New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

8/18/2019 New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

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Nebosh International General Certificate

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2

Dubai Integrated Safety Solu tions Center (DI SSC) Page 1


Revision Book Contents

IGC1:- Management of Health and Safety Pages

Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety 2 to 5Element 2:- Policy 6 to 8Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety 9 to 12Element 4:- Promoting a positive health and safetyculture

13 to 23

Element 5:- Risk Assessment 24 to 26Element 6:- Principles of Control 27 to 31Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit 32 to 35

Element 8:- Incident and accident investigation andreporting 36 to 39

Practice examination papers IGC1 40 to 44

IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards

Element 1:- Movement of people and vehicles - hazardsand control

45 to 50

Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling – Hazardsand control

51 to 56

Element 3:- Work equipment hazards and control 57 to 60

Element 4:- Electrical hazards and control 61 to 64Element 5:- Fire Hazards and control 65 to 70Element 6:- Chemical and biological hazards and control 71 to 77Element 7:- Physical and psychological health hazards andcontrol

78 to 88

Element 8 :- Construction activities hazards and control 89 to 96Practice examination papers IGC2 97 to 101

IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which resultsin a loss of some kind

Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had thepotential to result in a loss

Acute:- resulting from a single or short-term exposure, producing an immediate

effect, which is usually reversible, e.g. intoxication by solvent vapours leadingto suppression of the nervous system, e.g. car spraying


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Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a gradualeffect that may be unrecognised for a number of years and is oftenirreversible, e.g. the long-term effects of exposure to asbestos causing

Asbestosis

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm

HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

Accident investigation; Payments for non productive time (injured persons);

Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders investigators,clearing up etc.);

Replacement labour (probably less effective);

Training for replacement labour Business interruption/disruption;

Loss of reputation; Damage repair;

Replacement plant;

Compensation payments;

Legal costs and fees; Insurance.


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BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also benefits of apositive safety culture Element 4):-

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures Improved production

Improved staff morale Improved company reputation

Reduced accidents Reduced ill health

Reduced damage to equipment Reduced staff complaints

Reduced absenteeism

Reduced staff turnover

Reduced insurance premiums Reduced fines and compensation claims

Law:- Civil and Criminal

Aims:-

Civil:- The aim of civil law is to compensate an injured party for loss as aconsequence of an accident or ill health

Criminal:- The aim of criminal law is to punish and deter

individuals/Organisations from behaving in a way that society has decide isunacceptable and is considered a crime against society and is prosecuted by thestate.

Fault Liability There was a duty of care owed to the injured party.The duty of care was breached (Negligence)The breach caused the injury or loss

Employer to provide

Safe plant and equipmentSafe systems of workCompetent staffAdequate supervisionAdequate instructionSafe buildingsSafe environment

Variation of Legislation between countries caused by:-Different legislative systemsPowers granted to the Enforcing Authority

Funding, number and authority of Enforcing AuthorityAbility and knowledge of the Enforcing Authority


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Level of reporting to enforcing AuthorityDifferent penalties for breachesReligious beliefs and cultural issuesPublic reaction and interest

Political pressure

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONINTERNALRisk assessmentsPoliciesInspection reportsMedical recordsHealth and safety committeesPlant registersSafety advisors

EXTERNALGovernment bodiesNational safety organisationsSuppliers and manufacturersInternational standardsConsultants and specialistsInsurance companies

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and safetyobjectives and management commitment

2) Organising:- Clear roles and responsibilities, Competence, commitmentand control, Co-operation, Communication

3) Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and decidehow risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against whichperformance can be measured

4) Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the extentto which health and safety policy and objectives are being implementedand should be both reactive and proactive

5) Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether

performance is adequate6) Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisations

management systems and procedures

IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

1 Outline the possible benefits to an Organisation of achieving goodstandards of health and safety.. (8)

2 Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an Organisationmay face following a workplace accident.


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List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when anEmployee has been hurt in such an accident. (8)

3 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost

that an Organisation may face following a workplace accident.

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when anEmployee has been seriously injured in such an accident.

(8)

4 Outline the main components of a health and safety managementsystem. (8)

5 It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the‘hidden’ costs (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more obvious

costs which are usually covered by insurance.

Outline FOUR of these ‘hidden’ costs, giving examples in each case. (8)

6 List the sources of information that may be consulted when dealingwith a health and safety problem at work (8)

IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY

Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety

Set out the organisation and arrangements for controlling workrelated hazards

Protect people from injury and occupational ill health

Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution

Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis

THREE ELEMENTS OF A POLICY STATEMENT OF INTENT:- A statement establishing the importance of health andsafety in the organisation and providing targets and objectives for improvement

ORGANISATION:- The roles and responsibilities of everyone in the organisationARRANGEMENTS:- The arrangements for effective planning, organisation,control, monitoring of the organisations health and safety

CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENTS SECTIONRisk assessmentsFire policyEvacuation proceduresSafe systems of workPermits to workFirst aid policyDisplay screen policyManual handling policy


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Hazardous chemicals policyFork truck policyContractor policyNoise policy

Drugs and alcohol Policy

WHEN DOES POLICY NEED TO BE REVIEWEDAccidents/incidentsNew equipment/New staffNew technologyNew premisesChanges in legislationAccident investigationEnforcement actionProsecution

Compensation claimsPeriodic reviewCOMMUNICATING THE POLICY

Displaying it on notice boards

Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions

Considering it at team briefings or tool box talks

Using newsletters

Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips

Use of posters

Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice Asking Managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress particular

point discussions with the Workforce.

WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management commitmentand motivates staff by giving them something to aim for

TYPES OF TARGETS

Reduced/zero accidentsZero prosecutionsReduced sickness absenceReduction in compensation claimsImprove reporting of near missesImprove reporting of minor accidentsImprove audit scores

ISSUES TO BE LOOKED AT WHEN BENCHMARKING

Existence and quality of safety policyAccident/ near miss records

Staff roles and responsibilitiesDocumented health and safety plans measuredQuality of risk assessments


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Type and quality of trainingLevel of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive

INNEFFECTIVE SAFETY POLICIES

No commitment or leadershipNo annual objectivesHealth and safety not given enough priorityInsufficient resources providedPersonnel do not understand the aimsToo much emphasis on employee responsibilityNo measurement of performanceManagement unaware of their roleNo training of management in their responsibilities


1 a)

b)

c)

Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health andsafety policy document:-

1) Statement of intent

2) Organisation

3)

Arrangements

Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements sectionof a health and safety policy

Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for the healthand safety policy to be revised

(2)

(2)

(2)

(8)

(6)

2Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangementssection of a health and safety policy document.

(8)

3 A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark itshealth and safety with similar organisations.


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Outline the health and safety management issues that could be usedto benchmark with the other organisations.

(8)

4 a)

b)

Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in termsof health and safety performance

Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for healthand safety issues

(2)

(6)


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IGC1 Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety

EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY

Safe plant and equipmentInformation, Instruction, TrainingSupervisionSafe place of work and access and egressSafe environment and Welfare facilitiesSafety policyConsult and inform employeesRisk assessmentsEffective H & S Management ArrangementsCompetent health and safety assistanceHealth surveillance

Serious and imminent dangerDo not charge employees for health and safety measures

THOSE NOT IN EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT:-

Contractors

Visitors

General public

Other employers Employees

Trespassers.

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:-

Signing in

Providing identification badge

Providing PPE

Site induction e.g. fire precautions etc.

Escorting visitor to area of work Remaining with visitor or regular monitoring

Escorting back to reception area

Signing out visitor and removing badge.

Duties of Employees


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The duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and otherpersons who may be affected by his acts or omissionsIf there are duties placed on their Employer the Employee should co-operate withhis employer to meet these requirements

Not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in theinterests of health, safety or welfare e.g. removing a guard from a machineEmployees should follow health and safety instructions and training that they havereceived They should inform their Employer (and other Employers) of any dangers orshortcoming in the health and safety arrangements.

Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and SuppliersEnsure equipment is safe and without risks when being usedEnsure substances are safe and without risks when being usedCarry out any necessary tests

Provide informationTake reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risks appear

SELECTING A SUITABLE CONTRACTORExperience of the type of work and industrySuitable referencesEnforcement recordSafety management such as Policy, risk assessments etc.Accident and ill-health dataMembership of trade/professional bodies

Competence and training of employeesArrangements for selection of sub-contractorsArrangement for ongoing liaison with clients

Safety Representatives rights (ILO Convention) C155Have access to all parts of the workplaceTo be able to communicate with workersProtection from dismissalProtection from other prejudicial measuresTo contribute to the decision making processFree to contact enforcement agencies

Contribute to negotiations in health and safety mattersGiven appropriate trainingGiven reasonable time to exercise their health and safety functions

Informing:- Suggests a one-way process of providing information to anemployee

Consulting:- A two way process in which the employee receives informationand provides feedback, taking into account the views and issues of theemployees.

MATTERS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE CONSULTEDIntroduction measures that affect their health and safetyNew processes or technology


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New organisation of work patternsNew personal protective equipmentPlanning and organisation of training

SAFETY COMMITTEE AGENDAThe study of accident/notifiable disease statistics so that recommendations canbe madeExamination of Audit ReportsAnalysis of reports provided by InspectorsConsideration of reports by Safety RepresentativesDevelopment and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems of work.Constant appraisal of effectiveness of safety trainingMonitor the adequacy of health and safety communicationsEstablish a link with the appropriate enforcing authority.

FACTORS TO MAKE COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE

Clear Terms of Reference.Balanced representation.Actual influence in decision making.Respect of management and workforce.Commitment from committee members.Good leadership and Chairmanship.Good communication channels.Access to relevant information and specialist advice.

Formalised procedures with agendas.Relevant and non trivial agenda items.Agenda not led by Industrial Relations.

Obviously an ineffective Committee is the opposite of the above.IGC1 ELEMENT 3 QUESTIONS

1 Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health andsafety competence of a contractor (8)

2 a)

b)

To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than his

employees

What precautions should employers take to protect visitors totheir premises

(2)

(6)

3 a)

b)

Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employerswhich are common in many countries.

Outline the key health and safety responsibilities and rights ofemployees which are common in many countries.

(4)

(4)

4 List the factors that might be considered when assessing thehealth and safety competence of a contractor (8)


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5 Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda ofa safety committee (8)

6 Give reasons why a health and safety committee may beineffective (8)

7 a)

b)

Explain the difference between Informing and consulting

Outline the health and safety matters on which Employers shouldtypically consult their employees

(4)

(4)


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IGC1 Element 4:- Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture

Indicators of positive or negative cultureAttitude/Morale

Accidents/Absenteeism/sickness ratesStaff turnoverCompliance with rulesComplaints about working conditions

Factors that can cause the culture to declineLack of effective communicationPerception of growing blame cultureLack of leadership and commitmentLack of monitoringFailure to implement remedial action

Lack of consultation and employee involvementPoor working environmentExternal influencesHealth and safety seen as low priorityLack of supervisionReorganisation and uncertainty

The safety culture of the organisation can be improved by:-Senior management commitmentOwnership of health and safety at every level

Effective communication and consultationTraining for all levels of employeeShared perception of risksStandards of acceptable behaviourLearning from experience through monitoring and reviewBalance between health and safety and production

BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER OF A POSITIVE CULTUREIncreased levels of compliance with rules and proceduresImproved productionImproved staff morale

Improved company reputationReduced accidents and reduced ill healthReduced damage to equipmentReduced staff complaintsReduced absenteeismReduced staff turnoverReduced insurance premiumsReduced fines and compensation claims

WHY A PERSON MAY FAIL TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY PROCEDURES

Lack of motivationUnrealistic working procedures


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Lack of management commitmentOver familiarisationRepetitive work leading to boredomPeer group pressure

Inadequate supervisionFatigue and stressLack of information, training and consultationJob insecurity

REASONS WHY HAZARDS MAY BE UNDERESTIMATEDOver familiarity & complacencyLack of instruction, information & trainingLack of experience,Sensory impairmentSome hazards may be invisible &/or intangible

Routine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of attentionInadequate design

MOTIVATION:- Motivation is the driving force behind the way a person acts inorder to achieve a goal

What motivates peopleIncentivesRecognitionJob satisfaction/Personal achievementTeam spiritPeer approvalRealistic goalsCommitted management/involvement in decisionsSafe environmentThreat of Discipline

EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR WORKFORCE BYThe recognition of good health & safety performanceDisciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working proceduresInvolving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.

Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;Ensuring a good working environment;Providing training and ensuring good communication.Setting a good exampleRealistic goals

ATTITUDE:- The tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation

Factors that affect attitudeBackgroundPersonality

Experience and TrainingCompetencePeer group pressure


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Management actionsCulture of the organisation

PERCEPTION:- The way that people interpret and make sense of presented

informationFactors which may affect perceptionSensory inputPersonal protective equipmentThe nature of the hazardsPrevious experienceOver familiarityFeeling of being in controlLevel of trainingPeer group pressureConfidence in others ability

Personal characteristics

Personal factors that might place an individual at greater risk of harm while atworkPoor attitude to workLow motivationPhysical capabilitiesPoor perception of riskDrugs or alcohol problemsAge related factors and medical problemsLevels of training and experience

PRACTICAL MEASURES A MANAGER CAN DO TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETYinvolving employees in:- risk assessments; accident investigations;The development of safe systems & procedures;encouraging hazard-spotting & the reporting of defects;setting up suggestion schemes;organising training courses & information programmes;supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections;Giving employees responsibilities for mentoring young workers

Human Error causesSlipsLapses of attentionMistaken actionsMis-perceptionsMistaken prioritiesWilfulnessInadequate designInadequate informationViolations

REDUCING HUMAN ERROR


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Skilled competent workersWell motivated employeesClear roles and lines of responsibilityAdequate levels of supervision Clear information and instructions

Drug and alcohol prevention policiesGood environmental conditions e.g. lighting, noise etc.Avoiding monotonous workBreaks to avoid fatigue

Barriers to written communicationIlliteracyCompetenceLevel of written materialPresentationQuality of information

QuantityAttitude

BARRIERS TO VERBAL COMMUNICATIONHearing defectsSpeech defectsNoiseDistanceLanguage (Jargon)Lack of knowledge

AttitudeSpeed/duration

WHY USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO COMMUNICATEPeople respond differently to different stimuliThat variety prevents over familiarisation with one method and helps toreinforce the messageThe need to overcome language barriers and the inability of some employees toreadThe need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and feedbackThe acceptance that different types of information require different methods

of communication

COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN AN ORGANISATIONMeetingsTeam Briefings"Tool Box" talksPolicy, procedures, rules, standards etcTrainingSafety and health reports.Posters

THE HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION ON A NOTICE BOARDInformation for Employees Regulations posterHealth and safety policy


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Evacuation proceduresFirst aid arrangementsContact details for safety representativesTargets set for reduction of accidents

TO MAXIMISE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NOTICE BOARDSLocate in common/prominent areaDedicating board to health and safety mattersInformation displayed relevant and currentKeep information in a neat and orderly stateMake notice boards eye catching by use of colour and graphics

ADVANTAGES OF POSTERSLow costFlexibility

BrevityReinforce verbal instructionsConstant messageInvolve Employees in selectionGraphic message

DISADVANTAGES OF POSTERSNeed to be changed on regular basisMay become soiledMay become defaced

May become out of dateOver relianceMay appear to trivialise important mattersEasy way to discharge Health and Safety responsibilities Safety Campaigns

TO ENSURE SAFETY CAMPAIGNS ARE UNDERSTOOD BY EMPLOYEESEveryone within the organisation knows the part they have to playClear aims and objectives and targetsKey responsibilities for aspects of the campaign are allocatedEnsuring that the workforce are made fully aware of the campaign by means of

tool box talks, team briefings, meetings, training sessions and notice boardsUse of clear language (no jargon etc.) to help understanding.Provide feedback to check employees understanding of the campaignShow that management is totally committed to the campaign.Giving ample time to ensure that everyone within the organisation is fullyaware of and understands the needs for the campaign

FACTORS OTHER THAN COMMUNICATION THAT COULD AFFECT CAMPAIGNLack of management commitmentProduction or other pressures take priority over health and safetyInsufficient time, funds and resources are made available

A general poor safety culturalPoor working conditions create lack of interest among employees


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Poor industrial relations and lack of confidence in managements abilityWork patterns (e.g. shiftwork) could mean some sections of the workforce arenot considered or supported due to lack of key staff

When is training neededOn recruitment (Induction)Before starting work (Job specific)Refresher trainingNew equipmentNew technologyNew systems of work or system changesPromotion

INDUCTION TRAINING PROGRAMME CONTENTManagement commitment to safety

Health and safety policyConsultative proceduresRoles of safety representativesEmergency proceduresFirst aid arrangementsWelfare and amenity provisionsSpecific hazardsHealth surveillance proceduresWhat accidents to be reportedHow to report accidents

Drink and drugs policy

ADDITIONAL TRAINING MAY BE REQUIREDIncrease in accidents/incidentsAs a result of an accident investigationA reported dangerous occurrenceIntroduction of new technology/processesJob change/promotion/refresherChanges in working proceduresChanges in work patternsChanges in legislation

Enforcement actionResult of risk assessmentResults of audits/inspectionsInsurance company requirements

YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK BECAUSEKeen to learn and be over enthusiasticHave no experience comparisonsMore likely to take risksOpen to influence and peer group pressureBody not fully developed

PRECAUTIONS FOR YOUNG PERSONS SHOULD INCLUDE:-Provide suitable work equipment


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The organisation of work and processesHealth and safety trainingMentoringSupervision

Limiting hours of work

Levels of SupervisionThe age of the employeeHis/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed in particular;The nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks;The person’s skills & qualifications for the work; His/her attitude & aptitude;The systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task;The employee’s communication skills & any special needs that he/she may have.

Benefits of training to employeeReduces personal suffering and painIncreases the opportunity for full life styleIncreases job satisfaction/earning capacityAllows employee to reach experienced worker standard more quicklyIncreases flexibility of staffImproves safety Attitude

Benefits of training to EmployerReduces accidentsReduces absenteeismReduces claims and insurance premiumsReduces the chance of prosecution/enforcement noticesImproves moralLess product damageGreater productivity/improved efficiency

Factors to consider developing health and safety training programmesWhat employees need to know with what they do knowEmployees responsibilitiesActivities carried out

Risks associated with activitiesActions required by Employees to minimise the risksEmployees existing knowledge and previous experienceType of training already receivedDifferent requirements for various levels of staffNumbers involvedResources needed (Cost, time, facilities)Competence of own staff to deliver training/External sourcesCommunicating to employees and getting their commitment

To assess the effectiveness of the training post training evaluation by:-

The TrainersThe delegates


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Their SupervisorsAccident ratesSickness absencesCompliance with procedures

Concerns raised by employees as result of trainingResults of attitude surveysQuality of suggestions made

COMPETENCE:- Sufficient Knowledge, Training, experience and any otherqualities to carry out their functionsKnowledge of limitations

Checks to assess CompetenceQualificationsLevel of training

Membership of professional/trade organisationsUndertaking written or practical assessmentsReferences or recommendations


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1 Outline the methods by which the health and safety culture of an

organisation may be improved (8)

2 Outline the factors that might contribute towards a positive safetyculture within an organisation (8)

3 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involveemployees in the improvement of health and safety in theworkplace (8)

4 Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at agreater risk of harm while at work (8)

5 Outline the ways in which employers might motivate theiremployees to comply with health and safety procedures (8)

6 Explain the meaning of EACH of the following terms:-1) Motivation2) Perception 3) Attitude

Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in theworkplace

(3)(3)(3)

(11)

7Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safetyprocedures at work

(8)

8Describe the types of human error that can lead to an accident atwork

(8)

9 Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in theworkplace.

Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may beunderestimated by someone exposed to it.

Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to worksafely.

(8)

(4)

(8)

10 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods tocommunicate health and safety information in the workplace (8)

11 Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction beingclearly understood by an employee (8)


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12 a)

b)

Identify Four types of health and safety information that mightusefully be displayed on a workplace notice board

Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as means of

communicating health and safety information to the workforce canbe maximised

(4)

(4)

13 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using postersto communicate health and safety information in the workplace

(8)14

a)

b)

Following a significant increase in accidents, a health and safetycampaign is to be launched within an organisation to encouragesafer working by employees.

Outline how the organisation might ensure that the nature of the

campaign is effectively communicated to, and understood by theemployees.

Other than poor communication describe the organisational factorsthat could limit the effectiveness of the campaign.

(8)

(12)

15 Outline the main health and safety topics to be included in aninduction training programme for new Employees (8)

16 Outline reasons why an employee might require additional healthand safety training at a later stage of employment within anorganisation (8)

17 Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk ofaccidents at work

Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk toyoung persons

(4)

(4)

18 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term “Competent Person”.

Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a personscompetence.

(4)

(4)


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IGC1 Element 5:- Health and Safety Risk Assessment

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk:- Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm

Suitable and SufficientBe proportionate to the level of riskEnsure that all aspects of work activity are coveredTake account of the way the work is organisedIdentify the significant hazards and risksEvaluate the risksIdentify control measuresEnable priorities to be set

Residual risk low

Competence of Risk AssessorExperience and training in risk assessment techniquesKnowledge of process or activityTechnical knowledge of the plant or equipmentGood communication and report writing skillsAbility to interpret legislation and guidancePossess right attitudeKnows limitations

5 STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENTIdentify the hazardsDecide who might be harmed and howEvaluate the risks and the existing precautionsRecord the findingsReview the assessment and revise if necessary

IDENTIFYING HAZARDSWorkplace inspectionsTalking to the workforce

Non–inspection techniquesExamination of documentsCombined techniquesAccident and ill health dataNear miss reports

Hierarchy of Control:- Definition:- A preferred series of measures to controlrisks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline(ERIC Prevents Death)


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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLEliminateReduceIsolate

ControlPPEDiscipline

WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE REVIEWEDAfter an accident/incidentNew equipmentChanges to equipment, plant, processChanges in personnelChanges in legislationResult of monitoring or audit

Action by enforcing authorityNew information becomes available

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CARRYING OUT RISK ASSESSMENTThe hazards involvedLikelihood and severity of harmNumber of employees involvedFrequency of exposureCompetence of persons carrying out activitiesCompetence of person carrying out risk assessment

Evaluation of existing control measures

Risks to New and expectant mothersErgonomicManual handlingExtremes of temperaturePersonal protective equipmentRadiationChemical agentsBiological hazardsWorking conditions

Risks to disabled workersReduced mobility for access and egressAbility to access welfare facilitiesReduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesightReduced ability to lift, carry or move objectsErgonomic hazards

IGC1 ELEMENT 5 – QUESTIONS

1 Outline the factors that need to be considered when carrying out arisk assessment (8)


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2

3

4

5

a)

b)

c)

a)

b)

A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process forwhich a risk assessment is required.

Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out

the risk assessment

Explain the criteria that must be met for the assessment to bedeemed “suitable and sufficient”

Identify the various circumstances that might require a review ofthe risk assessment.

Outline the specific factors that should be considered whenassessing the risks to employees working on night shifts.

In relation to risk assessments explain the meaning of the term‘Suitable and Sufficient’.

Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a riskassessment to be reviewed.

Outline the factors that may increase the risks to pregnant women

(8)

(4)

(8)

(8)

(4)

(4)

(8)6 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’

Outline the main hazards that may be present during the

demolition of a building

(2)

(6)

7 Outline a hierarchy of control measures for controlling risk and giveexamples of EACH

(8)

8 a)

b)

Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’

Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace

(2)

(6)


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IGC1 Element 6:- Principles of Control in Health and Safety

General Principles of PreventionAvoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task

Evaluate risks which cannot be avoidedCombat risks at sourceAdapt the work to the individualAdapt to technical progressReplace the dangerous by the less dangerousDevelop a coherent prevention policyGive collective measures priority over individual measure

GENERAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROLEliminate:- Remove trailing cablesReduce:- Use low voltage electrical equipment

Isolate:- Cover dangerous machinery with guardsControl:- Limit time and frequency of exposurePPE:- Issue safety footwearDiscipline:- Enforce rules and procedures

Safe Systems of Work:- A step by step procedure for carrying out a task safely,identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and the precautions needed toeliminate or reduce the risks.

FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK

1) Select the task to be studied2) Identify the hazards3) Develop the safe system looking at:-Materials/Equipment/Environment/People4) Implement system5) Monitor the system

PERMIT TO WORK:- Is a formal written procedure requiring writtenconfirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or controlrisks before a specific high risk activity is carried out

WHERE PERMITS NEEDEDConfined spacesElectricityHot workCold work

OPERATION OF PERMIT TO WORKIdentify the task (Where and when)


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Identify the hazardsList the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazardsAdditional precautionsTime limits

Issue by competent personReceipt by person in charge of workCompletionCancellation

Confined Space:- Is any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury fromhazardous substances or conditions within the space

What are the hazards in a confined spaceFire or explosionLoss of consciousness due to increased body temperature

Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiationDrowningAsphyxiation due to free flowing solids

Confined space examples:- Cellars, Excavations, Sewers, Silos, Tanks,Vats

Avoiding entryModify confined space so entry not requiredHave work done from outside

Precautions for working in a confined spacePermit to workCompetent staffAppoint a supervisorIsolateEnsure suitable size of entryGas purgingVentilationRegular testing of the atmosphereSpecial tools and lightingPPE

CommunicationsLimit working timeEmergency procedures

Benefits of PPEOften low costCan be used as short term measurePortable for worker away from base

Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection


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WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORTDoes not eliminate or reduce the hazardOnly protects the wearerAlways fail to danger

May introduce new hazardsRelies on worker to use itMay not be worn correctlyIt may be uncomfortableWorn for only part of task of shiftWrong sizeUsed when damagedNot properly maintainedManagement may not enforce wearing

SELECTION OF PPE

What are the hazardsType of equipmentMade to suitable standardsComfortCompatibilityStorageTrainingCost

Factors affecting the wearing of PPEFitHealth of workerPeriod of useComfortMaintenanceTrainingInterferenceManagement commitmentPeer pressure

Safety Signs

Prohibition (Circular, Red, white background)Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging)Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols)Safe Condition (Green, White symbols)

LONE WORKER (Working Alone) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDEREDWork locationType of workThe equipmentManual handlingSex of the worker

Emergency facilitiesLack of TrainingLack of Supervision


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Limited communication

PRECAUTIONS FOR LONE WORKERSInformation on hazards

Training to deal with hazardsRegular contactSupervisors regularly visitingAutomatic warning devicesCheck the worker has returned homePPEEmergency action if worker becomes ill

AIMS OF FIRST AID:- aim is to preserve life, prevent deterioration and promoterecovery

ASSESSMENT FOR FIRST AID REQUIREMENTSThe nature of the work and the size of the organisationPast history and accident typeThe nature and distribution of the workforceRemoteness of site from emergency medical servicesThe needs of travelling, remote or lone workersEmployees working on shared sitesAbsence of first aiders due to holidays etc.Compliance with legal requirements

Factors to be considered in drawing up emergency procedures:-

Type of emergency (Fire, Bomb, Chemical spillage) etc.Type/location of workplaceEmergency service contact and response timeAppointed persons to deal with the emergencyCommunication systemsFirst Aid/medical facilitiesEvacuation proceduresEffects on surrounding communityPost emergency action e.g. repairs, media, investigation

IGC1 ELEMENT 6:- QUESTIONS

1 Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safesystem of work (8)

2 Identify EIGHT sources of information that might usefully beconsulted when developing a safe system of work (8)

3 Define a Permit to Work

Outline THREE types of work situation that may require a permitto work system giving reasons in EACH case.

(2)

(6)


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4 Define the term ‘permit to work Explain the operation of a permit-to-work system for entry intoconfined spaces

(2)

(6)

5 Outline the factors to be considered when selecting personal eyeprotection for use at work. (8)

6 Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate theuse of special footwear explaining in EACH case how the footwearmay afford protection (8)

7 An organisation uses various types of personal protectiveequipment (PPE). Outline the general issues relating to therequirements, benefits and limitations of PPE (8)

8 Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use ofpersonal head protection (8)

9 State the shape and colours of the following types of safety signsand give a typical example of EACH:

1) Prohibition2) Warning3) Mandatory4) Emergency escape and first aid

(2)(2)(2)

(2)

10 Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health andsafety of persons who are required to work on their own, awayfrom the workplace (8)

11 a)b)

Identify the TWO main functions of first-aid Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment offirst-aid provision in a workplace

(2)

(6)

IGC1 Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit of Health and SafetyPerformance

The reasons for monitoringIdentify substandard H & S PracticesIdentify TrendsCompare actual performance against targetsTo BenchmarkIdentify use and effectiveness of control measuresMake decisions on suitable remedial measuresSet priorities and establish realistic timescales

Assess compliance with legal requirementsProvide information to Board, Committees etc.


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REACTIVE MONITORINGAccidentsIncidentsIll-health statistics

Near missesDangerous occurrencesComplaints by workforceEnforcement actionProsecutionsCivil claims

SAFETY AUDITA safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safetymanagement systems & procedures. It is normally a lengthy process carried outby a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation. It is a

structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an organisation bysupplying answers to a series of questions, & often involves a scoring systemsuch that improvements can be made

DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING AUDITS INCLUDE:-Safety policyRisk assessment proceduresSafety monitoring proceduresMaintenance recordsAccident and incident reports

Health surveillance recordsSafety committee minutes etc.Training recordsStatutory inspectionsPrevious audit reports

WORKPLACE INSPECTIONSA safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of a workplace&/or the activities or equipment within it. A safety inspection, usually carriedout by a manager or employee representative & often aided by the use of a

checklist, may be carried out routinely & has the aim of identifying hazards &assessing the use & effectiveness of control measures

Limitations of inspectionsSome hazards are not visibleSome hazards not always presentUnsafe practices not seen

Types of inspectionsGeneral workplace inspectionsStatutory inspections

People who carry out inspections


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ManagersSupervisorsHealth and Safety advisorsEmployee safety representatives

Enforcement agencies

Inspection ChecklistCondition of processes and plantContractorsElectricalEnvironmental conditionsFire protectionFirst aidHand held toolsHazardous substances

Housekeeping/cleanlinessLifting equipmentManual handlingMachinery guardingNoise etc.

STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTSEnables prior preparation and planning so inspection is more structured andsystematicReduces the chances of important areas or issues being overlooked

Provides an immediate record of findings Ensuresconsistent approach Provides easymethod of comparison and audit

WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTSMay lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might be missedMay not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in work processesetc. Becomeroutine with no follow up questions Tooobjective and restrictive no scope for peripheral issues Proceduresubject to human error or abuse

SAFETY SURVEYFocus on particular activities e.g. major key areas revealed by safety audits andmay be carried out by specialists

SAFETY TOURSAn unscheduled examination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards. Atour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates commitment to safety

SAFETY SAMPLINGA random exercise in which assigned observers walk in allotted timescale

noting incidence of health and safety defects on pre-prepared sheets

Benchmarking


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Takes key performance indicators and compares them externally with similarorganisations or industry standards


1 Outline the methods that may be used to assess an organisationshealth and safety performance. (8)

2 Explain how the following may be used to improve safetyperformance within an organisation:-

1) Accident data2) Safety Inspections

(4)(4)

3 What areas should be looked at when undertaking a safetyinspection (8)

4 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used inassessing the health and safety performance of an organisation (8)

5 Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor and reviewits health and safety policy (8)

6 State EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an organisationshealth and safety performance (8)

7 Explain the main features of:-

a) A safety inspectionb) A safety audit

(4)(4)

8

a)

b)

c)

A production manager intends to implement a programme ofregular workplace inspections.

Outline the factors that should be considered when planning theinspection programme

State the main health and safety issues that might be included onthe inspection checklist

Other than inspections, outline THREE proactive methods ofmonitoring health and safety performance

(6)

(8)

(6)


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IGC1 Element 8:- Investigation, Recording and Reportingof Health and Safety Incidents

ACCIDENT DEFINITIONAn accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by unsafe acts orconditions which results in a loss.

NEAR MISS(INCIDENT)A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the potential tocause injury to people or damage to property.

Immediate/direct causesThe immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that results in anaccident or incident.

Root/underlying causeThe Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedures, management systems thathave resulted in the unsafe act or condition.

Principal causes of accidents

Attitude

Unsafe Acts

Unsafe Conditions

BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR MISS DATATo Identify underlying causes which may allow preventative action to be takenbefore something more serious occursGives message to workforce that all failures are taken seriously not just thoseleading to injuryGenerally accepted near misses greatly outnumber accidents and cantherefore produce more data from which a greater understanding of thedeficiencies in management systems can be identified and rectified.

THE AIM OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS:-

To determine cause to prevent a recurrenceIdentify weaknesses in management systemsIdentify weaknesses in risk assessment procedureDemonstrate management commitmentTo comply with legal requirementsTo provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil actionProvide information to insurance company

IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENTFirst Aid for Injured Party


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Calling Medical assistance if necessaryIsolation of the Accident SceneReport to relevant enforcing authority if necessaryIdentification of witnesses

Setting up Investigation TeamFull Investigation to determine root causeMaking RecommendationsImplementing Corrective Action

Preparation before investigationWho should be involvedIf possible the accident scene is left untouchedCollating relevant existing documentsIdentifying who are witnessesCheck that legal reporting requirements have been met

What equipment is neededThe style to be adoptedThe style of report and who should receive itThe depth of the investigation

INVESTIGATION TEAM Line Manager:- He has knowledge of the processes involvedSupervisor:- also has knowledge of the processSafety Representative:- has legal rightSafety Practitioner:- to advise on health and safety implications

Engineer:- to advise on technical mattersSenior Manager from different department:- Unbiased

INVESTIGATION REPORT Who – the injured personWhen – Date and timeWhere – Location detailsWhat – Type of accident and nature of injuryHow – Detail of eventsWhy – Analysis of causeRecommendations

DocumentationReference to possible breaches of law


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Reasons for reporting accidentsImplement initial controlsMonitoring Health and Safety performance

Starting point for investigationTo comply with legal requirementsTo prevent recurrences and further injuries/lossesTo provide information for any subsequent civil claimReview of Risk Assessments.

Accident Data can:- Show patterns and trendsIdentify weaknesses in procedures and policiesPrioritise safety measuresIdentify areas for improvements

Set targets for reduction

Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents because of:-Ignorance of proceduresPeer pressureRetribution by ManagementPreserve Departments safety recordOver complicated reporting proceduresLack of Management response to reports

IGC1 ELEMENT 8– QUESTIONS


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1 Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work. (8)

2 Outline the immediate and longer term actions that Managementshould take following a serious injury at work. (8)

3 Outline the information that should be included in an accidentinvestigation report (8)

4 a)

b)

Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internalreporting of accidents

Give TWO reasons why one department may have more reportedaccidents than another department over a specified period of time

(6)

(2)5 a)

b)

Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system for

the internal reporting of accidents

Outline factors that may discourage employees from reportingaccidents at work

(4)

(4)

6

a)

b)

A driver of a fork truck has been seriously injured after the vehicleoverturned.

Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms ofBOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of theworkplace and work equipment

Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafeacts or conditions identified in a)

(4)

(4)

7

a)

b)

c)

An employee has been seriously injured after being struck by areversing vehicle in a loading bay.

Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by thepersons employer

Outline the information that should be included in the investigationreport

Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possibleunderlying root causes of the accident

(4)

(8)

(8)

Mock Paper P1 a


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1 a)

b)

c)

Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in theworkplace.Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may beunderestimated by someone exposed to it.

Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to worksafely.

(8)

(4)

(8)

2 Outline the measures that an employer might consider tominimise the risk of violence against workers (8)

3 Outline the Main features of:-a) A safety inspectionb) A safety audit

(4)(4)

4 a)b)

Explain with an example the meaning of the term riskOutline the key stages of a risk assessment

(2)(6)

5 Outline the items that may be included in the “arrangementssection of a health and safety policy (8)

6 a)

b)

Explain the health and safety benefits of restricting smoking inthe workplaceOutline the ways in which an organisation could implement aneffective no smoking policy

(4)

(4)

7 Outline a procedure designed to ensure the safety of visitors towork premises (8)

8 Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internalreporting of accidentsIdentify the reasons why workers might not report accidents atwork

(4)

(4)

9 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a costan organisation may face following a workplace accident.List EIGHT other possible costs to and organisation when an

employee has been seriously injured in such an accident (8)

10 Explain the meaning of the term competent personOutline the organisational factors that may cause a person towork unsafely even though they are competent

(2)

(6)

11 Outline EIGHT sources of information that might usefully beconsulted when developing a safe system of work (8)

Mock Paper P1b

1 a) Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a healthand safety policy document:1) Statement of intent (2)


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2) Organisation3) ArrangementsOutline the items that may be included in the “arrangements”section of a health and safety policy

Outline the circumstances that may require a policy to be revised

(2)(2)

(8)

(6)

2 Outline the factors to considered when developing a safe system ofwork (8)

3 Outline the information that should be included in an accidentinvestigation report (8)

4 a)b)

Explain the meaning of the term “Hierarchy of Control” Outline with examples the standard hierarchy of control to be usedfor controlling risks in the workplace

(2)

(6)

5 List EIGHT sources of information that may be consulted whendealing with a health and safety problem at work (8)

6 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that may be used toassess health and safety performance of an organisation (8)

7 Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that mightusefully displayed on a workplace notice board

Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as a means ofcommunicating health and safety information to the workforce canbe maximised

(8)

8 An employee has been struck by a fork truck in the workplace.Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible rootcauses of the accident (8)

9 Outline ways in which the safety culture of an organisation may beimproved (8)

10 Outline the reasons/benefits to the employer of maintaining goodstandards of health an safety in the workplace (8)

11 List the factors to consider when assessing the health and safetycompetence of a contractor (8)

Mock Paper 1c1 a) Explain the difference between the objectives of a criminal law

system and a civil law systemOutline the typical actions that might be brought against an

employer who has breached criminal law in relation to health andsafety

(2)

(6)


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Outline the three standard conditions that are usually required tobe met to prove a case of alleged negligence against an employerExplain why health and safety legislation might be enforced todifferent standards in different countries

(6)

(6)2 a)

b) Give FOUR reasons why accidents should be reported.Identify reasons why employees might not report accidents atwork

(4)

(4)

3 Identify TWO main features of first aidOutline the factors to consider when making an assessment of firstaid

(2)

(6)

4 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involveemployees in the improvement of health and safety in theworkplace.

(8)

5 Outline how an organisation can ensure that safety campaigns areeffectively communicated to and understood by employees (8)

6 Explain why personal protective equipment (PPE) should be usedas a last resort in the control of occupational hazards (8)

7 Give TWO situations where permit to work systems should be usedand give reasons why

Explain the operation of a permit to work system

(2)

(6)

8 Outline the issue that should be addressed in a trainingprogramme for employees on the emergency action in the event offire

(8)

9 Outline the main components of a health and safety managementsystem (8)

10 Outline the factors that can cause the safety culture of anorganisation to decline (8)

11 Identify the factors to consider for employees who are required towork on their own away from the workplace (8)

Mock Paper P1d1 a)

b)

c)

Explain the benefits of the training of staff to the employerOutline reasons why employees might require additional health andsafety training at a later stage of employment within anorganisationOutline the main health and safety issues to be included in aninduction training programme for new employees

(4)

(8)

(8)

2 a) Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets interms of health and safety performance

(2)


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b) Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for healthand safety issues (6)

3 Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance

of employees in the workplace. (8)

4 List the written information that is likely to be examined during ahealth and safety audit. (8)

5 Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data (8)

6 Other than poor communication, describe the organisational factorsthat could limit the effectiveness of safety campaigns (8)

7 Employers may have requirement under health and safety law toinvolve their employees in health and safety mattersExplain the difference between consulting and informing.Outline the health and safety matters on which an employer shouldconsult his employees. (8)

8 Outline the specific factors that should be considered whenassessing the risks to employees working on night shifts (8)

9 a)b)

Explain using an example the meaning of the term risk Outline the factors that should be considered when selecting

individuals to assist in carrying out risk assessments in theworkplace

(2)

(6)

10 Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understoodby an employee (8)

11 Outline the key points that should be covered in a training sessionfor employees on the reporting of accidents/incidents (8)

Mock Paper P1e1

a)

b)

c)

An employee has been seriously injured in an accident with avehicle in the workplace.Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should betaken following the accidentGiving reasons in EACH case identify FOUR categories of personswho may be considered a useful member of an internal accidentinvestigation teamIdentify the measures an employer could take in order to ensurethat the drivers of internal transport are, and remain competent

(8)

(8)

(4)


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2 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a longdistance lorry driver (8)

3 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using posters

to communicate health and safety information to the workforce (8)

4 Outline the topics that may be typically included on the agenda ofa safety committee (8)

5 Explain the meaning of the term “hazard” Outline techniques for identifying hazards at work

(2)(6)

6 Explain the reasons why young persons may be at greater risk ofaccidents in the workplace Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risks toyoung persons

(4)

(4)

7 Outline the specific factors that should be considered whenassessing the risks to employees working on night shifts (8)

8 Explain how accident data can be used to improve health andsafety performance within a organisationOutline TWO proactive methods that can be used when assessing anorganisations health and safety performance.

(4)

(4)

9 Identify EIGHT measures that could be used by an organisation inorder to monitor its health and safety performance

(8)10 Outline the strengths and weaknesses of using a checklist to

complete a health and safety inspection of the workplace (8)

11 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods tocommunicate health and safety communication to the workforce (8)

IGC2 Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

The factors that contribute slip, trip accidents are:-The floor surface:- Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface etc.Contamination:- Spillages, Leaks etc.Obstructions:- Rubbish, Trailing cables, Rugs etc.The Task:- Carrying loads, space to workEnvironment:- LightingFootwear:- unsuitable footwearThe People:- Unaware of the dangers

Precautions be taken to prevent slips and trips should include:-

The design and layout of the workplace, with designated walkways and non-slipfloors


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Maintenance procedures to ensure quick repair of floor defects such as holes andbumpsProcedures to avoid spillages and deal quickly with them if they occurThe provision of adequate lighting and highlighting strips if necessary to warn of a

difference in levelsGood housekeeping including the suitable management of cables etc.Procedures for reporting defects and incidents.Eliminate need to carry loadsMake employees aware of the hazards and provide footwear

THE HAZARDS OF STAIRS ARE:-Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)Poor Housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)Poor lightingSlippery surfaces (Oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwear

Damaged flooring or coveringsManual handlingHurrying on stairs

ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRSAdequate width of walkways/stairs and handrails fittedRemove obstructions/trailing cablesImprove lighting levels and install emergency lightingNon-slip surfaces/spillages procedures/covered walkwaysMaintain/report and repair defects

Use lifts for loads/sites rules

Employers who have employees who work at height should ensure that:-All work at height is properly planned and organisedThose involved in work at height are competentThe risks are assessed and appropriate work equipment is selectedThe risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlledEquipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained

A suggested hierarchy of control for working at height is:-Avoid working at height wherever possible

Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where they cannot avoidworking at heightWhere they cannot eliminate the risk of falls use work equipment/other measuresto minimise the distance and consequences of a fall

Poor housekeeping can cause:- Someone could slip or fallIncreased risk of fireFire exits could be blockedA risk of infection where chemicals are being usedInfestation

Vehicle collisions if traffic routes are blockedFalling materials


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PRECAUTIONS FOR VEHICLES AND PEOPLE Segregated systems for vehicle and pedestrian traffic, barriers etc.Appropriate road markings,

Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc)and audible warnings on vehicles.Drawing up and enforcement of site rules,The provision of refuges, (Safe places)The wearing of high-visibility clothing,Good standard of housekeeping,Training of and supervision of all concerned.

Reversing of Vehicles One-way systemsDrive through systems

Turning circlesSeparation of vehicles and pedestriansSuitable workplace designAudible reversing alarmsMirrors on blind cornersAdequate lightingUse of banksmen (men guiding the lorry when reversing)High visibility clothingSite rulesTraining

Driver SelectionReliable and matureSubject to Pre-employment medical checkPhysically fitRoutine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from:- Limited limb movement,Heart problems, Vision difficulties, Hearing problemsLicensedTrained and competentSupervised and monitoredGiven refresher training

Training programmes for drivers of vehicles in a workplace:-Personal responsibilitiesSafe working load estimationPre-use vehicle inspection and maintenanceSafe parking and security of vehicleSpeed restrictionsSafety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.Vehicle reversing – audible warning/banksmen etc.

Hazards of Battery ChargingRelease of Hydrogen gas during charging (Fire and explosion)Electrical short circuits


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Corrosive and burning effect of battery acidManual Handling of batteries etc.

Precautions for charging batteries should be:-

Well ventilated area to prevent build up of hydrogenNo sources of ignition near refuelling/recharging points.Suitable PPE (Acid resistant gloves, eye protection etc.Insulated tools/procedure for connecting chargerLifting equipment for removing batteries

OFF SITE VEHICLESThe Job, The Driver, The Vehicle, The Load

Hazards of fork trucksOverturning

OverloadingLoss of loadsCollision with other vehiclesCollision with pedestriansExplosions and fire

Why can trucks overturnTravelling on gradients that are too steepTravelling forwards when descending slopesOverloaded or unevenly loadedTravelling over soft or uneven groundTravelling over slippery surfacesTravelling too fastStriking kerbs or other edgesNot suitable for the taskCarrying loads at a dangerous heightsPre-use check on fork trucks Condition and pressure of tyresFunctioning of lights, horns, brakesWarning devices workingSuitable mirrors

Engine for oil leaksWater leaksSeat securely fixed and suitable restraints where fittedSigns of damage to bodywork and lifting mechanismsSecurity of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank

PARKING OF FORK TRUCKSPut in neutralPut on handbrakeSwitch off engineRemove key

Give key to appropriate personForks on floor


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Mast slightly forwardParked in suitable locationNo blocking of exits


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1 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents whenpedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas. 8)

2 Outline the factors that should be taken into account whenplanning traffic routes for internal transport. (8)

3 a)

b)

Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work

Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might becontrolled

(4)

(4)

4 Outline the precautionary measure to be taken to avoid accidentsinvolving reversing vehicles within the workplace. (8)

5 List Eight design features and /or safe practices intended toprevent to reduce the risk of accidents on staircases used asinternal pedestrian routes within a work premises. (8)

6 Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safetyof pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.

(8)7 Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork-lift truck

is to be used to unload palletised goods from a vehicle parked in afactory car park. (8)

8 Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions to be takenwhen charging batteries for fork lift trucks. (8)

9 Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range oforganisations and can introduce additional hazards into theworking environment.

Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that may pose

a risk to the health of drivers.

Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a vehicleto overturn.

Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safetyof pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.

(4)

(8)

(8)

10 List EIGHT rules to follow when leaving a fork-lift unattended in

the workplace. (8)


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11 Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safetransport of hazardous substances by road. (8)

12 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long

distance delivery driver. (8)

13 Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safetyof pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvring areas in a busy distributiondepot working a 24 hour operation. (8)

14 A fork-lift truck has overturned in a busy warehouse. IdentifyEIGHT ways this may have occurred. (8)

15 List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the routineinspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a shift. (8)

16 Outline the possible causes of a dumper truck overturn.

Identify TWO design features of the vehicle intended to minimizethe consequences of an overturn.

(6)

(2)

17 Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed toprevent slip and trip hazards in an office environment (8)

18 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to anovernight delivery driver.


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IGC2 Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards

MANUAL HANDLING INJURIESExternal:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries

Internal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias

LOADWeightSizeShapeRigidityDifficult to graspUnstableSharp, hot, cold etc.

INDIVIDUALSexStatureIndividual capabilityTrainingPersons assessment of own capability

TASKHolding away from trunkTwisting

StoopingReaching upwardsLarge vertical movementLong carrying distancesStrenuous pushing or pullingUnpredictable movement of loadsRepetitive handlingInsufficient rest or recoveryWork rate imposed by the process

ENVIRONMENT

Constraints on posturePoor floorsVariations in levelsHot/Cold/ humid conditionsPoor lighting

PRACTICAL MEASURES TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIESAvoid manual handling


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Risk reductionAutomation and MechanisationTeam handlingTraining

Smaller lighter loadsSelectionGood environmental working conditions

CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUEAssess the loadPosition feet as close to load as possibleBend the knees and keep back straightSecure gripLift using thigh musclesLoad close to the body

Avoid jerking make a smooth movement avoid twistingPut down slide to desired position

Types of CranesMobileTowerGantryOverhead

SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES

Suitable craneSuitable ground conditionsUse of outriggersAvoidance of obstructionsCare near overhead power linesDesignated and protected areaSuitable and tested lifting tackleCorrect slinging techniqueCompetent personnelLoad near ground if travellingGood visibility

Good communicationsSuitable storage for fuels etc

Cranes may fail because ofOverturningOverloadingUnsuitable support or inadequate bases for craneLoss of loadFailure of loadLack of maintenanceFailure of load bearing part

High winds

EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING LIFTING


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Not exceeding safe working loadTrained personnel (Crane operator, Slinger, Banksman(Signaller))Good communication between all operativesProperly maintained equipment

Equipment has undergone statutory inspectionsCorrect lifting accessories free from defectEnsuring load is secureWarning of lift taking placeEnsuring load is securePath free from obstaclesAvoid overhead power linesAll personnel clear of the loadLoad lifted verticallyLifted to correct heightMoved at appropriate speed

Put down in a safe position and tension releasedSafety helmetsAdequate supervision

.Precaution when using AccessoriesAll accessories properly certificated and testedProperly inspected by a competent person at regular intervalsSafe Working Load (SWL) clearly markedInspection prior to useNo repair to accessories on siteNot used be used purposes not intendedPacking between accessory and loadProperly stored after useTraining provide for staff in safe use

The hazards of hoists are:-

Failure of the chains, slings etc.

Being struck by moving parts of the hoist

Being hit by materials falling from the platforms

Falling down the hoist way from a platform

Striking against landing levels riding goods hoists

Precautions when using hoists

Controls only operated from one position

Clear visibility of landings

Clear signals

Secure objects being carried on goods hoists

Do not overfill items being carried on goods lifts

Do not carry loose items on goods lifts

No passengers on goods lifts

Safe working load clearly marked Hoist properly examined and tested


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Suitable fencing and gates at all levels

Training in use of hoists

Conveyors

Hazards PrecautionsTrapping in drive mechanisms Guards, No loose clothing

Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards

Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges

Items jamming conveyor Adequate design

Falling objects Edge guards, barriers

Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure

Impact with objects Helmets, padding

Noise Hearing protection

Manual handling Mechanical handlingElectrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment


1 Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of acrane having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected andpositioned for the job. (8)

2 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobilecranes. (8)

3 Outline the factors to be considered when undertaking a manualhandling assessment of the work undertaken by baggage handlers ata large, busy airport (8)

4 With respect to manual handling operations:-

Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk ofinjury

State FOUR factors relating to the individual that may increase therisk of injury

(4)

(4)

5 In an assessment of manual handling operations, outline the factorsthat should be considered when assessing:-

a) The taskb) The load

(4)

(4)6 Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment of

manual handling activities (8)

7 Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handlingassessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a


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sink (8)

8 A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by handonto shelved racking.

List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at riskwhen carrying out this task

Outline the factors in relation to the task and the load that willaffect the risk of injury

Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted bythe employee when required to lift one of the boxes from groundlevel

(4)

(10)

(6)

9 Outline FOUR hazards and the corresponding precautions whenusing conveyor systems for moving materials within a workplace (8)

10 An office employee is required to replace 20 litre (20Kg) waterbottles located on top of water coolers

Identify FOUR factors specific to the employee that might increasethe risk of injury when carrying out the task

Outline a good handling technique that could be used when lifting afull bottle from the floor

(4)

(4)

11 Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accidents toemployees working at ground level in a workshop where heavy loadsare lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane

(8)


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IGC2 Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Factors to consider prior to installing new machinery

What are the hazards i.e.1. Are there heat or cold problems2. Chemicals3. Biological

Is it suitably guarded

The location of the equipment

Is it capable of being Isolated/locking off

Is there safe access and egress

Are personnel trained and competent

Any other Specific Risks

The Hierarchy of Controls for Machinery GuardingFixed enclosing guardsOther guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards and pressure matsProtective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.The provision of information, instruction training and supervision

Mechanical Hazards of MachineryEntanglementTrapsImpact

ContactEjection

ENTICE

NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERYElectricityHot surfacesDust and fumesFire/explosionNoise

VibrationBiologicalHazardous chemicalsRadiationAccess and egressObstructions and projectionsManual handlingNoiseSplinters

FIXED GUARDS:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls whichhas no moving parts and requires a tool to remove it


55/99




FIXED GUARDSAdvantages Disadvantages

Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controlsOnly defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed

Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts whenremoved

May protect against other hazardse.g. noise, dust, ejection ofmaterials

More difficult to remove notpractical when frequent accessrequiredTends to be left unfixed whenfrequent access requir

New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

Documents

Transcript of New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2