Networking vor Networking vor dem Internetdem Internet

Alex Zwahlen, HB9MKUAlex Zwahlen, HB9MKU

Bern, 29 Oktober 2014Bern, 29 Oktober 2014

Zu meiner Person 1/2Zu meiner Person 1/2 Ausbildung:Ausbildung:

1964-68: Lehre Elektronikgerätemechaniker 1964-68: Lehre Elektronikgerätemechaniker (EGM)(EGM)

1968-71: HTL Burgdorf (Elektro - 1968-71: HTL Burgdorf (Elektro - Schwachstrom)Schwachstrom)

1972-73 Oy Strömberg AB (ABB) Finland1972-73 Oy Strömberg AB (ABB) Finland Minicomputer real-time applications design Minicomputer real-time applications design

1974-94 Digital Equipment Corporation 1974-94 Digital Equipment Corporation EuropeEurope Tele-/Datacomm Tech. Support & Market Tele-/Datacomm Tech. Support & Market

AnalysisAnalysis 1995-2006 AT&T International1995-2006 AT&T International

Corporate NetworkingCorporate Networking

Zu meiner Person 2/2Zu meiner Person 2/2 1974-78: DEC Datacomm applications support1974-78: DEC Datacomm applications support

Message (TTY) switches, IBM 360/370 Front ends Message (TTY) switches, IBM 360/370 Front ends Batch Terminal emulators for IBM/CDC/UNIVACBatch Terminal emulators for IBM/CDC/UNIVAC First DECnet products (Point-to-Point)First DECnet products (Point-to-Point)

1978-1982: DECnet III, X.251978-1982: DECnet III, X.25 Packet Switching, Peer-to-Peer, Dynamic routingPacket Switching, Peer-to-Peer, Dynamic routing

1982-1986: DEC: Office Communications1982-1986: DEC: Office Communications E-Mail, Videotex, Computer Integrated TelephonyE-Mail, Videotex, Computer Integrated Telephony DECnet: ISDN, X.21 integrationDECnet: ISDN, X.21 integration

1986-1990: DEC: Scientific/Academic Networks1986-1990: DEC: Scientific/Academic Networks ISO/OSI vs TCP/IP and their integration into DECnetISO/OSI vs TCP/IP and their integration into DECnet

1990-1994: DEC: Central & Eastern Europe 1990-1994: DEC: Central & Eastern Europe TelecomTelecom

1995-2006: AT&T: Global Corporate 1995-2006: AT&T: Global Corporate NetworkingNetworking

Main TopicsMain Topics Data Communication Network Data Communication Network

TopologiesTopologies Hierarchical: Batch Terminal, Multiuser Hierarchical: Batch Terminal, Multiuser

On-LineOn-Line Peer-to-peer: Distributed ComputingPeer-to-peer: Distributed Computing

Timesharing and Message SwitchingTimesharing and Message Switching History of Packet SwitchingHistory of Packet Switching

X.25, Videotex, EthernetX.25, Videotex, Ethernet IBM’s SNA and DEC’s DECnet IBM’s SNA and DEC’s DECnet Protocol Wars: ISO/OSI vs TCP/IPProtocol Wars: ISO/OSI vs TCP/IP Science & Academic networksScience & Academic networks

Early Data ProcessingEarly Data Processing 1884: Punched Cards invented by Hollerith1884: Punched Cards invented by Hollerith

1911: Hollerith renamed “Computing 1911: Hollerith renamed “Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTRC)”, Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTRC)”, thenthen

1924: “International Business Machines (IBM)”1924: “International Business Machines (IBM)” 1964: IBM System/360 introduced1964: IBM System/360 introduced

Remote Job Entry (RJE) via terminal IBM 2780Remote Job Entry (RJE) via terminal IBM 2780 1974: RJE emulation with Minicomputers1974: RJE emulation with Minicomputers

E.g. DEC to IBM, to Univac, to CDCE.g. DEC to IBM, to Univac, to CDC File Transfer between heterogeneous File Transfer between heterogeneous

systems! systems!

Multi-user on-line Multi-user on-line computingcomputing

Multiple Users & Terminals on single Multiple Users & Terminals on single systemsystem Timesharing: Full system is shared among usersTimesharing: Full system is shared among users

Program Development, Scientific computingProgram Development, Scientific computing Typical Terminals were TTY, later glass-tube VDUTypical Terminals were TTY, later glass-tube VDU

Point-to-point asynchronousPoint-to-point asynchronous

Transaction processing: limited functions for Transaction processing: limited functions for high number of users / terminalshigh number of users / terminals

Functions as defined by applications, typically against Functions as defined by applications, typically against common databasecommon database

Data Entry, Airline Reservation Systems, Banking, Data Entry, Airline Reservation Systems, Banking, RetailRetail

A typical terminal was IBM 3270A typical terminal was IBM 3270 Multipoint Synchronous (BSC protocol in 1967)Multipoint Synchronous (BSC protocol in 1967)

Remote Job Entry Remote Job Entry TerminalsTerminals

IBM 2780RJE Terminal

DEC PDP-11 2780RJE Emulator

Local Area ConnectionsLocal Area Connections Local: typically same building, often Local: typically same building, often

same floorsame floor To connect terminals to computerTo connect terminals to computer

Direct wired 4-20mA current loopsDirect wired 4-20mA current loops Via Data Switches (e.g. Gangdalf)Via Data Switches (e.g. Gangdalf) Multipoint/Multidrop serial lines (BSC)Multipoint/Multidrop serial lines (BSC)

To interconnect computer systemsTo interconnect computer systems Via (parallel-) channel interfacesVia (parallel-) channel interfaces Very Vendor specific, some de-facto Very Vendor specific, some de-facto

standardsstandards E.g. the IBM/360 channel interfaceE.g. the IBM/360 channel interface

Interactive TerminalsInteractive Terminals

IBM3277

TTYASR33

DECVT52

Message Switching & Message Switching & SITASITA

1837: Electric Telegraph for Railroad1837: Electric Telegraph for Railroad 1933: 1st Telex Service in Germany1933: 1st Telex Service in Germany 1948: Store and Forward TWX – Reperforator1948: Store and Forward TWX – Reperforator 1950: SITA opens Manual TTY center in Rome1950: SITA opens Manual TTY center in Rome 1966: SITA creates Computer based Store and 1966: SITA creates Computer based Store and

Forward Message Center in FranfurtForward Message Center in Franfurt 1969: SITA operates 1st worldwide PS VAN1969: SITA operates 1st worldwide PS VAN

PS VAN = Packet Switched Value Added NetworkPS VAN = Packet Switched Value Added Network 1972: SITA spins off the VAN renamed Equant1972: SITA spins off the VAN renamed Equant 1999: France Telecom (ORANGE) buys Equant1999: France Telecom (ORANGE) buys Equant

Tymeshare & TymnetTymeshare & Tymnet 1964: Tymshare Service Bureau created1964: Tymshare Service Bureau created 1979: Tymnet Value Added Net is spun off1979: Tymnet Value Added Net is spun off 1984: McDD buys Tymnet -> MDNSC1984: McDD buys Tymnet -> MDNSC 1989: BT buys MDNSC -> BT GNS1989: BT buys MDNSC -> BT GNS 1993-98: “Concert” joint venture BT + 1993-98: “Concert” joint venture BT +

MCIMCI 1998-2003: break up - 5 years to separate 1998-2003: break up - 5 years to separate

networks!networks! MCI moves customers to TCP/IPMCI moves customers to TCP/IP

2000-03: “New Concert” alliance BT + 2000-03: “New Concert” alliance BT + AT&TAT&T

2004: BT shuts down last Tymnet 2004: BT shuts down last Tymnet supervisor…supervisor…

History of Packet History of Packet Switching 1/3Switching 1/3

1958: DARPA created (after Sputnik shock)1958: DARPA created (after Sputnik shock) 1960: SAGE + SABRE: TTY based 1960: SAGE + SABRE: TTY based

communicationscommunications 1961: Sabotage of 3 Microwave Towers in US1961: Sabotage of 3 Microwave Towers in US

US West-coast cut off for daysUS West-coast cut off for days 1962: Basic Packet Switching Principles 1962: Basic Packet Switching Principles

defineddefined P.Baran (US) objective: reduce vulnerabilityP.Baran (US) objective: reduce vulnerability D.Davies (UK) objective: share expensive linksD.Davies (UK) objective: share expensive links Chop data in small blocks, route them individually Chop data in small blocks, route them individually

over meshed networks to logical addressesover meshed networks to logical addresses 1964: NPL and MIT launched PS experiments1964: NPL and MIT launched PS experiments 1965: 1st Peer-to-Peer cross-continental WAN 1965: 1st Peer-to-Peer cross-continental WAN

Arpanet precursor with NCP (Network Control Arpanet precursor with NCP (Network Control Program)Program)

History of Packet History of Packet Switching 2/3Switching 2/3

1969: 1st message over Arpanet, a remote 1969: 1st message over Arpanet, a remote loginlogin

1969: SITA opens 1st worldwide PS VAN1969: SITA opens 1st worldwide PS VAN 1971: CYCLADES (F) starts experimental 1971: CYCLADES (F) starts experimental

datagram network (1981 forced to close by datagram network (1981 forced to close by FT)FT)

1973: TCP/IP specifications, includes 1973: TCP/IP specifications, includes datagram concepts from CYCLADES datagram concepts from CYCLADES (L.Pouzin)(L.Pouzin)

1974: L.Pouzin paper on “1974: L.Pouzin paper on “InterInterconnection of connection of Packet Switched Packet Switched NetNetworks” -> works” -> InternetInternet

1975: Arpanet size 99 computers (1980 = 1975: Arpanet size 99 computers (1980 = 200)200)

History of Packet History of Packet Switching 3/3Switching 3/3

1978: Cerf & Kahn publish stable TCP/IP 1978: Cerf & Kahn publish stable TCP/IP specificationspecification

1981: CSNET (Computer Science Net) 1981: CSNET (Computer Science Net) created to avoid conflicts with ARPA. created to avoid conflicts with ARPA.

1981: BITnet created based on IBM’s 1981: BITnet created based on IBM’s VNETVNET Mainframes, File transfer, E-MailMainframes, File transfer, E-Mail 1984: EARN = BITnet Europe1984: EARN = BITnet Europe

1983: Arpanet migrates NCP to TCP/IP.1983: Arpanet migrates NCP to TCP/IP. Splitting TCP and IP was critical to move to Splitting TCP and IP was critical to move to

InternetInternet Internet = Network Interconnecting Internet = Network Interconnecting

NetworksNetworks Example: “IP over Avian Carriers” (RFC 1149) Example: “IP over Avian Carriers” (RFC 1149)

X.25X.25 X.25 design assumes error prone circuitsX.25 design assumes error prone circuits

Corrects errors in the network Corrects errors in the network Mostly used with switched virtual circuitsMostly used with switched virtual circuits

1980: Stable X.25 standard, used in 1980: Stable X.25 standard, used in Public netsPublic nets US: Compuserve, Tymnet, UK: PSS, F: US: Compuserve, Tymnet, UK: PSS, F:

Transpac, D: Datex-P, Telenet, etc.Transpac, D: Datex-P, Telenet, etc. X.25 made Mass-Terminal Nets cost-X.25 made Mass-Terminal Nets cost-

effective:effective: Cash-dispenser networks, Point-of-SalesCash-dispenser networks, Point-of-Sales Videotex services (D: Btx, F: Minitel)Videotex services (D: Btx, F: Minitel)

Videotex – precursor to Videotex – precursor to WWWWWW

1983 Bildschirmtext (Telephony Approach)1983 Bildschirmtext (Telephony Approach) All Data on “Btx-Zentrale” in Ulm (IBM based)All Data on “Btx-Zentrale” in Ulm (IBM based) Pages are cached in regional centersPages are cached in regional centers External Databases complex, only large companies External Databases complex, only large companies

could afford them (e.g. mail-order Quelle)could afford them (e.g. mail-order Quelle) Btx -> Datex-J (1993) -> T-Online Classic (1995)Btx -> Datex-J (1993) -> T-Online Classic (1995)

1982-2012 Minitel (IT Approach)1982-2012 Minitel (IT Approach) Terminal connects to PAD on Transpac (X.25 net)Terminal connects to PAD on Transpac (X.25 net) PAD connects via Transpac to Minitel Servers, PAD connects via Transpac to Minitel Servers, Servers can be any size, ideal for SMEServers can be any size, ideal for SME 2000: 25Mio Users, 9Mio terminals, €1Billion/year2000: 25Mio Users, 9Mio terminals, €1Billion/year

1982: DEC VAX VTX: Corporate Videotex 1982: DEC VAX VTX: Corporate Videotex systemsystem

LAN Packet Switching - LAN Packet Switching - EthernetEthernet

1971: ALOHAnet: 1st public demo of 1971: ALOHAnet: 1st public demo of Packet RadioPacket Radio

1980: Ethernet standard available 1980: Ethernet standard available (CSMA/CD), developed during (CSMA/CD), developed during 1970’s by Xerox, Intel, DEC1970’s by Xerox, Intel, DEC

1981: 1st Ethernet products by 3-1981: 1st Ethernet products by 3-ComCom

1983: DEC sells Ethernet, IBM 1983: DEC sells Ethernet, IBM announced TRannounced TR

Status 1983: DECnet vs Status 1983: DECnet vs IBM SNAIBM SNA

DECnet IVDECnet IV Peer-to-PeerPeer-to-Peer Dynamic Routing Dynamic Routing

(as in Internet)(as in Internet) LAN’s Ethernet LAN’s Ethernet

basedbased 64’000 addressable 64’000 addressable

nodesnodes

IBM SNAIBM SNA Terminal – Terminal –

MainframeMainframe Strictly controlled Strictly controlled

by NCPby NCP LAN’s Token RingLAN’s Token Ring

TR

Science & Academic Science & Academic NetworksNetworks

1981: CSNET & BITnet created 1981: CSNET & BITnet created 1983: UNIX (with free TCP/IP) spreads in S&A1983: UNIX (with free TCP/IP) spreads in S&A

Creates UNIX specific networked applicationsCreates UNIX specific networked applications UUCP mail & file transfer, newsgroups, bulletin UUCP mail & file transfer, newsgroups, bulletin

boardsboards 1985: RARE (1985: RARE (Réseau Associée pour la Recherche Réseau Associée pour la Recherche

EuropéenneEuropéenne) created, promotes ISO/OSI) created, promotes ISO/OSI USEnet (UNIX), EARN (IBM), HEPnet & SPAN (DEC)USEnet (UNIX), EARN (IBM), HEPnet & SPAN (DEC)

1986: CSNET => NSFNET based on TCP/IP1986: CSNET => NSFNET based on TCP/IP Open to all S&A, creating TCP/IP marketOpen to all S&A, creating TCP/IP market

1990: European S&A officially supports TCP/IP1990: European S&A officially supports TCP/IP 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use 1992: WWW/HTML, 1993 Mosaic browser1992: WWW/HTML, 1993 Mosaic browser

Large Distributed Large Distributed Computing Nets Computing Nets

DECnetDECnet 1987: DEC EASYNET has 25’000 nodes1987: DEC EASYNET has 25’000 nodes

Internet has 28’000 hostsInternet has 28’000 hosts 1990: HEPnet+SPAN have 20’000 nodes1990: HEPnet+SPAN have 20’000 nodes

Internet has 300’000 hostsInternet has 300’000 hosts

GatewaysGateways 1983: HEPnet+SPAN to NSFnet/Internet1983: HEPnet+SPAN to NSFnet/Internet

Full functionFull function 1985 EASYNET-Internet for E-Mail, File 1985 EASYNET-Internet for E-Mail, File

x-ferx-fer Important for Firewall DevelopmentsImportant for Firewall Developments

First AbusesFirst Abuses 1978: 1st Spam mail: DEC to all on ARPANET1978: 1st Spam mail: DEC to all on ARPANET

DEC sends DEC-20/ARPANET sales informationDEC sends DEC-20/ARPANET sales information DEC blamed for “Commercial Abuse” of networkDEC blamed for “Commercial Abuse” of network

1987: German (KGB) Hacker in sensible US 1987: German (KGB) Hacker in sensible US Systems Systems Traced via Tymnet/Telenet and Dial-UpTraced via Tymnet/Telenet and Dial-Up Wake-up call for better authentication/protection Wake-up call for better authentication/protection

1987: Christmas worm - BITnet, EARN, VNET1987: Christmas worm - BITnet, EARN, VNET Infected IBM systems onlyInfected IBM systems only

1988: First Internet worm (Morris on UNIX)1988: First Internet worm (Morris on UNIX) Estimated 10% of 60’000 nodes attackedEstimated 10% of 60’000 nodes attacked

1989: DECnet worm in HEPnet/SPAN1989: DECnet worm in HEPnet/SPAN

ISO/Open Systems ISO/Open Systems InterconnectInterconnect

1980: First OSI model published1980: First OSI model published 1988-95: Government OSI Profiles (GOSIP)1988-95: Government OSI Profiles (GOSIP)

1990: OSI in European Procurement Handbook 1990: OSI in European Procurement Handbook and in US Federal Info Processing Standards and in US Federal Info Processing Standards (FIPS)(FIPS)

1990: European Academics formally adopt 1990: European Academics formally adopt TCP/IPTCP/IP

1995: FIPS mandates no longer OSI, instead any 1995: FIPS mandates no longer OSI, instead any ISO, ITU-T or IETF standards can be usedISO, ITU-T or IETF standards can be used

Why OSI didn’t succeed?Why OSI didn’t succeed? OSI too late, complicated, expensive, unprovenOSI too late, complicated, expensive, unproven Euro Academic’s “supported” OSI mainly to get €Euro Academic’s “supported” OSI mainly to get € EDP suppliers “not really” supporting a 3rd stackEDP suppliers “not really” supporting a 3rd stack

Frame Relay, ATMFrame Relay, ATM FR designed during 1980’s for low error FR designed during 1980’s for low error

linkslinks 1990 Gang of 4: Cisco, DEC, NT, Stratacom 1990 Gang of 4: Cisco, DEC, NT, Stratacom

created FR Forum. Standards accepted in 1991created FR Forum. Standards accepted in 1991 Removed lots of X.25 error correcting Removed lots of X.25 error correcting

overheadoverhead DTE’s have to detect + correct errors, 56Kbps–DTE’s have to detect + correct errors, 56Kbps–

45Mbps45Mbps QoS by Service ProvidersQoS by Service Providers

1993-98 Plusnet AG (CH + D)1993-98 Plusnet AG (CH + D) ATM – Broadband ISDNATM – Broadband ISDN

Low jitter, fixed 53 byte cells, Low jitter, fixed 53 byte cells, 34-155Mbps34-155Mbps

International Network International Network AlliancesAlliances

Motivation: Single Point of Contact forMotivation: Single Point of Contact for FR/ATM ports & PVCs, Access, On-Premise FR/ATM ports & PVCs, Access, On-Premise

RoutersRouters Unisource (1991-99)Unisource (1991-99)

KPN (NL), Televerket (S), Swisscom (CH), KPN (NL), Televerket (S), Swisscom (CH), Telefonica (E)Telefonica (E)

AT&T (USA) in 1994 (AT&T – Unisource)AT&T (USA) in 1994 (AT&T – Unisource) Concert (1993-2003)Concert (1993-2003)

1993-98: British Telecom & MCI (USA)1993-98: British Telecom & MCI (USA) 2000-03: British Telecom & AT&T (USA)2000-03: British Telecom & AT&T (USA)

GlobalOne (1996 - 2000)GlobalOne (1996 - 2000) Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, Sprint (USA)Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, Sprint (USA) Ended in 2000 when FT acquired EquantEnded in 2000 when FT acquired Equant

International Corporate International Corporate NetworksNetworks

BMW 2000BMW 2000 Domestic sites networked by Deutsche Domestic sites networked by Deutsche

TelekomTelekom Other countries by AT&TOther countries by AT&T

Siemens 2003Siemens 2003 IT Network outsourced to AT&T and IT Network outsourced to AT&T and

TelekomTelekom Telekom: D, Eastern Europe, Italy, NordicTelekom: D, Eastern Europe, Italy, Nordic AT&T: Rest of Europe & WorldwideAT&T: Rest of Europe & Worldwide

2003+: VPN over Internet, ADSL access2003+: VPN over Internet, ADSL access No QoS, but cheap!No QoS, but cheap!

Cost-Example: Cost-Example: Transatlantic CableTransatlantic Cable

Name:Name: CapaciyCapaciy CableCable RepeaterRepeater Total # Total # Voice-ch.Voice-ch.

Cost/Voice-Cost/Voice-ch. SFr/moch. SFr/mo

SFr / min SFr / min (8h/day)(8h/day)

19561956: : TAT-1TAT-1

144kHz 48vc 144kHz 48vc later doubledlater doubled

Dual coax Dual coax Canada-Canada-ScotlandScotland

Vacuum tube Vacuum tube unidirectionalunidirectional 9696 150’000150’000 10.4210.42

1963:1963: TAT-3TAT-3

138vc138vc Coax US-Coax US-EnglandEngland

Vacuum tube Vacuum tube bidirectionalbidirectional 138138 105’000105’000 7.257.25

1970:1970: TAT5TAT5

845vc845vc Coax US-FranceCoax US-France Germanium Germanium transistortransistor 845845 17’00017’000 1.181.18

1974:1974: CANTAT-2CANTAT-2

1840vc1840vc Coax Canada- Coax Canada- EnglandEngland

Silicon Silicon transistortransistor 18401840 7’8007’800 0.540.54

19761976: : TAT-6TAT-6

2 Cables à 2 Cables à 4200vc/cable4200vc/cable Coax US-FranceCoax US-France Silicon Silicon

transistortransistor 42004200 3’5003’500 0.240.24

1983:1983: TAT-7TAT-7

2 x 4200vc2 x 4200vc Coax US-Coax US-EnglandEngland

Silicon Silicon transistortransistor 42004200 3’5003’500 0.240.24

1988:1988: TAT-8TAT-8

2 Pairs à 280 2 Pairs à 280 Mbps / Mbps / 4000vc4000vc

Optical 1.3um Optical 1.3um SMSM

Regenerative Regenerative

O-E-OO-E-O80008000 1’8001’800 0.130.13

1991:1991: TAT-9TAT-9

3 Pairs à 3 Pairs à 560Mbps/pai560Mbps/pairr

OpticalOpticalRegenerative Regenerative

O-E-OO-E-O24’00024’000 600600 0.040.04

1994:1994: CANTAT-3CANTAT-3

2.5 GBps2.5 GBps OpticalOpticalRegenerative Regenerative

O-E-OO-E-O36’00036’000 400400 0.030.03

1995: 1995: TAT-12/13TAT-12/13

2 Pairs à 2 Pairs à 5Gbps, later 5Gbps, later tripledtripled

Optical 1.55um Optical 1.55um (2 addl wl later)(2 addl wl later)

Optical Optical amplifieramplifier 144’000144’000 100100 0.00690.0069

2001:2001: TAT-14TAT-14

4 Pairs à 4 Pairs à 160Gbps160Gbps

Optical (16 wl à Optical (16 wl à 10Gbps)10Gbps)

Optical Optical amplifieramplifier

10’000’010’000’00000 1.441.44 0.00010.0001

2000-03:2000-03: TGNTGN

8 8 Pair7680GbpPair7680Gbpss

OpticalOptical Optical Optical amplifieramplifier

100’000’100’000’000000 0.140.14 0.00000.0000