Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva...

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Neurologic examination Neurologic examination of the child of the child Tami Steinberg Tami Steinberg Pediatric Pediatric neurologist neurologist Schneider CMCI Schneider CMCI

Transcript of Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva...

Page 1: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Neurologic examination of Neurologic examination of the childthe child

Tami SteinbergTami Steinberg

Pediatric neurologistPediatric neurologist

Schneider CMCISchneider CMCI

Page 2: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

AimsAims

From a symptom From a symptom

LocalizationLocalization

DDDD

EvaluationEvaluation

DiagnosisDiagnosis

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Main partsMain parts

General appearanceGeneral appearanceDysmorphic featuresDysmorphic featuresNeurocutaneous featuresNeurocutaneous features

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Main partsMain parts

ConsciousnessConsciousnessHead Head Cranial nervesCranial nervesMotor systemMotor systemCerebellar examinationCerebellar examinationSensorySensoryDevelopmental assessmentDevelopmental assessmentBehaviorBehavior

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ObservationObservation

Start while interviewingStart while interviewing

Curiosity, playingCuriosity, playing..

Language, dysarthriaLanguage, dysarthria..

Facial expression, tics, Facial expression, tics, movementsmovements

Behavior, attention, relation Behavior, attention, relation with parentswith parents

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ObservationObservation

Dysmorphic featuresDysmorphic features

Bloch
prominent forehead, maxillary hypoplasia, a hooked nose and prognathism . Shallow orbit. Crouzonwww.mrcophth.com/orbit/ crouzonb.jpg
Bloch
FRAX Long face, large ears, flat feet
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Page 9: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

ObservationObservation

Weight, length – FTT, IUGR, ObesityWeight, length – FTT, IUGR, ObesityClues to hormonal abnormalitiesClues to hormonal abnormalitiesAbnormalities of midline – clues to spinal Abnormalities of midline – clues to spinal dysraphismdysraphism

Page 10: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

SkinSkin

Skin and nervous system originate Skin and nervous system originate from ectodermfrom ectoderm

Neurocutaneous syndromesNeurocutaneous syndromes

HemangiomataHemangiomata

Café au lait spotsCafé au lait spots

Hypopigmented patchesHypopigmented patches

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Page 12: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

General PEGeneral PE

Cardiac: murmurs, bradycardiaCardiac: murmurs, bradycardia

Organomegaly – Lysosomal, Organomegaly – Lysosomal, peroxisomalperoxisomal

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Head and skullHead and skull

General appearance, Symmetry, dysmorphismGeneral appearance, Symmetry, dysmorphismSutures – ridging, craniosynostosisSutures – ridging, craniosynostosisFontanellesFontanellesHydrocephalus – Fontanelle,Frontal bossing, Hydrocephalus – Fontanelle,Frontal bossing, veins, Sunset eyesveins, Sunset eyesHead circumference- micro, macro, curveHead circumference- micro, macro, curveHead murmurs - AVMHead murmurs - AVM

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Sutures and fontanellesSutures and fontanelles

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Meningeal signsMeningeal signs

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Cranial nervesCranial nerves

Cranial nerve I Cranial nerve I

Cranial nerve IICranial nerve II

        visual acuity visual acuity

        visual field visual field

        colour vision colour vision

        optic disc appearance optic disc appearance

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Normal fundusNormal fundus

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PapilledemaPapilledema

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Cranial nervesCranial nerves

Cranial nerve III, IV, VI Cranial nerve III, IV, VI

        eye movement eye movement         ptosis (III nerve), and pupil reaction to light (II ptosis (III nerve), and pupil reaction to light (II & III nerve) & III nerve)

Cranial nerve VCranial nerve V        jaw power jaw power         sensation of face sensation of face         corneal and jaw reflexes corneal and jaw reflexes

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Lateral rectus palsyLateral rectus palsy

Can be caused by Can be caused by increased ICP.increased ICP.

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CRANIAL NERVESCRANIAL NERVES

VII - FACIALVII - FACIAL– OBSERVE FOR FACIAL ASYMMETRYOBSERVE FOR FACIAL ASYMMETRY– FOREHEAD WRINKLING, EYELID FOREHEAD WRINKLING, EYELID

CLOSURE, WHISTLE/PUCKERCLOSURE, WHISTLE/PUCKER

VIII - VESTIBULOCOCHLEARVIII - VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR– ACUITYACUITY

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Facial nerve palsyFacial nerve palsy

The patient can not move the forehead The patient can not move the forehead upward,close the eye forcefully,or elevate upward,close the eye forcefully,or elevate the corner of the mouth.the corner of the mouth.

Taste sensation is lost over the anterior Taste sensation is lost over the anterior two thirds of the tongue.two thirds of the tongue.

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Facial nerve palsyFacial nerve palsy

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Cranial nervesCranial nerves

Cranial nerve IXCranial nerve IX

        gag reflex gag reflex

Cranial nerve XCranial nerve X

        soft palate elevation and deviation soft palate elevation and deviation         gag reflex gag reflex

Cranial nerve XICranial nerve XI        shoulder elevation (trapezius and sternomastoid) shoulder elevation (trapezius and sternomastoid)

Cranial nerve XIICranial nerve XII          tongue function; wasting / fasciculation tongue function; wasting / fasciculation

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Spinal accessory nerveSpinal accessory nerve..

Provides innervation for the trapezius and Provides innervation for the trapezius and SCM muscles.SCM muscles.

Comprises some fibers from C1 and C2, Comprises some fibers from C1 and C2, lesions in the area of the foramen lesions in the area of the foramen magnum most commonly cause difficulties magnum most commonly cause difficulties of cranial nerve XI. of cranial nerve XI.

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Gross motor functionGross motor function

Most children above 4 Most children above 4 ys usually cooperateys usually cooperate

Walk, jump, tiptoe, Walk, jump, tiptoe, heelwalk, tandem heelwalk, tandem walkwalk

RombergRomberg

CerebellarCerebellar

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Muscle bulkMuscle bulkMuscle strengthMuscle strengthMuscle toneMuscle tonePosturePostureWalkingWalkingDeep tendon reflexesDeep tendon reflexesPrimitive reflexesPrimitive reflexesAbnormal reflexesAbnormal reflexes

Motor examinationMotor examination

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Muscle powerMuscle power

00 no contraction no contraction11 flicker or trace of contraction flicker or trace of contraction22 active movement,with gravity eliminated active movement,with gravity eliminated3 3 active movement against gravityactive movement against gravity4 4 active movement against gravity and active movement against gravity and resistanceresistance55 normal power normal power

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STRENGTH EXAMSTRENGTH EXAM

UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIESUPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES

DISTAL AND PROXIMAL MUSCLESDISTAL AND PROXIMAL MUSCLES

SUBTLE WEAKNESSSUBTLE WEAKNESS–TOE WALK, HEEL WALKTOE WALK, HEEL WALK–OUT OF CHAIROUT OF CHAIR

Special attention to functional assymetrySpecial attention to functional assymetry

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Muscle ToneMuscle Tone

Do not confuse tone and strengthDo not confuse tone and strength

Tone = resistance to passive movementTone = resistance to passive movement

Shoulder girdle hypotonia – baby falls Shoulder girdle hypotonia – baby falls when you put your hands under his when you put your hands under his armpitsarmpits

Normal tone changes with age – eg Normal tone changes with age – eg premiespremies

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SpasticitySpasticity

Upper motor neuronUpper motor neuronנגרם ע"י פגיעה ב- נגרם ע"י פגיעה ב- clasp claspהתנגדות ראשונית עם שחרור פתאומי – "סכין קופצת" – התנגדות ראשונית עם שחרור פתאומי – "סכין קופצת" –

knifeknifeבולט בפלקסורים של גפיים עליונות ואקסטנסורים של תחתונותבולט בפלקסורים של גפיים עליונות ואקסטנסורים של תחתונות

בד"כ עם רפלקסים↑, בבינסקי+, תנועות מועטות, אטרופיה מאוחרת בד"כ עם רפלקסים↑, בבינסקי+, תנועות מועטות, אטרופיה מאוחרת ((disuse atrophydisuse atrophyעקב חסר שימוש )עקב חסר שימוש ) LMNLMN לעומת לעומת

ClonusClonus תנועות הינן תקינות תנועות הינן תקינות5-105-10 – בגפיים תחתונות. בתינוקות – בגפיים תחתונות. בתינוקות אם בגפיים תחתונות – "זחילת קומנדו"אם בגפיים תחתונות – "זחילת קומנדו"

אופיסטוטונוסאופיסטוטונוס

Page 35: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.
Page 36: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Babinski reflexBabinski reflex

גירוי החלק הלטרלי של כף הרגלגירוי החלק הלטרלי של כף הרגל"חיובי" "חיובי"

אקסטנצית הבוהןאקסטנצית הבוהן––fanningfanningשל שאר האצבעות של שאר האצבעות

מצביע על נזק פירמידלי – למערכת המוטורית מצביע על נזק פירמידלי – למערכת המוטורית ח' ח'10-1210-12"חיובי" באופן נורמלי בתינוקות עד גיל "חיובי" באופן נורמלי בתינוקות עד גיל

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HypotoniaHypotoniaטונוס לא תקין - טונוס לא תקין -

טונוס ירודטונוס ירודהשכיח ביותר בפגים ויילודיםהשכיח ביותר בפגים ויילודים

עלולה להצביע על נזק בצרברום, צרבלום, ע"ש, עצבים עלולה להצביע על נזק בצרברום, צרבלום, ע"ש, עצבים פריפריים או שרירפריפריים או שריר

Floppy infantFloppy infant אינו מרים ראש, רפוי, אינו מיישר גב – אינו מרים ראש, רפוי, אינו מיישר גב – בישיבהבישיבה

Frog positionFrog positionעל הגב – על הגב – טונוס נהיה פלקסורי עם הגיל טונוס נהיה פלקסורי עם הגיל

–28wk28wk ,32 – רפוי, – רפויwk32wk .יש כבר פלקציה. - יש כבר פלקציה - TermTerm כולו – כולו – פלקסוריפלקסורי

Page 39: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.
Page 40: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

רפלקסים גידיים בגפיים עליונותרפלקסים גידיים בגפיים עליונות

Biceps C5-C6Biceps C5-C6

Brachioradialis C5-C6Brachioradialis C5-C6

Triceps C7-C8Triceps C7-C8

Page 41: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

רפלקסים גידיים ופלנטרייםרפלקסים גידיים ופלנטריים

PatellarPatellar 4-5 4-5LL

AchillesAchilles 1-2 1-2SS

תמיד להשוות לצד השני !תמיד להשוות לצד השני !

Page 42: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

החזרים התפתחותייםהחזרים התפתחותיים

רפלקסרפלקסמתי מתחיל?מתי מתחיל?רפלקס מלארפלקס מלאממשיך עד...ממשיך עד...

2-32-3 momo3232 wkwk2828 wkwkPalmar Palmar graspgrasp

יורד אחרי יורד אחרי חודשחודש

3636 wkwk3232 wkwkRootingRooting

5-65-6 momo3737 wkwk28-3228-32 wkwkMoroMoro

66 momo11 momo3535 wkwkTonic neckTonic neck

momo7-87-8 momoParachuteParachute 10-1110-11לכל החייםלכל החיים

Page 43: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Moro reflexMoro reflex

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Tonic neck reflexTonic neck reflex

Page 45: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

LMNLMN מול מול UMNUMNנזק נזק

UMNUMNLMNLMN

↑↑↓↓DTRDTR

כוח שריריםכוח שרירים↓↓↓↓

טונוס שריריםטונוס שרירים↓↓↑↑

מצב הכרהמצב הכרהתקיןתקין↓↓

פסציקולציותפסציקולציות++--

אטרופית שריריםאטרופית שרירים++--

Page 46: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Cerebellar functionsCerebellar functions

הפרעה בקואורדינצית התנועה או הפרעה בשיווי המשקלהפרעה בקואורדינצית התנועה או הפרעה בשיווי המשקל

Trunca ataxialTrunca ataxial בעיקר בגו, בזמן ישיבה או עמידה בעיקר בגו, בזמן ישיבה או עמידה–cerebellar vermiscerebellar vermisנובע מפגיעה ב נובע מפגיעה ב –

Limb ataxiaLimb ataxiaintention tremorintention tremorהפרעה בתנועת גפיים – הפרעה בתנועת גפיים – – cerebellar hemispherescerebellar hemispheresפגיעה ב פגיעה ב –

tandem walkingtandem walkingבדיקה ע"י אצבע-אף, בדיקה ע"י אצבע-אף,

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Cerebellar functionsCerebellar functions

Page 48: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Cerebellar dysfunctionCerebellar dysfunction..

Ataxia .Ataxia .

Hypotonia.Hypotonia.

Action tremor (intention).Action tremor (intention).

Dysdiadochokinesis.Dysdiadochokinesis.

DysmetriaDysmetria

DysarthriaDysarthria

Page 49: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

בדיקת המערכת הסנסוריתבדיקת המערכת הסנסורית

מגע - מברשתמגע - מברשת

כאב – ע"י סיכה )לא חדה!(כאב – ע"י סיכה )לא חדה!(

חום וקורחום וקור

וויברציה – ע"י קולןוויברציה – ע"י קולן

- דורש שיתוף פעולה - דורש שיתוף פעולהproprioceptionproprioceptionתנוחה – תנוחה –

Page 50: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

דרמטומיםדרמטומיםעצב סנסורי לכל איזור על פני הגוףעצב סנסורי לכל איזור על פני הגוף

חלוקה על פי גובה הכניסה בעמוד השדרהחלוקה על פי גובה הכניסה בעמוד השדרה

)טריגמינלי( )טריגמינלי(VVהפנים – עצב קרניאלי הפנים – עצב קרניאלי

Page 51: Neurologic examination of the child Tami Steinberg Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI Dr. Aviva Mimouni Bloch Pediatric neurologist Schneider CMCI.

Cerebellar signsCerebellar signs

intention tremor intention tremor past-pointing (dysmetria, limb ataxia)- pointing beyond past-pointing (dysmetria, limb ataxia)- pointing beyond the finger in the finger-nose test the finger in the finger-nose test dysdiadochokinesis - this feature is shown when the dysdiadochokinesis - this feature is shown when the patient is slow and uneven in attempting fast hand patient is slow and uneven in attempting fast hand movements, e.g. tapping the right hand fast on the back movements, e.g. tapping the right hand fast on the back of the left hand of the left hand nystagmus - coarse and slow; worst on looking to the nystagmus - coarse and slow; worst on looking to the side of the lesion side of the lesion Ataxia Ataxia rhombergism rhombergism hypotonia and pendular reflexeshypotonia and pendular reflexes