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Cremastra malipoensis (Orchidaceae), a New Species from Yunnan, China

Author(s): Guang-Wan Hu , Chun-Lin Long , and Timothy J. Motley

Source: Systematic Botany, 38(1):64-68. 2013.

Published By: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists

URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364413X662033

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Systematic Botany (2013), 38(1): pp. 64–68© Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Plant TaxonomistsDOI 10.1600/036364413X662033

Cremastra malipoensis (Orchidaceae), a New Species from Yunnan, China

Guang-Wan Hu,1 Chun-Lin Long,1,3 and Timothy J. Motley2,3

1Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming 650201, P. R. China.

2Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0266, U. S. A.3Authors for correspondence ([email protected], [email protected])

Communicating Editor: Lynn Bohs

Abstract—Cremastra malipoensis G. W. Hu, a new rare species of Orchidaceae, is described and illustrated, and a taxonomic key to thespecies of the genus is provided. It occurs in southeastern Yunnan, China, near the border of Vietnam. It is most similar to C. appendiculata, butits inflorescences have fewer flowers (only 4–7), its flowers are positioned horizontally and become slightly pendulous, the lateral lobes of thelip are geniculate and twisted 90 at the base, and the mid-lobe of the lip is somewhat reflexed, rhombic to broadly ovoid, and 9–10 + 8–9 mm.The new species is known only from a single population and categorized under the ICUN criteria as critically endangered. Formal recognition isrequired for protecting this species, which grows sympatrically with more common species that are harvested as medicinal herbs.

Keywords— China, Cremastra malipoensis, IUCN red list categories, new species, Orchidaceae, plant conservation.

Cremastra Lindley (Orchidaceae) is a small genus of fourcurrently recognized species and is distributed in Nepal,northeastern India, Bhutan, southern and eastern China,

northern Thailand, Vietnam, and Japan (Chen et al. 2009).Cremastra was established by Lindley (Lindley 1833) andthe placement of the genus within the Orchidaceae hasvaried. According to Dressler (1981), it belongs to the tribeMaxillarieae, subtribe Corallorhizinae. Chen and Tang (1982)placed it in the tribe Vandeae, subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. Cla-distic analysis of morphological characters suggested thatCremastra, along with Aplectrum Torrey, Corallorhiza Gagnebin,and Oreorchis Lindley forms a “core” group of Corallorhizinae(Freudenstein 1994). Later, Chen amended his earlier decisionand moved the genus into the tribe Epidendreae, subtribeCalypsoinae (Chen 1999). Chase et al. (2003) proposed a newphylogenetic classification of Orchidaceae based on moleculardata, in which they recognized five subfamilies. In this classi-fication, Cremastra was placed in subfamily Epidendroideae,tribe Calypsoeae. This systematic placement of Cremastra wasfurther supported by Freudenstein (2005). Cremastra is closelyallied to the genera Aplectrum and Oreorchis. They all have asimilar habit and flowers with a clawed lip, but Cremastradiffers from the other two genera by having callus onthe labellum (Lund 1988). In 1988, Lund made a taxonomicrevision of Cremastra, recognizing two species, C. appendiculata(D. Don) Makino and C. unguiculata (Finet) Finet; withinC. appendiculata, he recognized two varieties (var. appendiculataand var. variabilis (Blume) I. Lund). Subsequently, two newspecies were described, C. aphylla Yukawa from Japan(Yukawa 1999) and C. guizhouensis Q. H. Chen & S. C. Chenfrom China (Chen and Chen 2003).

Malipo County is located in southeastern China in Yunnan

Province near the border with Vietnam. The region is famousfor its flora and many new species have been discoveredand described from there, particularly orchids. For example,there are at least eight species of orchids with specific epithetsderived from the name Malipo, reflecting their place of dis-covery (Chen and Liu 2004; Chen and Tsi 1984; Chen andShui2010;Jinetal.2007;Liuetal.2008a;Liuetal.2005;Tsi1995).

In a field investigation of plants of Orchidaceae and Araceaein Malipo County, we found an unusual species of Cremastra.Its habit, and flowers that do not open widely, make it mostsimilar to C. appendiculata, but it differs from the aforemen-tioned species in having fewer and less congested flowersin the inflorescence, flowers borne horizontally or slightly

pendulous, lateral lobes of the lip geniculate and twisted 90

at their base, and with a much smaller, somewhat reflexedmid-lobe. After comparing it to all species in the literature and

all specimens of Cremastra in the herbarium of Kunming Insti-tute of Botany, CAS (KUN), we concluded that it is distinctmorphologically from other known species of Cremastra.

Materials and Methods

Comparative morphological studies were conducted based on observa-tions of living plants of Cremastra malipoensis in the wild and cultivated inKunming Botanical Garden (No. HGW-Z-1048a) and of herbarium speci-mens and flowers of the type collection preserved in formalin-acetic-alcoholfixative (FAA). Extensive comparisons were made between living plants of C. appendiculata in Kunming Botanical Garden (No. HGW-Z-1048b) andspecimens of this species housed at KUN and the putative new species.

Taxonomic Treatment

Cremastra malipoensis G. W. Hu, sp. nov. – TYPE: CHINA.Yunnan Province: Malipo County, Xiajinchang Village,23090 N, 104510 E, alt. 1,330 m, under evergreen, broad-leaved forest, on a stony slope along a stream, 4 Mar.2011. G. W. Hu HGW-00622 (holotype: KUN!; isotypes:KUN!, HNNU!).

Species Cremastrae appendiculatae (D. Don) Makino affinis,sed floribus paucis, sparsis ab racemo, horizontalibus velparum pendulis, laberilobis labii geniculatis, tortis basi,midlobo labii magno, aliquam reflexo differt.

Terrestrial, perennial herbs, 30–45 cm tall. Pseudobulbscongested, ovoid or subglobose, 2.2–2.7 + 1.8–2 cm, with3 nodes. Leaves 2 or sometimes 1, the blade elliptic, mainly

3-veined, the base subcuneate, the apex acute or acuminate,the lower leaf larger, 22.5–29 + 5.5–9 cm, with petiole 6 –7 cm long, the upper leaf smaller or absent, 15– 25 + 3–5 cm,with petiole 4–5 cm long. Inflorescence 27–36 cm long;peduncle 20–27.5 cm long, with 2–3 nodes, each node witha tubular sheath, the sheath 5–8 cm long; rachis 5–8.5 cmlong, sparsely 4–7-flowered; pedicel and ovary 1.5–2.2 cmlong; floral bracts lanceolate, 0.3–1 cm long. Flowers whitewith purple dots on inner sides of sepals and petals,these sometimes lacking, fragrant, oriented horizontally orslightly pendulous, not opening widely. Dorsal sepal nar-rowly oblanceolate, 2.3–2.6 + 0.4–0.5 cm, the apex obtuseto rounded; lateral sepals similar to the dorsal one, slightly

64



Fig. 1. Cremastra malipoensis G. W. Hu. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Perianth. D. Upper part of lip (showing 3-lobed apex). E. Column.

2013] HU ET AL.: NEW CREMASTRA FROM CHINA 65



Fig. 2. A-M. Cremastra malipoensis G. W. Hu. A, B. Habit. C. Pseudobulbs. D. Perianth. E, F, G. White flower with purple dots on perianth. H.Inflorescence with pure white flowers. I, J. Flower with pure white perianth. K. Dorsal view of column. L. Ventral view of column. M. Lip. N-R. Cremastraappendiculata (D. Don) Makino. N. Inflorescence. O. Perianth. P. Lateral view of column. Q. Ventral view of column. R. Lip.

66 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 38



oblique, 2.5–2.6 + 0.4–0.5 cm. Petals narrowly oblanceolate,

2.4–2.6 + ca. 0.5 cm, the apex obtuse, slightly reflexed; liplong-unguiculate, 2.7–3 cm long, with a long claw at baseand 3-lobed at apex, the claw 1.8–2.0 + 0.3–0.4 cm, the laterallobes small, oblong, ca. 3.5 + 1.5 mm, the apex rounded,geniculate and twisted 90 at base; mid-lobe much larger,reflexed somewhat at base, rhombic to broadly ovoid, 9–10 + 8–9 mm, the apex acute; disk with a fleshy callus at base of mid-lobe; callus oblong to subround, ca. 1 mm long,smooth, with a purple dot at base in some flowers, thissometimes lacking. Column 2.3–2.7 cm long, slender, slightlydilated at apex. Figures 1, 2A-M.

Etymology— The specific epithet is derived from MalipoCounty, where this plant was discovered.

Distribution and Habitat— Cremastra malipoensis occurs

in southeastern Yunnan Province, China, and is currentlyknown only from Malipo County near the border of Vietnam(Fig. 3). It grows under primary, subtropical, monsoon, ever-green, broad-leaved forests in shady and moist environmentson stony slopes along small streams. The dominant tree spe-cies of the forest are Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep. andQuercus engleriana Seem. with understory shrubs of Lyoniaovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, Mahonia duclouxiana Gagnep. andRhododendron spanotrichum Balf. f. et W. W. Smith, and a richherb layer containing Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott, Asarum caudigerum Hance, Begonia peltatifolia H. L. Li, andStrobilanthes pateriformis Lindau.

Conservation Status— Hitherto, no specimens of Cremastramalipoensis have been found in KUN and other herbaria in

China and only one population is known to exist despiteseveral field investigations to Malipo County and adjacentareas. In this population, there are ca. 30 individuals thatgrow only in undisturbed forests with shady and moist envi-ronments. According to IUCN red list categories and criteria(IUCN 2001) C. malipoensis should be regarded as ‘criticallyendangered’ (CR B1ab(iii, v)+ 2ab(iii, v); D) category, which

is designated for species facing the highest risk of extinctionin the wild. It meets the IUCN criteria in having an extentof occurrence < 100 km2, an area of occupancy < 10 km2, isknown from a single location with a continuing declineinferred for the number of mature individuals, a continuingdecline in the quality of habitats, and a population size of less than 50 mature individuals.

In China, Cremastra appendiculata is a traditional medicinal

herb, whose pseudobulbs have been medicinally used formore than 1,000 yr under the vernacular name ‘Shancigu’(Bing and Zhang 2008). In recent decades, the chemical con-stituents of C. appendiculata have been studied and many newmedicinal uses are attributed to the species (Dong et al. 2007;Liu et al. 2008b; Xia et al. 2005). Recently, it has been collectedas an important raw material for many medicinal productsand the wild populations have seriously declined. As amorphologically similar species growing sympatrically withC. appendiculata, C. malipoensis has a high risk of extinctionin the wild because it could be inadvertently collected as amedical plant or purposely collected by orchid collectors.Therefore, further study and protection are needed on thisnew, exceptionally rare, and critically endangered species.

Discussion

In Cremastra, C. aphylla can be easily distinguished fromother species by its leafless habit, and C. guizhouensis isdifferentiated by its broadly cylindrical, 10–14 cm longpseudobulbs. Cremastra malipoensis shares some characterswith C. unguiculata, such as the reflexed mid-lobe of the lipsthat is much larger than the lateral lobes, and the lateral lobesthat are geniculate and twisted at the base. But, unlike thoseof C. malipoensis, the pseudobulbs of C. unguiculata are wellspaced and not clustered on the rhizome and its leaves are blotched with purple. Cremastra malipoensis is most similar toC. appendiculata. The habits of these two species are similar

and both occur on shaded slopes of river banks. We could notdiscern these two taxa without inflorescences in the fieldwhen we collected the living plants for cultivation. After weplanted them in Kunming Botanical Garden, an individual of C. appendiculata bloomed in July, four months after the indi-viduals of C. malipoensis. The inflorescences and flowers of Cremastra appendiculata showed obvious differences to thoseof C. malipoensis. Its inflorescence had ca. 32 flowers denselyarranged and strongly pendulous on rachis, the lobes of the lip were straight, and mid-lobe was ovate and 7–8 + ca.4 mm (Fig. 2N-R). In contrast, the inflorescences of C. malipoensis only have 4–7 sparsely arranged flowers bornehorizontally or only slightly pendulous with age, the laterallobes of the lip are much smaller than the mid-lobe and aregeniculate and twisted 90 at the base, and the mid-lobeis reflexed, rhombic to broadly ovoid, and 9–10 + 8–9 mm.We presume that although these two species are sympatric,the asynchronous flowering, observed both in the field andthe common garden, provides a reproductive barrier. Thesemorphological and phenological differences support anddefine C. malipoensis as a distinct species.

Key to Species of CREMASTRA

1. Pseudobulbs well-spaced (3– 4 cm apart) on rhizome; leaves 2, deep green, blotched with purple;flowers suberect, opening widely; lip 13– 18 mm, the mid-lobe strongly reflexed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. C. unguiculata

1. Pseudobulbs clustered; plants leafless or with 1 or sometimes 2 leaves, green without purple blotches; flowers horizontalon rachis or pendulous, not opening widely; lip 20–34 mm, the mid-lobes straight or somewhat reflexed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Fig. 3. Locality of Cremastra malipoensis (star).

2013] HU ET AL.: NEW CREMASTRA FROM CHINA 67



2. Mycoparasitic plants without leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. C. aphylla2. Autotrophic plants with green leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Pseudobulbs broadly cylindric, 10–14 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. C. guizhouensis3. Pseudobulbs cormlike, ovoid or subglobose, 1.5–3 cm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Leaves usually 1, sometimes 2; inflorescence compact to densely (5-)8– 32-flowered;flowers strongly pendulous; lateral lobes of lip straight,the mid-lobe ovate to narrowly oblong, 6–8 + 3–5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. C. appendiculata

4. Leaves 2, sometimes 1; inflorescence sparsely 4–7-flowered; flowers borne horizontallyor slightly pendulous; lateral lobes of lip geniculate and twisted 90 at base,the mid-lobe of lip slightly reflexed, rhombic to broadly ovoid, 9–10 + 8–9 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. C. malipoensis

Acknowledgements. Thisworkwassupported bythe KeyKnowledgeInnovation Program for Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 292010KIBA04),the Yunnan Provincial Foundation of Natural Science (No. 312009CD113),and the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in SouthwestChina, FSA (No. BC2010F10). We appreciated the helpful comments andgrammatical suggestions of Lynn Bohs and two anonymous reviewers.We are grateful to Mr. Kees van Petersen for his help in this study andMs. Ling Wang for providing the line drawing.

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