New Commons 6/6: Capitalizing (on) the Common

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Juhana Venäläinen Researcher, PhD Student University of Eastern Finland School of Humanities juhana.venalainen@uef.fi 5516126 New Commons / Juhana Venäläinen / University of Eastern Finland / Spring 2013

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See www.juhanavenalainen.net/teaching/new-commons/

Transcript of New Commons 6/6: Capitalizing (on) the Common

Page 1: New Commons 6/6: Capitalizing (on) the Common

Juhana  Venäläinen  Researcher,  PhD  Student  University  of  Eastern  Finland  School  of  Humanities  [email protected]  

5516126  New  Commons  /  Juhana  Venäläinen  /  University  of  Eastern  Finland  /  Spring  2013  

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¡  1.  A  few  more  words  on  P2P  ¡  2.  Immaterial  and  affective  labor  ¡  3.  Cognitive  capitalism  ¡  4.  ”Freedom”  in  a  commons?  

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¡  P2P  infrastructure:  §  1.  Technological  infra  (”fixed  capital”)  §  2.  Autonomous  information  and  communication  systems  

§  3.  Software  for  autonomous  global  cooperation  §  4.  Legal  infrastructure  for  affirming  and  protecting  use-­‐value  

§  5.  Suitable  cultural  conditions  (new  ways  of  being,  knowing  and  valuing)  

(Bauwens  2005)  

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¡  P2P  characteristics  §  1.  Distributed  networks  §  2.  Anti-­‐credentialism  (=inclusive  communities)  §  3.  Holoptism  (*)  (contra  panoptism)  -­‐>  horizontal  distribution  of  the  process  management  

§  4.  Flexible  hierarchies  §  5.  Distributed  leadership  §  6.  Non-­‐reciprocal  gift  economy  

§  (*)  a  term  coined  by  Jean-­‐François  Noubel  

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¡  Digitalism:  Modern  ideology  of  equality  and  a  cult  of  englightenment  §  Parallels  between  lingual  and  biological  domains  

§  Illusion  of  ”energy-­‐free”  reproduction  of  information  

§  Utopy  of  a  reciprocal  gift  economy  

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¡  1.  Ignoring  wetware  §  Hardware,  software  and  netware  are  not  sufficient  for  building  autonomous  commons  

§  More  focus  should  be  put  on  the  reproduction  of  the  “peers”  as  “wetware”  (biological,  mental  beings)  

¡  2.  Misfocusing  the  struggle  of  digital  freedom  §  Overemphasis  on  the  rights  to  singular  cultural  artefacts  (-­‐>  copyright  regimes,  etc.)  

§  Underemphasis  on  the  rights  to  the  infrastructure  §  -­‐>  theory  of  “cognitive  rent”  

(Pasquinelli  2008)  

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¡  The  preference  of  ”direct”  social  engagement  over  money-­‐mediated  market  engagement  

¡  A  ”humanist”  idea  of  the  immeasurability  of  the  value  of  persons  and  their  efforts  

¡  A  generalized  critique  of  the  money-­‐form  

(Virén  &  Vähämäki  2011)  

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¡ Work  done  on  the  networking  commons:  beyond  measure”  and  beyond  control?  

¡  Or:  measured  and  controlled  differently?  §  Equality  matching  (eye-­‐for-­‐an-­‐eye)  §  Informal  measurements  of  effort  §  Communal  pressure  § Meritocracy  §  Oligarchy  

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¡  What  is  it  “production”  of,  if  anything?  ¡  What  are  the  “commons”  in  question?  

¡  E.g.  sharing  copyrighted  music  via  BitTorrent  protocol  §  The  cultural  artefacts  are  produced  outside  this  networking  

commons  and  expropriated  to  the  commons  (a  “counter-­‐enclosure”)  

§  New  kind  of  “relational”  products  through  the  practices  of  sharing:  ▪  New  consumption  patterns,  trends,  hypes  ▪  New  market  information  ▪  New  ways  of  advertising  

§  -­‐>  the  idea  of  consumer  as  a  producer  (“prosumption”,  “produsage”)  

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¡  “Culture  of  sharing”  as  a  double-­‐edged  sword  

¡  Sharing  as  “freedom”?  

¡  Capitalizing  on  the  sharing  

¡  Creates  a  global  market  of  “audience  commodities”  

¡  Technological  &  economic  infrastructures  of  sharing:  highly  concentrated  

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¡  The  changing  role  of  affects  in  capitalist  economy  

¡  Affects  as  directly  productive  of  capital  

¡  Affective  labor  as  one  of  the  highest  value-­‐producing  forms  of  labor  (from  the  point  of  view  of  capital)  

 

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¡  Global  economy  is  (=was)  taking  a  step  towards  “postmodernization”  §  Shift  from  industrial  production  to  informational  economy  

§  Does  not  imply  the  disappearance  of  the  previous  forms  of  labor  (industrial,  agricultural)  

§  Rather  the  introduction  of  communicative  techniques  in  all  sectors  of  production  (“treat  manufacturing  as  a  service”)  

¡  The  old  conception  of  the  global  division  of  labor  (I  =  informational,  II  =  industrial,  III  =  agricultural)  does  not  apply  §  “All  forms  of  production  exist  […]  under  the  domination  of  the  informational  production  of  services”  

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¡  Fordism  §  “Mute”  relation  b/w  production  and  consumption  §  Producer  can  expect  100  %  demand  of  everything  produced  §  -­‐>  delayed  and  restricted  “feedback  circuit”  from  consumption  to  production  

¡  Toyotism  §  Production  planning  communicates  rapidly  with  the  market  changes  (-­‐>  fast  

“feedback  circuit”)  §  Just  in  time  production  

¡  Service  economy  model  §  Communication  as  productive  –  and  as  a  product  –  in  itself  §  Based  on  continual  exchange  of  information  and  knowledges  §  “The  model  of  a  computer”  as  a  paradigm  of  production  §  -­‐>  immaterial  labor  

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¡  The  “other  face”  of  immaterial  labor  

¡  Involves  human  contact  and  interaction  

¡  Plays  a  vital  role  in  service  industries  from  fast-­‐food  restaurants  to  stock  trading  

¡  Produces  “immaterial  goods”:  feelings,  excitement,  passion,  a  sense  of  connectedness  

¡  -­‐>  creation  and  manipulation  of  affects  

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¡  Main  theses:  §  1.  The  focus  of  the  wealth  creation  has  been  relocated  from  material  

production  to  the  production  of  knowledge,  affects  and  “life  in  itself”  

§  2.  The  affective/cognitive  component  of  value  creation  is  not  only  “mental”  or  “immaterial”  but  diffused  in  different  “materialities”  

§  3.  The  extraction  of  surplus  value  is  not  based  on  concrete  organization  of  work  within  a  firm  but  on  the  exploitation  of  the  voluntary,  independent  and  non-­‐paid  cooperation  of  workers  through  “cognitive  rent”  

¡  Notable  theorists  §  Carlo  Vercellone  (2005;  2007;  2008),  Yann  Moulier  Boutang  (2007),  

Enzo  Rullani  (2000;  2004a;  2004b);  Andrea  Fumagalli  (2007)    

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¡  A  new  mode  of  capital  accumulation  §  Based  on  knowledge  and  creativity  §  Knowledge  as  the  prominent  factor  of  production  and  the  site  of  value  creation  

§  Stresses  investments  on  the  immaterial  (education,  R&D,  communications  infra,  “human  capital”  in  general)  

¡  Key  parameters  of  the  accumulation  system:  §  Property  rights  arrangements  §  Networks  and  alliances  §  Projects  management  §  Geographical,  institutional  and  organizational  conditions  for  extracting  profit  from  knowledge  and  innovation  

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¡  Virtualization  of  the  economy  ¡  Digitization  of  knowledge  ¡  ICT  as  socio-­‐technological  resource  ¡  Collapse  of  the  division  of  labor  ¡  Real-­‐time  production  ¡  Tendency  of  open  access  ¡  Crises  in  IP  rights  ¡  “Biopolitical”  mode  of  production  

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¡  “Information  technology,  personal  computers  and  Internet  will  rise  to  a  similar  position  as  metaphors  as  the  coal  mine,  steam  engine,  weaving  machine  and  railway  were  for  industrial  capitalism.”  (Moulier  Boutang  2007)  

¡  -­‐>  a  new  historical  phase  and  regime  of  organizing  production  and  the  social  life  in  general  

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¡  Scope  of  Google  §  Over  1  trillion  indexed  pages  (2008)  §  Total  revenue  ca.  50  bn$  (2012)  §  Market  share  of  84  %  in  desktop  search  (2011)  

¡  McKinsey  &  Company  (2011):  §  The  global  added  value  of  search  in  2009:  780  bn$  ▪  -­‐>  0,50  $  /  search  

§  Only  4  %  of  the  added  value  is  capitalized  within  the  “search  engine  industry”  ▪  The  bulk  of  profit  is  gained  by  other  industries  and  individual  households  

¡  Beckström’s  Law  §  The  value  of  a  network  equals  the  net  value  added  to  each  user’s  

transactions  conducted  through  that  network,  summed  over  all  users  

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¡  1.  Not  in  the  production  of  new  knowledge,  but  in  processing  pre-­‐existing  information  §  Exhibition  §  Filtering  §  Production  of  the  context  

¡  2.  Not  in  individually  genuine  ideas,  but  in  attention  and  relation  between  different  contents  

¡  3.  Not  in  direct  control  of  the  users’  behaviour,  but  in  providing  a  technological  and  social  platform  of  free  communication  

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¡  “Political  entrepreneur”  (Moulier  Boutang)  §  Does  not  invest  in  actual  production  processes  or  launch  them  

§  -­‐>  tries  to  arrange  and  control  the  already  existing  processes  and  extract  value  from  them  

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¡  Fuchs  (2011):  The  extraction  of  value  in  Google  is  based  on  the  non-­‐paid  work  done  by  the  users  §  Users  provide  the  actual  content  §  Users  provide  the  relational  information  (metadata)  on  the  content  ▪  What  is  “interesting”  ▪  What  is  trending  ▪  Which  contents  are  related  and  how  

¡  Google  extracts  surplus  value  from  audience  commodities  sold  in  targeted  advertising  

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¡  Hardin:  “Freedom  in  a  commons  brings  ruin  to  all”  

¡  Now:  Freedom  in  a  commons  brings  profit  to  all?  

¡  -­‐>  But  what  freedom,  what  profit,  to  who  all,  and  how?  

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¡  "The  development  of  each  human  fate  can  be  represented  as  an  uninterrupted  alternation  between  bondage  and  release,  obligation  and  freedom.  This  initial  appraisal,  however,  presents  us  with  a  distinction  whose  abruptness  is  tempered  by  closer  investigation.  For  what  we  regard  as  freedom  is  often  in  fact  only  a  change  of  obligations  [...]  The  process  of  liberation  now  starts  again  with  this  new  duty,  just  as  it  had  ended  at  this  very  point.”  

–  Simmel,  "The  Philosophy  of  Money",  4.I  

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“Power  is  exercised  only  over  free  subjects,  and  only  insofar  as  they  are  free.  […]  At  the  very  heart  of  the  power  relationship,  and  constantly  provoking  it,  are  the  recalcitrance  [disobedience]  of  the  will    and  the    intransigence  [stubbornness]  of  freedom.”  

(Michel  Foucault,  “The  Subject  and  Power”,  cited  in  Hardt  &  Negri  2009,  p.  59)  

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¡  Bauwens,  Michel.  2005.  “The  Political  Economy  of  Peer  Production”.  CTHEORY.  http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=499  

¡  Bughin,  Jacques  ym.  2011.  The  impact  of  Internet  technologies:  Search.  McKinsey  &  Company.  ¡  Fumagalli,  Andrea.  2007.  Bioeconomia  e  capitalismo  cognitivo.  Verso  un  nuovo  paradigma  di  

accumulazione.  Roma:  Carocci.  ¡  Hardt,  Michael.  1999.  “Affective  Labor”.  boundary  2  26(2):  89-­‐100.  ¡  Hardt,  Michael  &  Antonio  Negri.  2009.  Commonwealth.  Cambridge,  Mass.:  Belknap  Press  of  

Harvard  University  Press.  ¡  Moulier  Boutang,  Yann.  2007.  Le  capitalisme  cognitif:  la  nouvelle  grande  transformation.  Paris:  Éd.  

Amsterdam.  ¡  Negri,  Antonio.  1999.  “Value  and  Affect”.  boundary  2  26(2):  77–88.  ¡  Pasquinelli,  Matteo.  2008.  Animal  Spirits:  A  Bestiary  of  the  Commons.  Rotterdam:  NAi  

Publishers  /  Institute  of  Network  Cultures.  ¡  Simmel,  Georg.  2004[1900].  The  philosophy  of  money.  Psychology  Press.  ¡  Vercellone,  Carlo.  2005.  “The  hypothesis  of  cognitive  capitalism”.  ¡  Vercellone,  Carlo.  2008.  “The  new  articulation  of  wages,  rent  and  profit  in  cognitive  capitalism”.  

Queen  Mary  University  School  of  Business  and  Management,  London.  ¡  Viren,  Eetu,  ja  Jussi  Vähämäki.  2011.  Perinnöttömien  perinne:  Marx  ilman  marxismia.  Helsinki:  

Tutkijaliitto.