Nerves that carry information between

organs and CNS

Brain and spinal cord

involuntary voluntary

Fight or flight Rest and digest Info from environment sent

to CNS

Info sent from CNS to effector

cells

Central Nervous SystemBrain

coordinating centre of the nervous system

Spinal cord Carries sensory nerve

messages from receptors to the brain

Relays motor nerve messages from the brain to muscles, organs and glands

(Motor Neuron)

(Sensory Neuron)

Blood-Brain BarrierMeninges Protective membranes

that surround the brain and spinal cord

Determines which chemicals may enter the brain

Provides shock absorption

Blood Brain Barriernutrients are not

brought to brain by the blood.

nutrients transported by the cerebrospinal fluid Between the pia

and arachnoid mater

Middle of the spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid

Meningitis inflammation of the

meninges viruses bacteria

antibodies do not reach the brain

requires prompt medical treatment

Three Sections of the Brain

1. Forebrain

2. Midbrain

3. Hind brain

forebrain

hindbrain

midbrain

Forebrain olfactory lobes – receive

information about smell cerebrum – coordination of senses

and voluntary motor actions largest and most highly

developed in humans further split into four lobes

cerebral cortex – cerebrum surface Grey matter Has many folds that increase

surface area

forebrain

Figure 48.1

Frontal Lobe

controls voluntary muscle movement responsible for reasoning modulates emotions based on socially acceptable

norms Phineas Gage story – pg. 432

Temporal Lobe

processes vision and hearing

amygdala – processes memory and emotions

hippocampus – long-term memory

Parietal Lobe processes touch and temperature

visuospatial analysis examines numbers and processes ratios

Visuospatial Tests

Visuospatial TestsWhat is the missing number in the following

sequence?

13 7 18 10 5 ? 9 1 12 6

Visuospatial Tests

Of the groups of images, which does not belong?

Visuospatial TestsCount the number of triangles or squares.

Visuospatial TestsThe geometric figure below can be divided with one

straight line into two parts that will fit together to make a perfect square. The dividing line must connect which 2 points?

Visuospatial TestsThe design on the left is made up of three paper squares of

different sizes, one on top of the other. Assuming the squares are opaque and cannot be folded or otherwise altered, what is the minimum number of squares needed to create the design on the right?

Visuospatial Tests

Fold the top image into a 3-D cube.

Which of the bottom images represents the correctly folded object?

Occipital Lobe

responsible for primary visual information processing coordinates information gathered from the retina

midbrain

Midbrain

thalamus – relays information between various parts of cerebrum (brain surface)

hypothalamus – homeostatic regulation

pituitary – homeostatic regulation

Midbrain Regions

hindbrain

Hind Brain cerebellum – regulates limb movement, balance

and muscle tone finer muscle movements involve signals along more

nerves

medulla oblongata – controls involuntary muscles e.g. Breathing, diameter of blood vessels and heart rate

pons – bridges information between cerebellum and medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata & Pons

Brain HemispheresRight vs. Left Brain

Information stored in one side of the brain is not necessarily present in the other

right brain visual patterns & spatial awareness

left brain verbal skills & logic

corpus callosum – nerve bundle allows communication between hemispheres

Autonomic Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic nerves

Carries signals to skeletal musclesVoluntary –conscious control

Autonomic nervesRegulates the internal environmentInvoluntary – without conscious controlE.g. heart rate, blood pressure, etc.Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Autonomic Nervous System sympathetic nervous

system – prepares body for stress

affected by epinephrine / norepinephrine

parasympathetic nervous system – restores body to normal balance

affected by acetylcholine

Section 9.3 – Pg. 434 #1,3,4,6,7Section 9.4 – Pg. 437 #1,2,4,5