Neuron &

Nervous System

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The Stimulus-Response Pathway

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"Como hay talentos

por el estudio,

hay tontos entontecidos por desuso."

Give 3 examples of Receptors:

Give 3 examples of Recpetors:

Las ideas no duran mucho. Hay que hacer algo con ellas.

Give 3 examples of Effectors :(Effectors are parts of the body that produce a response)

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/2010/05/24/neuronasneurons/

Give 3 examples of Effectors :(Effectors are parts of the body that produce a response) ●a muscle contracting to move an arm●a muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland●a gland releasing a hormone into the blood

Lo peor no es cometer un error, sino tratar de justificarlo, en vez de aprovecharlo como aviso providencial de nuestra ligereza o ignorancia.

Nervous System

● The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.

● The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.

C.N.S.● Cerebrum● Cerebellum● Brain stem

Name the two structures which make up the central nervous

system.

Name the two structures which make up the central nervous

system. ● The central

nervous system consists of the brain and

spinal cord.

Nerves●Nerves → Collections of neurons that are joined together by connective tissue.

The Neuron

● The basic functional unit of the nervous system.

(Petilla de Aragón, Navarra, 1 de mayo de 1852 - Madrid, 17 de octubre de 1934)

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Petilla de Aragón,1 May 1852 – Madrid 18 October 1934)

Spanish pathologist, histologist, neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate in 1906

Education at: Universidad de Zaragoza (1873

Function:● Send impulses to

and from the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System and the effectors (muscles/glands)

● Dendrite → Fine hair-like extensions on the end of a neuron.● Function: receive incoming stimuli.

● Cell Body or Soma → The control center of the neuron. ● Function: Directs impulses from the dendrites to the axon.

● Nucleus → Control center of the Soma. ● Function: Tells the soma what to do.

● Axon→ Pathway for the nerve impulse (electrical message) from the soma to the opposite end of the neuron.

● Myelin Sheath → An insulating layer around an axon, It is made up of Schwann cells.

● Nodes of Ranvier → Gaps between schwann cells. ● Function: Saltatory Conduction (Situation where speed of an

impulse is greatly increased by the message ‘jumping’ the gaps in an axon).

Types of Neurons

● (a) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system are called …..….. fibres. ● (b) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the central nervous system to the glands and muscles are called …..….. fibres.

sensory

● (a) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system are called …..…..... fibres. ● (b) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the central nervous system to the glands and muscles are called ……..….. fibres.

sensory

● (a) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system are called …..…..... fibres. ● (b) The nerve fibres which carry impulses from the central nervous system to the glands and muscles are called ……..….. fibres. motor

Complete the passage below, selecting the appropriate words from the list below.

sensory, nerve fibre, cell body, impulses, dendrons, dendrites, motor, contact,

axons, synapses, cytoplasm

A neurone (nerve cell) consists of a ….. A ….. containing a nucleus surrounded by ….. B …..

Branching filaments, called ….. C ….., extend from the cell surface and make ….. D ….., with other neurones. In ….. E ….. and ….. F ….. neurones, one of the filaments is very long and is called …… G ….. 

Complete the passage below, selecting the appropriate words from the list below. sensory, nerve fibre, cell body, impulses,

dendrons, dendrites, motor, contact, axons, synapses, cytoplasm

A neurone consists of a cell body (A) containing a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm (B). Branching filaments, called dendrites (C), extend from the cell surface and make synapses (D) with other neurones. In sensory (E) and motor (F) neurones, one of the filaments is very long and is called a nerve fibre (G).  

Transmission of signals

The Synapse

●The junction between two neurons is called a ________________, it forms a physical ______ between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons

●An action potential (__________signal) cannot cross the synaptic gap, so it triggers the release of chemicals (______________) to continue the signal

The Synapse

●The junction between two neurons is called a Synapse it forms a physical Gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons

●An action potential (Electrical signal) cannot cross the synaptic gap, so it triggers the release of chemicals (Neurotransmitters) to continue the signal

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to another cell across a synapse.

Overview of Synaptic Transfer

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Nada me inspira más veneración y asombro que un anciano que sabe cambiar de opinión.

Reflex arc

Give 3 examples of reflex actions.

Give 3 examples of reflex actions.

●change in size of the pupil of the eye in response to light intensity, ●blinking in response to foreign particles on the cornea, ●coughing or sneezing in response to irritation of the nasal passages and trachea or bronchi, ●knee jerk in response to a blow on the tendon of the leg extensor muscle, ●rapid removal of the hand from a hot or sharp object

(any three)

De todas las reacciones posibles ante una injuria, la más hábil y económica es el silencio.

http://www.bbc.co.uk

Which one is a … ?motor

neuroninterneuron

sensory neuron

a) b) C)

brain

Spinal Cord

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Medulla Oblongata

Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

●BBC - GCSE Bitesize: The nervous system●BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Receptors and effectors