New Agriculture• High Middle Ages –

population increased– Peace (no invasions)– Cut down trees and

drained swamps– Food production

increased

• New Technology– Carruca – iron plow– Horse collar– Horseshoes– Three-field system

Manorial System or Feudalism

• Manor – estate controlled by lord• Peasants – worked on land• Serfs – peasants bound to the land

(they were not slaves!)• Life of peasants was very simple• Required to pay a tithe to local village

church• Bread and water main diet • Wine beverage of upper class• Ale consumed by many• Religious feasts would be the only time

the peasantry would eat meat and other foods

Revival of Trade

• Cities and towns revival • Flanders and Champagne • Trade fairs were held in which

people would exchange goods and ideas

• Money economy – based on money

• Commercial capitalism – invest in trade in order to make a profit

Banca – “bench”

1st bankers

Growth of Cities

• Revival of trade revived cities

• Merchants flocked to these cities and built walls to protect them

• Bourgeoisie – middle class in cities emerged– burg – “walled enclosure”

• Given the right to govern themselves (kings and lords saw great wealth in these cities)

• Elections were held but were rigged so that only patricians were elected.

• Because walls were built, land became expensive

• Streets very narrow• Fires were a problem• Pollution (water, air,

waste)• Public baths (Paris

had 32)

European Cities in the Middle Ages

Industry and Guilds

• Craftspeople organized themselves in guilds (business associations)

• Guilds controlled production of goods– Apprentice (make goods)– Journeyman (sold goods)– Master (developed goods)

Christianity and Medieval Civilization• Papal states – territory

controlled by pope• Lords began appointing

individuals as vassals in positions as clergymen

• Giving them objects for their office (ring/staff)

• These lords invested in these leaders for wealth

• Known as lay investiture, the pope came to despise this practice

• Concordat of Worms – Pope would select bishops as clergymen, not kings

Pope Gregory VII fought this practice by believing that God chose him to reform the Church.

Investiture Controversy – King Henry IV excommunicated for the lay investiture practice

Church Supremacy

• Other popes’ strengthened their positions

• Interdict – forbid priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people

• Used to restore wrongdoings of a king

King Phillip Augustus tried to annul marriage to his wife. Under the interdiction, he had to take her back.

New Religious Orders• Monasteries became

popular • Many reformers felt

Benedictine monastery lacked discipline

• Cistercians – changed monastic life (strict law) – Ate simple diet– Only a single robe– These Cistercian monks

spread the word across the countryside

• Hildegard of Bingen– Known for her wisdom – Wrote songs – Succeeded in a time dominated by

men

• Franciscans – founded by Saint Francis of Assisi was born of a wealthy Italian merchant family

• Dominicans – founded by Dominic de Guzman and wanted to defend the Church from heresy (denial of Church teachings)

• Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith

Both believed in living in poverty to better serve God and spread His Word.

Inquisition• Church to try people

of heresy• Dominicans examined

those accused of heresy

• Confession would lead to being flogged by a whip

• Many tortured for not confessing to heresy

http://torture.justsickshit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/torture_rack1.jpg

Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages

• Sacraments – baptism, marriage, Eucharist (Communion), rituals to receive God’s grace

• Saints – those on earth who have achieved a special position in heaven

• Nicholas, Mary, apostles, • Relics – bones or objects connected with saints

worthy of worship (heal or produce miracles)• Pilgrimage to a holy shrine would produce

spiritual benefits (Jerusalem, Rome, Canterbury)

Rise of Universities

• Educational guilds – universities

• No written exams• Bologna, Oxford and

Paris • No women• Lecture• Theology – Study of

God • Doctor’s degree – 10

years

Scholasticism

• Tried to bring faith and reason together

• To harmonize Christian teachings and works of Greek philosophers

• Aristotle’s work upset Christian theologians

• Saint Thomas Aquinas – tried to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings with the Bible

• Summa Theologica – reason alone cannot grasp spiritual truths

Vernacular Literature• Language of everyday speech of a particular

region• Latin was used during the Roman Empire• Latin was used by the Catholic Church• People relied on the Church for teachings of the

Bible (many did not know Latin)• Troubadour poetry became entertaining for

nobles and knights (poems for love of their ladies and inspires knights to be brave)

• chanson de geste – heroic poem (Song of Roland)

Architecture

• Romanesque – Roman style

• Gothic – flying buttresses– Thinner walls

The Famine of 1315-The Famine of 1315-13171317 By 1300 Europeans were farming

almost all the land they could cultivate. A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced

three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.

As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.

One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.

1347: Plague 1347: Plague Reaches Reaches

Constantinople!Constantinople!

The The SymptomsSymptoms

Bulbous

Septicemic Form:

almost 100% mortality rate.

The Disease CycleThe Disease Cycle

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Human is infected!Human is infected!

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

Bring out your dead!

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

An obsession with death.

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

A Doctor’s Robe

“Leeching”

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our

sins!

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlaguePrograms against the

Jews

“Jew” hat

“Golden Circle” obligatory badge

The Mortality

Rate35% - 70%

25,000,000 dead !!!

Decline of Church Power• The pope kidnapped by Philip IV after he rejected his right

to tax the Church• The pope dies from shock of kidnapping• He appointed a French pope in Avignon• The people of Rome demanded a new pope be appointed

after Gregory XI died• French cardinals declared election invalid and elected a

new pope• The Great Schism – two popes of the Catholic Church

declaring each other the anti-Christ• John Huss called for an end to the corruption of the clergy

and excessive power of the papacy– He was burned at the stake but the power of the

Catholic Church had lost much of their spiritual authority

Hundred Years War• England still held French

territory• France wanted it back• Led to long war• New weapons of war

– Longbows – Canons

• Joan of Arc – Heard voices from God– Led French into victory at

Orleans– Inspired French with her

faith– Burned at the stake

Political Recovery

• The Hundred Years War left France and England in economic troubles

• France created a taille – annual direct tax on land or property for income

• England faced the War of Roses – civil war between the two royal houses of England (Henry Tudor established a new dynasty)

Spain

• Muslims remained in Spain

• Ferdinand or Aragon and Isabella of Castille unite the country by getting married

• They get rid of the Muslims in 1492

• Christopher Columbus given charter to find all water route to India by sailing west

Central and Eastern Europe

• Holy Roman Empire – present day Germany, could not unite its territories in becoming a strong nation

• It remained divided into hundreds of states