Net blazr brough turner
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Wi-‐Fi Mobile • Local, products • Data centric • Sta@onary or pedestrian speeds
• Many vendors, many market segments, billions of customers
• Ubiquitous service • Voice centric • Mobile at auto speeds
• 4-‐6 vendors, ~300 customers, 1 applica@on
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Wi-‐Fi
• Technology leadership • Off-‐load solu@on • Backhaul & fixed wireless
4 October 2010 3
Spectrum history • 1920s: Primi@ve radio receivers
– Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned
– Three bands reserved for “junk” uses • 1985: FCC authorizes spread spectrum communica@ons in the ISM, or “junk” bands, i.e. – 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
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Wi-‐Fi History 1985 FCC permits communica@ons in “junk bands” at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz
1988 -‐ 1997 IEEE bodies iterate; eventually publish first 802.11 spec Three alternate solu@ons for 1 Mbps opera@on with a 2 Mbps op@on
1999 802.11a – 54 Mbps at 5.8 GHz using OFDM modula@on
1999 802.11b – 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using DSSS modula@on
1999 Wireless Ethernet Compa@bility Alliance (WECA) formed – Focuses on interoperability and a cer@fica@on program
2001 802.11d – extends the spec for other regulatory domains (EU, Japan, etc.)
2003 802.11g – 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using OFDM modula@on
2003 WECA adopts new name: Wi-‐Fi Alliance
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Addi@onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na@onal Informa@on
Infrastructure (U-‐NII) adding 200 MHz in 5 GHz band
• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz more @ 5 GHZ; total now 555 MHz
• 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama@cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beam forming
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• 2007: 802.11n drak 2 products cer@fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance; Products shipping!
• 2009: 802.11n spec approved
4 October 2010 7
Wi-‐Fi Mobile • Local, products • Data centric • Sta@onary or pedestrian speeds
• Many vendors, many market segments, billions of customers
• Ubiquitous service • Voice centric • Mobile at auto speeds
• 4-‐6 vendors, ~300 customers, 1 applica@on
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ITU’s Vision for 3G (late 90s)
Satellite
Macrocell Microcell
Urban In-‐Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic Terminal PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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“3G” Services • Video telephony • Loca@on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging) • Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC)
• IP Mul@media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa@onal video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adop+on
Limited adop+on
Limited adop+on
Limited adop+on
Bypassed !
No trac+on
Too late …
The Internet is the killer plaqorm
• Mobile Internet access drives 3G data usage
• Walled garden – too late !
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iPhone traffic
US data traffic
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= 3.3x per year…
Global mobile data traffic
• Nearly tripled between 2Q2009 and 2Q2010
4 October 2010 14
Source: Ericsson, Aug 2010
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
2Q2009 2Q2010
TB/month
TB/month
US 3G performance
• Novarum Inc. (1/2010) – Measurements in 36 ci@es (Anaheim, …, Boston, …, Philly, …, Raleigh, …, Tempe)
– 12-‐2009: 1.5 Mbps down
• Doubles: ~24 months
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Increasing capacity
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Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-‐Fi
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Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$$) 2. Newer radios ($$$) 3. More backhaul ($$$$)
4. Femtocells ($$) 5. Wi-‐Fi ($)
Femtocells: too livle, too late
• Primary users of 3G/4G data also have Wi-‐Fi – Laptops, smart phones
• Corporate IT prefers Wi-‐Fi they control
• Consumers deploying Wi-‐Fi anyway – For PCs, for gaming, for home media – Pay extra to help carrier improve their network?
• Femtocell’s do have value for voice coverage!
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Public Wi-‐Fi • Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa@on
• Sponsorship – loca@ons, events • Carrier supported – e.g. Cablevision’s Op@mum Wi-‐Fi
By kumasawa
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Ad supported Wi-‐Fi • Didn’t work in 2005; working now… – Costs way down; usage and interest up
• Freerunr in UK (& NL, RS, ZA) – Splash screens, limited free periods, …
• JiWire in US – Ad plaqorm for free Wi-‐Fi – Used by MS Bing na@onwide Wi-‐Fi offer
• Sputnik in US – Ad supported model growing
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Muni Wi-‐Fi, take 2
• Wireless broadband access networks – Dozens of US ci@es now succeeding
• Ci@es bring real estate, look to save current $ – Communica@ons for police & other city services
• Strong pressure for “free” in some form
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Wi-‐Fi will dominate off load
• LTE network for coverage, but most data bytes via Wi-‐Fi
• Operator take away: Sell ubiquitous service any place, any +me
while integra@ng seamless Wi-‐Fi data offload
4 October 2010 21
Backhaul / Fixed wireless
• Middle mile – Cell sites – Fixed wireless hubs
4 October 2010 22
• First mile − Homes and businesses
$220 per Mbps $7 per Mbps US Today
How could wireless possibly help?
• Limited capacity – 100 Mbps, 300 Mbps, 1 Gbps, …
• Licensed spectrum expensive – Only par@ally true
• Unlicensed unreliable… – Not any more!
• Wi-‐Fi doesn’t go far – 20-‐50 km! for < $500!
4 October 2010 24
Wireless @pping point • MIMO makes 5 GHz more useful than cellular or TV spectrum
• Direc@onal antennas or beam forming → Spa@al reuse → incredible density increments
• Wi-‐Fi leads the way – Moore’s law with exis@ng 802.11n spec.
– New specs, e.g. 802.11ac, ~ Dec 2012
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Spectrum Myths
TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
• Based on legacy technology, not physics! – Travels farther thru the air – No! – Thru windows – roughly the same – Goes thru masonry – yes, with 50,000 wavs!
Free space path loss
But this equa@on encapsulates two effects: ① Actual path loss ② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
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Seems to say more , more loss
5 GHz photons go just as far as 700 MHz photons !
Refrac@on and reflec@ons
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Shorter wavelength -‐ more reflec@ons, refrac@on “Mul@Path” “Ghosts” if a single receiver
MIMO: Mul@ple Input Mul@ple Output
• Mul@ple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps/Hz), range & direc@onality
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Rich Indoor MIMO Mul@path
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
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Municipal Mul@path Environment
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
Mul@ple radios per chip Like CPU cores …
• 2x2 MIMO – 2008 • 4x4 MIMO – 2010-‐11 then
• 8 radios, 16 radios?, … how to use silicon?
Be8er and be8er beam-‐forming !
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Intel
Fujitsu
AMD
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Beamforming • Select among mul@ple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adap@ve antenna arrays – Compute phase/amplitude for each antenna element
– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km
– Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km
• Ruckus Wireless (today) – 12 elements – selec@vely switched to
two channels on 2x2 silicon
– Drama@cally outperforms conven@onal 2x2 systems
• 11n wireless networking solu@ons in silicon • Founded 2006; customers include Netgear
• 4x4 MIMO with beamforming
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Beamforming ~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-‐Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices …
4x4 MIMO with 8 antenna elements
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TVWS – Beach-‐front spectrum?
• Ideal antenna element separa@on >= ½ wavelength – 2.1 meters at 70 MHz – 21 cm at 700 MHz
• But only – 2.5 cm for 5.8 GHz Wi-‐Fi
Wavion Networks
D-‐Link DAP-‐2553
Ruckus Wireless
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ILEC price umbrella
• >20x markup fosters wireless bypass – Typical WISPs opera@ng 20%-‐50% under monopolist’s price umbrella
Wireless ISPs
• > 2000 WISPs, in fast growing segment – Most use license-‐ exempt spectrum
– Mix of pre-‐WiMAX, WiMAX and, increasingly, Wi-‐Fi gear
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Wi-‐Fi for wireless broadband
• WISPs already use license-‐exempt spectrum
• Rapidly migra@ng to 11n technology – Performance advantage is significant
• Drama@cally lower cost – 5x or more vs WiMAX or LTE systems
– Increasing reliability, similar performance
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Ubiqui@ targets Wireless ISPs
Point-‐to-‐point $130-‐$600
Point-‐to-‐mul@point ~$240 & $68
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Example Wi-‐Fi Pt-‐2-‐Pt Link UbiquiR BULLET-‐M5-‐HP With 28dbi Grid Antenna 802.11n
Purchased through distribu@on:
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Community WISP, Inc.
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• Wireless broadband Internet access for Brevard County FL
• Served from 4 loca@ons
• 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz, i.e. all license-‐exempt spectrum
• 30/10 Mbps in many areas
• Expanding into Volusia and Seminole coun@es
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• Focused radio links – 100 Mbps; 50-‐200 meters per hop
• Freemium Model – Customers build our network – Premium services drive revenue
Radically different ISP
Summary
• 4G Wireless @pping point • Wi-‐Fi deploying key “4G” technologies, first !
• Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload
• Wi-‐Fi fostering resurgence in independent ISPs
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An end run around the duopoly, the FCC and Congress
opportunity:
Thank You Brough Turner
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Credits, References • Image credits, beyond those noted in-‐line…
– Office building facade: hvp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Beek100 – Laptop icon: hvp://www.flickr.com/photos/ichibod/ – Microwave oven: hvp://www.flickr.com/photos/code_mar@al/
• Other useful references – Novarum Inc. measurements: hvp://www.novarum.com/[email protected]
– NIST Electromagne@c Signal Avenua@on in Construc@on Materials hvp://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build97/PDF/b97123.pdf
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802.11n in-‐the-‐field • Ken Biba:
– The King is Dead, Long Live the King: 802.11n drama@cally improves Wi-‐Fi outdoors
– Real world measurements show muni Wi-‐Fi networks outperform WiMAX and cellular
• Tom’s Hardware – Reviews Ruckus Wireless 11n access point with beamforming,
hvp://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/beamforming-‐wifi-‐ruckus,2390.html
• Net, net – it really works!
In-‐Stat (Nov 09) • Worldwide hotspots reach 245,000 venues in 2009 • Hotspot connects increased in 2009 by 47 percent,
bringing total worldwide 1.2 billion connects • Wi-‐Fi handset shipments grew 50%, 2007 to 2008 • Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled entertainment device (cameras,
gaming devices, and personal media players) shipments projected to increase from 108.8 million in 2009 to 177.3 million in 2013
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ABI Research (August 2009) • ABI projects 1 billion Wi-‐Fi chips in 2011 • Global shipments of Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled cell phones to double between 2009 and 2011 – 144 million in 2009 to 300 million in 2011
• 90% of smart phones Wi-‐Fi capable by 2014
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2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market
• Rampant growth however…
• Ar@cle in ‘The Economist’ warns Wi-‐Fi under threat:
• WiMAX in wide area
• WiMedia in home
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Enterprise design adapted for BB
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