New Refrigerants Evaluation Results

New Refrigerants Evaluation Results

JAMA-JAPIA ConsortiumTohru Ikegami(TOYOTA), Masahiro Iguchi(HONDA),Kenta Aoki(NISSAN),Kenji Iijima(VALEO THERMAL SYSTEM)

2008 SAE Alternative Refrigerant Systems SymposiumPhoenix, Arizona – USA, 10-12 June 2008

2

1234yf EvaluationProcedureFrameworkEvaluation ScheduleTest Vehicle / System SpecificationsTest ConditionsTest Results (DuPont & Honeywell 1234yf)Flammability Risk AssessmentSummary

LCCP StudyComparison of R134a, 1234yf and R744

ContentsContents

3The Purpose of 1234yf EvaluationThe Purpose of 1234yf EvaluationProcedure

STEP-1:1. Is a simple ‘Drop-in*’ possible?

- Cooling Performance, System Efficiency andFuel Consumption- Material Compatibility- Flammability Risk Assessment- Toxicity

2. If not possible, evaluate the influence.

STEP-2:1. Confirmation of Durability and Reliability.2. Confirmation of a vehicle marketability.

Only ‘Charge’ and ‘Expansion Valve’ werechanged to optimize system performance.

* Drop-in

4Framework of 1234yf EvaluationFramework of 1234yf Evaluation

Suppliers(JAPIA)

DuPont /Honeywell

•Vehicle Durability•Cooling Capability•NV

•Cooling Performance•A/C Power Consumption•Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Test

•System Durabilityand Reliability

•Materials Compatibility•Cooling Capacity•COP

System Bench Test

•Cost•Thermal Stability•Toxicity•Flammability

The Feasibility ofthe Refrigerant

STEP-2STEP-1OEM’s(JAMA)

Items

Main Support

Refrigerant Suppliers : DuPont & HoneywellJAPIA : 7 Tier1 suppliers (Calsonic, Denso, Japan Climate System, Keihin,

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Sanden, Valeo)JAMA : 12 OEM’s (Daihatsu, Hino, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi,

Mitsubishi Fuso, Nissan, Nissan Diesel, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota)

5

VehicleTest

20082007HFO-1234yf

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug SepFebJan

FlammabilityRisk Assessment

HosePermeability

MaterialTest

Dec

ElastomerCompatibility

StabilityTest

NovOct

Toxicity

System Bench Test

EVENT

Evaluation Schedule (STEPEvaluation Schedule (STEP--1)1)

VDAWinter mtg

2nd European W/SMAC conference

JSAE ARSS

w/POE

w/PAG

CoolingPerformanceFuel Consumption

6TestTest VehiclesVehicles

A/TK-Car0.6LHonda Zest

M/TH/B1.5-2.0LMazda Axela

A/TK-Car0.6LSuzukiEvery

A/TH/B1.5-1.8LNissan Tiida

CVTSUV2.4LMitsubishiOutlander

A/TSEDAN1.5-2.0LNissan Sylphy

A/TSEDAN4.3LToyota GS430

TransmissionTypeEngineVehicles

7A/C system SpecificationsA/C system Specifications

400g(400g)

2.0ton(Modified)

3.2mm

181.1x221x38

2.6mm

405x356.9x16

53.9

Fixedscroll

Zest

480g(500g)

1.5ton(Modified)

3.4mm

230x185x55

2.8mm

560.5x382.3x16.5

120

Fixedrotary

Axela

1.0ton(Modified)

1.0ton(Modified)

1.5ton(Modified)

2.0ton(Serial)

1.5ton(Modified)

CapacityExpansionValve

3.0mm3.1mm2.6mm3.1mm3.0mmFin pitch

2.8mm2.8mm3.196mm2.8mm3.55mmFin pitch

63.48090105160Capacity(cm3)

1234yf(R134a)

Size(WxHxDmm

Size(WxHxDmm

TYPE

320g(340g)

199.4x200x38

420x320x16

Fixedrotary

Every

450g(450g)

560g(500g)

450g(500g)

420g(450g)

RefrigerantCharge

207.8x225x39

254x205x38

198x192x40

211x293.1x38Evaporator

607x340.8x16

623xx407x16

615x343x16

660x363.8x16Condenser

Fixedrotary

Fixedscroll

Variablepiston

Variablepiston

Compressor

TiidaOutlanderSylphyGS430Vehicles

8System bench test condition (GAR common spec)System bench test condition (GAR common spec)

45 oC Evaporator entry is few cases.Besides, this condition is severe for somebench facilities.

60 oC Condenser entry is severe at somebench facilities. Omit this test condition.

35 oC /25% humidity is severe at some bench.Use 40% instead of 25%.

Set point 10 adapts only external variablecompressor.Internal type is impossible.Fix type uses variable thermo switch but it’snot major. And it seems not crucial to comparedifferent refrigerants for fix type compressor.

9kg/min is large for air volume of a small car.Max air volume uses test data.Medium air flow depends on each ratio

9

60

70

80

90

100

110CoolingCapacity[%]

System bench test result (1234yf)System bench test result (1234yf)

Average95.0%

Max-Min cut(93.8%)

Cooling Capacity Test

56%MaxMaxMaxMaxEva. air volume

97.8107.895.991.387.5Every95.798.197.996.894.1Zest94.294.294.692.989.9Tiida92.692.491.990.289.0Outlander104.6102.7103.3104.0103.8Sylphy92.790.490.890.391.3Axela95.693.695.792.389.3GS430

1800rpm4000rpm2500rpm1800rpm900rpmComp. speed

Condenser 45ºCEvaporator 35ºC/40%

Comparison of 1234yf and R134a (1234yf / R134a)

On-off

10

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

COP[%]

Average95.9%

Max-Min cut(95.4%)

System bench test resultSystem bench test result (1234yf)(1234yf)System Efficiency (COP) Test Condenser 45ºC

Evaporator 35ºC/40%

56%MaxMaxMaxMaxEva. air volume

89.478.989.087.687.7Every96.797.6101100.597.9Zest96.795.897.296.795.0Tiida93.493.893.092.496.0Outlander109.9105.0107.8107.6110.1Sylphy97.492.095.398.8103.7Axela93.893.388.686.492.2GS430

1800rpm4000rpm2500rpm1800rpm900rpmComp. speed

Comparison of 1234yf and R134a (1234yf / R134a)

On-off

11Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)

Based on Common Spec Book for evaluating Global Alternative Refrigerants (GAR) V2.0

ONOFF

P or N 3rd 2ndP or Nor EQUV

ONOFF

ONOFF

(REC,MAX COOL,FACE,FAN MAX)

OPENCLOSE

OPENCLOSE

ONOFF

ONOFF

P or N 3rd 2ndP or Nor EQUV

ONOFF

ONOFF

(REC,MAX COOL,FACE,FAN MAX)

OPENCLOSE

OPENCLOSE

ONOFF

Test ConditionChamber temperature : 40ºCRelative humidity : 40%Solar load : 1,000 W/m²

Blower Setting and Air Distribution:Automatic and Manual HVAC Control:Cooling : maxBlower : maxGrill outlet : “face level” openRecirculation : 100%

Driving cycle< Cooling Performance >

12

Worse

Better

Vehicle test results (1234yf Cooling Performance)Vehicle test results (1234yf Cooling Performance)T [ºC]

T [ºC]

Vent / Relative Temperature to R134a

Head / Relative Temperature to R134a

Worse

Better

1.01.9-0.2-0.2Zest

0.52.60.40.3Axela

-0.20.91.61.6Every

1.72.32.12.2Sylphy-0.60.30.10.0Outlander

0.6

0.8

-0.630 554510Time (min)

0.7

1.6

-0.6

1.6

2.1

1.0

0.2Average

-0.1Tiida

-1.2GS430

1.02.21.72.1Zest

2.31.81.60.2Axela

2.30.5-0.21.9Every

2.12.12.82.4Sylphy-0.1-0.40.0-1.3Outlander

0.9

1.9

0.130 554510Time (min)

0.8

2.5

0.1

1.2

2.2

0.7

0.9Average

2.2Tiida

-0.4GS430

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55Time [m in]

T[ºC]

GS430AxelaSylphyOutlanderTiidaZestEvery

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55Time [min]

T[ºC]

GS430AxelaSylphyOutlanderTiidaZestEvery

Pull Down(32km/h) Idle 64km/h

Pull Down(32km/h) Idle 64km/h

13Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)Vehicle Test Conditions (GAR Common Spec)

Based on Common Spec Book for evaluating Global Alternative Refrigerants (GAR) V3.0

Test Condition

Blower Setting and Air Distribution:Automatic and Manual HVAC Control:

Driving cycle (New European Driving Cycle)< Fuel Consumption Performance >

NoNoNoSolar load

71.450.336.6Enthalpy [kJ/kg]

405080Relative humidity[%]

352515Chambertemperature [ºC]

352515Chamber temp.

100%100%100%Outside AirFaceFaceFaceGrill outlet1085Fan voltage [%]

1055Evaporatorsetting [ºC]

14Vehicle test results (1234yf Fuel Consumption)Vehicle test results (1234yf Fuel Consumption)

Note: Only 2 vehicle’s dataare available at 15Cdue to the facility limit.

AxelaOutlanderTiidaZestAverage

<Definition>Consumption ratio (%)= 1234yf F.C. (L/100km)/ R134a F.C. (L/100km)

(F.C. fuel consumption)

T = 1234yf V.T.R134a V.T.

(V.T. vent temperature)

Better

Better

Negligible influence on fuel consumption when 1234yf is applied

Better

Worse

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Consumptionratio

(%)

15ºC 25ºC 35ºC

-2-1012

T

NEDC (HIGHWAY)

Cooling Performance

Worse

Better

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Consumptionratio

(%)

15ºC 25ºC 35ºC

NEDC (OVERALL)

NEDC (CITY)

99.898.9 100.3

-2-1012

T

Cooling Performance

Worse

Better

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Consumptionratio

(%)

15ºC 25ºC 35ºC

98.799.4 100.4

-2-1012

T

Worse

Cooling PerformanceBetter

100.7100.198.9

WorseWorse

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Al , Cu , FeCatalyst1 : 1Oil:Ref. (Rate )

R134a , 1234yf* RefrigetantPAG, POE* Oil2 weekTest period

<10 , 1000 , (10000)PPMMoisture175 , 200ºCTemperature

Procedure : ANSI/ASHRAE97-1999 Sealed Glass Tube Method to Testthe Chemical Stability of Materials for Use Within Refrigerant Systems

Test condition

POEPOE1:Serial POE for HV ACPOE2:Serial POE for Stationary AC

* Oil : The kind of the evaluated oil

Material Test ConditionsMaterial Test Conditions

Procedure: JRAIA standard JRA2021Test condition : Temp. : 80ºC , Ref. charge amount: 0.6g/mL(Permeation was calculated with the difference between the residual mass of 24hour

point and that of 96 hour point.)Samples: Yokohama (use 2 types of discharge/suction lines)

* JRAIA : THE JAPAN REFRIGERATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION*

PAGPAG1:Serial PAG for MACsPAG2:PAG (without extreme pressure

additive ,oiliness additive)

Thermal Stability Test

Permeation Test

16Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results (1234yf)(1234yf)

21.220.22.053.2222.321.40.872.19mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number10000ppmHigh Moisture

2.842.001.403.490.210.10.541.15mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number1000ppmLow Moisture

0.060.001.122.880.000.000.001.28mgKOH/gTotal Acid Number<10ppmLow Moisture

21.1

1.18

0.05

POE2

19.5

0.01

0.01

POE1

0.90

0.17

0.06

PAG2175ºC/14daysCondition

mgKOH/gppmmgKOH/gppmmgKOH/gppm

200ºC/14daysCondition3.0421.421.30.001.75Total Acid Number

10000High Moisture0.10

0.00

POE2

0.01

0.00

POE1

0.00

0.00

PAG2

2.440.82Total Acid Number1000Low Moisture

1.400.03Total Acid Number<10Low Moisture

PAG1PAG1Oil1234R134aRef.

Proposed Spec<3.3ANSI/ASHRAE97-1999

PAGPAG1:Serial PAG for MACsPAG2:PAG (without extreme pressure

additive ,oiliness additive)POEPOE1:Serial POE for HV ACPOE2:Serial POE for Stationary AC

Thermal Stability Test

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Elongation change

Tensile strengthchange

Hardness change(Duro-A)

PAG1(Serial PAG for MACs) + 1234yf Liquid and Gas at 40ºC 24hoursTest condition

Elongation change



PAG1(Serial PAG for MACs) + 1234yf Gas at 150ºC 336hoursTest condition

HNBR6

HNBR5

HNBR4

HNBR3

HNBR2

HNBR1

EPDM2

EPDM1

IIRNBRType of elastomers

Test specification: JIS K6251, JIS K6253

Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results (1234yf)(1234yf)Elastomer Compatibility Test

Material: for AC system sealing

Need to improve slightly but no fatal results were found

Satisfies JAMA own criteria fullyDoes not satisfy but slightly

Oil:PAG1 (Serial PAG for MACs)

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Elongation change



POE1(Serial PAG for HV AC) + 1234yf Liquid and Gas at 40ºC 24hoursTest condition

Elongation change



POE1(Serial PAG for HV AC) + 1234yf Gas at 150ºC 336hoursTest condition

HNBR6

HNBR5

HNBR4

HNBR3

HNBR2

HNBR1

EPDM2

EPDM1

IIRNBRType of elastomers

Test specification: JIS K6251, JIS K6253

Material Evaluation ResultsMaterial Evaluation Results (1234yf)(1234yf)Elastomer Compatibility Test

Material: for AC system sealingSatisfies JAMA own criteria fullyDoes not satisfy but slightly

Oil:POE1 (Serial POE for HV AC)

Need to improve slightly but no fatal results were found

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[g/year]

Permeation Test Result

Material Evaluation ResultMaterial Evaluation Result (1234yf)(1234yf)

150.859.156.31234yf

78.346.440.8HFC134a

Inner coat : 6-Nylon

Inner rubber : IIR

Outer rubber : Cl-IIR


Inner rubber : IIR

Outer rubber : EPDM


Inner rubber : IIR

Outer rubber : Cl-IIR

SuctionInner coating

DischargeInner coating(2)

DischargeInner coating(1)

HOSEL=400mm

Permeation

Inner diameter

Discharge inner coating (1) (ACH 77 11) 11.2mm

Discharge inner coating (2) (ANESIS 11) 11.2mm

Suction inner coating (ACH 87 15) 15.2mm

(at 80 ºC)

Annual Leakage will be 0.3g/year under actual condition(estimated by SAE-J2727 rev#4 method)

JRAIA standard JRA2021

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……

1234yf Risk Assessment was conducted byMember: DNV,JAMA,JAPIA,DuPont, Honeywell

Outline of Flammability Risk AssessmentOutline of Flammability Risk Assessment

Potential risk of firein Engine Room

<Refrigerant Leakage>Condenser, piping, …<Ignition Source>Exhaust manifold, …

Total probability of fire caused byrefrigerant leakage in vehicle

OR

AND AND

1234yf Risk Fault Tree was dividedinto three area in vehicle

Potential risk of firein Passenger Cabin

<Refrigerant Leakage>Evaporator, …<Ignition Source>Smoking lighter, …

Potential risk of firein Trunk Room

<Refrigerant Leakage>Rear cooler, …<Ignition Source>Lighting bulb, …

Leakage LeakageIgnition Source……Leakage

Ignition Source……

Detail is describedIn next slide

AND

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1234yf ignition condition- Flammable limit : 6.5 - 12.3%- Auto ignition temp. : 405 ºC- Minimum ignition energy: > 1000mJ

1 & 2: Data collected from JAMA / JAPIA3 & 4: Quantify the risk from HAZOP (hazardous operation),

FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)

Probability ofIgnition Sourceoccurrence

(Hot surface / sparkgenerated area)

Probability ofRefrigerant Reachignition source(Velocity of diffusion,distance of leak point and

ignition source)

Probability of theFire Starts whencondition meets(Quantify the property of

low flammability)

AND

2 3 4

Outline of Flammability Risk AssessmentOutline of Flammability Risk Assessment

Potential risk of firein Engine Room

Probability ofRefrigerant Leak

(Probability of the leakagecaused by AC cycle

parts failure or Accident)

1

Parts failure causes slowleak mainly and Accidentcauses large leak mainly

Normal, Parts failureand Accident case arealso considered

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Result ofrisky parts

Exhaust manifold600ºCIn case of accident,refrigerant may reach.

Surface of light bulbs680ºCRefrigerant may not reachdue to its lens / hood.

Combustion heater400ºCIn case of accident,refrigerant may reach

Pick out some risky parts as ignition source. (ex. Exhaust Manifold, …)Confirm whether fire occurs or not by 1234yf splash test to hot plate

by DuPont / Honeywell

Normal case

Temp...Freq. Mode, Temp., Freq.PartsExhaustManifold

LightBulb

CombustionHeater

Result of Risk Assessment for Ignition sourceResult of Risk Assessment for Ignition sourceParts failure case Accident case

Mode, Temp., Freq.

23Result of Flammability Risk AssessmentResult of Flammability Risk AssessmentEstimated Risk

---

No Ignite(butanelighter)

No Ignite(splash test to

hot plate)

Ignition Test

6.7E-12ppm

InsignificantInsignificantFew ignitionsource

TrunkRoom

Probability(afterIgnitionTest)

ProbabilityResult of

Risk AssessmentCase

Insignificant

84ppm

In case ofAccident

Could be ignitedby smoking lighter

Could be ignitedat exhaustmanifold

1.0E-02ppm

106ppmTotal

1.0E-02ppm

0.01ppmPassengerCabin

1.2E-06ppm22ppmEngine

Room

In case ofNormal /

Parts failure

The estimated total risk of adoption of 1234yf was 1.0E-02ppm.Confirmed that no ignite will occur even at high risk parts.So that, the risk increase by 1234yf can be neglected.

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Under high load condition and with the same AC systemspecs with modified TXV,

Cooling PerformanceSlightly less but quite similar

Fuel ConsumptionAlmost equal to R134a (Negligible influence)

Material CompatibilityNo fatal result is found at this time

Flammability Risk AssessmentNo fatal result is found at this time

Toxicity EvaluationOnly long term toxicity is now under investigation

Summary 1234yf Evaluation ResultsSummary 1234yf Evaluation Results

1234yf has potential to be alternative to R134a< Next Step >System reliability and Vehicle suitability in the market

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LCCP Result from JAMA

Kiwamu Inui TOYOTAKenta Aoki NISSAN

Tohru Ikegami TOYOTA

2008 SAE Alternative Refrigerant Systems SymposiumPhoenix, Arizona – USA, 10-12 June 2008

26

Content

1. Explanation of modifications on LCCP model

2. JAMA’s LCCP test conditions & Specifications

3. LCCP result

4. Summary of LCCP result

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1.1. Explanation of ModificationsExplanation of Modificationson LCCP modelon LCCP model

End Of Life Direct EmissionIncremental Engine EfficiencyGlobal weighted LCCP

Main points

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Original10%

(SAE recovery target)

JPNOther regions

64%100%

Residuerefrigerant

whendisposed

19%

1. Explanation of Modifications on LCCP model1. Explanation of Modifications on LCCP model

64%(Assumed the same as US)

Recover

Release

EOL Leak Rate = { (Original charge –Annual leak*Lifetime)*10% }*40%+ { (Original charge –Annual leak*Lifetime)} *60%

USA Market*40% of Vehicles: 90% Recovered*60% of Vehicles: Totally Released

USA

End of Life Direct Emission Ratio has been modified based onEnd of Life Direct Emission Ratio has been modified based onUSA & JAPAN market investigation.USA & JAPAN market investigation.

End Of Life Direct EmissionEnd Of Life Direct Emission

Japan MarketOfficial record accordingto Recycle Law

NEW VersionNEW Version

All regions

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Incremental Engine EfficiencyIncremental Engine Efficiency

Original

31%45% 30-40%

30%

Several Proposal

Example: Ambient Temp 25Example: Ambient Temp 25 / IDLE & City & Highway co/ IDLE & City & Highway commbinationbination

0%10%20%30%40%50%

MiniA MiniB CompactA MidsizeA MidsizeB LuxuryA

Efficiency

Around 30% in average

Engine efficiency is still under discussion.Engine efficiency is still under discussion.This time, JAMA uses agreed value (on April/16th/This time, JAMA uses agreed value (on April/16th/’’08).08).

JAMAJAMA’’ss test result shows about 30% is appropriatetest result shows about 30% is appropriateInformationInformation

Efficiency 45% 3300-400%

30%

Several Proposal Agreed Value(on April/16/’08)


New Version35%

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Global weighted LCCPGlobal weighted LCCP

Total emission of All VehiclesAll Over World

Per City and Per Vehicle

x CO2 eq/yrper Vehicle with R134a

x CO2 eq/yrper vehicle withAlternative Refrigerant

+

=

Total emission result

Vehiclewith R1

34a system

Vehiclewith Alt

ernative

Refrigerant syst

em

VValidate the global warming up affect from global point of viewalidate the global warming up affect from global point of viewas well as One Modelas well as One Model’’s and One Citys and One City’’s Life Cycle validations Life Cycle validation


Original New Version

57%

43%

31

2.2. JAMAJAMA’’ss LCCP test conditionsLCCP test conditions& Specifications& Specifications

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Vehicle Test conditionVehicle Test conditionJAMA uses Vehicle Test Result to calculate “CO2 emission dueto AC system operation” .

Ambient 35 25 15RH% 50 50 80Solar [W/m2] 850* 500 100Target temperature setting+ 22 22 22

For manual AC: FC1/2 of heatercontroller

3/4 of heatercontroller

Air Intake REC OSA OSAFan Speed High 2nd 1stDrive ScheduleAir Output VENT VENT VENT

Agreed proposal: vehicle

Fixed speed Idle / 40km/hr / 100km/hr

Agreed TEST Condition between JAMA&SAEAgreed TEST Condition between JAMA&SAE

From these test results, we take into accountDriving ScheduleAmbient ConditionAC Operation Time

for each Cities (i.e. Phoenix, Frankfurt, Tokyo, etc)

2. JAMA’s LCCP test condition&Specifications

33

EquippedNoneNoneInternal HeatExchanger

Same size as R134aSame part as R134a120W x 1Cooling Fan

Same size as R134aSame part as R134a618W x 337H x 16DCondenser orGas cooler size

Same size as R134aSame part as R134a201W x 198H x 36DEvaporator size

External ControlVariable

Displacement typeSame part as R134a

Fix VolumeRotary typeCompressor spec

CO2 (R744)1234yfR134a

<Car Specification>Model: NISSAN TIIDA/VERSAEngine:1.5L L4 Petrol Engine

Vehicle specifications and AC component specifications1234yf has same component as R134a system.CO2 (R744) system has higher specification.

<Component Specification>

2. JAMA’s LCCP test condition & Specifications

34

3. LCCP result3. LCCP result

353. LCCP results3. LCCP resultsTotal emission over the worldTotal emission over the worldIf we apply 1234yf, CO2If we apply 1234yf, CO2 eqeq. emission will be. emission will be aboutabout 12% less12% less

than R134a / CO2 in 2017.than R134a / CO2 in 2017.

Assumption : 43% vehicles in the world have alternative refrigerant system in 2017

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

R134a HFO1234yf CO2

CO2eq.[10kg/Year]

Indirect by AR

100%: R134a

Indirect by R134aDirect by R134a

Direct by AR(Very Small)Emission from R134a system

Emission from AR system

57%: R134a43%:1234yf

57%: R134a43%:CO2(R744)

Global weighted LCCPGlobal weighted LCCP(in 2017)(in 2017)

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IndIndirectirectEEmissionmission

DDirectirectEEmissionmission Direct

Indirect

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

134a 1234yf CO2 134a 1234yf CO2

CO2-eq[kg]

Plant Assem and OthersEOLServiceirre./lifereg. /lifeAC weightLow loadMid loadHigh load

PhoenixPhoenix TokyoTokyo

3. LCCP results3. LCCP results

1234yf LCCP result is 20%1234yf LCCP result is 20%--30% less than R134a / CO2.30% less than R134a / CO2.

Emissions per vehicle, Compact CarEmissions per vehicle, Compact Car

37

4. Summary of LCCP result4. Summary of LCCP result

38

HFO1234yf is the least global warming up impactwithin 3 refrigerants (R134a, 1234yf, CO2(R744)).

If we apply higher technology such as IHX and ECV,then there is another potential to improve LCCP result on1234yf system.

4. Summary of LCCP result

39

Based on our investigations, we conclude as follows,

STEP-1 Evaluation:We found no fatal concern at this time includingEnvironmental impact (over fuel consumption),Flammability and Toxicity

STEP-2 Evaluation:

System durability and reliability will be evaluated byindividual JAMA members

ConclusionConclusion

1234yf has the potential to be a Global solution

40

END

Thank you for your attention.Toward the global solution !!

New Refrigerants Evaluation Results

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