Networking Terms and Definitions

4/24/2015 NetworkingTermsandDefinitions

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1. Introduction

2. NetworkModel

3. Topology

4. PhysicalMedia

5. WirelessMedia

6. NetworkCard

7. Modems

8. Outside

Connections

9. WideArea

Network

Connections

10. Repeaters,

Bridges,Routers

11. NetworkTypes

12. Ethernet

13. TokenRing

14. ARCnet

15. AppleTalk

16. FDDI

17. Architecture

Comparisons

18. Categories

19. TCP/IP

20. IPX/SPX

21. NetBEUI

22. AppleTalk

23. SNA

24. Others

25. Suitesand

NetworkLayers

26. Installing

Drivers

27. DNS

28. Network

Operating

Systems

29. Applications,

mail,groupware,

DBMS

30. Backingupthe

network

NetworkingTerms1. ADSPAppleTalkdatastreamprotocolmanagesthe

flowofdatabetweentwoestablishedsocketconnections.2. AEPAppleTalkechoprotocolusesechoestotellifa

computer,ornode,isavailable.3. AFPAppleTalkFilingprotocolMakesnetworkfiles

appearlocalbymanagingfilesharingatthepresentationlayer.

4. AGPAcceleratedGraphicsPort.Thisbusisdevelopedforfastvideocards.Itiscurrentlyupto4Xmodespeed.

5. APIApplicationProgrammingInterface.6. APPCAdvancedPeertoPeerCommunications

providespeertopeerservicesatthetransportandsessionlayer.

7. APPNAdvancedPeertoPeerNetworkingsupportsthecomputerconnectionsatthenetworkandtransportlayers.

8. ArchitectureThemethodthatisusedtotransmitpacketsonanetwork.Sometimesthetermarchitectureincludestopology.Anexampleisethernet.

9. ARCnetAttachedResourceComputerNetworkisanarchitectureusingstarandbustopology.

10. ARPAddressresolutionProtocolisusedtoresolvethehardwareaddressofacardtopackagetheethernetdata.Itworksatthedatalinklayer.RFC826.

11. ARUPAppleTalkupdateroutingisanewerversionofRTMP.

12. ASPAppleTalksessionprotocolcontrolsthestartingandendingofsessionsbetweencomputerscallednodes.Itworksatthesessionlevel.

13. ATMAsynchronousTransferModemaybeusedoveravarietyofmediawithbothbasebandandbroadbandsystems.Itusesfixedlengthdatapacketsof53bytescalledcellswitching.

14. ATPAppleTalkTransactionProtocolprovidesaTransportLayerconnectionbetweencomputers.

15. attenuationsignallossduetoimpedance.16. AUAccessUnitprovidesaccesstoresourceslikefax,

telex,andteletex.17. AUIAttachmentuintinterfaceusedtoattachastation

toathicknetcable.18. BackboneMaincableusedtoconnectcomputersona

network.19. BandwidthIndicatestheamountofdatathatcanbe

sentinatimeperiod.MeasuredinMbpswhichisonemillionbitspersecond.

20. BasebandDatabitsaredefinedbydiscretesignalchanges.

21. BDCBackupDomainControllerisabackupforaPDC



31. Troubleshooting

32. Web,SNMP,

admin,firewalls

33. Networking

Termsand

Definitions

34. Credits

NetworkingIndependent

Home

22. BGPBorderGatewayProtocol,adynamicroutingprotocol.RFC1267.

23. BNCBritishNavalConnector.24. BOOTPBootProtocol.RFC951,1542.25. BridgeReadtheoutermostsectionofdataonthedata

packet,totellwherethemessageisgoing.Itreducesthetrafficonothernetworksegments,sinceitdoesnotsendallpacketsbutonlysendspacketsintendedforthatsegmenttheyareattachedto.

26. BroadbandUsesanalogsignalstodividethecableintoseveralchannelswitheachchannelatitsownfrequency.Eachchannelcanonlytransmitonedirection.

27. BroadcastAtransmissiontoallinterfacecardsonthenetwork.

28. BrouterWillfunctionsimilartoabridgefornetworktransportprotocolsthatarenotroutable,andwillfunctionasarouterforroutableprotocols.

29. BSCBinarySynchronousCommunicationsendsbitsinframeswhicharetimedsequencesofdata.ApossibleSNAcommunicationsarchitecture,

30. CCITTInternationalTelegraphandTelephoneConsultativeCommittee.

31. CDDIAcopperversionofFDDIwhichusescategory5cable.ObviouslythedistanceismorelimitedthanFDDI.

32. CHAPChallengeHandshakeAuthenticationProtocolisathreewayhandshakeprotocolwhichisconsideredmoresecurethanPAP.

33. CIDRClasslessInterDomainRouting.34. ClientThiscomputerrequestsresourcesforitsuse

fromacomputerthatprovidestheresource(aserver).35. CDPDCellularDigitalPacketDatawillallownetwork

connectionsformobileusersusingsatellites.36. CSMA/CDCarriersensemultipleaccesswithcollision

detectionforcontrollingaccesstothenetworkmedia.37. CSUChannelserviceunitusedtoconnecttodigital

leasedlinesonthelineside.38. DASDualattachmentstationsareusedbyFDDI

networksforserversandconcentratorsareattachedtobothrings.

39. DATDigitalAudioTape

DBMSDatabaseManagementSystemsareusedtosharedataonanetwork.DCEDatacommunicationsequipment.DDPDatagramDeliveryProtocolisaroutableprotocolthatprovidesfordatapackettransportation.ItoperatesatthenetworklayeratthesameleveloftheIPprotocol.DDSDigitaldataserviceisaleaseddedicateddigitalline.DECnetFromDigitalEquipmentCorporationisasuiteofprotocolswhichmaybeusedonlargenetworksthatintegratemainframeandminicomputersystemsDHCPDynamicHostConfigurationProtocolisusedtoassignIPaddressesdynamicallytonetworkcardsworksattheapplicationlayer.RFC1541.DirectsequencemodulationThedataisbrokenintopartsandtransmittedsimultaneouslyonmultiplefrequencies.DLCDataLinkControloperatesatthedatalinklayerandisdesignedforcommunicationsbetweenHewlettPackardnetworkprintersandIBMmainframecomputersonaDECnetnetwork.



DNADigitalNetworkArchitectureisatermfromDECNetDNSDomainNameSystemisusedontheinternettocorrelatebetweenIPaddressandreadablenames.RFC1034,1035,15351537,1591.DRDADistributedRelationalDatabaseArchitectureisfromIBM.DSUDigitalserviceunitusedtoconnecttodigitalleasedlinesontheLANside.DTDDocumentTypeDefinition.DTEDataterminalequipment.DUNDialupnetworking.DVMDigitalvoltmeter.EGPExteriorGatewayProtocol.Usedbetweenroutersofdifferentsystems.EIAElectronicIndustriesAssociation.EISAExtendedISAusedwhenthe80286through80486seriesmicroprocessorswerebeingproduced.ItisbackwardcompatiblewithISA.EMIElectromagneticInterference.EthernetAnetworkarchitecturethatusescarriersensemultipleaccesswithcollisiondetection(CSMA/CD)forcontrollingaccesstothenetworkmediaandbasebandbroadcasts.Itusesstartopology.FDDIFiberDistributedDataInterfaceisanetworkarchitecturenormallyusedtosendlongerdistances.Topologyisringwithtwocounterrotatingringsforreliabilitywithnohubs.Cabletypeisfiberoptic.FrameRelayErrorcheckingishandledbydevicesatbothsidesoftheconnection.FramerelayusesframesofvaryinglengthanditoperatesatthedatalinklayeroftheOSImodel.Apermanentvirtualcircuit(PVC)isestablishedbetweentwopointsonthenetwork.Framerelayspeedisbetween56Kbpsand1.544Mbps.FrequencyhoppingThetransmitterandreceiverchangepredeterminedfrequenciesatthesametime(inasynchronizedmanner).FTPFileTransportProtocolisaTCP/IPprotocolrunningattheapplicationlayer.GatewayAgatewaycantranslateinformationbetweendifferentnetworkdataformatsornetworkarchitectures.ItcantranslateTCP/IPtoAppleTalksocomputerssupportingTCP/IPcancommunicatewithApplebrandcomputers.Notthesameasadefaultgatewayusedbyaclienttosendpacketsto.HTMLHypertextMarkupLanguageistheformatmanyfilesforwebviewingarein.Itisalanguagewith"markup"textincludedforformatting.HTTPHypertextTransferProtocolistheprotocolusedtocommunicatebetweenwebserversandwebbrowsersoftwareclients.HubAtypeofrepeaterusedonseveralnetworkarchitectureswhichusuallyconnectsseveralstations.IABInternetArchitectureBoardIANAInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority.ICMPInternetControlMessageProtocolisusedtoperformnetworkerrorreportingandstatus.Itworksatthetransportlayer.RFC792.IETFInternetEngineeringTaskForce.SetsInternettechnicalstandards.IGMPInternetGroupManagementProtocol,usedformanagingmulticastgroups.RFC1112.IMAP4InternetMailAccessProtocolversion4isthereplacementforPOP3ImpedanceTheamountofresistancetothetransmissiondevice.InfaredInfaredisjustbelowthevisiblerangeoflightbetween100Ghzand1000Thz.InterferenceElectromagneticInterference(EMI).CrosstalkWhenwirespickupelectromagneticsignalsfromnearbywiresalsocarryingsignals.InterNICInternetNetworkInformationCenter,theauthorityforallocatinginternetaddresses.IntranetReferstousinginternettechnologiessuchasawebserveronaninternalnetwork.IPInternetProtocolosusedforsoftwareaddressingofcomputersandworksatthedatalinklayer.RFC791.



IPIPtunnelingTunnelingIPpacketsinIPpackets.UsedforVPNtunneling.IPSecInternetprotocolsecurity,developedbyIETF,implementedatlayer3.itisacollectionofsecuritymeasuresthataddressdataprivacy,integrity,authentication,andkeymanagement,inadditiontotunneling.UsedforVPN.IPXInternetworkPacketExchangesupportsthetransportandnetworklayersoftheOSInetworkmodel.Providesfornetworkaddressingandrouting.Itprovidesfast,unreliable,communicationwithnetworknodesusingaconnectionlessdatagramservice.IRQInterruptRequestIRTFInternetResearchTaskforce.ISAIndustryStandardArchitectureinternalcomputerbus.Usedwhentheoriginal80888bitmicroprocessorbasedpersonalcomputerswereproduced.(16bit).ISAKMP/OakleyInternetSecurityAssociationandKeyManagementProtocolAuthentication.ISDNIntegratedServicesDigitalNetworkisamethodofsendingvoiceanddatainformationonadigitalphoneline.Two64KbpsBchannelswithone16KbpsDchannelisprovidedwithbasicISDNserviceISPInternetServiceProviderISOCInternetSociety,promotesinternetpolicies.ITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.FTPFileTransferProtocol.L2FLayer2Forwarding,worksatthelinklayeroftheOSImodel.Ithasnoencryption.BeingreplacedbyL2TP.ItisusedforVPN.L2TPLayer2tunnelingprotocol(RFC2661).UsedforVPNtunneling.LANLocalAreaNetworkLDALocaldeliveryagentonthereceivingmachinereceivesthemailfromitsMTA.Thisprogramisusuallyprocmail.LULogicalUnitsareportsthatusersusetoaccessnetworkresourcesisanSNAterm.MACMediaAccessControladdress.Basicallyanetworkcarduniquehardwareaddress.MailnotifierThisprogramnotifiestherecipientthattheyhavemail.Normallythisrequirestwoprograms,biffandcomsat.Biffallowstheadministratororusertoturnoncomsatservice.MANMetropolitanareanetworkreferstoanetworkwhichconnectsseveralLANSovervariousmediathatislargeenoughtocoveranareathesizeofacity.MAPIMicrosoft'sMessagingAPIwhichisincorporatedthroughoutMicrosoft'sofficeproductssupportsmailattheapplicationlevel.MAUMultistationaccessunitusedbyTokenRingNetworks.MBONEBeingontheMBONEmeansyouareonanetworkthatsupportsmulticasting.MCIMicrochannelarchitecturebyIBMandusedmainlyonIBMbrandcomputersfortheinternalbus.Establishedin1988.(16or32bits).MediaThehardwaremethodusedtoconnectcomputersoveranetwork.Thethreemaintypesarecoppercable,fiberopticcable,andwireless.MediaconverterUsedtoadaptfromonecabletypetoanother.MHSMessageHandlingServicebyNovellisusedformailonNetwarenetworks.MIBManagementInformationBASEspecifiesvariablesthenetworkelementsmaintain.WorkswiththeTCP/IPprotocolSNMP.MIMEMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionistheprotocolthatdefinesthewayfilesareattachedtoSMTPmessages.MOTISMessageorientedtextinterchangesystem.MSMessageStoreisastorageareaformessagesthatcan'tbedeliveredimmediatelywhentherecipientisoffline.MTAMessagetransferagentisusedtopassmailfromthesendingmachinetothereceivingmachine.ThereisaMTAprogramrunningonboththe



sendingandreceivingmachine.SendmailisaMTA.MTUMaximumTransmissionUnitisthemaximumsizeofeachdatapacketfortheethernetprotocol.MUAMailusersagent.Thisistheprogramauserwillusetotypeemail.Itusuallyincorporatesaneditorforsupport.TheusertypesthemailanditispassedtothesendingMTA.Thismayalsobecalledtheuseragent(UA).MulticastingTransmittingtoagroupofinterfacecardsonthenetwork.NADNNearestActiveDownstreamNeighborisaTokenringArchitectureterm.NAUNetworkAddressableUnitsisanSNAterm.NAUNNearestActiveUpstreamNeighborisaTokenringArchitectureterm.NATNetworkAddressTranslation.NBFNetBIOSFrameProtocol.NBNSNetBIOSNameServer.AserverthatmapsNetBIOSnamestoIPaddresses.ThisserviceisprovidedbythenmbddaemononLinux.NBPNamebindingprotocoloftheAppleTalksuiteofprotocolstranslatesaddressesintonames.NBTNetBIOSoverTCP/IPdefinedbyRFC1002.NCPNetWareCoreProtocolprovidesforclient/serverinteractionssuchasfileandprintsharing.Itworksattheapplication,presentation,andsessionlevels.NCPNetworkControlProgramperformsrouting,sessionmanagementtasks.Itrunsinthecommunicationscontroller.ItisanSNAnetworkingterm.NDISNetworkDriverInterfaceSpecificationfromMicrosoft,isusedonMicrosoftnetworks.Itallowsmultipleprotocolstobeusedonanetworkcardandsupportsthedatalinklayerofthenetworkmodel.NetBEUINetBIOSExtendedUserInterfaceworksatthetransportlayerandprovidesdatatransportation.ItisnotaroutabletransportprotocolwhichiswhyNBTexistsonlargenetworkstouseroutableTCPprotocolonlargenetworks.NetBIOSNetworkBasicInputOutputSystembyMicrosoft.NetworkOperatingSystemTypicallyusedtoruncomputersthatactasservers,butmaybeusedonvarioustypesofcomputerstoday.NFSNetworkFileSystem.AprotocolthatallowsUNIXandLinuxsystemsremotelymounteachother'sfilesystems.RFC1094NICNetworkinterfacecard.AlsocalledLANadapters.NNTPNetworkNewsTransportProtocolisusedtolinknewsgroupsfordiscussionsonthewebOCOpticalCarrierlevel,seeSONET.ODBCOpenDatabaseConnectivity(ODBC)fromMicrosoftletsapplicationdevelopersintegratedatabaseconnectionsinapplications.Itisanapplicationprogramminginterface(API).ODBCdriversconvertanapplication'squeryintSQLandsendittothedatabaseengineprogram.ODIOpenDatalinkInterfaceoperatesatthedatalinklayerallowingIPXtoworkwithanynetworkinterfacecard.OSIOpenSystemsInterconnectisasuiteofprotocolsdevelopedbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)whichcorrespondswiththelayersoftheOSImodel.OSPFOpenShortestPathFirst,adynamicroutingprotocol.RFC1247.PAPPasswordAuthentificationProtocolisatwowayhandshakeprotocoldesignedforusewithPPP.PAPPrinteraccessprotocoloftheAppleTalksuiteofprotocolsmanagesinformationbetweenworkstationsandprinters.PCIPeripheralComponentInterconnectinternalcomputerbus.Thepopularexpansionbusofchoice.ItissignificantlyfasterthanEISA.Thisisa32bitbuswithplugandplaycapabilityfromIntel.PDCPrimaryDomainControllerisanNTserverprovidingcentralcontrolofuseraccesspermissionsandaccountsonanetwork.



PDLPagedescriptionlanguageisaprintinglanguage.PDNPublicdatanetwork.PeerAcomputerthatcanactasbothaclientandaserver.PlenumSpaceaboveafalseceilinginanofficeareawhereheatductsandcablesmayberun.Plenumcablingisspecialfireresistantcablingrequiredforuseintheseareasduetofirehazards.POPPointofpresenceiseachpointattheendofthetransportmedia(internet)whentalkingaboutVPN.POP3PostOfficeProtocolversion3isusedbyclientstoaccessaninternetmailservertogetmail.Itisnotatransportlayerprotocol.ProtocolAsetofstandardssetsofstandardsthatdefinealloperationswithinanetwork.TherearevariousprotocolsthatoperateatvariouslevelsoftheOSInetworkmodelsuchastransportprotocolsincludeTCP,SPX.PPPPointtoPointProtocol,usedforserialconnectionstoanetworkottheinternet.(RFC1332,1548)PPTPPointtopointtunnelingprotocol(RFC2637)UsedforVPNtunneling.PUPhysicalUnitsareanetworkdeviceusedtocommunicatewithhosts.ItisanSNAterm.PVCPermanentvirtualcircuitissetuponceincommunicationswitchestoestablishapermanentcircuit.RADIUSRemoteAuthenticationDialInUserServiceisusedfordialinclientstoconnecttoothercomputersoranetwork.ItprovidesauthenticationandaccountingwhenusingPPTPorL2TPtunneling.RAIDRedundantArrayofInexpensivedisksisafaulttolerantmethodofstoringdata,meaningthatafailurecanoccurandthesystemwillstillfunction.RARPReverseAddressResolutionProtocolusedfordisklesscomputerstodeterminetheirIPaddressusingthenetwork.Itworksatthedatalinklayer.RFC903.RASRemoteAccessService(RAS)withWindowsNTallowsusersconnectingtothenetworkusingamodemtousenetworkresources.TheNTRASservercanhandle256connections.Redirectoritrunsonawindowsoperatingsystemanddirectsrequestsfornetworkresourcestotheappropriateserverandmakesnetworkresourcesseemtobelocalresources.RepeaterUsedonanetworktoregeneratesignalstobesentoverlongdistancesortiecomputerstogetheronanetwork.ResolverUsedaspartofDNS,itistheclientsideaskingforDNSinformation.RIPRoutingInformationProtocol,adynamicroutingprotocol.Adistancevectoralgorithmisusedtocalculatethebestrouteforapacket.RFC1058,1388(RIP2).RloginRemoteloginbetweenUNIXhosts.ThisisoutdatedandisreplacedbyTelnet.RouterRoutesdatapacketsbetweentwonetworks.Itreadstheinformationineachpackettotellwhereitisgoing.RPCRemoteProcedureCall.AprotocolinventedbySunMicrosystemtoallowremotecomputerstoinvokefunctionsonotherhosts.RFC1057.RRResourceRecordsareapartoftheDNSdatabase.RTMPRoutingtablemaintenanceprotocolisusedtoupdaterouterswithinformationaboutnetworkstatusandaddresstables.Thewholeaddresstableissentacrossthenetwork.S/KeyAonetimepasswordsystem,secureagainstreplays.RFC2289.SAPServiceAdvertisingProtocolpacketsareusedbyfileandprintserverstoperiodicallyadvertisetheaddressoftheserverandtheservicesavailable.Itworksattheapplication,presentation,andsessionlevels.SASSingleAttachmentstationsattachedtooneringandusedbyFDDInetworkstoattachworkstationstoconcentrators.



SDHSynchronousDigitalHierarchySDLSSynchronousDataLinkControlisapossibleSNAcommunicationsarchitecture.SectorSparingAmethodoffaulttolerancethatautomaticallyidentifiesandmarksbadsectorsasnotavailable.Itisalsocalledhotfixing.ServerForthemostpartitprovidesresourcesonthenetworkforothercomputerstouse.SGMLStandardizedGeneralMarkupLanguageisthebaselanguagefordocumentpublishingandisusedtodefineXML,HTMLandmore.ShieldingUsedtominimizeinterference.SLEDSingleLargeInexpensivediskTheconceptthatalargediskcostslessperamountofstoragethanseveralsmallerones.Somehowthisconceptisusedasameansoffaulttolerance.SLIPSerialLineinterfaceProtocolusedtoconnectseriallytoanetworkorinternet.RFC1055,1144(Compressed).ReplacedbyPPP.SMAUSmartMultistationAccessUnit.SMBServerMessageBlockprotocolworksatthepresentationleveltoprovidepeertopeercommunication.SMDSSwitchedMultimegabitDataServiceusesfixedlengthcellswitchingandrunsatspeedsof1.533to45Mbps.SMSSMSSystemsManagementServerfromMicrosoftcancollectinformationofsoftwareoneachcomputerandcaninstallandconfigurenewsoftwareontheclientcomputers.Itwillalsomonitornetworktraffic.SMTPSimpleMailTransferProtocolisaTCPprotocolformailtransportrunningattheapplicationlayer.RFC821,822.SNASystemNetworkArchitecturebyIBMisasuiteofprotocolsmainlyusedwithIBMmainframeandAS/400computers.SNMPSimpleNetworkManagementProtocol.RFC1155,1157,1213,1441.SONETSynchronousOpticalNetworkisaphysicallayerstandardthatdefinesvoice,data,andvideodeliverymethodsoverfiberopticmedia.Itdefinesdataratesintermsofopticalcarrier(OC)levels.SpreadspectrumItusesseveralfrequenciesatthesametime.SPXSequencedPacketExchangeoperatesatthetransportlayerprovidingconnectionorientedcommunicationontopofIPX.SQLStructuredQueryLanguageisadatabaseaccesslanguage.Itisusedbymostclient/serverdatabaseapplications.SSCPSystemsServicesControlPointmanagesallresourcesinthehost'sdomain.AnSNAterm.STPShieldedTwistedPaircable.100metermaximumlength.16155Mbpsspeed.LowerelectricalinterferencethanUTPSTSSVCSwitchedvirtualcircuitistemporarilysetupbyswitchingmechanisimstoestablishaconnectionbetweendevicesforasession.TACACSOffersauthentication,accounting,andauthorization.TCarrierMultiplexorsareusedtoallowseveralchannelsononeline.TheT1lineisbasicTCarrierservice.TCPTransportControlprotocolisaconnectionorientedreliableprotocolworkingatthetransportlayer.RFC793.TDITransportDriverInterfaceisastandardforpassingmessagesbetweenthedriversatthedatalinklayerandtheprotocolsworkingatthenetworklayersuchasIPorNetBEUI.ItwasproducedbyMicrosoft.TDRTimedomainreflectometersendsasonarlikeelectricalpulsedownacableandcandeterminethelocationofabreakinthecable.TFTPTrivialFileTransferProtocol.RFC1350.TelnetRemotesessionattheapplicationlayer.RFC854.ThicknetHalfinchrigidcable.Maximumcablelengthis500meters.Transmissionspeedis10Mbps.Expensiveandisnotcommonlyused.(RG11orRG8).



ThinnetThinnetusesaBritishNavalConnector(BNC)oneachend.ThinnetispartoftheRG58familyofcable*.Maximumcablelengthis185meters.Transmissionspeedis10Mbps.TIATelecommunicationsIndustriesAssociation.TLDTopLeveldomainTokenRingAnetworkarchitecturedevelopedbyIBMwhichsendstokensaroundaringofcomputerstoallowmediaaccess.StandardizedtoIEEE802.5TopologyTheshapeofthephysicalconnectionofanetworkwithregardtorepeatersandnetworkedcomputers.Thethreemaintypesarering,bus,andstar.UAUsersagent.Thisistheprogramauserwillusetotypeemail.Itusuallyincorporatesaneditorforsupport.TheusertypesthemailanditispassedtothesendingMTA.Thismayalsobecalledthemailuseragent(MUA).UDPUserDatagramProtocolisaconnectionlessunreliableprotocolworkingatthetransportlayer.RFC768.UNCUniversalNamingConventionisusedtoallowtheuseofsharedresourceswithoutmappingadrivetothem.UnicastAtransmissiontoasingleinterfacecard.URLUniversalResourceLocationisatermusedtodescribethenameofawebbasedresourcesuchasawebpageorlocationofafilefordownloading.UTPUnshieldedTwistedPaircable.NormallyUTPcontains8wiresor4pair.100metermaximumlength.4100Mbpsspeed.VIMVendorIndependentMessagingprotocolfromLotussupportsmailattheapplicationlevelandissupportedbymanyvendorsexclusiveofMicrosoft.VPNVirtualPrivateNetworking.ThefunctionofVPNistoallowtwocomputersornetworkstotalktoeachotheroveratransportmediathatisnotsecure,butthenetworkismadesecurebyVPNsecurityprotocols.W3CWorldWideWebConsortium,setsstandardsforthewebworkingwiththeIETF.WANWideAreaNetworkislargerthanaMANandmaybeanenterprisenetworkoraglobalnetwork.WINSWindowsInternetNameServiceistheMicrosoftimplementationofNetBIOSnameservice.wirelessbridgeMicrowaveorInfaredisusedbetweentwolineofsitepointswhereitisdifficulttorunwire.X.25ThisisasetofprotocolsdevelopedbytheCCITT/ITUwhichspecifieshowtoconnectcomputerdevicesoverainternetwork.X.400InternationalTelecommunicationUnionstandarddefinestransferprotocolsforsendingmailbetweenmailservers.X.500Thisisarecommendationoutlininghowanorganizationcanshareobjectsandnamesonalargenetwork.ItishierarchicalsimilartoDNS,definingdomainsconsistingoforganizations,divisions,departments,andworkgroups.XMLExtensibleMarkupLanguageisasubsetofSGMLandisusedwidelyontheweb.ZIPZoneinformationprotocolusedwithRTMPtomapzones.Routersusezoneinformationtables(ZITs)todefinenetworkaddressesandzonenames.

Networking Terms and Definitions

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