Neuroergonomics and sociogenesis, lectures part4

Neuroergonomics and sociogenesis

Internationa Society of BiourbanismSummer School 2014

www.biourbanism.org - [email protected]

International Society of Biourbanism - Summer School 2014

Neuroscience and Design

Menno [email protected]

Lecture 08


Structure- Introduction- Study- Example- Real life- What’s next


My interest

• How can design influence behaviour?

• Using this understanding to change design in order to improve behaviourand quality of life.


• Thorncrown Chapel,Eureka Springs, • E. Fay Jones


Process


HULT International Business School


Brain


• Mirror neurons

Brain


• Mirror neurons• Spreading activation

Brain


• Mirror neurons• Spreading activation• Neural plasticity

Brain


• Mirror neurons• Spreading activation• Neural plasticity• Habituation

Brain


CaveCad


Neuromarketing


Architectural aspects

• Colours• Shapes• Sizes• Patterns (symmetry)


Architectural aspects

• Colours• Shapes• Sizes• Patterns (symmetry)

• Sense of Coherence• Novelty, controllability, context,

predictability• Congruity


Behavioural aspects

• Physical• Physiological• Psychological• Social


Behavioural aspects

• Physical• Physiological• Psychological• Social

• “Every space has its own homeostatic correlate”


Biophilia

• Bio = Nature• Philia = Love

• The more architecture mimics nature the better it is for humans as we are natural beings.


International Society of Biourbanism

• Are there natural patterns in design?• How does exposure to these patterns

influence us?• Naturally recurring patterns can be used

to influence quality of life in urban areas?

• How do cities naturally grow?


Paracity

• We believe the city is a live organism that has a quality of life in itself, embedded in the fabric.


LITERATURE• Therefore, an average will have to be evaluated which will be most

advantageous for all users (Del Nord 2006)• stimulations are dependent on intensity, variety, complexity,

mysteriousness, and novelty (Cox et al., 2000)




mysteriousness, and novelty (Cox et al., 2000)• According to Evans and McCoy the relation between architecture and

health can be divided in four physical design aspects which are: stimulation, coherence, affordances and control (Evans and McCoy 1998).

• They indicate that the approximate wavelength of blue (470nm) will evoke a more “peaceful” reaction than e.g. red (Edelstein et al., 2008)




mysteriousness, and novelty (Cox et al., 2000)• According to Evans and McCoy the relation between architecture and

health can be divided in four physical design aspects which are: stimulation, coherence, affordances and control (Evans and McCoy 1998).

• They indicate that the approximate wavelength of blue (470nm) will evoke a more “peaceful” reaction than e.g. red (Edelstein et al., 2008)

• Due to repeated exposure the brain reconstructs itself through neuronal plasticity, the quantity of opiate rich receptors were increased along these pathways in the brain (Yue et al. 2007)

• A study done by Tyler (1999) shows that symmetry in art and neuroscience does lead to a unified response across participants


Study

How the built environment can contribute to the attenuation of a stress response?


Study

How the built environment can contribute to the attenuation of a stress response?

“For every task a human needs to do there is an ultimate environmental condition to aid this task”


Background

• How design can influence behaviour?Salutogenisis: « any factor that supports or promotes human health and wellbeing »

• Using this understanding to change design in order to improve behaviour and quality of life.


Paper One

• Ceiling height study, Meyers Levy & Zhu (2007)

• Thesis: “ceiling height may affect the very manner in which consumers process information and thus how they respond to products”

• Sense of freedom versus confinement

– Architectural aspects can prime concepts


Experiment one

• 2 identical room types apart from ceiling height• 32 participants


Experiment one


• Task one:– Rate the degree to which six different items reflect your

current body state. (1-7)


Experiment one


• Task one:– Rate the degree to which six different items reflect your

current body state. (1-7)• Task two:

– Solve 12 anagrams• 3 freedom, 3 confinement, 6 random• milliseconds


Results:

• Participants in a high ceiling room reported a higher freedom body state.


Results:


• Participants in the high versus low ceiling room exhibited faster RT to freedom related anagrams.


Results:


• Participants in the high versus low ceiling room exhibited faster RT to freedom related anagrams.

• High ceiling height correlates with the abstractness of thinking in categorization.


• Rectangularity illusion (Sadella Oxley, 1984)


Interest

• Tranquil architecture

• Tranquility features– Shape, size, colour (Zeki, Ffytche)– Which design features enhance tranquility?

– Tranquil measures:– Physical, physiological, psychological, social


Measures

• State - Trait• Perception• Rating• Skin conductance response


Horizontal Vertical

High lighting quantity Low lighting quantity

Hard lighting edges Soft lighting edges

Angularemphasis Angular intergration


Spaciousness hypotheses

• Increased perception spaciousness will lead to increased state of tranquillity.

• Visual repetitiveness will enhance features spaciousness and lead to a tranquil response.

• Lighting symmetry is more important for a tranquil response than spatial symmetry.


Tranquil state

• A tranquil state is considered not in absolute value but in a change in state, this change should be towards decreased arousal measured in > SCR, > Heart rate

• The largest percentual difference towards reduced arousal is considered to be the stimulus leading to the highest tranquil state.


Tranquil response

• A tranquil response is any response that contribute to the level of a tranquil state. Meaning any: > SCR, > Heart rate(v)


• “Tranquility is a mental state more likely to occur in the presence of objective sensory inputs that arise from natural features in the environment.”


Brain...

Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn'tmttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olnyiprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghitpclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Urban/architectural samples.


Street design

• Wardour A/B

• A-B

• Results: excell graph• Heart rate 74 – 76


Increase economical footfall


Future?

ArchitectureWeb designUrban DesignFashionMusicArtHuman => Stimulus => Response


Smart architecture

• Continuous bio measures • Adaptable architecture

– Light – Colour– Shape

• Stores, Hotels, Plane


Environmental?

• Need 3 hour sleep, most effectively • Need to study to pass exam, give me optimal concentration. • I want to have a good time, make me feel relaxed and

comfortable. • I am sad, comfort me.


Biophilia

• Bio = Life, living + philia = Love• “The more architecture mimics nature the better it is for

humans as we are natural beings.”


Biourbanism

• “Stimuli have set responses with a margin of response amplitude differentiation based on the state and trait of an individual.”

• “The responses to these “architectural” stimuli are predictable through patterns and codes. By understanding these patterns and codes we can anticipate how humans will respond, we know this because humans are natural beings which we start to comprehend, we can design urban spaces from which we can positively influence the behaviour and usage of a space to enhance personal and societal well being.”

• “We can mimic natural qualities within manmade environments to ensure a sustainable response for humans which is not detrimental to our existence.”


Environmental?

• Need 3 hour sleep, most effectively • Need to study to pass exam, give me optimal concentration. • I want to have a good time, make me feel relaxed and

comfortable. • I am sad, comfort me. • Amazon makes my buy?• Facebook gives a friendly environment?


• Can we design responses?

• Can we engineer a state of being, a state of mind.

• => Wellbeing between the buildings


Images:• Google maps• http://www.philips.co.uk/• http://www.badmademoiselle.com/bdm/women-at-the-top/zaha-hadid-bdm-woman-of-the-month/• http://www.allejachthavens.nl/pagina4.htm• www.citizenm.com• www.viewpictures.co.uk• designchickee.wordpress.com• www.phaidon.com• www.saudigazette.com.sa• blogs.telegraph.co.uk• en.wikipedia.org• www.biocomtech.com• www.dana.org• www.dana.org4• wn.com• www.futurelab.net• www.oobject.com• www.airlinetrends.com• weburbanist.com


Paracity

Lecture 12


PARACITY

Casagrande Laboratory Centre of Urban Research / PARACITY:Marco Casagrande, Menno Cramer, Katie Donaghy, Niilo Tenkanen, Nikita Wu, Joni Virkki, Ycy Charlie, Sauli Ylinen, Dave Kan-ju Chen


"To find a form that accommodates the mess, that is the task of the artist now."- Samuel Beckett


Paracity is a positive organic tumour in the mechanical tissue of Taipei. While it is leaching and processing the industrial and organic waste of the city, it is gaining momentum in its growth and becomes more and more important to the static industrial urbanism.

Paracity is an alternative reality within the industrial development and will start treating the city the same ways as the urban acupuncture points of illegal community gardens and urban farms of Taipei do today.

Paracity has the ability to become a network of biourbanacupuncture tuning the whole industrial city towards the organic, ruining the industrialism on its way to become part of nature, the Third Generation City.


Paracity is a third generation city, an organic machine, urban compost, which is helping the industrial city to transform into being part of nature.


Bio-energy

The main energy source for the Paracity is bio-energy, which is using both treated organic waste and sludge from Paracity and surrounding Taipei and especially biomass that is harvested around Paracity and on the flood banks of the Taipei rivers. The fertile flood banks, flood plains and storm water channels provide ideal cultivation areas for fast growing biomass plantations. The vegetation will be harvested by boats and then shipped to Paracity Bio-Energy Facility. The growing of the biomass on the river banks will also benefit on the natural river restoration through root cleansing of sediment pollution and the biomass will have a positive impact on the Taipei micro climate and urban ecology.


Social Development

Where in nature a tree will not grow under another tree or too near another tree because they would be fighting for each others light, ground and water in society we must live according to similar innate rules whereby we prove selfless and show an interest in the well-being of others. A paracity must therefore grow according to need rather than desire.

If you think of a city no matter the scale we often do not interact with those in our close proximity. As individuals we have the innate trait to want to help others whether it be because we care or simply because it makes us feel good. This gets lost in an individualistic city where we find it more difficult to extend help to a stranger but also where there is often no one to recognise and praise your efforts.


The post-industrial fleet of bio-vessels can travel along the Taipei river system and is ready to start the biourban restoration process also from other hot-spots of the river city. The environmental technology barges provide solutions for:• Waste water treatment of Paracity and of the surrounding Taipei• Water purification. The infrastructural water circulation is originated from the

polluted Danshui River.• Sludge treatment for fertilizer and bio-energy.• Closed circuit aquaculture.• Recycling of construction waste.• Recycling of organic waste for fertilizer and bio-energy.


Paracity will use purified water from the polluted Danshui River. After chemical bacteria based primary treatment the water is pumped to the roof gardens for oxygenation and taken by gravity to the farms and gardens.


AdaptabilityThe pilot-project of the Paracity is designed in Taipei, but the solution

is developed to work in different locations around the world. Paracity offers an alternative for the Chinese strategic urban planning to start ecologically harmonizing the growing river cities of China. And Paracity can be used as urban acupuncture for the emerging cities of China and elsewhere.

Paracity can grow along the Oshiwara chain of slums in Mumbai providing better living conditions, cleaning up the Oshiwara River and more effectively treating the urban waste that is flooding in from the surrounding city.

Paracity can parachute into Nairobi and start growing from the fertile top-soil of the slums. Paracity should grow into the favelas of Brazil and start celebrating the local knowledge of these organic communities. Paracity is organic, adaptable and welcomes local knowledge. The city is built by hands of a high diversity of different people.


Paracity has a lot of holes, gaps and nature in-between houses. The system is ventilating itself like a large scale beehive of post-industrial insects. The different temperatures of the roofs, gardens, water bodies and shaded platforms will generate small winds between them and the hot roofs will start sucking in breeze from the cooler river. Also the individual houses should follow the traditional principles of bioclimatic architecture and not rely on mechanical air-conditioning.


Paracity @ CAFAM Biennale in Beijing


Placemaking

Angelica Fortuzzi, [email protected]

Lecture 13

change:PLACEMAKING

the power tointroduction to

Angelica Fortuzzi, Architect, PhD | Summer School 2014

it is an approachto the planning, design and managementof public spaces

• multi-faceted• community-driven• bottom-up

what is placemaking


qualities that define the approach

what it is: collaborative, community-driven, sociableculturally awarecontext-sensitivemulti-disciplinaryvisionary, inspiringfunction before form, focused on creating destinationsadaptable, inclusive, ever changing, transformative, flexible

what it is not: imposed from abovereactive, exclusionary, static, privatized, a quick fixproject-focused, design-driven, discipline-driven, one-size-fits-all, one-dimensionalmonolithic development, dependent on regulatory controls, overly accommodating of the carA blanket solutionbenefit analysis, a cost

YES!!!

NOT!!!

:-)

:-(

what is placemaking


In the 60s, architects, urbanists, sociologists and journalists started to study the chaos and disorder of their contemporary cities that strongly contrasted with the efficient and abstract model of the modern city, particularly the use of public spaces.

bases: kevin lynch


bases: jane jacobs


william h. whyte & ppsWilliam H. (Holly) Whyte (1917-1999),his investigations on pedestrian behaviour and city dynamics formed the basis for the placemaking approach. PPS - Project for Public Space considers Whyte their mentor.

Fred Kent, fondatore dei PPS


the right to the city

The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.David Harvey

The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources:it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. David Harvey


the right to the city

where the community comes together in an informal way, to see familiar and unfamiliar faces, somewhere civic discourse and community connections can happen.

Ray Oldenburg urban spaces are a “neutral ground”where people may freely gather, feeling at ease, without playing the role of hosts;

Enrique Peñalosapublic spaces as an indicator of the level of democracy in a society:lower-income citizens will have access to computers and a wide array of electronic equipment. What they will not have is access to green spaces and sports facilities – unless governments act today.Factors such as plazas, promenades, bicycle paths and pavements, waterfronts, parks and public sports facilities show respect for human dignity.


project for public space - pps


placemakers

www.placemakers.com


placemakers


betterblockwww.betterblock.org


betterblock

betterblock.org (Building a Better Block in Oak Cliff, Dallas, Texas - USA, 2012)


placemaking: 3 steps3 different steps- discover- create a common vision- implementation

> discovera) the people/communityb) the placec) the life and the living way


discover

a) the people/communityb) the placec) the life and the living way

a) people and the community:> looking at> listening to> asking questionsto the people who work and play

Questions:so what’s special in this community?

Placemaking takes root when a community expresses needs and desires about places in their lives, even if there is not yet a clearly defined plan of action.

placemaking: 3 steps


discover

b) discover the place:view a place in its entirety,pay attention to issues on the small scales.

Tuning with place with a fresh eye

Framing with questions:How many quality places are located nearby? and how are they connected? Are there places that should be more meaningful but aren’t?

- look at connection with surroundings / and the community;- look at the degree of public/private spaces, at their boundaries, if any;- look at the dimension of the space and how it affects the relations between people.



> create a common visionthe information gathered is then used to create a common vision for that place.

> implementationthe vision can evolve quickly into an implementation strategy



create a network:the power of 10

One great place is not enough, needa number of them to create a truly lively city

Power of 10 is a framework for communities and stakeholders

principle is: starts from smallest scale to accomplish big things

The need of a network of good places at different scale:Place > neighbourhood > city > regionis a collection of interesting communities

on a regional scale by linking towns and cities, with major public spaces and mixed-use neighborhoods serving as the connections.

power of 10


The core idea is:any great place itself needs to offer at least 10 things to do or 10 reasons to be there…

a place to sit, playgrounds to enjoy, art to touch, music to hear, food to eat, history to experience, and people to meet.

A park is good. A park with a fountain, playground, and popcorn vendor is better. A library across the street is even better, more so if they feature storytelling hours for kids and exhibits on local history. If there’s a sidewalk café nearby, a bus stop, a bike trail, and an ice cream parlor, then you have what most people would consider a great place.

power of 10


Aid the community to unfold their potential let everyone to think about what’s special in their communities

questions:• How many quality places are located nearby?• and how are they connected? • Are there places that should be more meaningful but aren’t?

This helps to focus the community energies.

power of 10


1. The Community Is the Expert

The important starting point in developing a concept for any public space is to identify the talents and assets within the community – inviting people into the process - who have an interest or stake in a particular place, such as those who live or work there - is crucial in deciding how to develop or improve a place.

In every community there are: - historical perspective,- valuable insights,- how the area functions, - understanding of the critical issues,- what is meaningful to people.

guidelines: 11 principles


2. You Are Creating a Place, Not Just a Design

Creating a place entails a broader view that goes beyond design; a successful public space possesses four key attributes:

1. accessibility, 2. activities, 3. comfort by physical changes4. and sociability

Goal: create a place with a strong sense of community and a comfortable image,with setting and activities and uses.

11 principles


3. You Can’t Do It AloneA good public space requires more resources and expertise than any one individual or organization can offer.

4. They Always Say “It Can’t Be Done”When an idea stretches beyond the reach of an organization and and someone says, “It can’t be done,” what that usually means is, “We’ve never done things that way before.”

5. You Can See A Lot Just by ObservingWhen people observe a space, they learn about how it is actually used, rather than how they think it is used.

11 principles


6. Develop A VisionA vision for a public space should be defined primarily by people who will live, work around, and use the space.

7. Forms Support FunctionThe most successful places grow out of understanding what a space needs to offer so that people will use it. By following and incorporating the uses articulated by the community, a designer can not only make the space interesting to look at and be in, but also very functional.

8. TriangulateThe concept of triangulation relates to locating elements in such a way that the chances of activity occurring around them is greatly increased. For example, if a children’s reading room in a new library were located next to a playground in a park with a food kiosk, more activity would occur than if these facilities were sited separately.

11 principles


9. Lighter - Quicker - CheaperMany great plans become bogged down because they are too big, cost too much, and take too long to happen.Short-term actions, like planting flowers, can be a way of not only testing ideas, but also giving people the confidence that change is occurring and that their ideas matter.

10. Money is Not the IssueAll too often, the lack of money is used as an excuse for doing nothing. In fact, too much money often discourages the inventiveness, creativity, and persistence required to create a great place.

11. You are never finishedAbout 80% of the success of any public space can be attributed to its management. No matter how good the design of a space is, it will never become a true place unless it is cared for well.

11 principles


place diagram


PARIS «Identical fountains on the four corners are popular gathering places for all ages.

Grassy lawns round out the satisfying mixture of lingering places.»

Hazel Borys (www.placemakers.com)

Examples of good space according to placemaking approach


PARIS «a monument amid an informal planting of trees provide a central focus»Hazel Borys (www.placemakers.com)



PARIS «Rue Rambuteau provides an interesting mix of local and international retail»Hazel Borys (www.placemakers.com)



BERLIN «Civic space within Museum Island was always inhabited, offering a comfortable sense of enclosure, seating, shade, and interesting sights.»Hazel Borys (www.placemakers.com)



BERLIN «A great system of cycling crosswalks keep cyclists mounted through intersections, and make way for younger cyclists.»

Hazel Borys (www.placemakers.com)



REFERENCES

• Alexander, C., Ishikawa S., Silverstein S. (1977), A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford UP.

• Alexander, C. (1979), The Timeless Way of Building, New York: Oxford UP.

• Berg, N. (2012), The Official Guide to Tactical Urbanism• Borys, H. (2013), Creative Placemaking: From Here Until Now,

http://www.placemakers.com• Gehl, J. (2010), Cities for People, Washington, DC: Island.• Harvey, D., (2008), "The Right to the City", New Left Review 53

(2008): 23-40.• Jacobs, J. (1992), The Death and Life of Great American Cities,

[New York]: Random House.• Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT.• Oldenburg, R. (1999), The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee

Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. New York: Marlowe.

• Project for Public Spaces (2009c), What is Placemaking, www.pps.org

• The Better Block (2010), How To Build a Better Block, last modified October, http://betterblock.org

• Whyte, W. H. (1980), The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation

THANK YOU THANK YOU

Neuroergonomics and sociogenesis, lectures part4

Education

Transcript of Neuroergonomics and sociogenesis, lectures part4