Neolithic and Paleometallic Populations in the Central Danubian Basin

by T . T Ó T H , Budapest

Abstract — Paper discusses the problem of morphogenetic trends on the basis of prehis­toric anthropological finds of South Hungary. W i t h 2 tables and 4 figures.

Material and method

Recently w i th in the sphere of other topics ( T Ó T H 1971, 1972, 1973) the author dis­cussed the problem of morphological spectrum of Paleometallic populations inhabiting the Central Danubian Basin. In spite of the applied comparative studies, the necessity of the examination of further series became inevitable, especially as far as the unpublished finds of the Tisza—Maros region is concerned.

The selection of this topic is more timely, since F A R K A S (1975) gave a detailed analysis of the anthropological finds of 1292 graves originating from cemeteries situated in the southern parts of the Great Plain dating back to the Neolithic, Copper Age and the Bronze Age. B y using individual-typological analysis (354 individuals) he attempted to establish the various trends of relationships. Accordingly, he supposes a southern and eastern trend i n the Neolithic, an eastern and western trend in the Copper Age, and a southern and eastern hnmigration in the Bronze Age. The huge mass of data was elaborated in his thesis for C. Sc. degree.

I n analyzing the selected topic, I disregarded individual typology, instead I used the diameter averages of the different series applying A L E X E Y E V A ' S (I960) special index. As. i t is well known certain features of neuro- and splanchnocrania (hundredfold cranial height divided by half of the sum of maximum length and breadth, hundredfold upper face- and. orbita-height divided by cranial height) are comparatively independent from each other, while other characteristics (nasal breadtb — facial breadth) are in opposite correlation wi th functional relationships ( R O G H I N S K Y 1954, A L E X E Y E V A 1966). These special indices were applied by A L E X E Y E V A to various craniological series originating from the Mediaeval epoch. Nevertheless, since we are dealing wi th intraspecifie characteristics they may well be applicable on the anthropological finds of prehistoric populations in order to reveal certain morphogenetic trends.

The present study analyzes the values of the above mentioned special indices on 54 male and 47 female series, beginning from the Mesolithic to the beginning of the Neo-metallic Age (Tables 1 and 2).

Interpretation of results

As regards the finds of the m a l e g r o u p , the following may be stated : the Neolithic series of the Tisza-Maros region does not correspond to the Rubanes (Bandkeramiker) and Vinca series but rather displays analogy with the Swiss Cor-taillod culture (Table 1, Fig. 1). This Neolithic series of males is far from the Czecho-slovakian Linearbandkeramik and Schnurkeramik groups. Considering the chronolo­gical identities (Cortaillod 3500-2500 B.C. ; Tisza-Maros Mid-Neolithic 3200-2500 B.C.) the Neolithic male group of the South Great Plain originates from a Meso-

Fig . 1. Correlation of craniological series (males), (sequence of the series as i n Table 1)

lithic substrate on which settled infiltrating more recent morphological elements from the N W Alps. I t is similarly important that the massive Neolithic groups of the North Pontian belt are far from the male series of the southern parts of the Great Plain.

The Copper Age male population from the southern parts of the Great Plain is closer to the West Ukrainian Trypolye group than to the East Ukrainian and East Romanian Aeneolithic group (Table 1, Fig. 1). I t should especially be noted the relative nearness between the West Ukrainian Tripolye and the Toscanán Aeneolithic series. I t seems to indicate that during the Copper Age the Tisza Basin was under the influence of Asia Minor as far as material culture was concerned. Stil l the effect of the morphological complex of the Anatolian type is inperceptible on the male group of southern Great Plain.

The Early Bronze Age male population of the southern Great Plain comes close on the basis of indices and diameters to the male group of the Lower Danube Russe Aeneolithic Age. The males of the Mid-Bronze Age in the Tisza-Maros re­gion are also closer to the combined Anatolian type than to the group of Saxon-Thuringian Glockenbecher. I f we disregard the possibility of convergence, then we may speak of an assimilation as far as the Anatolian type is concerned, in the anthropological composition of the Paleometallic population in the southern parts of the Great Plain. The males of the Late Bronze Age in the Tisza—Maros region are close to the male groups of the Czeehoslovakian Glockenbecher and Aunjetitz cultures (Table 1, Fig. 1). Attention should be paid to the nearness of the Hun-

Table 1. Some comparative indices of tbe neuro- and Splanchnocranium (males).

^ C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s M A R T I N ' S 05 fcj) numbers N 17X100 48X100 52X100 54X100

<5 Series N

(1 +8):2 17 17 45

c Moita, Muge, Portugal ( F E E E M B A C H , 1974) 8 85.5 51.4 20.9 20.2

Ukraine (summarized) m ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 32 86.5 50.9 23.0 18.4 i Zveinieki, La tv ia ( D E N I S O V A , 1975) 13 86.5 50.2 23.0 18.1

Tisza-Maros Region ( F A R K A S , 1975) 15 81.3 53.5 25.4 20.8 Linearbandkeramik, ÖSSR

( J E L I N E K , 1973) 12 88.3 46.3 22.2 20.8 Schnurkeramik, CSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 41 86.6 47.7 22.7 19.2 Nea Nikomedeia ( A N G E L , 1973) 5 82.4 48.0 22.7 21.1 Dnepro-Donets Culture ( D E B E T S , 1966) 130 86.3 50.5 22.2 18.0 Ruban es (Bandkeramiker)

( R I Q U E T , 1970) 52 83.6 55.5 23.7 18.9 Rössen-Hinkelstein ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 21 84.9 48.3 22.8 19.5 Trichterbecherkultur ( J Ö R G E N S E N ,

1973) 52 82.9 51.4 24.0 18.3 a Denmark, Middle Period ( J Ö R G E N S E N ,

IS -p

1973) 27 85.0 48.1 22.4 18.1 Denmark, Late Period ( J Ö R G E N S E N ,

© 1973) 56 85.5 49.9 22.2 18.1 Zveinieki, Early Period ( D E N I S O V A ,

1975) 14 88.1 49.3 23.4 17.9 Zveinieki, Middle-Late Period

( D E N I S O V A , 1975) 38 84.4 49.9 23.2 18.1 Liguria ( C O R R A I N & P A R E N T I , 1973) 17 85.4 49.4 24.0 19.6 Cortaillod, Switzerland ( S A U T E R , 1973) 27 82.6 52.1 23.6 18.8 Vovnigi, Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 43 86.2 49.9 22.3 18.2 1973) Dereivka, Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O ­V A , 1973) Vinca ( S C H W I D E T Z K Y , 1971-1972)

50 85.7 50.8 22.3 18.6 V A , 1973) Vinca ( S C H W I D E T Z K Y , 1971-1972) 9 80.7 51.6 23.7 18.9 Schnurkeramik, Saxonia ( R I Q T J E T , 1970) 21 87.0 49.2 22.9 19.5

Tisza-Maros Region ( F A R K A S , 1975) 26 84.0 52.0 23.1 19.7 Glockenbecher, ÖSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 36 84.9 49.8 22.9 18.6 Tripolye ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 23 84.7 51.7 23.5 18.9 East-Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 16 85.1 48.0 21.9 18.2

S ft ft Baden-Culture ( N E M E S K É R I , 1951, S ft ft 1956) 17 85.0 49.3 22.9 18.4 0

D Toscana ( C O R R A I N & P A R E N T I , 1973) 12 83.8 52.1 24.7 19.1 ô Bas-Languedoc ( R I Q T J E T , 1970) 40 82.4 50.0 23.1 17.3

Aveyron + H é r a u l t ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 34 82.8 51.3 23.7 18.5 Grottes art if . Marne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 151 83.9 49.3 22.1 18.4

o ©

Seine-Oise-Marne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 119 83.0 49.2 22.5 18.2 Oise-Aisne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) Grottes, Meuse ( R I Q U E T , 1970)

34 83.5 50.5 23.9 18.4

< Oise-Aisne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) Grottes, Meuse ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 44 79.5 50.9 23.7 19.0 Anatolian type ( C A P P I E R R I , 1965) 50 83.8 50.4 23.6 19.6 Russe, Bulgaria ( B O E V , 1973) 29 86.2 51.2 22.5 19.5 Saxon-Thuringia ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 23 84.4 51.2 23.5 19.0 Roumania ( H A A S - M A X I M I L I A N , 1958) 14 83.0 49.1 23.6 19.2

Continuation of Table 1.

Characteristics M A R T I W ' S

05 bo

numbers N 17X100 48X100 52 X lun 54X100

< Series N

(1 +8):2 17 17 45

Tisza-Maros Early ( F A R K A S , 1975) 70 85.9 51.6 23.7 20 .0 Tisza-Maros, Middle ( F A R K A S , 1975) Tisza-Maros, Late ( F A R K A S , 1975)

37 84.4 50.3 24.0 18.8 Tisza-Maros, Middle ( F A R K A S , 1975) Tisza-Maros, Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) 84 84.7 50.8 24.0 19.7 Tápé, Late ( F A R K A S & L I P T Á K , 1975 ) * 72 84.9 50.5 23 .9 19.8 Szőreg, etc. Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) 12 85.0 51.3 24.1 19.6 Aunjeti tz, ÖSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 120 87.3 48.9 22.0 19.5 Mokr in , Early ( F A R K A S , & L I P T Á K , 1971) 55 87.5 48.8 22 .6 19.4 Sarata-Monteoru ( M A X I M I L I A N , 1962) 48 85 .5 49 .3 24.0 18.3 Noua, Late ( N E C R A S O V & C R I S T E S C U ,

N 1973) 15 83.8 53 .2 24 .3 19.4 G Yamnaya, Early ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 37 84.3 50.2 22 .8 17.8 S Katakombnaya, Middle ( K O N D U K T O R O ­S

V A 1973) 5 3 82.7 52.2 23.7 18.5 Srubnaya, Late ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 34 85.3 51 .6 23.8 18.0 Kivutkalns , Early ( D E N I S O V A , 1975) 35 85 .8 51.2 24 .5 18.2 Narb.-Roussillon ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 50 81.8 51.9 23 .8 18.3 Tepe-Hissar I I I . ( D E B E T S , 1 9 5 7 ) * * 86 83.8 51.8 23 .7 19.8 Tepe-Hissar I I . ( D E B E T S , 1 9 5 7 ) * * 9 84 .0 52.1 23.4 20.0 Grossbrembach, Early ( U L L R I C H , 1972) 26 86.9 49.8 22.4 18.8 Rhein, Early Period ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 13 87.4 48.8 22.6 18.4 Bas-Languedoe, Early ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 21 81 .8 50 .8 22.8 16.8

garian Baden culture to the male groups of the Early Bronze Age Mokrin, further­more, to the Sarata-Monteoru both as far as special indices and diameters are con­cerned. The Czechoslovakian Aunjetitz group reflects a comparative nearness to the Mokrin series. The male groups of the Mid-Bronze Age in the Tisza-Maros region and of the Ukrainian Yamnaya cultures are close to each other as far as special indices are concerned, but differ when diameters are concerned, since the southern Great Plain group is more gracile.

The summed up Late Bronze Age group in the Tisza-Maros region also in­cludes the Tápé series, which with some other finds (Szőreg, Deszk) displays signi­ficant similarities approached from the aspect of the special index. On the other hand, F A R K A S (1975) indicates that in the Late Bronze Age there was an immigra­t ion of a male population having dolichocranial characteristics, but the same pro­cess may not be proved for a west-eastern direction. Nevertheless, i t is noteworthy that the male group of Tápé reflects morphological nearness mainly wi th the Czeshoslovakian Aunjetitz culture and the Glockenbecher series (Table 1).

As regards the finds of the f e m a l e g r o u p s , the following may be stated: the Neolithic female series of the Tisza—Maros region is autochthonous wi th Mesolithic origin, since as far as diameter data are concerned i t significantly differs from the Dnepro-Donets culture, in fact, this female series is more gracile than the latter. I t should be noted that the Copper Age female population from the southern

* Calculated by the author of the present paper ** Re-examined and calculated by G. F . D E B E T S in Philadelphia, in 1957

Fig . 2. Correlation of cranio logical series (females), (sequence of the series as in Table 2)

parts of the Great Plain is closer to the Russe, than to the East Ukrainian Aeneo­lithic (Table 2, Fig. 2). The Toscanán series is closer to the group of the Great Plain than the Badenan series. Nevertheless, the series from the southern parts of the Great Plain is more gracile than the Toscanán.

The female group of the Czechoslovakian Aunjetitz culture is very near to series of the Early Bronze Age from the southern parts of the Great Plain, still the latter is more gracile coupled wi th more brachycranial features. I t should be empha­sized that the females of the Mid-Bronze Age from the Tisza-Maros region both as far as special indices and diameters are concerned are very near to the female series of the Ukrainian Yamnaya culture (Table 2, Fig. 2). I n other words, a direct effect of Asia Minor is not reflected in the anthropological composition of the Paleo-metallic female groups originating from the southern parts of the Great Plain.

I n summarizing the above discussion i t may be stated that in interpreting the morphogenetic trends the principal criterion is to analyze the Mesolithic-Neolithic correlations. Thus, for example, on the basis of applied comparisons i t may be supposed that in the Neolithic population of the Tisza-Maros region a part of the autochthon males of Mesolithic origin was replaced by immigrating males from the belt of the N W Alps. On the other hand, a significant proportion of the females of similarly Mesolithic origin remained there. The Central Danubian Basin in the Aeneolithic Age was an important transitional zone at the time when connections between the Upper Dnester and Toscana were established. I f we con-

Table 2. Some comparative indices of tbe neuro- and splanehnocranium (females).

Characteristics M A R T I N ' S OJ

M numbers N 17x100 48X100 52x 100 54X100 < Series

N (1 + 8): 2 17 17 45 Series (1 + 8): 2 45

Moita, Muge, Portugal ( F E R E M B A C H , 1974) 9 85.8 50 1 22.9 19.0 Ukraine (summarized) ( K O N D U K T O R O V A ,

o 1973) 12 86.5 51.4 24.4 18.2 Zveinieki, La tv i a ( D E N I S O V A , 1975) 6 86.8 49.4 23.2 18.1

Tisza-Maros Region ( F A R K A S , 1975) 14 86.5 49 3 22.6 23.1 Linearbandkeramik, CSSR ( J E L I N E K ,

1973) 14 87.1 46 9 22.9 20.8 Sehnurkeramik, CSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 19 85.4 47 8 22.5 20.1 Nea-Nikcmedeia ( A N G E L , 1973) 8 85.8 49 9 24.1 20.5 Dnepro-Donets culture ( D E B E T S , 1966) 69 86.1 49 5 23.4 18.2 Rubanes (Bandkeramiker) ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 39 85.9 50 0 23.6 20.2 Rössen-Hinkels te in ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 10 84.8 47 5 23.7 19.2

, r} Trichterbecherkultur ( J Ö R G E N S E N , 1973) 27 83.9 49 6 23.7 18.8 Denmark, Middle Period ( J Ö R G E N S E N ,

"o 1973) 20 85.1 46 5 23.6 18.8 Denmark, Late Period ( J Ö R G E N S E N ,

1973) 16 84.2 49 5 23.1 18.6 Zveinieki, Middle Late Period

( D E N I S O V A , 1975) 11 84.2 47 8 24.3 17.4 Liguria ( C O R R A I N & P A R E N T I , 1973) 6 81.9 47 7 23.8 20.1 Cortaillod, Switzerland ( S A U T E R , 1973) 27 83.5 49 9 24.4 19.2 Vovnigi , Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 21 86.5 49 0 23.1 18.1 Dereivka, Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O V A ,

1973) 25 85.1 49 0 23.6 18.5

Tisza-Maros Region ( F A R K A S , 1975) 27 86.1 46 0 23.8 22.3 Glockenbecher, ÖSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 24 86.4 48 8 23.9 19.5 Tripolye ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 11 85.2 47 2 22.7 18.8

ft East-Ukraine ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 4 85.4 44 2 21.5 18.8 ft O Bad en-Culture ( N E M E S K É R I , 1951, 1956) 7 80.3 51 2 24.6 18.2

O Toscana ( C O R R A I N & P A R E N T I , 1973) 8 83.1 46 6 24.2 20.2 o Bas-Languedoc ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 37 82.1 52 0 25.0 19.0

A +a

Aveyron + H é r a u l t ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 21 82.0 51 0 23.7 18.9 o Grottes art i f . Marne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 158 83.6 48 5 23.2 19.1

Seine-Oise-Marne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 104 82.7 49 0 23.8 19.3 o

< Oise-Aisne ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 22 81.0 49 5 24.1 18.4 o

< Grottes, Meuse ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 32 79.0 50 0 24.3 19.2 Anatolian type ( C A P P I E R I , 1965) 29 81.3 52 3 25.3 20.5 Russe, Bulgaria ( B O E V , 1973) 21 85.2 46 3 23.2 20.9

Continuation of Table 2 .

Characteristics M A R T I N ' S

numbers N

17x 100 48x100 52x 100 54x100

< Series N (1 + 8): 2 17 17 45 Series (1 + 8): 2 17 45

Tisza-Maros, Early ( F A R K A S , 1975) 85 86.2 47 .7 24.1 20 .5 Tisza-Maros, Middle ( F A R K A S , 1975) 35 83.1 51 .5 24.8 20.7 Tisza-Maros, Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) Tápé , Late Period ( F A R K A S , L I P T Á K 1975)

80 84.5 49.7 24.3 19.0 Tisza-Maros, Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) Tápé , Late Period ( F A R K A S , L I P T Á K 1975) 67 84.5 49 .3 24.4 18.8 Szőreg, etc. Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) Aunjeti tz , CSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973)

14 83.9 50.5 24.2 19.4 Szőreg, etc. Late ( F A R K A S , 1975) Aunjeti tz , CSSR ( J E L I N E K , 1973) 65 86.4 48 .4 23.3 19.8 Mokrin , Early ( F A R K A S & L I P T Á K , 1971) 68 85.9 49 .6 24.6 20.2 Sarata-Monteoru ( M A X I M I L I A N , 1962) 46 83.1 49.1 25.2 19.0

CD Noua, Late ( N E C R E S O V & C R I S T E S C T J ,

G 1973) 15 85.0 49 .8 25.0 19.5 O

u Yamnaya, Early ( K O N D U K T O R O V A , 1973) 7 82 .5 51 .5 24.9 19.2 m Katakcmbnaya, Middle ( K O N D U K T O R O ­

V A , 1973) 2 4 83.7 50 .4 24.4 18.2 Srubnaya, Late ( K O N D U K T O R O V A ,

1973) 19 81.8 50.1 24.0 18.9 Kivutka lns , Early ( D E N I S O V A , 1975 ) 10 86.5 50 .0 25.6 19.4 Narb.-Roussillon ( R I Q U E T , 1970) 41 82.8 49 .3 23.9 19.0 Tepe-Hissar 111. ( D E B E T S , 1957) 5 0 82.2 51.8 24.6 20.1 Tepe-Hissar 11. ( D E B E T S , 1957) 7 83.7 53.2 23.6 20.4 Grossbrembach, Early ( U L L R I C H , 1972) 13 87 .9 50 .2 24.0 19.2

sider that in the Neolithic Age in the "vasi a bocca quadrata" culture of the Po Basin, the Danubian (and partly from the Tisza Basin) cultures had an influence and that these influences reached the environs of the Western Alps ( M O N G A I T 1973) and also we consider the above discussed analogies then i t is not without support to assume that the morphogenetic trends in many cases crossed the paths of cul­tural relationships. The development of the morphogenetic trends was deter­mined by the mutual exchange of autochthon and immigrated groups, which may have occurred independently from commercial relations as the effect of various other (economic, socio-hygienic or geological) factors. Thus, special attention should be paid, for example, to the fact that in the Toscanán Aeneolithic Age the oriental cultural effects ( C O R R A I N & P A R E N T I 1973) might have been parallel wi th the morphological characteristics describing populations from the Central Danubian Basin and the Upper Dnester. On the basis of applied comparative stu­dies in the Central Danubian Basin during the Neolithic, Copper and Bronze Age, we may establish two principal (SE-NW and NE-SW) trends (Figs. 3 and 4 ) . Besides from the end of the Copper Age t i l l the beginning of the Late Bronze Age repeated infiltrations occurred into the population of the southern Great Plain from the belt of the Ukrainian Yamnaya and Katakombnaya cultures which mani­fested in a decrease of gracility.

23 Természettudományi Múzeum Évkönyve 1977.

Fig. 3. Principal morphogenetic trends after male series

Fig . 4. Principal morphogenetic trends after female series

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( В О С Н Ш З К У , У А . У А . ) РОГИНСКИЙ, Я . Я . ( 1 9 5 4 ) : Величина изменчивости измеритель­ных признаков черепа и некоторые закономерности их корреляции у человека. — Труды Научно-Исслед. Инст. Антроп. (Москва), Ученые записки 166: 5 7 - 9 2 .

( Н А А З , N . & МАХГШТЛАЯ", С.) Хаас , Н . & Максимилиан, К . ( 1 9 5 8 ) : Антропологи­ческое исследование окрашенных костяков из комплекса могил с охрой в Глевенеш-ти Векь, Корлэтень и Стойкань Четэцуйе, —• Сов. Антроп. (Москва), 4 : 1 3 3 - 1 4 6 .

Author's address: D R . T I B O R T Ó T H

Anthropological Department Hungarian Natural History Museum H—1062 Budapest, Bajza utca 39 Hungary