Nebuchadnezzar II

Nabû-kudurri-usurKing of Babylon

An engraving on an eye stone of onyxwith an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar

II[1]

Reign ca. 605 – 562 BC

Born ca. 634 BC

Died ca. 562 BC

Predecessor Nabopolassar

Successor Amel-Marduk

Father Nabopolassar

Nebuchadnezzar IIFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Nebuchadnezzar" redirects here. For other uses, see Nebuchadnezzar(disambiguation).

Nebuchadnezzar II ( i/nɛbjʉkədˈnɛzər/;Aramaic: ܐܘܨܘܪܟܘܕܘܪܝܢܒܘ ; Hebrew:נבוכדנצר Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar; Ancient Greek:Ναβουχοδονόσωρ Naboukhodonósôr;Arabic: نبوخذنصر nibūḫaḏniṣṣar; c 634 – 562BC) was king of the Neo-BabylonianEmpire, who reigned c. 605 BC – 562 BC.He is credited with the construction of theHanging Gardens of Babylon and for thedestruction of the First Temple. He isfeatured in the Book of Daniel and ismentioned in several other books of theBible.

The Akkadian name, Nabû-kudurri-uṣur,means "O god Nabu, preserve/defend myfirstborn son". Nabu, son of the godMarduk, is the Babylonian deity of wisdom.In an inscription, Nebuchadnezzar styleshimself as Nabu's "beloved" and "favourite".[2][3] His name has previously beenmistakenly interpreted as "O Nabu, defend

my kudurru",[4] in which sense a kudurru isan inscribed stone deed of property.However, when contained in a ruler's title,kudurru approximates to "firstborn son" or

"oldest son".[5] Variations of the Hebrewform include נבוכדנאצר and נבוכדראצר (Nəḇuḵaḏreṣṣar). He is also known as Bakhat

Nasar, which means "winner of the fate", or literally, "fate winner".[citation needed]

Contents

1 Life

2 Construction activity

3 Portrayal in the Bible

3.1 Bout of insanity

Nebuchadnezzar II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebuc...

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3.2 Helel, Son of the Morning

4 Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources

4.1 Destruction of Jerusalem

4.2 Sources

5 Nebuchadnezzar in fiction

6 Named after Nebuchadnezzar

7 Notes and references

7.1 Notes

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Life

Nebuchadnezzar was the oldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, who deliveredBabylon from its three centuries of vassalage to its fellow Mesopotamian stateAssyria, and in alliance with the Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians, laidNineveh in ruins. According to Berossus, some years before he became king ofBabylon, Babylonian dynasties were united. There are conflicting accounts ofNitocris of Babylon being either his wife or daughter.

Nabopolassar was intent on annexing the western provinces of Syria (ancient Aram)from Necho II (whose own dynasty had been installed as vassals of Assyria, and whowas still hoping to help restore Assyrian power), and to this end dispatched his sonwestward with a large army. In the ensuing Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, theEgyptian and Assyrian army was defeated and driven back, and the region of Syriaand Phoenicia were brought under the control of Babylon. Nabopolassar died inAugust that year, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend to the throne.

After the defeat of the Cimmerians and Scythians, previous allies in the defeat ofAssyria, Nebuchadnezzar's expeditions were directed westward, although thepowerful Median empire lay to the north. Nebuchadnezzar's political marriage toAmytis of Media, the daughter of the Median king, had ensured peace between thetwo empires.

Nebuchadnezzar engaged in several military campaigns designed to increaseBabylonian influence in Aramea (modern Syria) and Judah. An attempted invasion ofEgypt in 601 BC was met with setbacks, however, leading to numerous rebellionsamong the Phoenician and Canaanite states of the Levant, including Judah.Nebuchadnezzar soon dealt with these rebellions, capturing Jerusalem in 597 BCand deposing King Jehoiakim, then in 587 BC due to rebellion, destroying both the


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Nebuchadnezzar faces offagainst Zedekiah, the last kingof Judah, who holds a plan ofJerusalem, in a Baroque eradepiction in Zwiefalten Abbey,Germany.

city and the temple, and deporting many of theprominent citizens along with a sizable portion of

the Jewish population of Judea to Babylon.[6] Theseevents are described in the Prophets (Nevi'im) andWritings (Ketuvim), sections of the Hebrew Bible(in the books 2 Kings and Jeremiah, and 2Chronicles, respectively). After the destruction ofJerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar engaged in athirteen-year siege of Tyre (circa 586–573) whichended in a compromise, with the Tyrians accepting

Babylonian authority.[7][8]

Following the pacification of the Phoenician state ofTyre, Nebuchadnezzar turned again to Egypt. A

clay tablet,[9] now in the British Museum, states:"In the 37th year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of thecountry of Babylon, he went to Mitzraim (Egypt) towage war. Amasis, king of Egypt, collected [hisarmy], and marched and spread abroad." Havingcompleted the subjugation of Phoenicia, and a campaign against Egypt,Nebuchadnezzar set himself to rebuild and adorn the city of Babylon, andconstructed canals, aqueducts, temples and reservoirs.

According to Babylonian tradition, towards the end of his life, Nebuchadnezzarprophesied the impending ruin of the Chaldean Dynasty (Berossus and Abydenus inEusebius, Praeparatio Evangelica, 9.41). He died in Babylon between the secondand sixth months of the forty-third year of his reign, and was succeeded byAmel-Marduk.

Construction activity

During the last century of Nineveh's existence, Babylon had been greatlydevastated, not only at the hands of Sennacherib and Assurbanipal, but also as aresult of her ever renewed rebellions. Nebuchadnezzar, continuing his father's workof reconstruction, aimed at making his capital one of the world's wonders. Oldtemples were restored; new edifices of incredible magnificence were erected to themany gods of the Babylonian pantheon (Diodorus of Sicily, 2.95; Herodotus, 1.183).To complete the royal palace begun by Nabopolassar, nothing was spared, neither

"cedar-wood, nor bronze, gold, silver, rare and precious stones";[10] an undergroundpassage and a stone bridge connected the two parts of the city separated by theEuphrates; the city itself was rendered impregnable by the construction of a tripleline of walls. The bridge across the Euphrates is of particular interest, in that it wassupported on asphalt covered brick piers that were streamlined to reduce theupstream resistance to flow, and the downstream turbulence that would otherwiseundermine the foundations. Nebuchadnezzar's construction activity was not


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Building Inscription of KingNebuchadnezar II at theIshtar Gate. An abridgedexcerpt says:"I (Nebuchadnezzar) laid thefoundation of the gates downto the ground water level andhad them built out of pureblue stone. Upon the walls inthe inner room of the gateare bulls and dragons andthus I magnificently adornedthem with luxurioussplendour for all mankind tobehold in awe."

Daniel InterpretingNebuchadnezzar's Dream

confined to the capital; he is credited with therestoration of the Lake of Sippar, the opening of aport on the Persian Gulf, and the building of theMede wall between the Tigris and the Euphrates toprotect the country against incursions from thenorth. These undertakings required a considerablenumber of laborers; an inscription at the greattemple of Marduk suggests that the labouring forceused for his public works was most likely made up ofcaptives brought from various parts of western Asia.

Nebuchadnezzar is credited by Berossus with theconstruction of the Hanging Gardens, for hishomesick wife Amyitis (or Amytis) to remind her ofher homeland, Medis (Media) in Persia. He is alsocredited for the construction of the Ishtar Gate, one

of the eight gates leading into the city of Babylon.[11]

However, some scholars argue that the Gardens mayhave been constructed by the Assyrian king

Sennacherib in his capital city, Nineveh.[12][13]

Portrayal in the Bible

Nebuchadnezzar is widely known through hisportrayal in the Bible, especially the Book of Daniel.The Bible discusses events of his reign and hisconquest of Jerusalem. Daniel 2 contains an accountattributed to the second year of his reign, in whichNebuchadnezzar dreams of a huge image made ofvarious materials (gold, silver, bronze, iron and clay).The prophet Daniel tells him God's interpretation,

that it stands for the rise and fall of world powers,starting with Nebuchadnezzar's own as the goldenhead.

Daniel 3 is an account of Nebuchadnezzarerecting a large idol made of gold for worshipduring a public ceremony on the plain of Dura.When three Jews, whose names were Hananiah,Mishael, and Azariah (respectively renamedShadrach, Meshach, and Abednego by theircaptors, to facilitate their assimilation intoBabylonian culture), refuse to take part, he hasthem cast into a fiery furnace. They are protectedby what Nebuchadnezzar describes as "a son of

the gods" (Daniel 3:25 NIV) and emerge unscathed without even the smell of


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Nebuchadnezzar, by WilliamBlake, depicting the king duringhis bout of insanity

smoke.[14] Daniel 4 contains an account of Nebuchadnezzar's dream about animmense tree, which Daniel interprets to mean that Nebuchadnezzar will go insanefor seven years because of his pride. The chapter is written from the perspective ofking Nebuchadnezzar.

Bout of insanity

While boasting about his achievements,Nebuchadnezzar is humbled by God. The kingloses his sanity and lives in the wild like an animalfor seven years. After this, his sanity and positionare restored and he praises and honors God.Theologians have interpreted this story in severalways. Origen attributed the metamorphosis as arepresentation of the fall of Lucifer, Bodin andCluvier maintained it was a metamorphosis ofboth soul and body, Tertullian confined thetransformation to the body only, without the lossof reason, cases of which Augustine stated werereported in Italy, but gave them little credit.Gaspard Peucer asserted that the transformationof men into wolves was common in Livonia. Some Jewish Rabbins asserted therewas an exchange of souls between the man and ox, while others argued for anapparent or docetic change which was not real. The most generally receivedopinion, which was also held by Jerome, was that the madman was under theinfluence of hypochondriachal monomania by which God could humble the pride of

kings.[15]

There has been speculation by modern writers that the Biblical account mightpreserve memories of an illness that had a natural organic cause. Some consider it

to have been an attack of clinical lycanthropy or alternatively porphyria.[16]

Psychologist Henry Gleitman has claimed that Nebuchadnezzar's insanity was aresult of general paresis or paralytic dementia seen in advanced cases of

syphilis.[17]

Some scholars [18] think that Nebuchadnezzar's portrayal by Daniel is a mixture oftraditions about Nebuchadnezzar and about Nabonidus (Nabuna'id) who becameconfused with him. For example, Nabonidus was the natural, or paternal father ofBelshazzar, and the seven years of insanity could be related to Nabonidus' sojournin Tayma in the desert. Fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls, written from 150 BC

to 70 AD [19] state that it was Nabonidus (N-b-n-y) who was smitten by God with afever for seven years of his reign while his son Belshazzar was regent.

The Book of Jeremiah contains a prophecy about the arising of a "destroyer of

nations", commonly regarded as a reference to Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 4:7),[20] as


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well as an account of Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem and looting anddestruction of the temple (Jer. 52).

Helel, Son of the Morning

Chapter 14 of the Book of Isaiah refers to what Jewish exegesis of the propheticvision of Isaiah 14:12-15 identifies as King Nebuchadnezzar II; the Hebrew text

says "Helel ben Shaḥar" ("the shining one, son of the dawn").[21] It is a taunting

prophecy against an oppressive king.[22] In Isaiah 14,[23] the king is being mocked,as he is struck through with a sword, killed, and thrown into a common grave.Mainstream Christianity attributes this passage to the fall of Lucifer because verse20 says that this king will not be joined with the others in burial, but rather be castout of the grave. "Helel ben Shaḥar" may refer to the Morning Star, but Isaiah gives

no indication that Helel is a star.[24]

Portrayal in medieval Muslim sources

According to Tabari, Nebuchadnezzar, whose Persian name was Bukhtrashah, wasof Persian descent, from the progeny of Jūdharz. Some believe he lived as long as

300 years.[25] While much of what is written about Nebuchadnezzar depicts aruthless warrior, some texts show a ruler who was concerned with both spiritual

and moral issues in life and was seeking divine guidance.[26]

Nebuchadnezzar was seen as a strong, conquering force in Islamic texts andhistorical compilations, like Tabari. The Babylonian leader used force anddestruction to grow an empire. He conquered kingdom after kingdom, including

Phoenicia, Philistia, Judah, Ammon, Moab, Jerusalem, and more.[27] The mostnotable events that Tabari’s collection focuses on is the destruction of

Jerusalem.[25]

Destruction of Jerusalem

Nebuchadnezzar was sent from Balkh by Luhrāsb, a Persian ruler, to defeat theJews in Jerusalem. Some sources believe that Luhrāsb’s son, Bahman, is the one

who sent Nebuchadnezzar to exile the Jews from Jerusalem.[28] According to onesource in Tabari, at the time Nebuchadnezzar was summoned to defeat Jerusalem,he was finishing a peace agreement with the people of Damascus. Because of this,he sent an officer to ease the tension in Jerusalem and create a peace treaty. Theofficer successfully met with the king of Jerusalem and made a peace treaty. As wascustom for the Babylonians, the officer took hostages with him as and began thereturn journey to Nebuchadnezzar. When the officer reached Tiberias, he heard thatthe Israelites had revolted against their king and killed him because the king hadgiven the Babylonians hostages. The hostages were then beheaded and


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Nebuchadnezzar made his way to Jerusalem. Most of the sources agree thatNebuchadnezzar was sent to Jerusalem by God to punish the Jews for their sinful

behavior.[citation needed]

After Nebuchadnezzar ravaged the town, killing and enslaving the people, he cameupon the prophet Jeremiah in a prison. He had been jailed for about three yearsbecause God told him what Nebuchadnezzar would do to Jerusalem. He tried towarn the Israelites and told them to repent, but they jailed him instead. God sent anangel to ask Jeremiah if the Israelites must be destroyed and Jeremiah agrees,beginning the attack by Nebuchadnezzar. When Jeremiah reveals all of this toNebuchadnezzar, he replies, “Wretched people, they defied their Lord’s messenger”10. He then released Jeremiah. This encounter gives evidence that there were stillmany different gods being worshipped, as Nebuchadnezzar does not refer to God ashis own god, and displays a sort of interfaith understanding between religions.Nebuchadnezzar does not worship the god of the Bible but Marduk, a Babylonian

god most often related to judgement.[25][29] Nebuchadnezzar has respect for

Jeremiah and his beliefs[28] that allows Jeremiah to be an ally and help

Nebuchadnezzar with policy.[30]

Nebuchadnezzar then goes on to attack Egypt. After releasing Jeremiah fromprison, the remaining Israelites apologized to Jeremiah but still do not listen to himwhen he tells them to stay in Jerusalem. They instead flee to Egypt, where the kingtakes them in even after Nebuchadnezzar has asked that they be returned.Nebuchadnezzar then conquers Egypt and moves further north in Africa beforereturning home with treasures and hoards of slaves. Nebuchadnezzar’s victoriesdisplay the period of growth that Babylonians were experiencing. Every new victoryresulted in a further accumulation of wealth and prisoners of war, both of whichwere used to strengthen the empire even more. It is also suggested thatNebuchadnezzar took royals hostage but treated them well so that when they werereleased, they would be supportive and complimentary of the Babylonian

Empire.[31]

After Nebuchadnezzar leaves, there is a disconnect between the sources. One saysthat Jeremiah speaks to God, who tells him that the city will be rebuilt. He then putsJeremiah to sleep for a hundred years. The Israelites return and begin to rebuild the

city and then God wakes Jeremiah from his slumber.[25]

Other sources say that Nebuchadnezzar puts Zedekiah in power. Jeremiah providessupport and counsel to Zedekiah for the two years he is in charge because Zedekiah

knows that the city is doomed.[32] Jeremiah stays by his side, realizing that it isbetter to be Babylon’s ally than enemy. After ruling for two years, Zedekiah tried to

make an alliance with Egypt, leading to his demise.[33] Nebuchadnezzar puts anend to the alliance and the cities.

Some accounts say that Bahman took over after Nebuchadnezzar conquered


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Jerusalem, eventually passing off the power to Cyrus. These accounts do not say alot about Nebuchadnezzar or make him seem as powerful.

Yet another source say that God let Nebuchadnezzar rule as long as he wanted.Near the end of his reign, and life, Nebuchadnezzar has a dream but he cannotremember it when he awakes. He calls Daniel to pray and talk to God to figure outwhat he had dreamed. He comes back and tells Nebuchadnezzar about his dream:He saw a statue, made up of many different materials. The feet were formed out ofclay and the materials got stronger and stronger the higher they were on the body,with the head and neck being made from iron. These different substancessymbolized the different reigns of rulers. Then, a rock was sent down from heavenand smashed the statue. This was meant to symbolize God sending a prophet to

smash the reign of Nebuchadnezzar.[34] Soon after this, Nebuchadnezzar addressedthe Israelites. He talked about how powerful he was, so powerful that he haddestroyed God’s house and people and that when he died, he would take over God’skingdom. God, having heard this, pitied his people. He allowed them to return toJudea and multiply. One of the captives, Ezra, was distraught about the fact that theIsraelites’ scripture had been destroyed with the temple. God returns the scripture

to him and his people[35] and the Israelites live on under their own leadership.

Sources

While researchers rely mostly on firsthand accounts to learn aboutNebuchadnezzar, that is not the only way they can get information. Much of theautobiographical information collected by historians about Nebuchadnezzar istaken from inscriptions on buildings that were erected during the rebuilding of

Babylon.[36]

Nebuchadnezzar in fiction

Voltaire interprets the legacy of Nebuchadnezzar and his relationship with Amasisin a short story entitled The White Bull.

Named after Nebuchadnezzar

The opera Nabucco (1842) by Giuseppe Verdi.

The Nabucco pipeline, a planned natural gas pipeline that will transport

natural gas from Turkey to Austria, via Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.

Saddam Hussein considered himself to be the reincarnation of

Nebuchadnezzar[37] and had the inscription "To King Nebuchadnezzar in the

reign of Saddam Hussein" inscribed on bricks inserted into the walls of the

ancient city of Babylon during a reconstruction project he initiated;[38] he


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named one of his Republican Guards divisions after Nebuchadnezzar.[39]

A bottle of wine with a volume equivalent to 20 standard bottles (15 litres) is

called a Nebuchadnezzar.

"Nebuchadnezzar's Furnace" is a type of daylily.

The name of Morpheus' vessel in the films The Matrix and The Matrix

Reloaded.

Nebuchadnezzar II is a playable character in Civilization V.

Nebuchadnezzar II is mentioned in the Microsoft computer game Age of

Empires in the eighth Babylon campaign "Nineveh" in the history section and

after the campaign is won.

Nebuchadnezzar is a card in Magic: The Gathering.[40]

Notes and references

Notes

^ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria

eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess

utveckling, bd 2 (1901)

1.

^ Harper, R. F. quoted in Peet, Stephen

Denison (editor). 1900. “Editorial

Notes,” The American Antiquarian and

Oriental Journal. New York: Doubleday,

vol. XXII, May and June, p. 207.

2.

^ Lamb, Harold. 1960. Cyrus the Great.

New York: Doubleday, p. 104.

3.

^ Schrader, Eberhard. 1888. The

Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old

Testament. London: Williams and

Norgate, p. 48 (footnote).

4.

^ Chicago Assyrian Dictionary sub

Kudurru Ca5'

5.

^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the

Jews, Book VIII, ch. 6–8.

6.

^ Ronald F. Youngblood, F. F. Bruce, R.

K. Harrison, ed. (2012). Unlock the

Bible: Keys to Exploring the Culture and

Times. Thomas Nelson. p. 347.

ISBN 1418547263.

7.

^ Allen, Leslie C. (2008). Jeremiah: A

Commentary. Westminster John Knox

Press. p. 472. ISBN 978-0664222239.

8.

^ Elgood, Percival George. 1951. Later

Dynasties of Egypt. Oxford: Basil

Blackwell, p. 106.

9.

^ Smith, William and Fuller, J.M. 1893.

A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising

Its Antiquities, Biography, Geography,

and Natural History. London: John

Murray, vol. I, p. 314.

10.


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^ Foster, Karen Polinger (1998).

"Gardens of Eden: Flora and Fauna in

the Ancient Near East"

(http://environment.yale.edu/documents

/downloads/0-9/103foster.pdf).

Transformations of Middle Eastern

Natural Environments: Legacies and

Lessons. New Haven: Yale University.

pp. 320–329. Retrieved 2007-08-11.

11.

^ Dalley, Stephanie, (2013) The

Mystery of the Hanging Garden of

Babylon: an elusive world Wonder

traced, OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5

12.

^ Rollinger, Robert, (2103) "Berossos

and the Monuments" p155, ed J

Haubold et al, The World of Berossos

Harrassowitz ISBN 978-3-447-06728

13.

^ Kjvonly.org (http://www.kjvonly.org

/doug/kutilek_son_of_god.htm)

14.

^ Samuel Fallows, The Popular and

Critical Bible Encyclopaedia and

Scriptural Dictionary

(http://books.google.com

/books?id=JbJUAAAAYAAJ&) The

Howard-Severance Company (1920)

Vol.2 p.302

15.

^ Kroeger, Catherine Clark; Evans,

Mary J. (2009). The Women's Study

Bible: New Living Translation

(http://books.google.co.uk

/books?id=hKT7ftnh0xYC&

pg=PA1003&

dq=King+Nebuchadnezzar+%2B+Clini

cal+lycanthropy&hl=en&

sa=X&ei=W0AET9GLF5PC8QOTuKX_D

w&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&

q=King%20Nebuchadnezzar%20%2B

%20Clinical%20lycanthropy&f=false)

(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.

ISBN 978-0-19-529125-4.

16.

^ Henry Gleitman, Psychology (New

York: W W Norton, 2007), 219.

17.

^ Wolfram von Soden: "Eine

babylonische Volksüberlieferung von

Nabonid in den Danielerzählungen". In:

Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche

Wissenschaft 53 (1935), pp. 81–89.

18.

^ Bruce, F. F. "The Last Thirty Years"

(http://www.worldinvisible.com/library

/kenyon/storyofbible/2ck11.htm). Story

of the Bible. ed. Frederic G. Kenyon.

Retrieved June 19, 2007.

19.

^ Calvin's Bible Commentaries:

Jeremiah and Lamentations, Part I, John

Calvin, translated by John King,

Forgotten Books, 2007, p. 168.

20.

^ "ASTRONOMY - Helel, Son of the

Morning."

(http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com

/articles/2052-astronomy). The unedited

full-text of the 1906 Jewish

Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com.

Retrieved 1 July 2012.

21.


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^ Wilken, Robert (2007). Isaiah:

Interpreted by Early Christian and

Medieval Commentators. Grand Rapids

MI: Wm Eerdmans Publishing. p. 171.

ISBN 978-0-8028-2581-0.

22.

^ "Bible" (http://kingjbible.com/isaiah

/14-1.htm).

23.

^ Gunkel, "Schöpfung und Chaos," pp.

132 et seq.

24.

^ a b c d Ṭabarī, Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr

Aṭ- (1987). The History of Al-Tabarī.

State Univ. of New York Pr. pp. 43–70.

25.

^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).

Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford.

26.

^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931).

Nebuchadnezzar. Whittlesey House.

p. 3.

27.

^ a b Calkins, Raymond (1930).

Jeremiah the Prophet: A Study in

Personal Religion. New York:

Macmillan.

28.

^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931). Nebuchadnezzr.

New York: Whittlesey House. p. 130.

29.

^ Gordon, T. Crouther (1932). The

Rebel Prophet: Studies in the

Personality of Jeremiah. New York and

London: Harper and Bros. p. 65.

30.

^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).

Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford:

Oxford UP. pp. 81–84.

31.

^ Gordon, T. Crouther (1932). The

Rebel Prophet: Studies in the

Personality of Jeremiah. New York and

London: Harper and Bros. p. 117.

32.

^ Tabouis, G.R. (1931).

Nebuchadnezzar. New York: Whittlesey

House. pp. 130–166.

33.

^ Redditt, Paul L. (1999). Daniel: Based

on the New Revised Standard Version.

Sheffield: Sheffield Academic.

pp. 49–63.

34.

^ Grabbe, Lester L. (1998).

Ezra-Nehemiah. London: Routledge.

pp. 143–153.

35.

^ Wiseman, D.J. (1985).

Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon. Oxford:

Oxford UP. p. 42.

36.

^ Encyclopedia of the Developing

World, edited by Thomas M. Leonard, p.

793.

37.

^ Archeology Under Dictatorship,

Michael L. Galaty and Charles

Watkinson, p. 203.

38.

^ Fontenot, Gregory; Degen, E. J.; Tohn,

David. 2005. On point: the United

States Army in Operation Iraqi

Freedom. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval

Institute Press, p. 263. ISBN

978-1-59114-279-9

39.

^ http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages

/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=201212

40.

See also

Babylonia

Kings of Babylonia

References


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Chapter 23, "The Chaldaean Kings" in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.).

London: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 0-14-012523-X

ABC 5 (http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html): Chronicle

Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar

Nabuchodonosor (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10666c.htm) on the

Catholic Encyclopedia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public

domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nebuchadnezzar". Easton's Bible

Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public

domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Nabuchodonosor". Catholic

Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité, 1991, Christian Settipani, p.

Stefan Zawadski, "Nebuchadnezzar's Campaign in the 30th Year (575 BC): A

Conflict with Tyre?" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan`el Kahn (eds), Treasures on

Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East

Presented to Israel Eph'al (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008).

T. E. Gaston, Historical Issues in the Book of Daniel, Oxford: Taanathshiloh,

2005

External links

Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature

(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10887) – old translation

Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS

/meso/meso.html)

Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com

/view.jsp?artid=154&letter=N&search=Nebuchadnezzar)

Nebuchadnezzar II (http://www.ancientopedia.com/Nebuchadnezzar_II/) on

Ancient History Encyclopedia

Preceded byNabopolassar

King of Babylon605 BC – 562 BC

Succeeded byAmel-Marduk

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebuchadnezzar_II&oldid=607808654"Categories: 630 BC births 562 BC deaths 6th-century BC biblical rulers


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7th-century BC biblical rulers Babylonian kings Book of Daniel

National symbols of Iraq History of Purim Nebuchadnezzar II

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13 of 13 2014-05-09 21:03

Nebuchadnezzar II

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Transcript of Nebuchadnezzar II