: Waterborne diseases; Microbial contamination of water;Examinationofpotabilityofwater;Purificationofwater.

4. Biotechnology and Industrial microbiology: Major products of industrialmicrobiology; Biofuel production; Microorganisms used in industrial microbiologyandtheirgeneticmanipulation.

5. Virology: Mechanism of virus adsorption and entry into the host cell includinggenomereplicationandmRNAproduction,mechanismofRNAsynthesis,mechanismof DNA synthesis, transcription mechanism and post transcriptional processing,translation of viral proteins, assembly, exit and maturation of progeny virions,multiplicationofbacteriophages.

6.Hostandvirusfactorsinvolvedinpathogenesis,patternsofinfection,pathogenesisofanimalviruses,pathogenesisofplantandinsectviruses.Hostcelltransformationbyviruses and oncogenesis of DNA and RNA viruses; Characteristics of interferons;Inductionandregulationofinterferonproduction;Mechanismofinterferonaction.


1.Quantifyingthethermaldeath(D‐values)ofmicroorganisms

2. Study of physiological and biochemical activities of bacteria (hydrolysis of starch,lipid, protein and urea; degradation of cellulose and pectin; catalase; β‐galactosidase; nitrate reduction; Voges‐Proskauer reaction; indole production;liquefactionofgelatin;citrateutilization;fermentation/oxidationofsugars)

3.Studyofbacterialgrowthanddeterminationofgenerationtime

4.Assayofantibioticsusingtubedilution,welldiffusionandagardilutionmethods

5.Detectionofcoliformsusingmembranefiltermethodtodeterminewaterpurity

6. Enrichment and isolation of anoxygenic prototrophic, endospore‐forming anddiazotrophicbacteria

7.Inductionofmutation,andselectionofmutantsusingreplicaplatingtechnique

8.Isolationofantibiotic‐resistantmutants

9.DNAisolationfrombacteria/environmentalsampleanditsquantification.

10.RestrictionenzymedigestionofDNA

11.PolymeraseChainReactionandGelElectrophoresis.

12.TransformationofE.coli

13.QuantitativeestimationofproteinsbyFolin‐Lowry/Biuretmethod.

14.Chromatographictechniques

15.Nucleicacidandproteinsequenceanalysis

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16.Basictechniquesofmolecularmodeling

17.BasicsofNGSdataanalysis.

Elective/SpecialCourse:MYCOLOGYandPLANTPATHOLOGYSIV‐BOT‐2/ET[Specialpaper–I(Theoretical)]1. Fungaldiversityindifferentecosystems:Thestructureandcompositionoffungal

cell,effectofenvironmentonfungalgrowthandbehavior.2. Fermentation technology: Feedstock for fermentation process, fermentor design

andoperation,solidsubstratefermentations.3. Enzyme technology: Fungal enzymes of commercial importance, production of

fungalenzymes,freeandimmobilizedcellsandenzymes.4. Fungal toxins: Mycotoxicoses‐ fungi in dermatomycosis, aspergillosis and fungi

allergenictomanandanimal.5. Fungi as food and beverage: Alcoholic beverage, mushrooms and other macro

fungi,ediblebiomassfromyeastandmoulds,singlecellproteins(SCP).6. Fungi in foodprocessing: Bread, soybean products, cheese and fermentedmilk,

otherfermentedfoods7. Fungal metabolites: Primary metabolites of economic importance, secondary

metabolitesinmedicineandagriculture8. Futureoffungalbiotechnology:Productionofmammalianproteinsbyfungi,other

applicationsofgenecloninginfungiandtheirimportance9. Recombinant DNA technology: Manipulation of industrially important fungi,

ediblemushroomandbio‐controlagentsSIV‐BOT‐3/ET[Specialpaper–II(Theoretical)]

1. Biology of Mycorrhizae: Diversity of Mycorrhizae and its development,Ectophytic and endophytic mycorrhiza (VAM), mycorrhiza in plant growthpromotion, mycorrhizal interactions with soil microorganisms, mycorrhiza inplantdiseasecontrol.

2. Moleculartoolsandmethods:DetectionofMycorrhiza;plantpathogens insoil,waterandplanttissues.

3. Plant defense mechanisms: Plants defense against infection: Preexistingstructural and induced structural and chemical defense, hypersensitive reaction,roleofphytoalexinsandotherphenoliccompounds,

4. Management of plant diseases: Cultural, chemical, biological, biopesticides,breedingforresistantvarieties,plantquarantine,integratedpestmanagement.

5. Post‐harvestpathology: Fungal deterioration of food commodities,mycotoxinsandhealthhazards,controlmeasures.

6. Molecular plant pathology: Molecular aspects of host pathogen interactions ‐Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced systemic resistance (ISR),defense enzymes. PR proteins, degradation of phytoalexins; application ofmolecular biology to plant disease control ‐ transgenic approach for cropprotection,engineeringchemicalsthatelicitdefenseresponsetoplants.

7. PlantDiseases: Studyofmajorplantdiseasescausedby fungi,bacteria,viruses,nematodeandmycoplasmalikeorganisms

19



1. Isolationoffungal/plantDNAanditsquantificationbyspectrophotometricmethod.2. SeparationofDNAbyagarosegelelectrophoresis.3. Restrictionendonucleasedigestionoffungal/plantDNA.4. DNAblothybridization.5. Isolationoffungalprotoplast.7. Polymerasechainreaction.8. Extraction and bioassay of phytoalexin(s) fromplant tissue induced by biotic and

abioticstresses.9. Partial purification of antifungal compounds by TLC methods and UV

spectrophotometricanalysis.10. Extraction and SDS‐PAGE analysis of defense protein in artificially inoculated

plants/inducedbyabioticelicitor(s).11. Separationofproteins/polyphenolsbycolumnchromatography.12.Extractionandassayofdefenseenzyme(s).13.Immunologicalcharacterizationofdefenseenzyme(s).14.Preparationandpurificationofplantandfungalantigens.15. ProductionofpolyclonalantibodyandpurificationofIgG.16. Evaluation of antigens in raising antibodies using immunodiffusion and immuno‐

electrophoretictest.17. OptimizationofantigenandantiseradilutionbyELISA.18. DetectionofpathogeninartificiallyinoculatedplantusingDAC‐ELISAformats.19. Detectionofpathogeninsoilbydotblotandwesternblotmethod.20. Detectionofpathogeninhosttissuebyindirectimmunofluorescencetest.

Elective/SpecialCourse:PlantPhysiology,BiochemistryandMolecularBiologySIV‐BOT‐2/ET[Specialpaper–I(Theoretical)]

1. Nitrogenmetabolism: Nitrate assimilation in plants, structure, function andregulation of nitrate assimilation enzymes, nif genes, nod genes ‐ structure,functionandregulation.

2. Stress physiology: Physiology and molecular biology of abiotic stress, bioticstress, reactive oxygen species and their protection mechanisms, role ofpolyaminesinstressphysiology.

3. Senescence and its regulation: Programmed cell death (PCD): Types,developmentalandMolecularBiologyofPCD,fruitripening.

4. Pumps, carriers and channels: Structure and function, energetics of activetransport,isophoreandionophore;Vacuoles–origin,structureandfunction.

5. Sulfate metabolism: Sulfur chemistry and function; Uptake and transport;reductivesulfateassimilationpathway;synthesisandfunctionofglutathioneanditsderivatives.

6. Floral inductionanddevelopment: Hormonal control,molecular genetics offloraldevelopmentandfloralorgandifferentiation;Effectoflowtemperatureonfloralbudinitiation(FBI)throughsilencingofFLCgene.

20


7. Proteintargeting:Proteintransportincellorganelles,commonfeaturesofthetransport mechanism, chaperon, chaperonin and protein folding, proteinglycosylationanditssignificance.

8. Cellsignalling: Signalmolecules, signalperceptionand transduction inplants;MAP‐kinase,Ca‐calmodulincomplex–roleinplantsignaling.

9. Protein chemistry: Protein purification, characterization, methods for thedetermination of amino acids sequences in proteins, protein folding pathwaysandLevinthalParadox.

10. Alkaloidsandcarotenoids:Classification,occurrenceandbiologicalproperties,biosynthesis,andbiologicalsignificance.


1. AntisensetechnologyandregulatoryRNAs:RNAiantisenseoligonucleotides,basic principles and mechanisms. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA), MicroRNA(miRNA);synthesisandfunctionofmiRNAmolecules.

2. Protein modification: Site specific and PCR‐based random mutagenesis,characterizationofthemutants.

3. Epigenomics: DNA methylation, Histone modifications (methylation,acetylation)theirroleinepigeneticcontrolofgene.

4. Importance of weak chemical interactions: Concept of free energy, weakbondsinbiologicalsystems,hydrophobicbondsstabilizemacromolecules;weakbonds attach enzymes to substrate, protein‐protein interactions, protein‐DNAinteractions;specificconformationofaproteindependsonpatternofHydrogenbonds.

5. Transcriptional regulation: In prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems, genesilencingbymodificationsofhistonesandDNAs.

6. Gene regulation in development and evolution: Strategies for establishingdifferential gene expression in developmental stages, Homeotic genes‐ animportantclassofdevelopmentalregulators,positiveautoregulationdelaysgeneexpression.

7. Biogenesis, traffic, and functions of cellular membrane system, Proteinsynthesis and folding in the cytoplasm; translocation into the endoplasmicreticulum‐thesignalhypothesis;Golgifunctioninbiosyntheticprocessing.

8. CatalyticRNA:Introduction,groupIandgroupIIintrons,catalyticactivityofRNaseP,Viroidshavecatalyticactivity,proteinsplicingisautocatalytic.

9. Somatic recombination and hypermutation in the immune systems:Introduction, clonal selection amplifies lymphocytes, allelic exclusion; classswitchingiseffectedbyDNArecombination.


1. Proteinextraction,precipitationbysaltingout,desaltingbydialysis/SephadexG25column

2. FractionationofproteinsbymolecularexclusionchromatographyonSephadexG100.

3. SDS‐PAGEanalysisoftheproteinsanddeterminationofmolecularweights.4. Enzymeextraction/assayofactivityandisozymeanalysisbyPAGE.

21


5. IsolationofchloroplastanddeterminationofHillactivity.6. SeparationofpigmentsbyTLCandtheiridentification.7. Extractionandestimationofcarotenoidpigments.8. DeterminationofpKavaluesofaminoacids.9. Immunologicaltechniques‐ELISAandWesternBlotting.10. SeparationanddetectionofsecondarymetabolitesthroughTLC.11. DeterminationofantioxidantfingerprintonTLC.12. Isolation, purification and identification of alkaloids by application of column

chromatography.

Elective/SpecialCourse:TaxonomyofAngiospermsandBiosystematics SIV‐BOT‐2/ET[Specialpaper–I(Theoretical)

1. HistoryofstudiesinTaxonomicBotanyinIndia 2. Survey of Taxonomic Literature: Dictionaries, Indices, Monographs, Manuals,

Floras,Journals,andtaxonomicwebsites 3. TheSpeciesConcept4. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature: Principles, articles,

recommendations and special provisions; application of code with problems;nomenclatureofcultivatedandhybridplants;taxonomichierarchy.

5. BiocodeandPhylocode 6. UseofHerbaria;roleofBotanicGardensinthe21stCentury. 7. Biosystematics: definition, importance and categories. Major areas of

biosystematicstudies: A. Palynology: morphology, chemistry of exine, bearing on phylogeny,reconstructionofvegetationstructureB. Embryology: Diversity in structures of gametophytes, endospermformation,developingembryo;ovulemorphologyC. Cytology,geneticsandbreedingD. Phytochemistry(includingserology,pigments&secondarymetabolites)E. Molecular Biology: Definition, determination of relationship throughProtein&NucleicAcidstudies;usesofelectrophoresis,PCR&HPLC.F. Remotesensing&GIS.

8. Analysisofdata;commonlyavailablesoftware,constructionofdendrograms


1. Philosophyofclassification.Recenttrendsinclassification. 2. Indianflora.Endemism‐inIndianperspective 3. Migration, dispersal and discontinuous distribution of plants

4. Management of Herbarium: Methods of collection, identification and

documentation

22


5. Biodiversity Conservation: IUCN categories, Effects of Rio de Genero worldsummit,Hotspots,Indiaasamegadiversitycountry;Ramsarsites

6. Methodsofinsituandexsituconservation.BiodiversityprotectedareasinIndia7. Concise accounts of the phylogeny and economic importance of the following

taxa:a. SUBCLASSES:i) Magnoliidae,(ii)Dilleniidae,(iii)Caryophyllidae,(iv)Alismatidae,(v)Commelinidae.b. ORDERS:i) Nymphaeales,(ii)Fagales,(iii)Gentiales,(iv)Dipsacales,(v)Liliales/Zingeberales,(vi)Orchidales.

8. Traditional knowledge: Ethnobotanical resources in India; documentation andutilizationofethnicknowledge.Traditionalmethodsofconservation;sacredgroves


1. Seasonalcollectionoflocalflora,processing,Herbariummanagement.2. Phenologyofsomecommonweeds.3. Seed,endosperm,embryoandseedlingmorphology.4. Identificationofplantsbymatching.5. Working out of different angiospermic plants (fresh and dry), their

identificationsusingliteratureandpreparationofartificialkeys.6. Phytosociological studies; Biological Spectrum; Determination of Diversity

Indices(Shannon‐Wiener,SpeciesRichness&β‐diversity).7. UseofGPSanddemonstrationontheuseofatleastoneremote‐sensingsoftware8. Familiarity with Taxonomic Literature (e.g. Index Kewensis, Wall‐Cat., Icones,

Bibliographies,Dictionaries,Keys,Floras,etc.).9. Preparationof temporaryandpermanentpollenslides;descriptionofcommon

palynomorphs,preparationofidentificationkeys.10. Variationofcharacters‐influenceofecologicalfactors.11. Ethnobotanicalsurveyinaforestvillage/villagemarket.12. Use of Electrophoresis, PCR, HPLC and other instruments useful in molecular

taxonomy.13. Basictechniquesofmicropropagation.14. Identificationofsecondarymetabolitesandpigments.

23


InterdisciplinaryCourses(IDC)(forstudentspursuingPGcoursesotherthanM.Sc.inBotany)

Course:IDC‐IEnvironment,BiodiversityConservationandsustainabledevelopment

I. EnvironmentandEcosystems:Conceptofanecosystem,Structureandfunctionofan

ecosystem,Producers,consumersanddecomposers,Energyflowintheecosystem,Foodchains, food webs and ecological pyramids, characteristic features, structure andfunction of the following ecosystem‐ Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem, DesertecosystemandAquaticecosystems,

II. Biogeochemical Cycles: Importance, gaseous and sedimentary cycles, Carbon,Nitrogen,PhosphorusandSulphurCycles,OxygenCycles,Hydrologicalcycles.

III. Succession: Concepts of succession, Types of Succession, plan succession, Climax andstability.

IV. Biomes:Major biomes of India, Characteristics of terrestrial freshwater andmarineecosystems,Forests,grasslands,lake,riverandmarineecosystemsofIndia.

V. Population: Basic concepts, population characteristics – density, natality, mortality,age‐structure, population growth, Ecological niche and habitat, Positive and negativeinteractionsofpopulations–competition,predation,parasitism,mutualism.

VI. Community: Basicconcepts,communitystructure,growthforms, life form,Analyticaland synthetic characters of plant community, Methods of plant community analysis,Conceptofkeystonespeciesandecotone.

VII. Biodiversity and conservation: Basic concepts, Levels of biodiversity, biodiversityloss,Conservationofbiodiversity‐In‐situandEx‐situconservationofbiodiversity,needsand its issues, Sacred groove, Hot‐sports of biodiversity, Overexploitation and itscommon pattern, international trade, problems in controlling in international trade(enforcement illegal trade), sustainable development, Value of biodiversity‐consumptiveuse,productiveuse,social,ethical,aestheticandoptionvalues;Indiaasamega‐diversitynation.

VIII. Environmentalproblems:Pollution‐basicconceptsofpollution(air, landandwater),Pollutants(chlorinatedhydrocarbon,organophosphate,andheavymetals)andimpact,Greenhouse effect, acid rain, ozonedepletion,deforestation,desertification, salination,chemical and radiation hazards, pesticide pollution, eutrophication, biologicalmagnification,Solidwastemanagement.

IX. Environmental protection act: Environmental laws, national movement,environmental policies, environmental ethics‐holistic approach of environmental

24


protection and conservation, IUCN‐role in environmental protection, environmentalprotectionagency(EPA).

X. Phytoremediation: oil spills, wastewater treatment, chemical degradation, heavymetal.

XI. Renewable and non‐renewable resources: Forest resources‐ Use and over‐exploitation,deforestation, timber extraction,mining,damsand their effectson forestand tribal people;Water resources‐ Use and over‐utilization of surface and groundwater, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams‐benefits and problems; Energyresources‐Growingenergyneeds,renewableandnonrenewableenergysources,useofalternateenergysources.

XII. Human Population and the Environment: Population growth, variation amongnations, Population explosion – FamilyWelfare Programme, Environment and humanhealth, HumanRights, Value Education,HIV/AIDS,Women and ChildWelfare, Role ofInformationTechnologyinEnvironmentandhumanhealth,CaseStudies.

XIII. Fieldwork:

a. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain

b. Visittoalocalpollutedsite‐Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agriculturalc. Studyofcommonplants,macrofungi,insects,birdsd. Studyofsimpleecosystems‐pond,river,hillslopes,etc.

Course:IDC‐IIBiotechnologyI. Carbohydrates:Structuralaspects–Introduction&Occurrence,ClassificationofMono‐,

Di‐ and Polysaccharides, Reducing & Non‐reducing Sugars, Constitution of Glucose &Fructose.

II. Lipids:Structuralaspects–Generalintroduction,Classification&StructureofSimple&

Compound lipids, Properties of Lipid aggregates (elementary idea), Biologicalmembrane,Membraneprotein–structuralaspects,Lipoproteins(elementaryidea).

III. Protein Structural aspects: General introduction, Classification & General

characteristics, Structure of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary proteins(elementaryidea),ClassificationofAminoacids.

IV. Nucleic acid Structural aspects: Components of DNA and RNA, Nucleosides &

Nucleotides (introduction, structure & bonding), Double helical structure of DNA(Watson‐Crickmodel),variousformsofDNA.

25


V. Genes are DNA: DNA as genetic material, DNA double helix, semiconservativereplication,mutationsandGeneticcode.

VI. Mutation:Occurrence,kindsofMutation,spontaneous&inducedMutation,Mutagens,

detection ofMutation, LethalMutations, BiochemicalMutations, Phenotypic effects ofMutation,MolecularbasisofMutation,Significance&PracticalapplicationsofMutation.

VII. Basics of Cell Biology (structure & function): Discovery of cell and Cell Theory;

Comparisonbetweenplantandanimalcells;Cellwall;Plasmamembrane;Modificationof plasma membrane and intracellular junctions; Cytoskeleton; Protoplasm;Mitochondria; Chloroplast; ER; Golgi complex; Lysosome, endosome andmicrobodies;Ribosome; Centriole; Nucleus; Chemical components of a cell; Catalysis and use ofenergybycells.

VIII. StructureandfunctionofProkaryoticcell&itscomponents:TheSlimeandthecell

wall of bacteria; Concept of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, Mesosomes,flagella, Pilus, fimbriae, ribosomes, carboxysomes, sulfur granules, glycogen,polyphosphatebodies,fatbodies,gasvesicles;endospores,exospores,cysts.

IX. PathogenicMicroorganisms: List of common bacterial, fungal and viral diseases of

humanbeingsandplants[Nameofthedisease,causativepathogen,partsaffected].X. Basic concepts of Virology: General characteristics of viruses, differences between

bacteria and viruses. Physical and chemical Structures of different Viruses‐ helical(TMV)andcomplex(Bacteriophage)

XI. ApplicationsofPlantGeneticEngineering: crop improvement, herbicide resistance,

insectresistance,virusresistance,plantsasbioreactors.XII. Geneticmodification in Agriculture: transgenic plants, genetically modified foods,

application,futureapplications,ecologicalimpactoftransgenicplants.XIII. CloningandPCRamplification:Clone,Overviewoftheprocedure,Theimportanceof

DNA Cloning, Gene library, Hybridization, PCR‐ basic features and application,Principles of Cell‐based DNA Cloning, Cloning System for amplifying different sizedfragments.

XIV. PurificationandSeparationofnucleicacids: Extraction and Purification of nucleic

acids,DetectionandQuantitationofNucleicacids,GelElectrophoresis,XV. Cutting and Joining DNA: Restriction Endonucleases, Ligation, Alkaline Phosphate,

DoubleDigest,ModificationofRestrictionFragmentsends,OtherWaysof joiningDNAMolecules.

XVI. Vectors: Plasmid vectors, Vectors based on the lambdaBacteriophage, Cosmids,M13

vectors,Expressionvectors,VectorsforcloningandexpressioninEukaryoticcells,YACsandBACs.

XVII. NucleicAcidHybridization:Principleandapplication‐Preparationofnucleicprobes,

Principle of Nucleic acid hybridization, Nucleic acid hybridization assays, Southernblottingtechnique.

XVIII. Computational Genomics and bioinformatics: Internet basics, biological data

analysisandapplication,sequencedatabases,NCBImodel,fileformat,Proteinprimary

26


sequence analysis, DNA sequence analysis, pair wise sequence alignment, FASTAalgorithm,BLAST,multiplesequencealignment,DATAbasesearchingusingBLASTandFASTA,Smallmoleculesdatabases,proteininformation,resources,proteindatabank.

XIX. Geneticmodification inMedicine: Gene therapy, types of gene therapy, vectors in

genetherapy,molecularengineering,humangeneticengineering,problems&ethics.XX. Genetic engineering in plants: Use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Ti plasmids,

Strategiesforgenetransfertoplantcells,DirectDNAtransfertoplants,Genetargetinginplants,Useofplantvirusesasepisomalexpressionvectors.

XXI. HumanGenomeProject(HGP):anoverviewoftheproject,goalsoftheproject,major

scientificstrategies&approachesusedinHGP,expectedscientific&medicalbenefitsofthisproject,abouttheorganizationsbehindthisproject.

27


SuggestedReadingsBio‐resourceutilization1. AdvancesinMushroomBiotechnology‐M.C.Nair,Ed.2. AtextbookofBiotechnology‐R.C.Dubey(S.Chand&Co.)3. FoodandNaturalResources‐D.PimentelandC.W.Hall,AcademicPress4. Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Management‐ R.S.Paroda and

R.K.Arora,IPGRI5. SustainableManagementofNon‐WoodForestProducts‐M.N.B.Nair6. TheUsefulPlantsofIndia‐CSIR,PublicationandInformationDirectorate

Biostatistics1. FundamentalsofBiometry–L.N.Balaam2. FundamentalsofBiostatistics–I.A>KhanandA.Khanum,UkaazPublications3. PrinciplesofBiometry‐C.M.Woolf4. StatisticalMethods–G.W.SnedecorandW.G.CochranBryology1. Bryophyta‐N.S.Parihar,CentralBookDepot,Allahabad2. BryophyeEcology–A.J.E.Smith(Ed)3. Bryophytes–P.Puri,AtmaRam&SonsPublishers,N.Delhi4. CryptogamicBotany,Vol.II–G.M.Smith5. LiverwortsoftheWesternHimalayasandPunjabPlain–S.R.KashyapCytologyandGenetics1. Genetics:PJRussell.BenjaminCummingsPub.Inc.USA.2. PrinciplesofGenetics:SnustadandSimmons,JohnWileyandSons,USA3. ConceptsofGenetics:KlugandCummings,PearsonEducation,USA4. Genome3:T.A.Brown,PearsonEducation,USA5. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics: Primrose and Twyman,

BlackwellScientific,Oxford.6. Plantchromosome:Analysis;ManipulationandEngineering:Sharma&Sharma,

HarwortAcademicPub.Australia7. TheScienceofGenetics:SaudersCollegePublishing,FortWorth,USA8. Genetics:PrinciplesandAnalysis,HartlandJones,EWJones&BartletttPub,USA.9. GeneIX:Lewin,B.OxfordUniversityPress,USA.10. EssentialGenes,Lewin,B.PearsonEducation.11. Functional Genomics: A practical Approach. Hunt And Rick, Oxford University

Press.12. Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Gene Analysis and Exploitation in

Eukaryotes:Kingsman&Kingsman,BlackwellScientific.Pub.Oxford.13. MolecularBiotechnology:Glick&Pasternock,IndianEdition.

28


14. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Sambrook & Russel, CSHL press,N.York.

15. DNACloning:APracticalApproach,Glover&Hames,IRLpress,Oxford.16. Methods in Enzymology, Guide to molecular Technique, Vol. 152. Berger &

Kimmel,AcademicPress,SanDiego.17. DNAScience:AfirstcourseinrecombinantTechnology,Mickloss&Freger,CSHL

Press,NY.18. RecombinantDNATechnology:Watson,AcademicPress.Ecology1. BasicEcology–E.P.Odum,SaundersPublication2. FundamentalsofEcology‐E.P.Odum,SaundersPublication3. ElementsofEcology–R.L.Smith&T.M.Smith,Benjamin/CummingsPublishers4. AirpollutionandPlantLife–M.T.reshow,WillyInterscience5. Conceptsofecology‐E.J.Kormondy,Prentice‐HallofIndia6. FundamentalsofEcology‐M.C.Dash,TataMcGrawHill7. EnvironmentalScience‐S.C.Santra,NewCentralBookagency(P)Ltd.Kolkata.8. BiologyofFreshwaterpollution‐C.F.Mason,LongmanPublishersGymnology1. AnIntroductiontoGymnosperms–S.C.Dutta2. ComparativeMorphologyofVascularPlants–A.S.FosterandG.M.Gifford3. TheMorphologyofVascularPlants–D.W.BierhorstMicrobiology1. BacterialMetabolism‐G.Gottschalk,Springer2. Bergey’sManualofSystematicBacteriology,4vols, ‐N.R.Krieg&J.G.Holt,eds,

Springer3. Brock Biology of Microorganisms ‐ M.T. Madigan, J.M. Martinko & J. Parker,

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