Nepal Sust. Energy Poverty
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Transcript of Nepal Sust. Energy Poverty
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South Asia NGO Capacity Building for Poverty
Reducing Sustainable Energy Solutions Project
National Energy Situation Survey Report
Nepal -Focus on Renewable Energy &
Poverty Reduction
Submitted to:International Network for Sustainable Energy
(INFORSE), www.inforse.org
Prepared by:Centre for Rural Technology Nepal
PO Box 3628
Tripureshwor Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone No: 4260165, 4256819
Fax: 4257922
May 2005 - July 2005
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Total Ene rgy Cons umption by Se ctor
2003/04
Residential
90%
Transport
4%
Agriculture
1%Others
0%
Industrial
4%
Commercial1%
Total Energy Consumption by Fueltype
2003/04
Biomass
86%
Petrolium
9%
Coal2%
Electricity
2%
Renewables
1%
Total Ene rgy Consumption 3 63 mil lion GJ
National Energy Scenario in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges
1.0 Present Energy Scenario in Nepal
Nepal relies heavily on traditional energy resources, as no significant deposits of fossil fuel are
available. Nepalese use the lowest commercial energy (around 500 kWh per capita per year) ofall South Asians by far. The total energy consumption in Nepal for the year 2003/04 was 363million GJ of which the residential sector consumed 90% and agriculture sector 1% as shownin the figure. Based on the fuel type, biomass provided 86% of the total energy consumption,petroleum 9%, which is mainly consumed by urban areas, electricity only 2% and renewable1% of the total energy consumption (Ghimire 2004, Paper Presented at National Training Workshop onthe Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and Program in Nepal).
About 40% of the total population has benefited from electricity by the end of the Ninth Plan.This 40% is reported to include consumption of 33% from National gird and 7% from
alternative energy.
About 84% of Nepal population lives in rural areas, and agricultural work is the mainstay of therural population. For the year 2003/04, total rural energy consumption is 288 million GJ ofwhich the rural residential consumed 97%. From end use perspective, of the total energyconsumed in rural Nepal, 63.9% was used for cooking, heating accounted for 8.5%, lighting1.31%, agro processing 3.4%, animal feed preparation 16.5% and others such as religiousoccasions and ceremonies 4.3% (Ghimire 2004, Paper Presented at National Training Workshop on the
Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and Program in Nepal).
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Rural Energy System of Nepal
2003/04
0.89%0.55%1.08%
97.48%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
Rural
Residential
Rural
Commercial
Rural
Industrial
Rural
Agricultural
Rural Energy Consumption by Enduse
2003/04
1.31%
Water
boiling,
2.0%
Agroprocess
ing 3.4%
Animal feed
prep 16 .5%
Others
4.3%
Heating,
8.5%Cooking,
63.9%
Total Consumption 288 million GJ
Of the total energy consumption of 288 million GJ in rural Nepal, biomass accounts for 98%while electricity accounts for only 0.1% of the total energy consumes and petroleum productscomprise 1.6% and renewable source 0.5% of the total energy consumed (Ghimire 2004, Paper
Presented at National Training Workshop on the Integration of Energy and Rural Development of Policies and
Program in Nepal).
The Millennium Development Goal put forward by the United Nations are developmentmilestones for developing countries to be met by 2015. Every one of the six goals requires theusage of energy to meet the goals.
Halving extreme poverty: Energy for income generationHalving the number of people living with hunger: Energy for agriculture and food processing
and irrigation
Achieving universal education: energy for lighting, communications and internet
Promoting gender equality: Reduce burden of firewood collection and cooking time and indoorpollution, opportunities for education
Reducing mortality/improving health: reduce indoor air pollution, vaccinations using
refrigerationEnsuring environment sustainability: reduction in the use of firewood, reduce production of
greenhouse gases
1.1 Energy Resource Base in Nepal
The major energy resource base in Nepal consists of biomass, hydroelectricity, petroleum
products, natural gas, and coal reserves. Among the entire energy resource base, it is evidentthat biomass is the dominant resource base of the country with respect to its utilization. Nepalhas a huge potential for hydropower production, but currently this remains mostly untapped.Other commercial forms of energy are not known to exist in any significant amounts.
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Rural Energy Consumption by Fueltype
2003/04
Petrolium
1.6%
Coal, 0.0%
Electricity
0.1%
Renewables,
0.5%
Biomass
98 %
Total Consumption 288 million GJ
a. Biomass Energy
Nepal relies heavily on biomass fuel as a result of the lack of development of other energyalternatives and the overall poor economic condition of the nation. Fuel wood is the mainsource of energy in Nepal and willcontinue to remain so for a long time.The theoretical estimated sustainableannual yield of fuel wood in Nepal is25.8 million tonnes, or an average of2.8 tonnes per hectare of forest.However, only 42 per cent, or 10.8million tonnes, of the theoretical
sustainable supply is accessible.
Forest resources are under increasingthreat from the burgeoning human andlivestock populations and their need to meet annual requirements for fuel wood, fodder, timber,and other minor forest products. About 44,000 ha of forest area is believed to be degraded anddeforested annually, while only about 4,000 hectares are reforested. Conversion of forestlandfor cultivation, high population growth, and a low level of development have all aggravated thepressure on forests throughout Nepal. Where forests are becoming relatively scarce, people arerelying increasingly on crop residue and animal waste, resulting in the degradation in fertilityof the agricultural land. In 1994/95, the supply of crop residues in the country that could beused as energy was estimated to be 112.13 million tonnes (WECS I 994c, PEP 1995). Likewisethe country has 4.8 million tonnes of animal dung annually potentially available as fuel.
b. Hydropower
The hydropower potential of Nepal's river systems is about 83,000 MW, out of which only 25per cent is potentially available for development (WECS 1994; WECS 1996). Hydropowerutilization is currently less than one per cent of the proven potential. The total installedhydroelectric generation capacity is 586 MW (NEA 2002). This power has been madeavailable to 878100 consumers through 1962 km of transmission and distribution lines. Thenational grid represents the overall hydroelectric industry of Nepal as it accounts for almost 98per cent of the capacity and 99 per cent of the energy supplied. Apart from national grid, boththe public and private sectors and independent power producers manage isolated supplysystems. At present there are 35 small/mini hydroelectric plants in operation in remote areas ofthe country.
c. Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal
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So far no proven reserves of petroleum suitable for commercial exploitation have been found inNepal. Thus all petroleum products consumed are imported in refined form for directconsumption. The alternative fossil fuel, natural gas, has also not been discovered as yet in anysignificant amount. Coal is in many countries among the cheapest sources of energy known.Two deposits are believed to have some economic significance, one in Kathmandu and one in
Dang. Even these deposits, however, are believed to be insignificant in terms of the energydemand (WECS 1994).
1.2 Renewable Energy Development Scenario in Nepal
There is a dire need to substitute as well as supplement the traditional energy supply system bymodern forms of sustainable energy in terms of resources and technology. Because of thecountry's dependence on imported fossil fuel, high cost of grid connection and low andscattered population density, a decentralized energy supply system becomes the natural andfeasible choice. Decentralized new and renewable energy systems such as micro hydro, solarphoto voltaic, biogas, improved cooking stove etc provide feasible and environment friendlyenergy supply options in rural areas. The most important renewable energy technology in Nepal
is related to Pico hydropower and micro hydropower (up to 100 kW), biomass energy (biogas,briquettes, gasifiers, improved cooking stoves), solar photovoltaic (solar home systems, solarPV water pumping, solar battery charging), solar thermal energy (solar water heater, solardryer, solar cookers etc).
1.3 Government Policies for Promotion of Renewable Energy and Poverty Reduction
The positive role of renewable energy technology for the fulfilment of energy needs of the ruralpeople was recognized by the National Planning Commission/Nepal during the Seventh FiveYear Plan. The Eight Plan (1992-1997) envisaged the need for a coordinating body for large-scale promotion of alternative energy technologies in Nepal and Alternative Energy PromotionCentre (AEPC) was thus established to promote the use of Renewable Energy Technology andact as the government coordinating body. Though renewable energy programs have positiveimplications on poverty reduction, but this has not been the explicit goal of renewable energyprograms in Nepal until the commencement of the Tenth Plan in 2002. A separate subsidypolicy has been has also been made effective by His Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMG/N)channelling through the AEPC, for extensive promotion of RETs in the rural areas.
The improved cook stove and biogas programs initially had goals to reduce firewoodconsumption but now they also justify themselves on health ground and are linked to incomegeneration as well as reduction of women's drudgery. Biogas has been mainly used for cookingand the bio slurry has been used as a high quality fertilizer for increasing agriculturalproductivity. Few households have used the biogas for lighting. Micro hydro was seen as atechnology to reduce drudgery, provide lighting but now the productive end uses are consideredas the desired priority. Solar energy has served widely as a home lighting device. Solar energyhas also been used for drying and cooking food, powering computers, irrigation and drinkingwater systems but theses uses are very limited.
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The overriding objective of Nepal's developmental effort is poverty alleviation. The Tenth Plansole objective is to achieve a remarkable and sustainable reduction in the poverty level in Nepalfrom 38% of the population at the beginning of the plan period to 30% by the end of the TenthPlan and further reduce the poverty ratio to 10% in about fifteen year's time. The national long-term vision of alternative energy sector as outlined in Nepal Poverty Reduction Strategy paper
explicitly recognizes the role of renewable energy technology in the socio economicdevelopment of rural people and aims at Accelerating economic development, improvingliving standard of rural people, increasing employment opportunities and maintaining
environmental sustainability through the development of rural energy systems." To realize thislong term vision the Tenth Plan has set the objective of renewable energy development as"developing and expanding alternative energy as a powerful tool for alleviating poverty,
raising purchasing power of the rural people by developing alternative energy technologies
based on the local resources, skill and increasing consumption of alternative energy andreducing dependency on imported energy by lowering the cost of installation through the
proper utilization of local resources and means. "
The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) emphasizes on: Increasing the consuming capacity of rural families by developing and extending the
alternative energy sources, seen as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation
Supplying energy for commercialization of the domestic needs and the professions of
rural population by developing alternative energy technologies based on local resourcesand tools.
Reducing dependency on imported energy sources and reducing negative environmental
effects by the proper use of resources and tools of local energy.
Improving and increasing the energy use competency and increasing the access of rural
people by reducing the cost of development and installation of alternative sources ofenergy.
In the current Tenth Five Year Plan, HMG/N plans installation of
52,000 units of solar PV home systems
200,000 biogas plants
250,000 improved cook stoves in 45 districts of Nepal
Installation of extra 10,000 kW (10 MW) of electric capacity through pico and micro
hydro installations within the plan period.
1.3.1 Gender Issues in Energy Policies
By the time the Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) was ratified, HMG/N's emphasis on,women's involvement in all programs and projects, as well as recognition of the legalimpediment to their economic empowerment was quite clear. The Eight Five Year Plan (1992-1997) recognized the need for increasing women's representation at the decision making levelsin the government, non government and semi-government sectors, and for monitoring systemsfor gender discrimination at work. A suitable organization structure for coordination andmonitoring of activities relating to women was also envisaged. In spite of the gender
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The distribution of micro-hydro units is influenced, among other things, by proximity to themanufacturer, the extent of development of the region, donor support, and the availability ofelectricity from NEA. From 1986 onwards the number of micro-hydro plants being installedwithin accessible areas of the country declined.At present, the NEA has no plans to constructnew hydropower plants in the micro range and thus rural areas, especially in the hills and
mountains, can only receive electricity through private utility micro-hydro plants. The successof privately summed Micro-Hydro plants largely depend upon the commercial end use as wellas the management capacity of the owner.
By the end of 2004, there are 1474 electrification plants -both pico and micro hydro- with atotal cumulative installed capacity of about 7998 kW serving about 80,000 households (Nepal2004).
The table below gives a simple overview of the poverty reduction impacts of micro hydro usedin different sectors in Nepal.
Poverty ReductionIndicator PRI in Householdsector PRI in IndustrialSector PRI in CommercialSector PRI in SociSector
Security (Income,employment credit)
Knowledge andInformation
Health Drudgery Reduction Empowerment/inclusion
Gender Equity Access to Services
EnvironmentalSustainability
Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of Micro Hydro Energy
Source: Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction
Conducted by Govinda Nepal for AEPC, April 2005
b. Solar Energy Technology
Solar energy has been used traditionally for drying such things as crops, clothes, fuel wood, andcrop residues. The solar energy potential in Nepal is estimated to be about 26 million MW.Currently there are two types of solar energy technology in the country: solar thermal systemsand solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Solar water heaters and solar dryers are the two main types of solar thermal devices. Of these,solar water heaters are popular in Kathmandu. These heaters are suitable for use throughout thecountry except in those regions that have long and harsh winters where the temperature fallsbelow freezing point. However, because of the high cost, this technology is too expensive formost people.
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replace 3,830,000 litres of kerosene every year (Nepal 2004). There are 65 authorised biogascompanies involved in the installation of biogas plants in Nepal.
Despite biogas technology being fairly successful at present, a number of technical andinstitutional problems have emerged that will greatly retard diffusion of this technology. Lack
of adequate water supply required for operating the biogas plants in the hills and the mountainareas is often reported as a hindrance to the establishment of such plants. It is also found insome cases that the operation and maintenance of biogas plants has increased the workload forwomen, as they have to carry more water. Uniformity or standardization of design, installation,construction materials, or supply of accessories has not yet been achieved. Community levelbiogas plants have not yet been fully developed and promoted. There is still no competentbiogas development and promotion unit in the country. Costs are escalating and beyond theaffordable limit of poor households. The interaction between designers and end users is poor,which does not help to improve the design. (WECS 1996; Gongal and Shrestha 1998). If all theavailable dung were to be used for biogas, the potential biogas production would be around12,000 million m3 per year, which is equivalent to 29 million GJ (about 10% of the present
energy consumption) and the use of this dung would not affect agricultural productivity(WECS 1996).
The current state of development of biogas in Nepal is largely the result of incentives providedby His Majesty's Government (HMG/N). A plan for the installation of biogas plants was firstincorporated in the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90). During this plan period both capital andinterest subsidies for the biogas programme were provided by the government through theAgricultural Development Bank. This subsidy programme is now being continued with theassistance of the Government of the Netherlands. Cost effective designs, long-term biogasdevelopment programs, as well as institutional and credit/incentive mechanisms are required tofurther exploit their potential.
Poverty Reduction
Indicator
PRI in Household
sector
PRI in Industrial
Sector
PRI in Commercial
Sector
PRI in Soci
Sector
Security (Income,employment credit)
Knowledge andInformation
Health
Drudgery Reduction Empowerment/inclusion
Gender Equity
Access to ServicesEnvironmentalSustainability
Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of Biogas Energy
Source: Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction
Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005
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d. Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)
Improved cooking stoves have the potential to save the fuel wood used for household cooking.About 11 million tonnes of fuel wood are burnt annually for cooking alone. Theoretically, it ispossible to reduce fuel wood consumption for cooking by 50 per cent. ICS have an efficiency
factor in the range of 15 to 30 per cent, whereas the efficiency of traditional mud stoves variesfrom 3 to 15 per cent. There are various types of ICS and the efficiency of these stoves varies(Bairacharya and Gongal 1998). The amount of fuelwood saved depends among other things onthe type of ICS, the condition of the fuel wood, the type and amount of food prepared, and thetype of pots used for cooking. Even with a low performance of 11 per cent fuel wood savings,estimates indicate that one ICS can save an average of 1 tonne of fuel wood annually.
Since the introduction of ICS in the early 1950s, more than 200,000 ICSs have been installed.However, the actual status of ICS currently in use is not available. After the initiation of AEPC/ESAP supported by the Danish Government assisted ICS promotion program in 1999, ICS isgaining popularity in the mid hills of Nepal. From 2001 as of March 2005, 125,498 ICS have
been installed in the country under this program in 33 districts (AEPC 2005).
Poverty Reduction
Indicator
PRI in Household
sector
PRI in Industrial
Sector
PRI in Commercial
Sector
PRI in Soci
Sector
Security (Income,employment credit)
Knowledge andInformation
Health
Drudgery Reduction
Empowerment/inclusion
Gender Equity Access to Services
EnvironmentalSustainability
Poverty Reduction Impact (PRI) of ICS
Source: Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction
Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005
e. Wind Power
This technology is still in its initial experiment phase. A wind power system was installed inKagbeni to generate about 20kW of electrical power (annual energy of 50MWh) but wasdamaged as a result of the poor design. The high installation cost (about US $6,800 per kWh)did not justify further development (WECS 1994).
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1. Major Issues and Constraints in the Development and Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
Various factors such as the wide geographical variability, lower literacy rate among the users and high cost factor are some of the majorissues associated with the promotion of sustainable energy in the country. The table below presents major issues and constraints associatein the development of promotion of specific renewable energy technology in the country.
RETs Technical Financial Policy and Institutional
Micro-Hydropower(MHP)
Most mill owners are not trained in
management
O&M Operation and Management ignored
Management aspect neglected in feasibilitystudies
The cost of feasibility studies borne by
manufacturers, studies are biased leading tovarious technical and socio-economic
problems
The high cost of the plants
and low load factors(below50%) of the plants
make projects economicallyunviable
Lack of data is another
constraint
Investment allocated to this sector is too meagre to have any impact
Lack of systematic monitoring and evaluation because of lack of inter
institutional linkages and coordination
Priority given to the projects themselves rather than to developmentalactivities for end-use devices
Biogas Quality of construction material and
monitoring differ among the companiesinstalling such plants
Poor performance as a result of inferior
construction material, selection of wrongsized, and negligence in construction andoperation
The main problem in family size plants is
low gas yield during the winter and rainyseasons.
The problems for community-sized plants
relate to ineffective management, sharing of
benefits etc.
Although biogas production
is superior to direct burningof cake (dung) in terms ofenergy utilisation (thermalefficiency of 60 per centagainst 11 per cent for dungcake), it can only be
profitable and attractive for
marginal farmers if a subsidyis provided along with
appropriate financingmechanism.
Biogas production will
become more popular asfuelwood becomes scarcer
Institutional gaps are the main bottleneck to promoting and carrying
out the government policy and programme smoothly
There is no research and development (R&D) institute to concentrate
on developing less expensive biogas plants
There is a need for a competent biogas development and promotion
unit with full authority for overall policy development, planning,
monitoring, evaluation, quality control, research, and training and ableto establish a functional linkage between the biogas related
organizations
More than 50 Private Biogas Companies actively engaged
Subsidy in the biogas installation decreased
ImprovedCookingStoves (ICS)
Holes for pots are too small to accommodate
the large pots used in many households
The baffle is too small to achieve good heat
transfer
ICS cannot provide both space heating and
cooking, especially important in the higherhills and mountains
ICS cannot handle agricultural biomass and
industrial residues
Inserts are too heavy and too fragile for
widespread dissemination in Nepal
ICS programmes are largely dependenton funding from external donors ratherthan on mobilisation of internal funds(weak financial sustain ability)
No national policy framework and programme direction integrating ICS
as a multisectoral component
AEPC has the overall responsibility for the development and promotion
of ICS which has been adopting subsidyless promotion of ICS
Five Renewable Energy Service Centers (RRESC) established under
the National ICS program provides institutional framework for ICS
Lack of extensive and continuous research
Overemphasis on achieving dissemination targets with little attention
given to extension and monitoring.
Lack of interaction between researchers, extension agencies, and policy
planners, as well as between producers and end users
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1.6 Problems in Achieving Poverty Reduction Objectives of Renewable Energy in Nepal
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Challenges to Meet Poverty Reduction Objectives of Renewable Energy
Challenges to Promote Productive End Uses Challenges to Increase Access to Energy
Low Affordabilityand Financial RiskBearing Capacity
Lack of Access toInformation/Sources of Information
Cultural BasedSocial Exclusion
Lack of HouseholdIncome BasedAssistance
Lack of AdequateInputs(Technical/Manage
Small Local Market Low or No cashIncome of the Local
Low Capability toCompete in Open
Subsistence Economy Unemployment andUnder Employment
Lack ofCompetitiveSkill
Lack ofCollateral
High rate oInterest
High TransportationCost of Non -LocalMaterials
Use ofIntermediateTechnology
Adopted from StudyAnalysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with Poverty Reduction Conducted byGovind Nepal for AEPC, April 2005
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1.7 Challenges in Integrating Energy and Rural Development
Attempts to promote rural development to eradicate poverty must include efforts to ensureenergy supply in rural area, not an end in itself but as an integral component. Ensuring basichuman needs lies at the core of the rural development concerns, and energy services to rural
people should be one of the central objectives. Following are the major challenges in Nepal tointegrate energy and rural development.
Overcoming lack of scale and difficulty of access
The small scale and wide geographical spread of rural settlements pose particular problems formeeting their development needs.
Satisfying basic and productive energy needs
The high incidence of rural poverty and low-income levels of the rural people mean thatsatisfying basic energy needs is much more critical in the rural context.
Meeting energy needs of the poorThe real challenge in meeting the energy needs of the rural poor is, of course, to remove ormitigate the conditions that perpetuate poverty.
Developing energy self-reliance
There are limits beyond which self-sufficiency cannot be pursued; economic development canstrengthen rural self-reliance by providing the means to access different energy options.
Managing rural energy transitions
Modernizing rural energy supplies means a higher degree of monetization of rural energymarkets and of rural economies as a whole.
Enhancing energy technology absorption capabilities
Rural energy users are required to not only adopt sophisticated technologies, but to also learn tooperate, maintain and utilize them effectively. Equipping them to accept such multiplicity ofroles is a major aspect of rural energy development.
Ensuring the sustainability of biomass energy sources
This call for a close understanding of the interrelationship between biomass productionprocesses and end-use activities, both for energy and non-energy applications, also, moreimportantly, land use changes.
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1.8 Future Direction for Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies in Nepal
Need to encourage financial institutions for formulating effective and appropriate
policies, and to increase more and more financial institutions, besides the existing ones to
participate in the development of renewable energy sector in Nepal
Need to allocate adequate subsidies in a consistent manner to promote the renewable
energy sector. Subsidy allocation should be determined by the accessibility of the projectarea, and the appropriate method of energy generation.
Need to strengthen education and training in renewable energy, especially end users'
training, technical/vocational training and trainers' training.
Need to emphasize Research and Development works.
Need to execute awareness program targeted to policy makers, government officials,
entrepreneurs, social workers, consumers and people at District Development Committeeand Village development Committee levels.
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Renewable Energy Database for Nepal
GeneralS.No Particulars Description
1 Population 23,500,000
2 No. of Rivers More than 6000 with about total length of 45,000 km
3 Theoretical potential of hydropower 83,000 MW4 Commercial potential of hydropower 42,000 MW (not necessarily environmentally acceptable)
5 Hydropower so far generated 600 MW (1.4 % of commercial potential)
6 Average sun shine hour/day 6.8 with intensity of solar insolation of about 4.5 kWh/m2/day
7 Wind mapping No
8 Total Energy Consumption 8.6 million TOE; about 15 GJ per capita per year
9 Share of Energy Supply
Biomass 86%
Petroleum 9%
Coal 2%
Electricity 2%
Renewable 1%
10 Share of Energy ConsumptionResidential 90%
Industrial 4%
Commercial 1%
Transport 4%
Agriculture 1%
11 Population Coverage by Electricity Supply
Central Grid 33%
Alternative energy 7%
Renewable Energy TechnologyS.No Technologies Description
1 Biomass Based Technologies
ICS 200,000 including national ICS program and other programsBiogas plant installation 128,223 units
Bee Hive Briquette Production (Microenterprise)
50 units
2 Solar Based Technologies
Solar pV Installation
For Public Utility (aviation,telecommunication, traffic, supply etc.)
1,000 kW
Solar Home system 57,875 units
For Water Pumping System 40 units
Solar Cooker (Parabolic Type) 800 units
Solar Dryer (Box and Cabinet Type) 500 units
Solar Water Heater (commercial) 35,000 units
3 Hydro Based Technologies (decentral)
Micro-hydro Systems (3 to 100 kW) 1100 units with about 13,900 kW Power
Pico-hydro Systems (Up to 3 kW)
Improved Water Mills 1092 under IWM support program of HMG/N since Jan 2003 toJune 2005 and around 1000 before that
Peltric Set 1000 units with about 1,800 kW Power
4 Wind Based Technologies
Installation of Wind Turbine Units Below 10
Installation of Wind Pump Units Below 10
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References
1. Papers presented at the National training Workshop in the Integration of Energy andRural Development pf Policies and programs in Nepal, CRT/N and WECS, 2005.
2. A Study on Analysis of Rural Energy Programs with Respect to Their Linkages with
Poverty Reduction Conducted by Govind Nepal for AEPC, ESAP/DANIDA, April2005.3. Annual Progress Report, Alternative energy Promotion Centre 2003/2004.4. Proceedings of international Conference on Renewable Energy Technology for Rural
Development, 12-14 October 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal5. Case Study on Women in Water and Energy Management Practices, CRT/N, 2003.
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