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Saskatchewan Geological Survey 1 Summary of Investigations 2015, Volume 1

Preliminary Study of Paleosols in the Lower Cretaceous McLaren and Waseca Members of the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan

Elysia D. Schuurmans 1, Janis Dale 1 and Osman Salad Hersi 1 Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Schuurmans, E.D., Dale, J. and Salad Hersi, O. (2015): Preliminary study of paleosols in the Lower Cretaceous McLaren and Waseca members of the

Mannville Group in Saskatchewan; in Summary of Investigations 2015, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy, Miscellaneous Report 2015-4.1, Paper A-3, 12p.

Abstract Paleosols are soils that developed on past landscapes. They are indicators of past pedogenic processes and provide environmental information about pre-soil development and post-soil conditions. The purpose of this study is to identify, describe and classify paleosols in cores from the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan, to determine paleoenvironmental conditions during paleosol formation in the Lower Cretaceous. The objectives include: detailed analysis of pedologic features in the paleosols of the Mannville Group, establishment of key paleosol criteria, classification of the paleosols, determination of the paleoenvironments of the paleosols, and correlation of the paleosol units between cores to better delineate and understand formation boundaries and the stratigraphic framework of the McLaren and Waseca members within the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan.

Initial criteria used to identify the paleosols include: lack of structures (bedding, cross-bedding, stratification), presence of root-related features (mainly rootlets), nature of contacts (wavy, irregular, tonguing), colour, evidence of organic matter, grain size, presence of structures/cracks, and staining (related to soil mottling). Fifteen of the seventeen wells examined to date show evidence of paleosols in the McLaren and Waseca members of the Mannville Group. These paleosols are all topped with a coal unit, and underlain by a very fine-grained sandstone layer with an abundance of rootlets (5 to 20%). The sandstone units are generally massive and light grey (2.5Y7-1). Some of the cores have an additional dark grey (2.5Y4/1), very fine-grained sandstone layer underneath the coal and above the light grey unit. The Waseca paleosol is commonly overlain and underlain by an oxidized mudstone that is stratified and locally bioturbated, whereas the McLaren paleosol is typically overlain by a mudstone unit or oil-stained sand unit, and underlain by oil-stained sand that appears columnar and blocky.

Future work includes expanding the research to wells proximal to those that contain paleosols, to determine the regional extent and importance of the paleosol to the stratigraphic history of the Mannville Group. Furthermore, to enhance the criteria used to identify paleosols in cores, detailed analyses of the mineralogy, organic and clay content of the paleosols will be conducted using microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope–energy-dispersive spectrometer.

Keywords: paleosol, Mannville Group, McLaren Member, Waseca Member, pedogenic processes, Cretaceous, Saskatchewan, paleoenvironment

1. Introduction Pedogenic processes result from the complex interplay among climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. Together, these factors are the main reasons why soils help to provide an understanding of the environmental conditions at the time of their formation. Since paleosols are ancient soils, they provide evidence of former subaerial paleoenvironments, even after alteration by burial diagenesis.

The purpose of this study is to determine paleoenvironmental conditions in the Lower Cretaceous using the paleosols of the Upper Mannville Group in Saskatchewan. The objectives are 1) to identify possible paleosol units

1 University of Regina, Department of Geology, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Although the Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy has exercised all reasonable care in the compilation, interpretation and production of this product, it is not possible to ensure total accuracy, and all persons who rely on the information contained herein do so at their own risk. The Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy and the Government of Saskatchewan do not accept liability for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies that may be included in, or derived from, this product.


within cores of the Mannville Group utilizing subsurface core data; 2) to undertake a detailed analysis of the pedologic features of the paleosols of the Mannville Group and classify the paleosol as to type; 3) to correlate paleosol units between cores to better delineate and understand the stratigraphic framework of the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan; and 4) to determine the paleoenvironments of the paleosols in the Mannville Group using key paleosol criteria as determined in this study.

2. Scope and Rationale Paleosols are an evolving field of study and there are many factors that need to be considered in this type of research. For instance, with time, subsequent processes can alter original features; thus, not all soil features are useful for interpretation all of the time, like colour and clay content (Amundson et al., 1994; Nettleton et al., 2000). Fenwick (1985) argued that a detailed description of soil features should be conducted before any interpretation is attempted, which this research paper seeks to accomplish.

Once a paleosol is described, it can be used to interpret past pedogenic processes, and provide environmental information about pre-soil development and post-soil conditions. Paleosols can preserve evidence of ancient surficial environments. In addition, paleosols have been used to define the nature of sequence boundaries (Wright, 1994). Wright (1994) notes that a number of studies have identified changes in rates of development of accommodation space during sea-level change using varying maturities of sets of paleosols. This makes paleosols useful for correlating between wells, to provide better insight into the stratigraphy of an area and to better define the nature of sequence boundaries.

The Mannville Group continues to be of economic interest, with reserves of oil, natural gas and coal. Yet there has been no systematic study of the paleosols of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group in Saskatchewan. Several beds within the Mannville Group have been identified as possible paleosols, mainly because their features do not fit into normal marine sediment descriptions and contain traces consistent with terrestrial environments (Bauer et al., 2009; Morshedian et al., 2012). However, there is little information on the diagnostic features of the paleosols and what these features represent in terms of paleoenvironments.

This study is designed to positively identify paleosols, describe their features, and determine the best diagnostic features that can be used to interpret the paleoenvironments. The rationale for such identification lies in the fact that soils and paleosols are strongly influenced by local climate conditions, vegetation regimes, and sources of parent material. Post-pedogenic processes alter the mineralogical and chemical signature of the soil and provide further insight into environments of diagenesis (Retallack, 2001). Changes in sea level and global climate regimes can be reflected by resultant soil types. Thus, analyses of paleosols and the impact of diagenesis can be used to infer paleoenvironmental conditions at the time of soil formation (Mack et al., 1993).

3. Methods The first objective was to find and describe Mannville Group paleosols. Previously identified paleosols in Mannville Group cores were found in research papers, including MacEachern (1982, 1984) and Morshedian et al. (2012). These cores were examined, and sedimentological and pedologic features were documented from the reported paleosols and surrounding sediments, corresponding to the second objective involving detailed core analysis of the paleosols. Colour was recorded using the Munsell Soil Color Chart and Classification (Munsell Soil Color Charts, 2009). Several of the best paleosols, based on level of preservation and thickness, were selected for more intensive study and thin-section work.

4. Study Area and Geology of the McLaren and Waseca Members in the Mannville Group The Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group is present throughout most of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (Christopher, 2003; Morshedian et al., 2012). Formations within the group include Pense and Cantuar (Figure 1).


Members of the Pense Formation are the Colony and McLaren, while the Cantuar Formation is subdivided into Waseca, Sparky, General Petroleums, Rex, Lloydminster, Cummings and Dina members (Figure 1). The Pense Formation includes units of bioturbated and flaser-bedded black shale, and massive to cross-bedded sandstones (Christopher, 2003).The Cantuar Formation includes deposits of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and sub-bituminous coal, separated by hiatuses and erosional discontinuities (Christopher, 2003).

The paleosols in this study are found within the McLaren Member and the Waseca Member of Pense and Cantuar formations, respectively. Wells containing the paleosols are located within an area in west-central Saskatchewan that is bounded by Township 50 Range 21W3 in the northeast and Township 46 Range 28W3 in the southwest (Figure 2), at depths ranging from 400 to 500 m.

Morshedian et al. (2012) define six facies within the current study area for the McLaren, Waseca and Sparky members, including: 1) offshore marine deposits; 2) wave- and storm-dominated shoreface deposits; 3) mixed fluvial and wave-influenced delta deposits; 4) distributary channels and tidal fluvial estuary deposits; 5) transgressive bay

Figure 1 – Stratigraphic correlation chart showing the relative position of the McLaren and Waseca members in the Mannville Group (modified from Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy, 2014).


deposits; and 6) coastal plain/delta plain deposits. Deposition of the McLaren and Waseca members occurred on incised unconformity surfaces infilling valley and channel complexes (Morshedian et al., 2012). Interfluve areas are characterized by a root-bearing horizon and development of paleosols on subaerially exposed coastal plains (Morshedian et al., 2012). These interfluve areas were ultimately flooded during sea-level rise and infilling of estuarine valleys (Morshedian et al., 2012). The Waseca Member is characterized by fluvio-estuarine valley fills and transgressive bay deposits (Morshedian et al., 2012). The McLaren Member is characterized by interfingering wave- and storm-dominated shoreface sediments and mixed fluvial and wave-influenced delta parasequences (Morshedian et al., 2012).

Figure 2 – Study areas and well locations of cores examined in this project to date.


5. Preliminary Results To date, 17 wells have been studied, with 15 wells having paleosols in either the McLaren or Waseca members (Table 1). Features of all the paleosols were recorded and a preliminary type section was determined (Figure 3).

Table 1 – Location of the 17 wells examined in this project to date, and depth intervals of the 19 cores logged. Also shown are depth, member and types of paleosol beds observed.

Well Location (Well ID) Well Licence Depths Logged

(m) Potential Paleosol

Depth (m) Presence of

Potential Paleosol

Member

Beds Present (C=Coal

M=Middle Unit L=Lower Unit)

111/07-07-046-25W3 79L032 592.50 to 596.96 595.11 to 595.54 present McLaren CL 111/13-07-046-25W3 79K011 567.25 to 571.49 not applicable none McLaren not applicable 111/05-16-046-25W3 83E118 573.00 to 582.61 577.72 to 578.11 unlikely McLaren CML 111/07-15-046-25W3 83B082 555.00 to 566.77 562.96 to 563.84 present McLaren CL

111/02-21-046-25W3 83L084 561.00 to 572.70 563.00 to 564.08 present McLaren CML 567.94 to 568.65 present McLaren CML

111/11-18-046-25W3 81E035 560.00 to 566.27 562.92 to 563.27 present McLaren CL 111/09-17-046-25W3 83G081 562.00 to 570.49 566.16 to 567.11 present McLaren CML 111/09-13-046-26W3 79K075 559.52 to 566.28 561.80 to 562.39 present McLaren CML 111/03-06-050-23W3 79A024 504.24 to 515.67 514.31 to 515.67 good condition Waseca CML 111/01-06-050-23W3 78K096 485.00 to 521.00 not applicable core damaged and

sections missing Waseca not applicable

111/06-06-050-23W3 77C007 504.14 to 522.14 518.78 to 520.69 thick coal, paleosol present

Waseca CML

131/02-06-050-23W3 81L013 506.90 to 516.40 514.82 to 516.14 present Waseca CL 111/15-01-050-24W3 78I096 487.00 to 504.68 501.50 to 502.60 present Waseca CL 111/13-01-050-24W3 79B062 574.00 to 598.00 not applicable none Waseca not applicable 131/11-01-050-24W3 81B047 474.50 to 478.87 476.19 to 476.28 coal layer, little to

no other parts of paleosol present

Waseca CL

111/08-01-050-24W3 78L013 508.25 to 512.18 508.89 to 509.96 present Waseca CL

111/10-01-050-24W3 78K080 505.00 to 512.27 507.08 to 507.94 present Waseca CL 533.94 to 538.85 535.15 to 535.52 present Waseca ML


Figure 3 – Typical paleosol profile found within the Waseca Member (tentative type section). T = top of core.

In general, the paleosols in both members are composed of a generally massive, very fine-grained sandstone layer with an abundance of rootlets (5 to 20%) and light grey colour (2.5Y7-1), grading upward into an upper coal unit. Some of the paleosols in the cores studied have a medial dark grey (2.5Y4/1), very fine-grained sandstone layer between the light grey, massive, fine-grained sandstone and the coal. The McLaren paleosol is typically overlain by a mudstone or oil-stained sand, and underlain by poorly consolidated, oil-stained sand. The Waseca Member paleosol is usually overlain and underlain by an oxidized mudstone that is locally stratified and bioturbated. Typical examples of a McLaren and Waseca paleosol are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively.


Figure 4 – Profile of a McLaren paleosol illustrating a typical medial unit of the paleosols observed in this study. T = top of core.

Figure 5 – Typical profile of a Waseca paleosol: note the layer of coal at the top of the paleosol, the lack of a medial unit, and the lower unit of very fine-grained sandstone comprising the remainder of the paleosol. T = top, B = bottom of core.

6. Diagnostic Characteristics of Paleosols Within the McLaren and Waseca Members of the Mannville Group

The features used to identify paleosols in previous studies from around the world (Table 2) were compared to the features identified in the paleosols examined in this study, to determine a set of characteristics that could be considered diagnostic of the paleosols within the McLaren and Waseca members of the Mannville Group.

Based on this comparison, the diagnostic characteristics used to identify paleosols within the cores in this study include the following: massive texture; lacking sedimentary structures; presence of a coal unit; presence of rootlets and root-related features; distinctive soil contacts (wavy, irregular, tonguing); changes in colour denoting different


horizons; and evidence of organic matter (blebs/nodules of organic matter). Additional criteria noted that will help with classification are grain size, mottling, and pedogenic structures in the form of cracks.

Based on these criteria and the comparison to features of paleosols in other studies, it appears that the Waseca Member has more of these diagnostic features than the McLaren Member, and thus paleosols that are more mature.

Table 2 – Diagnostic features of paleosols from the literature, used to compare with features identified in the McLaren and Waseca paleosols in this study.

Paleosol Feature Reference


Pedogenic slickensides

Caudill et al., 1997; Leckie et al., 1989; Ufnar et al., 2005;

Wright, 1992

Calcareous layers and nodules

Platt and Keller, 1992;

Retallack, 1983

Root-related features (root traces,

rhizocretions, root channels, rootlets)

Caudill et al., 1997; Driese et al., 1994; Leckie et al., 1989;

Platt and Keller, 1992; Retallack, 1983, 1988,

2001; Webb, 1994; Wright, 1992

Mineralogical and chemical alterations

Mack et al., 1993; Retallack, 1983

Mottles

Caudill et al., 1997; Kraus, 1997;

Lander et al., 1991; Leckie et al., 1989;

Platt and Keller, 1992

Soil boundaries Leckie et al., 1989

Ped-like structures (including cracks and

veins representing structures)

Lander et al., 1991; Leckie et al., 1989;

Retallack, 1983, 1988, 2001;

Ufnar et al., 2005; Wright, 1992

Chemical processes (weathering, depletion and

accumulation) Leckie et al., 1989

Porphyroskelic (floating grain) texture Lander et al., 1991

Distinct voids (with or without void coatings) Leckie et al., 1989

Horizonation

Lander et al., 1991; Mack et al., 1993;

Retallack, 1988, 2001; Wright, 1992

Spherulitic siderite Leckie et al., 1989; McCarthy and Plint,

1998

Pedoturbation Lander et al., 1991

Ganisters Leckie et al., 1989

Lack of laminations, cross bedding and

ripple marks Retallack, 2007

Desiccation cracks Leckie et al., 1989

Colours

Driese et al., 1994; Kraus, 1997;

Leckie et al., 1989; Platt and Keller, 1992;

Retallack, 1983; Ufnar et al., 2005;

Wright, 1992

Organic matter Mack et al., 1993




Clay mineralogy Kraus, 1997

Illuviation/accumulation of insoluble

minerals/compounds Mack et al., 1993

Syntaxial overgrowths Driese et al., 1994

Destratification (bioturbation) Wright, 1992

Dissolution and calcitization Driese et al., 1994

Granulometrics (gradients in profiles) Wright, 1992

Intergranular micrite Driese et al., 1994

Mineralogy and geochemistry Wright, 1992

Redox Driese et al., 1994; Mack et al., 1993

Pseudo-anticlinal structures Wright, 1992

Biogenic features (burrows, bioturbation, fossil plants, fossil land snails and mammals, coprolites, and animal

tracks)

Leckie et al., 1989; Platt and Keller, 1992;

Retallack, 1983; Wright, 1992

Papules and pedorelicts (clay-rich pellets)

McCarthy and Plint, 1998

Clay coatings

Fedoroff et al., 2010; McCarthy and Plint,

1998; Wright, 1992

Barite McCarthy and Plint, 1998

Ferruginous features (iron oxides and

pisoliths)

Driese et al., 1994; Fedoroff et al., 2010; McCarthy and Plint,

1998

Drab halos Mack et al., 1993; Retallack, 1988

Sepic plasmic structures

Retallack, 1983; Wright, 1992

7. Future Research Future research will be directed toward expansion and clarification of the criteria used to identify and classify the paleosols in Mannville Group core. With description and confirmation of paleosols, the research will be extended into adjacent wells to find unreported paleosols in order to gain a regional perspective of their temporal and spatial distribution in the Mannville Group.

Thin sections of samples from the paleosols will be used to analyze the clay mineralogy, the presence of precipitates, and the macro- and micromorphology. Scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and an energy-dispersive spectrometer will be used to aid in identification of pathogenic clays and alteration resulting from diagenesis. Geophysical well-log signatures will be analyzed to help correlation and identification of paleosols. Compilation of the data will then be used for classification and paleoenvironmental interpretations based on the Soil Classification Working Group (1998) and Mack et al. (1993), thereby addressing the purpose and objectives of this study.

8. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following: the Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, for funding this project through a grant to Janis Dale; Melinda Yurkowski, Saskatchewan Geological Survey,


for granting access to core and for support; Arden Marsh for his insights into the project as well as his appreciated suggestions and discussions when reviewing this paper. The authors would also like to thank Richard Wood and the staff at the Subsurface Geological Laboratory of Regina for helping with core handling, and Heather Brown for her review, with helpful suggestions and discussions, and helping to get this document to publication.

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Preliminary Study of Paleosols in the Lower Cretaceous McLaren and Waseca Members of the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan1. Introduction2. Scope and Rationale3. Methods4. Study Area and Geology of the McLaren and Waseca Members in the Mannville Group5. Preliminary Results6. Diagnostic Characteristics of Paleosols Within the McLaren and Waseca Members of the Mannville Group7. Future Research8. Acknowledgments9. References

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