NEW SERIES FRIDAY NOVEMBER 9 1945 SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00VOL. 102, No. 2654 F N SINGLE COPIES, .15

f STILES-HANDBOOK OF MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER-

ISTICS OF TISSUES AND ORGANS2nd Edition

Illustrated 204 Pages $1.50

By KARL A. STILES, Ph.D.Department of Biological Sciences

Michigan State College

Many teachers prefer to use STILES for its excellent outline form aroundwhich they may build their class discussions and lectures. Fundamentalfacts are presented in a manner that can be easily and quickly grasped bythe student and be of value to him in organizing and mastering the subject.For identification studies, the use of the book in the laboratory saves con-siderable time for the student and gives greater opportunity for the studyof the more dynamic phase of histology, termed histological physiology.The book can be easily adapted for use with any other text.

Quarterly Review of Biology, says . ."It will certainly enhance the study of histology in the pro-gram of study in the fields of biology and medicine."

American Biology Teacher, says . . ."It is fortunate and timely that the descriptions are basedmainly upon tissues stained in hematoxylin and eosin, sincesuch material is most likely to be available in general routinecourses in biology."

THE BLAKISTON COMPANY1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA 5, PENNSYLVANIA

Published weekly by the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Lancaster, Pa.Entered as second-class matter July 18, 1923 at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

a X v microslide filing cabinet @ffering

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4 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 102, No. 2654

SELSYN MOTORSare available at much less than production cost! Take early advantage of thisopportunity to purchase Selsyns from stock. Whep used in combination with oneor more identical motors, angular displacements of the shaft of the master unitare reproduced in the shafts of the controlled units. Selsyn motors have manyapplications ranging from indicating the angle of bridges and lock gates, the levelsof liquids and the direction and speed of wind, to communicating the volume ofgases in tanks many miles distant. Made with three-pole, three-phase woundstators and two-pole rotors with winding for connection to single phase A.C.Although No. 670 Selsyn is designed for use on 115 volts, 400 cycles A.C., for ex-perimental purposes it will operate on 15 to 25 volts, 60 cycles A.C. and on other fre-quencies. The rotor voltage is 115 and the stator, 90. The estimated torque gradi-ent in ampere degrees is .05, meaning the in.-oz. per degree measured between twoidentical machines. The excitation is .75 nominal amperes and 8.2 nominal watts.

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4 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 102, No. 2654

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6 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 102, No. 2654

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Developed by the leaders in industrial heat-treating equipment developmentand manufacture, this compact, convenient new hot plate is specially de-signed for the many laboratory needs including boiling, evaporating andgeneral heating.

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6 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VoL. 102, No. 2654-

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NOVEMBER 9, 1945SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

KLETTELECTROPHORESIS

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CUSTOM MADE

SOLE MANUFACTURER INUNITED STATES OF ELECTROPHORESISAPPARATUS AND CELLS

KLETT MANUFACTURING CO.179 EAST 87TH STREETNEW YORK, N. Y.

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Q UPERB 3-dimensional figure of stem structure, to-S3 gether with details of elements, external features,etc., makes this chart another of the outstanding distine-tive preparations of the series, worth including in yourchart collection.

NE of our series of 78 carefully planned charts, justpublished, with the cooperation and approval of the

~~t~Ai&AR * R,OUR Chart Committee of the New York Biology Teachers As-a sociation. Beautifully lithographed in black and white.

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NEW YORK SCIENTIFIC SUPPLY CO.General Supplies for Biology and Chemistry

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NOVEMBER 9., 1945 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 7

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I l1AMINCO HAS SOLVED THOUSANDSOF HEATING PROBLEMS . .

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS8 VoL. 102, No. 2654

NOVEMB&U 9, 1945 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

Pour-o-vac Seals eliminate the possibilitof sterile. water contamination caused byintake of bacteria-laden dust avoidscontamination by unfiltered air.

They serve a secondary 'function of pro'vid-ing a dustproof seal for remaining fluidwhen only the partial contents of a con-,tamner are used. Of -importance, they areinterchangeable with all Fenwal 3000,2000, 1000 and 500mi. containers.

In permitting contents to be stored for longperiods undervacuum ...periodic testingfor sterility without breaking. the hermeticseal ... pouring of contents from a non-drip sterile lip, Pour-o-vac seals eliminatethe wasteful, time-consuming and ques-tionably scientific methodl of seaing withgauze, cotton, paper,, string and tape.

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTSNovEmBza 9.. 1945 9

10 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

Above-Checking vacuum tubes for Electric Sorting Machine Co.'s bean-sorters, during assembly at the Grand Rapids, Mich. plant. Tube-testingpanel is at right; Type K-2 Potentiometer on desk at left. The K-2 isused to check each deflection meter on the panel before it, in turn, checksa tube. To speed the operation, each meter is permanently wired to thePotentiometer, which is thus always ready for instant switch to the instru-ment on call. Left-Closeup of the convenient, compact K-2 Potentiom-eter, cover removed.

"ACCURACY ENOUGH AND TO SPARE"As K-2 Potentiometer Checks Tube-Testing Meters

"We can be badly fooled by meters that aren't right. It's reassuring to know thatwe need never be fooled again, because in the K-2 Potentiometer we have accuracy enoughand to spare for our purposes."

That's the way the chief engineer of Electric Sorting Machine Co. feels about the K-2,used to "check the checkers" in that Company's test lab. And with good reason.

The Electric Sorting Machine Co. makes automatic bean, nut, rivet and other sorters.In these machines a battery of photo cells and electronic tubes inspects each bean or otherunit on the basis of its color. This makes it imperative that each tube be calibrated tounusual precision. Here, for some time, lay an ESMC stumbling block. The deflection-type voltmeters, ammeters, etc., used in tube-testing had a limit of error which was near theedge of the required precision. This meant that the Company's testing, based on meterreadings alone, was relatively slow and laborious.

It was with the adoption of the Type K-2 Potentiometer that the picture changed.A quick check of every meter, taken before every reading if necessary, produces a decidedgain in accuracy, due to the Potentiometer's null method of measurement. Testing troublesare thus surmounted promptly and inexpensively, every tube which the lab now accepts isknown to be ready for its exacting service.

For further details on the Type K-2 Potentiometer, please see Catalog E-50B(3), senton request.

LEEDS & NORTHRUP COMPANY, 4926 STENTON AVE., PHILA. 44, PA.

AEASURING INSTRUMENTS, * TELEMETERS * AUTOMATIC CONTROLS * HEAT.TREATING FURNACES

Jrl Ad E-50B(4a)

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 102, No. 265410

SCIENCEVOL. 102 FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1945 No. 2654

Visible Patterns of Sound: RALPH K. PoTTER.i............ 463 M. SELLE. Concerning the Term "Race Differ-ences " and the Concept " Culture ": DR. C. W.

Obituary: WEIANT . ... ..... 484Walter Bradford Cannon: DL CEcm K. DRINKER.Deaths and Memorials ................ 470 Scientific Books:

Mainsprings of Civillation: Dli. WARRAIN S.Scientific Events: THOMPSON. Physical Geology: DR. HARRY S.

Nuclear Physics and Chemistry at Harvard Uni- LADD. General Chetmistry: DR HUBERT N. ALYA.versity; The Research Corporation of New York; Books Received ............. 486Freedom for Scientific Work; News from Abroad... 472

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Science News ................... .-................. .......... ..... 12Scientific Notes and News ............. ......................... 475

Special Articles:A Chemical-Mechanical Theory of Muscular Con- SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal, since 1900 the officialtraction: DR. FRANCIS BINKLEY. Theory and No- organ of the American Association for the Advancementmenclature of the Hr Blood Factors: DR. ALEX- of Science. Published by the American Association forANDER S. WIENER. Effect of DDT, Sulphur and the Advancement of Science every Friday at Lancaster,Lethane Dusts on Germination of Sugar-Beet and Pennsylvania.Onion Pollens: DR. ERNST ARTSCHWAGER. The Editors: JOSEPHINE OWEN CATTELL and JAQUESDevelopment of Litomosoides Carinii Filariid Para- CATTELL.site of the Cotton Bat in the Tropical Rat Mite:LT. (jg) R. W. WILLIAMs and H. W. BROWN ............ 477 Policy Committee: MALCOLM H. SOULE, RooER ADAMS

and WALTER R. MILES.Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods: Advertising Manager: THEO. J. CHRISTENSEN.A Rapid Staining Method for Rickettsia Orien-talis: CARL F. CLANCY and DON M. WOLFE. should be addressed to Editors of Science, The Science Press,A Method of Opening Vacuum Desiccators: J. Lancaster, Pa.

DAVID REID.483 Communications relative to adl~ertisinr should be adldressedto THEO. CHRISTENSEN, Advertising Manager, American Uni-versity, 3801 Nebraska Ave., NW, Washington 16. D. C.Discusston: Communications relative to membership in the Association

Spindle Twisting in the Giant Amoeba: ROBERT B, and to all matters of business of the Association should beSHORT. One-Parent Progeny of Tubificid Worms: addressed to the Permanent Secretary A.A.A.S., SmithsonianDR. GRACE E. PICKFORD. Hamster Sexually Ma. Institution-Building, Washington 25, b. C.ture at Twenty-eight Days of Age: DR. RAYMOND Annual subscription, $6.00 Single copies, 15 cents

VISIBLE PATTERNS OF SOUND'By RALPH K. POTTERBELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES

THE automatic representation of speech sounds byvisible traces or symbols has long been a subject ofinterest to acousticians and phoneticians, and espe-cially to those concerned with the development ofelectrical communication. Techniques for automati-cally recording the wave forms of sounds have beenvery highly developed; but there has remained un-solved, until recently, the problem of recording soundsin a manner permitting their ready visual interpreta-tion and correlation with the auditory sense. Anoutstanding difficulty with the interpretation of therecords of wave forms is the effect of phase relation-ships between fundamental and harmonics. Theseeffects may produce a marked difference in the ap-pearance of the wave forms of two sounds that arequite indistinguishable to the ear. Consequently,wave traces of even simple vowel sounds do notpermit of easy identification by the eye.The facts are that wave traces contain too much

information. To portray sound in a form that theeye can encompass in a glance requires that somemeans be provided for selecting the essential infor-mation and displaying it in an orderly fashion. Aform of display that meets these requirements hasbeen developed in the Bell Telephone Laboratoriesas described below.The work here described was begun before the war.

Because of related war interests it was given officialrating as a war project, and has progressed farenough during the war period to justify its beingbrought now to public attention.The possible uses of an automatic system for

translating sound into patterns which may be readilyinterpreted by the eye are very numerous. It opensthe prospect of some day enabling totally deaf orseverely deafened persons to use the telephone andthe radio or to carry on direct conversation by visualhearing. [The latter, incidentally, was an objective