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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

Class Book Volume

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4

^ 4

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION AND TESTS OF NEW

TYPES OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS

BY

WILLIAM KENICK SCOTT

OWLN MARTIN WARD

THESIS

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering

University of Illinois

PRESENTED, JUNE, 1907

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

May 28 , 190 7

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY

.MLLIAli RENI.C.K .S..G.Q.T.T and. .Q.1<YE.N....MARI.IN lAED...

ENTITLED LIGHT ni.STEIEimoi....AND T.E.S.T.S 0.P NEW TYPES OF I.N-..

aANDESG.ENT LAHPS

IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

o F BAC!HEL.Q.R QZ .S.G.I.E.W.C.E .I.N .E.L.E C TR.I GAL ENGINEER I.M.G..

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF .ELECTRICAL MCIMM.I.M.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive.org/details(iightdistributioOOscot

o

Int roduct Ion .

During the last five years of progress in engineering,

there has been no more rapid development than that in incandes-

cent lighting. Until a few years ago the carbon filament wasIj

the only incandescent lamp used. The first of these lamps had

an efficiency of about 3.5 watts per candle power, but the im-

provements in the process of manufacture which were made in suc-

ceeding years, decreased the consumption to about 3.1 watts per

candle power. This was recognized as the highest efficiency ob-

tainable, for a further decrease in the consumption, rapidly short-

ened the life of the lamp. This indicated that the only way in

which the lamp could be improved was by lengthening its life.

With this object in view, manufacturers succeeded in making car-

bon filament lamps which lasted approximately two and one-half

times as long as the original ones. Thus the best type was ap-

parently reached,

Within the last few years the attention of manufactur-

ers and engineers has been turned to ;netal and metallized carbon i

filament lamps. These new types of lamps are now being develop-

ed, and it looks as if they will revolutionize the lighting in-

dustry. About the first of these to appear was what is known as

the metallized filament. This lamp gives an efficiency of about

2.5 watts per candle power. An improvement on this soon follow-

ed in the tantalum and still more recently manufacturers have

succeeded in producing a lamp with a metallic tungsten filament,

which gives an efficiency of about one watt per candle power.

Owing to the fact that a very limited time was allow-

ed for this test, the data obtained is also very limited, and

since it was impossible to secure tungsten lamps, comparison was

only made between carbon, metallized filament and tantalum lamps.

Object:- The object of this test is to obtain a comparison of

the distribution of light between different kinds of incandes-

cent lamps at different periods of their life. This is impor-

tant to know because, from the distribution curves, the position

of a lamp can be determined which gives the most effective light.

Also from the distribution curves, the shape of the globe or re-

flector which gives the best result for a certain purpose may be

det ermined

.

References :

-

Electric Lighting by Crocker, ?ifth Edition.

Pages 407 t o 411

.

Industrial Photometry with Special Application

to Electric Lighting by A. Palaz . Second Edition, Revised.

Pages 20 to 25.

New Types of Incandescent Lamps by C. H. Sharp.

Paper presented before American Institute of Electrical Engi-

neers, Nov. 23, 1906.

Apparatus:- The standard used was a 110 volt, 25 candle power

carbon filament lamp. Comparisons were made with a Leeson's

Star Disc Screen, the photometer bar having a length of 300 cen-

timeters. Standard instruments were used and the energy was sup-

lj

plied by a storage battery,

^

Manipulation:- (a) Prel L-ninary Test.

One hundred lamps of each kind were taken and run

jl

through the preliminary test. This consisted of the following:-

' (1) Examination of the filament for weak points and st raight ness

;

(2) ¥acuum Test ; (3) Finding of mean horizontal candle power.

The examination of the filament for straight ness and

weak points was done by applying just enough voltage to the lamp

to make the filament glow red when placed in a dark room. By in-

l| spect ing the filament while in this condition the weak points

I could be detected, because they glowed brighter than the stronger

part. The mean horizontal candle power was found by rotating the

' lamp in a horizontal plane at about 180 revolutions per minute,

keeping the impressed pressure at 110 volts and comparing with

j

the 25 candle power standard.

(b) Distribut ion Test :-

After the preliminary test had been perform-

ed, the lamps showing about the average results, were taken for

the distribution test. Throughout this test the impressed pres-

sure was kept at 110 volts and comparisons made with the stand-

ard used in the preliminary.

(1) Horizontal Distribution:-

Tn order to obtain the horizontal distribution the lamp

was placed in an upright position; i.e., so that the tip pointed

directly upwards. With the lamp in this position, readings of

the candle power were taken from 0" to 360*' azimuth at increments

of

(2) Vertical Distribut ion:-

In finding the distribution in a vertical plane the

laap was first placed in the position used in finding the hori-

zontal distribution and readings of the candle power taken for

0", 30", 60*, 90*, 120*, 150* azimuth. The lamp was then rota-

ted through 15* in a vertical plane and readings again taken for

0*, 30*, 60*, 90*, 120*, 150* azimuth. This was repeated through-

out 360*in the vertical plane at increments of 15*.

(c) Spherical Reduction Factor and Mean Spherical Candle Power :-

Prom the vertical distrioution the spherical reduction

factor was obtained by the following method:

-

The Curve AGEBA. in the figure above represents the ver-

j|

tical distrioution for a certain degree azimuth. Prom the points

^

where the prolongation of the radii AE, AP, etc., meet the cir-

I

cumference, horizontal lines were drawn, and on these from the

point where they cut the perpendicular, a'b, radii vectors, giving

the relative intensities, were measured off; i.e., AE = AE, AP.=

J

pP, etc. In this manner the Figure AEfPB was found. The ratio of

the Figure AEFB'to ADCB' gives the spherical reduction factor. This

multiplied by the mean horizontal candle power gives the mean sphe-

tical intensity. In order to obtain a fair value, the average of

the spherical reduction factor of both sides of the vertical dis-

tribution curves for the different degrees of azimuth were found.

Proof that the ratio of AEPE'to a!dcb' is the spherical reduction

fact or

.

The length gm on AB corresponding to the inclinations

•e and e + de is equal to cose de, and the length gG is equal to

the intensity, J . Consequently the Surface GMgm is equal to

loose de. If the radius of the outside circle is assumed to be

one, the product of loose de and 2 rr represent s the quantity of

light received by the zone corresponding to de. It follows that

AEFB' = y loose d© and multiplied by 2Tr represents

the total quantity of light received by the unit sphere. The

spherical reduction factor being equal to 2tt jlcos© d© divided by

AEtPBthe surface of the sphere, (4rr), is thus given by

The surface of the rectangle ABCD is equal to 2 and, therefore,

the spherical reduction factor is equal to the ratio of AlEPB to

ADCB. The area was found by means of a planlmeter.

Characteristics of Filaments :-

The carbon filament is so well known that its character-

istics need not be discussed in this paper.

The metallized filament lamp has a globe similar to the

carbon lamp and its filaments are mounted in the same manner.

The filaments of most metallized lamps, however, are very irreg-

ular and of nonuniform strength. The filament is also very flim-

sy, being very much finer than that of the carbon lamp. Small

vibrations such as those caused by a person walking in the room

make the filaments shake violently.

The tantalum lamp is very different from the metallized

and carbon lamps. The bulb is made of much thicker glass and the

shape is cylindrical. The filament is quite fine and very long,

as compared with the other lamps, the diameter being about .052

millimeters and the length from fifty- five to sixty centimeters.

This great length necessitates many turns and mountings. As a re-

sult the filament is placed in the bulb in a zig-zag fashion, par-

allel to the sides and is mounted at ten points on the top and ten

points on the bottom.

Discussion :-

One of the first things to attract the attention of one

when the three different kinds of lam.ps are burning side by side

is the extreme whiteness of the tantalum lamps as compared with

the other two. The cause of this is not definitely known but it

is attributed to the higher temperature of the tantalum filament.

It will also be noticed that when the tantalum lamp is first turn-

ed on, it glows brightest the first fraction of a second, thus

showing that a greater amount of current is flowing. This may

cause a lamp that is turned on and off very often t o be of short-

er life than normal, but it has been impossible to find any data

! on this subject. The reason of the initial rush of current isi,

due to the fact that the filament has a less resistance when cold

than when hot; i.e., it has a positive temperature coefficient.

' There are also other facts which may be caused by the positive

coefficient, the principal ones being: 1. The light of the lamps

will be less affected by poor voltage regulation. Therefore, the

degree of regulation can be made larger where metal filament lamps

ij are used and this has a direct bearing on the amount of copper in||

;

the feeders; 2. The life of these metal filament lam.ps will pro-

. bably be less affected by the application of excessive voltage.

Owing to the manner in which the tantalum filament is placed in

the bulb, the light given out is practically the same at all an-

gles in the horizontal plane as shown by the horizontal distri-

bution curves. However, if the bulb is not uniformly made, the

reflections on the glass may change the distribution. Prom the

curves showing the vertical distribution it will be seen that the

ll

light given off directly below the tip is much less than the light

I

given off by the other lamps v/hen in the same position. This is|

probably due to the difference in the mounting and to the greater

I

reflection of the thicker glass in the bulb of the tantalum lamp.

'

A. peculiar fact seen from the distribution curves is

that the vertical distribution changes in a definite manner with

age; i.e., the maximum light given off by the lamp moves toward

the tip the longer the lamp burns. When the lamp is new the maxi-

mum intensity is at an angle of about 90® with a line through the

tip and base. After the lam.p had burned 800 hours the maximum in-

tensity was at an angle of about 60' with the same line. The ex-

planation of this is given by a microscopic examination of the

filament before and after burning. When new the filament is smooth

and polished with only very slight indentations on the surface.

A-fter it has burned 800 hours the surface is very irregular, having

deep indentations, end in places it is cut and notched as if by a

knife. Some parts are more irregular than others. These features

are shown by the accompanying free hand sketches of the f i lament :

-

Ne^ rHamery-X AFte*- e>yjrn>r\^ e>oo Hours on DC

Prom this it is seen that an old filament will not give

practically all the light in a line perpendicular to its sides, as

is the case when it is new.. Instead, the light will be reflected

and radiated by the pit tings and notches. The light thrown against

the base is reflected downward thus causing the maximum intensity

to be below the horizontal line of the lamp.

It will also be seen that the decrease of the mean hor-

izontal candle power is considerably greater than that of the mean

spherical candle pov/er. This is explained by the facts given above

regarding shifting of the position of the maximum intensity, and

to the fact that there is a zone of black deposit on the bulb after

the lamp has been burned for a considerable time. This black de-

posit obstructs the horizontal rays. Owing to these facts it is

necessary, if an adequate idea of the performance of a tantalum

lamp is desired to make measurements of the mean spherical, inst ead

of the mean horizontal candle power. Measurements of the horizon-

tal candle power alone would be misleading if the spherical reduc-

tion factor is unknown for the different periods of life. This is

an important fact , and in this the tantalum lamp differs from the

metallized and carbon lair.p which have a spherical reduction factor

that is practically constant for a given type of filament

.

The metallized filament lamp, being mounted in the same

manner as the carbon lamp, has similar distribution curves. The

shape of these curves for both the horizontal and vertical distri-

bution change but very little during the life of the lamp, ?rom

the horizontal distribution curves it is seen that there is less

light given out by the metallized lamp perpendicular to the line

of filaments. This difference, however, is small and there is no

account taken of it when the lamp is to be put to a certain use.

When the metallized lamp is burning, a shadow is thrown

out in line with the filament. Since the filaments will vibrate

with slight jars, the shadow is always moving. This is very dis-

agreeable to the eye. Another fact which was noticed is that when

a metalMzed lamp is being put in a socket in any position, except

pendant, the filaments are apt to become crossed, thus causing the

lamp 1 burn out

.

jConclusion:-

Prom the above data it is seen that the metal filament

lamps, which are attracting so much attention at present are rad-

ically different from the carbon lamp, which until a few years ago

' was entirely used for incandescent lighting. The properties of

jl

the metallized filament and tantalum lamps are only fairly well

Iknown. In the tungsten and helium lamps which are just being de-

Ij veloped and which seem t o be the most important of all, there is

very little data t o be obtained. There is, therefore, a large

\

field for investigation along these lines.

PHOT-OGRAPHS SHOWING. THEI MOUNT IN O

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