NERVOUS SYSTEM - kpfu.ru...Somatic nervous system - PNS nerves and ganglia that convey input from...
Transcript of NERVOUS SYSTEM - kpfu.ru...Somatic nervous system - PNS nerves and ganglia that convey input from...
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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• The neurvous system senses, interprets,
and responds to changes in the
environment.
• Two types of cells makes this possible:
– the neuron
– and the supporting cells ("glial cells").
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Neuron
• Neurons are special cells which change state
based on electrical currents and past history.
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• They are often referred to by their function,
shape, or position relative to each other.
– Motor neuron,
– Sensory neuron,
– Interneuron
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• Dendrites and cell body receive input from
sensory receptors and other neurons. They take
the form of graded potentials
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• The cell body integrates input which may lead
the axon to transmit an action potential.
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• The synaptic knobs release neurotransmitters on other neurons or effector organs (e.g. muscles)
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• Since neurons have
highly specialized
shapes, they rely on
helper cells to assist
metabolic activities.
• These are the
supporting cells, or
glial cells (glia =
"glue").
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• Axons often make use of Schwann Cells (glia)
to increase transmission speeds.
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General terminology
• Central nervous system (CNS) - consists
of brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) -
nerves that connect CNS to peripheral
sense organs and muscles
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General terminology
Somatic nervous system - PNS nerves
and ganglia that convey input from the
sense organs or outputs involved in
voluntary activity
• Autonomic nervous system - PNS
nerves and ganglia that regulate
involuntary functions such as blood
pressure or heart beat
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Nerves - bundles of multiple axons
• afferent nerves carry sensory information
from sense organs towards CNS
• efferent nerves carry information away
from CNS to muscles, glands, and
sometimes to sense organs
• mixed nerves contains both afferent and
efferent fibers
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• Ganglion - an aggregation of cell bodies and
neurites surrounded by a connective tissue
sheath
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Central nervous system (CNS) -
consists of brain and spinal cord
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The spinal cord
• Lies in dorsally situated vertebral column
from base of brain to pelvis
• The spinal cord extends from the foramen
magnum to the second lumbar vertabrae.
• It is covered with pia, arachnoid, and
dura mater and is bathed in cerebrospinal
fluid which is also found in the central
spinal canal.
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• White matter - Bundles of myelinated axons,
that mostly connect parts of the cord with
one another or with the brain
• Because of myelin, they look white (ergo "white
matter")
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• Axons of different neurons tend to travel together in bunches. These are called nerves (PNS) or tracts (CNS).
• each tract or column carries specific sensory or motor information
• dorsally located columns generally carry sensory information up to brain
• ventrally located columns generally carry motor commands down from brain
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• Gray matter - Cell
bodies, dendrites,
and synapses
• Cell bodies (and
dendrites)
• Since they don't have
myelin, they tend to
look grey ("grey
matter")
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• ventral horns contain
motor neuron cell bodies,
innervate somatic
muscles
• dorsal horn contains
neurons that receive
sensory input
• cell bodies of sensory
neurons located in dorsal
root ganglion
• lateral regions of gray
matter contain cell bodies
of efferent autonomic
neurons
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Spinal nerves
• most sensory information enters cord via dorsal roots
• each dorsal root contains swelling, dorsal root ganglion, containing cell bodies of sensory neurons
• motor information leaves the cord via ventral roots
• dorsal and ventral roots fuse close to spinal cord to form spinal nerves, run out between vertebrae of backbone
• spinal nerves are identified and numbered according to the part of the cord they serve and position in that part
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The vertebrate brain
• Gray matter at outer
surface of brain-
cortex
• Fiber tracts, white
matter underneath
• Nuclei distinct
collections of cell
bodies
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The meninges
• The brain is enclosed
by three membranes -
the meninges -
within the skull.
• The tough, outer dura
mater and the thin
pia mater sandwich
the arachnoid
mater.
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• The arachnoid mater is pierced by many channels and
allows the circulation of the cerebro-spinal fluid around
the surface and to the ventricles and central canal of the
spinal cord.
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Brain Development
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Neural tube
• Brain and spinal cord
originate from neural
tube that runs length
of embryo
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• Anterior end of neural tube develops three distinct lobes- – forebrain (prosencephalon),
– midbrain (mesencephalon)
– hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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Forebrain becomes telencephalon
and diencephalon
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Hindbrain becomes cerebellum,
pons, and medulla oblongata
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The hindbrain
• Includes medulla,
pons, and cerebellum
• Medulla and pons
(brainstem)
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Brainstem nuclei
• Contain nuclei that help to control basic
functions such as breathing, heart rate,
blood pressure, and initiating reflexive
actions- coughing, gagging, vomiting
• Medullary and pontine nuclei associated
with cranial nerves, contain cell bodies of
motor neurons whose axons leave brain
via some of the cranial nerves
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The Cerebellum
• coordinating motor
action
• learning and memory
of motor tasks
• participates in certain
types of cognitive
tasks that require
mental manipulation
of spatial
relationships
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The midbrain
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The midbrain
• superior colliculus-
major visual center
detecting and selecting
targets for orienting
movements of body, eyes
• inferior colliculus-
located on dorsal
midbrain posterior to
superior colliculus,
auditory processing
structure
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The midbrain
Tegmentum portion of
midbrain that lies under
cerebral aqueduct
contains red nucleus and
substantia nigra
important in orientation
reflexes, and voluntary
movements, substantia
nigra damaged in
Parkinson's disease, a
motor disorder
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Forebrain
• The diencephalon
• The telencephalon
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The diencephalon
• consists mainly of
thalamus and
hypothalamus
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Thalamus
• important relay station
for sensory
information
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Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus involved in homeostasis in three ways:
• initiate or supress behaviors such as eating or drinking that affect internal body conditions
• regulates pituitary gland, exerts control over endocrine system, which in turn adjusts many internal conditions such as salt and water balance in blood
• regulates many homeostatic conditions by control of autonomic system, which influences factors such as blood pressure and body temperature
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Hypothalamus
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The telencephalon
Consists of cerebral
hemispheres plus a
number of functionally
related and important
nuclei that serve
functions such as
motor control and
emotional reactions
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The cerebral hemispheres
• cerebral hemispheres
linked by corpus
callosum
• central sulcus divides
each cerebral
hemisphere into
anterior and posterior
halves
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• motor cortex lies just ahead of central sulcus
• postcentral gyrus process information from muscles and body surface somatosensory (touch)
• information from eyes processed in occipital lobe
• information from ears processed in a portion of temporal lobe
• information from nose processed in olfactory bulb
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The basal ganglia
• Group of nuclei
clustered around
thalamus (putamen,
globus pallidus,
caudate nucleus)
• Important in motor
planning and control.
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