New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis · New modalities for diagnosing...

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New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis Sari Acra, MD, MPH Pediatric Gastroneterology, Heptology and Nutrition Vanderbilt University

Transcript of New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis · New modalities for diagnosing...

Page 1: New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis · New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis Sari Acra, MD, MPH Pediatric Gastroneterology, Heptology and Nutrition

New modalities for diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Sari Acra, MD, MPHPediatric Gastroneterology, Heptology

and NutritionVanderbilt University

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Objectives• Benefits and Limitations of Endoscopic and Invasive 

Monitoring– Drawbacks of biopsies for diagnosis 

• Key pathophysiologic findings relevant to diagnosing EoE• Emerging diagnostic techniques based on pathophysiology

– Gene Expression Profiling– Exhaled Nitric Oxide – Measurement of Cytokines and Inflammatory mediators

• Esophageal string test• Saliva

– Mucosal Impedance to measure  mucosal integrity– Measuring fibrosis/elasaticity with EndoFlip

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Benefits and Limitations of Endoscopic and Invasive Monitoring

• EoE is characterized by esophageal dysfunction (eg, dysphagia) and eosinophilia of >15 eosinophils/high‐power field (HPF) in patients for whom acid‐induced esophageal injury has been excluded. 

• Thus, the current standard of care dictates that counting of eosinophils is the gold standard to monitor inflammation activity, together with clinical symptom evaluation

• It has been suggested that at least 5 biopsies, preferably from both the distal and proximal esophagus, are required to obtain sufficient sensitivity because of the patchiness of disease pathology.

• Clinical symptoms do not always correlate with histology

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Drawbacks of biopsies for diagnosis 

• Esophageal eosinophilia is not specific to EoE (e.g. also occurs GERD, infections, and autoimmune diseases)

• Invasive, so in rare cases can be  associated with complications

• Requires anesthesia• Costly• Time lost from work and school• Limited in its ability to capture all the inflammation that may be present in the esophagus since it samples a small fraction of the total circumferential and longitudinal mucosa.

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Are there other ways to diagnose?

• Consider the pathophysiology– the involvement of eotaxin‐3 in eosinophil accumulation and activation; 

– the importance of periostin in facilitating eosinophil recruitment and tissue remodeling; 

– the critical role of mast cells, T cells, and the local cytokine milieu in disease pathogenesis; 

– and the importance of impaired local barrier function

– The development of fibrosis

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Emerging techniques

1. Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression Profiling

2. Exhaled Nitric Oxide as marker of Eosinophilia3. Measurement of Cytokines and Inflammatory 

mediators• Esophageal string test• Saliva

4. Mucosal Impedance to measure  mucosal integrity

5. Measuring fibrosis/elsaticity with EndoFlip

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Are there other ways to diagnose?

1. Molecular Diagnosis of EosinophilicEsophagitis by Gene Expression Profiling– One of the critical findings in understanding EoEpathogenesis was the discovery of the whole‐genome messenger RNA esophageal expression profile (EoE tran scriptome) 

– The EoE transcriptome consists of approximately 500 EoE genes related to the key pathogenic steps described in the previous slide

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EoE transcriptome

• Ideally, microarray expression can be used to provide diagnosis of EoE

• However, the long turnaround time, the technical complexity of the messenger RNA microarray, and the associated high financial cost hinder practical clinical application for diagnostic purpose. 

• To utilize the diagnostic strength from the microarray and reduce technical barriers, Mark Rothenberg’s group developed a molecular EoE diagnostic panel (EDP) built on a Taqman‐ qPCR based low‐density array system. 

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Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression ProfilingGastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 ‐ 1299

• 3 major steps in the development and application of the EDP. – First, they successfully demonstrate that a selected representative EoE

gene set (a 94‐gene panel) is sufficient to provide EoE diagnosis with high sensitivity (92%‐100%) and specificity (96% ‐100%). 

– Second, they  demonstrate that EoE remission patients can be readily distinguished from normal (NL) patients, which cannot be achieved by conventional methods. 

– Third, they demonstrated the utility of the EDP with formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE)derived tissue RNA and in distinguishing EoEfrom GERD, using pH‐ impedance testing to confirm the presence of acid‐ induced disease. 

• Taken together, the EDP has promising future applications in the classification of esophagitis and in advancing personalized medicine

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Methodology of Gene Expression profiling

• Extracted RNA from distal esophageal biopsies• Used reverse transcriptase to create cDNA• cDNA amplified by PCR• 38 patients were divided into 4 different study cohorts based on 

their histological report and concurrent esophageal impedance, namely– NL (normal pathology, normal impedance)– NERD, nonerosive reflux disease (normal pathology, abnormal 

impedance)– GERD (abnormal pathology [2‐6 eosinophils/HPF inflammatory 

infiltration, with or without neutro‐ philia, without EoE history] abnormal impedance), 

– EoE (abnormal pathology [>15 eosinophils/HPF], normal imped ance).

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Wen et al ,Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression Profiling

Gastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 - 1299

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Wen at al. , Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression ProfilingGastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 - 1299

Dual EDP algorithms for molecular diagnosis of EoE

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Wen at al. , Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression ProfilingGastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 - 1299

EDP is able to discriminate patients with EoE remission from normal patients

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Wen at al. , Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression ProfilingGastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 - 1299

EoE transcriptome pattern in the patient population with ambiguous eosinophil (EOS) levels, 6−14 EOS/HPF

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Wen at al. , Molecular Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis by Gene Expression ProfilingGastroenterology, Volume 145, Issue 6, 2013, 1289 - 1299

A pH impedance‐guided EDP analysis aiming to discriminate nonerosive reflux disease (NERD)/GERD from EoE. 

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Overall assessment of EDP merit. To assess the dual algorithms of the EDP on a larger scale, they collected EDP signatures for a total of 166 patients, in which there are 82 patients with EoE (≥15 eosinophils [EOS]/HPF) and 50 control patients (≤2 EOS) by histology. 

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2.Exhaled Nitric Oxide

• Fractionated exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) has been used to assess eosinophil‐predominant asthma and other atopic disorders. 

• Since EoE is characterized by eosinophilia and basic studies suggest a link to pulmonary eosinophilia, Feno was measured in a prospective study of 11 nonasthmatic subjects with active esophagitis before and after treatment

• Five patients responded histologically to topical steroids; while patients experienced a decline in Feno, this difference did not reach statistical significance. 

• There was a significant correlation between Feno and symptom scores in responders. 

• Further work will be needed to fully assess the potential utility of this test in monitoring EoE disease activity.

Leung J, Nguyen‐Traxler A, Lee EM, et al: Assessment of fractionated exhaled nitric oxide as a biomarker for the treatment of eosinophilicesophagitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012;33:519‐524.

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3. Luminal Secretions

• Inflammatory mediators may be released into the cavity and reflect disease activity, e.g. sampling for eosinophils in the bronchoalveoloar lavage fluid from patients with asthma to monitor for disease activity

• EoE– A. Saliva– B. Esophageal

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Luminal Secretions: A. Esophageal via esophageal string test 

• Furuta et al. assessed the luminal inflammatory contents of EoE patient's esophagus with the Enterotest™, a string‐based technology and termed this the esophageal string test (EST)

• The Enterotest technology was developed and successfully implemented in the 1970s to capture duodenal parasites. 

• It consists of a weighted gelatin capsule filled with a nylon string. – When the capsule is swallowed, the trailing 

string is taped to the cheek while the rest of the string is deployed into the esophagus, stomach and small intestine. 

– The delivery capsule is released from the string, thus leaving the trailing string to capture esophageal luminal contents. 

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Esophageal String Test• ESTs were performed in 41 children with active EoE (n=14), EoE in remission (n=8), gastro‐

oesophageal reflux disease (n=4) and controls with normal oesophagus (n=15). 

• Eosinophil‐derived proteins are biologically potent moleculesthat carry significant functional activities relevant to the mechanisms of pathogenesis in EoE.

– Major basic protein‐1 (MBP1), – Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), – Eosinophilderived neurotoxin (EDN) – Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). – Charcot–Leyden crystal protein/galectin‐10 (CLC/Gal‐10)

• EST measurement of eosinophil‐derived protein biomarkers significantly distinguished between the children in the different groups

• Levels of luminal eosinophil‐derived proteins in EST samples significantly correlated with – peak and mean esophageal eosinophils/high power field (HPF)– levels of the same eosinophil‐derived proteins in extracts of esophageal biopsies, even when no visual 

endoscopic stigmata.

Furuta et al , Gut, 62(10), 1395–1405. doi:10.1136/gutjnl‐2012‐303171

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Salivary Cytokines IL‐4, IL‐%

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4.Mucosal impedance 

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5. EndoFLIP: Measure distensibility

• The EndoFLIP system (Crospon Medical Devices, Galway, Ireland) uses impedance planimetry to calculate multiple adjacent cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) within a cylindrical bag while simultaneously measuring intraluminal pressure during controlled volumetric distension 

• However, by definition, this approach characterizes only the least distensible locus in the segment under study and ignores regional variation along the esophagus that can be an important disease manifestation.

Esophageal distensibility was significantly reduced in patients with EoE compared with controlsKwiatek M., Hirano I., Kahrilas P., Rothe J., Luger D., Pandolfino J. (2011) Mechanical properties of the esophagus in eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 140: 82–90

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EndoFLIP topography• Pandolfino conceptualized an improved methodology for analyzing esophageal functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) data that could preserve region‐specific variation along the luminal axis among 16 (or more) measurement sites 

• simultaneously filter the pressure and the impedance planimetry data to eliminate components of the signal attributable to vascular pulsations, respiration, and most importantly, esophageal contractions that are induced by esophageal distension

Functional luminal imaging probe topography: an improved method for characterizing esophagealdistensibility in eosinophilic esophagitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. Mar 2013; 6(2): 97–107

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• The EndoFLIP assembly used in this study was 240 cm long with a 3 mm outer diameter. 

• An infinitely compliant bag (up to a volume limit of 50 ml) mounted on the distal 14 cm of the probe 

• Bag was a 10 cm long cylindrical shape between tapering ends sealed to the assembly. 

• The minimal to maximal range of cross sectional area CSA measurable by the device was 10–491 mm2. 

• The 8 cm segment within the bag designed for impedance planimetrymeasurement was composed of 17 ring electrodes spaced 5 mm apart. 

• The assembly also contained a solid‐state pressure transducer for determining intrabag pressure. 

• Measurements from the 16 impedance planimetry electrode pairs and the pressure transducer were sampled at 10 Hz with the data acquisition system and transmitted to the recording unit.

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Conclusions

• Each of these biomarkers and scenarios is presented so that clinicians can consider the best approaches for their patients.

• In addition, as novel therapeutics continue to be developed and studied, new techniques and biomarkers will need to be considered. 

• Future studies documenting the impact of novel biomarkers and assessment techniques that reflect tissue eosinophilia and/or disease activity will refine the overall care of EoE patients.