Near East/North Africa Report · JPRS 82023 19 October 1982 Near East/North Africa Report No. 2642...

JPRS 82023

19 October 1982

Near East/North Africa ReportNo. 2642

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JPRS 82023.

19 October 1982

NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT

No. 2642

CONTENTS

OPEC AFFAIRS

Arab Investment Patterns Shown To Be Changing(AL-QABAS, 7 Jul 82) ..................................... . 1

PERSIAN GULF AFFAIRS

Investcorp Activities Outlined(ARAB BANKING 6 FINANCZ, Jul 82) ......................... 3.

ALGERIA

Prefabricated Housing Projects Examined(Ammar Belhimer; EL MDUDJAIIID, various dates) ............ 5

Agency To Fill Need for Economic Information(Muhammad Zalani; EL MDUDJAHID, 19 Sep 82) ............... 14

BAHRAIN

Activities of Arab Banking Corporation Profiled(ARAB BANKING & FINANCE, Jul 82)..........................18

Operationa Outlined

President Interviewed, Abdulla A Saudi Interview,

EGYPT

Deteriorating ondition of Housing in Villages Reported(Jamal al-Din Husayn, Mayisah Fawi; ROSE AL-YUSUF,30 Aug 82) ............................................... 21

Difficulties of Court of Cassation, Court Delays Discussed(Rajab al-Banna; AL-A&RAM, 17 Aug 82) .................... 25

Opposition Paper Discusses Recent Cabhnet Shifts(Ibrahim Yunus; AL-SHAB, 7 Sep 82) ...................... 31

-a - (I1I -NE &A-121]

Opposition Paper Discusses Methods of Selecting Vice President(Muhammad 'Abd-al-Qaddus; AL-SHA'B, 7 Sep 82) ............ 34

IRAN

Bakhtiar's Group Condemns Gandhi Governannt's Policy TowardKhomeyni

(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 16 Sep 82) .......................... 37

News Reports From Media, Other Sources(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) .......................... 38

Irano-Iraqi War of Words Continues(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) .......................... 39

Egyptian Deterrent Force Said Essential for Persian Gulf(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 16 Sep 82) .......................... 42

Saudis Handle Medlna Demonstrations Pirmly(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 16 Sep 82) .......................... 44

?ussavi Assails U.S., Framce, Persian Gulf States(I•A PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) ........................... 46

Opposition Paper on Iran Power Struggle(VOICE OF IRAN, 2 Sep 82) ............................... 47

Tehran Attacks UN Security Council Meetings(Tehran International Service, 3 Oct 82) ................. 50

Nationel Front Condemns Qashqa'i Execution(Free Voice of Iran, 4 Oct 82) ........................... 52

i4shkint Blares Arab loaders for Lebanon Massacre(TEHRAN TINES, 26 Sep 82) ................................ 54

Islamic Leade'rs' Summit Urged on Joint Strategy(TEHRAN TIMES, 29 Sep 82) ................................ 55

Tehran Weekly Reviews Internal, External Developments(IRAN PRESS DEdST, 21 Sep 82) ........................... 56

Qhotbzadeh's Legacyevolution Guards in Place of Army

Tudeh View of Inam's LineTies With the Soviet Union

Qcandestine Radio' Ruviews Regime's Position(Free Voice of Iran, 6 Oct 82) ........................... 61

-b "

Khoeiniha: World NMlems Determined To Eradicate ZionistRe gime

(TEHRAN TIMES, 26 Sep 82) .................................. 63

Justice Minister on Inam's Line, Coqstitution, InternalSe curi ty

(TEHRAN TIMES, 27 Sep 82).................................. 64

Malakuti looks Forward to Islamic Revolution in Iraq(TEHRAN TIMES, 29 Sep 82) .................... ............ 66

Mullahs Said Building Up Their Anger(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) ............................. 67

Bakers, Regime Brace for Confrontation(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) ............................. 70

Khamenei Prepares for Khomeyni's Death(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) ............................. 71

Woeun's Situation in Islamic Republic Diacussed(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) ............................. 73

Uaiversity Reopening Likely To Be Delayed(IRAN PRESS SERVICE, 9 Sep 82) .......................... ... 76

Iran, Malta Explore Trade Possibilities(TEHRAMN TINES, 22 Sep 82) .................................. 78

Brazil, Iran O~nclude $160, Million Contract(TERRAN TIMES, 23 Sep 82) .................................. 79

Foreign Ministry Denounces 'Suppressive' Saudi Actions(TEHRDON TIMES, 25 Sep 82) .................................. 81

President Urges Students to Vital Roles Through Knowledge("•EHRAN TIMES, 25 Sep 82) ................................. 82

Khoeiniha, Jannati, lhataml, Others Freed After Long Detentionby Saudi Police

(TEHRAN TIMES, 25 Sep 82). ................................... 83

Doctors Urged Tb Return(T•i:RAN TIMES, 27 Sep 82) .................................... 84

Iran's Jewish Intellectuals Condenn Zionists(TEM.AN TIMS, 22 Sep 82) ........ ........................... 85

Khoeiniha: Combatants Await Imam's Orders in )cca TbLiberate (Iods

(TEHRAN TIMES, 21 Sep 82) ...................................... 86

B rie fs

Bushehr Marine Industries Orders 87

I RAQ

Muslim Opposition Movement Supports Iranians Against Regime(MISL M NEWS, 3 Sep 82) .................................... 88

IS RAE L

Armored Corps CoDiinder Reviews Battle Lessons, Future ?bves(HL'je Bar-3okhlva Interview; MA'ARIV, 27 Aug 82) .......... 90

Gush EmunLim Voices Views on Tehlya's Joining Coalition(NEQUDA, 6 Aug e2) ........................ 98

Settlers Council Gives Position on Autonomy(NEQUDA, 16 Jul 82) ........................................ 101

Future of War Against PLO Analyzed(Efrayim Ahiram; HA'AIETZ, 29 Aug 82) ...................... 112

Military Options Agaiast Syrians Discussed

(Matti Golan; HA'ARETZ, 29 Aug 82) ........................ 116

KIWAIT

Plans for Overseas Study Program Described by Educatimn Official('Abd-al-Latif 'Isa al-Qa'ud; AL-RA'Y AL-'AKM,3 Jul 82) ................................................ 119

LEBANONIsraeli Administration of South Viewed

(Ra'uf Abu Zaki; AL-MAJALLAH, 28 Aug-3 Sep 82) ........... 123

MOROCCO

Moroccan General Economic Federation Releases %port(LA VIE ECQNOMIQUE, 20 Aug 82) ........................... 126

Effects of Fee Summit Assessied(AXN-NAHAR REPORT & MEMO, 20 Sep 82) ............... 131

SAUDI ARABIA

Ministry of Planning Issues Report(AN-NAIAR AAB BEPORT & MEMO, 20 Sep 82) ................ 132

-d -

SUDAN

Pipeline for Crude 011 Export 7b Be Built

(SUNA, 14 Sep 82) ......................................... 134

Three-Year Economic Recovery Plan Proposed(AL-MUSTAQBAL, 14 Aug 82) ............................... .. 136

TLUISIA

Better Investments Allocation Emphasized

(DIALOGUE, 13 Sep 82) ..................................... 139

Prospects for Emigrant Workers Examined(LA PRESSE DE rTLISIE, 16 Aug 82) ........................ 143

Central Bank's Report for 1981 Reviewed(LA PPESSE DE TMISIE, 16 Aug 82) ......................... 146

Phosphate, Petroleum Center To Be Located in Skhlra(LA PRESSE DE 'TUISIE, 14 Aug 82) ......................... 148

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Study Reports Limited Pole of Women in Development(EMIRATES NEWS, 17 Sep 82) ......... .............. 150

Possibility of New Stock Exchange Discussed

(ARAB BAN)ING S FINANCE, Jul 82) .......................... 151

Das Island Hospital Nearing Completion(KHAIXEEJ TINES, 17 Sep 82) ................................ 152

Abu Thabi To Befine 20 Percent of Its Crude(WIOALEEJ TIMES, 12 Sep 82) ................................ 153

Trade With Arab World RFses(Ahmed Hassan; KHALEEJ TINES, 13 Sep 82) ................... 154

BriefsNew Hospital Construction 155

Disaster Uelief 155

OPEC AFFAIRS

ARAB INVESTMENT PATTERNS SHOWN TO BE CHANGING

Kuwait AL-QABAS in ARabic 7 Jul 82 p 13

(Article: "According to the OAPEC Secretary General's Annual Report 6 ArabCountries Have Surpluses Of $7B"Iillion Available For Investment; the Dollar'sLover Share Of New Deposits Will Reduce Political Risks"]

(Text) OAPECrcentlyreleaseditssecretary general's eighthannual report for1981 in which he reviewed many topics relating to oil and energy in general.

We will review the section dealing with Arab investments, including theirgrowth and their geographic distribution.

The official investable murpluse accumulated by the six Arab countriee--Iraq,Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE and Libya-amounted to approximately$250 billion during the period from 1974 to 1980. This surplus rose by about$78 billion in 1980.

It should be pointed out that there is a difference between investablesurpluses, or those that can be used for what are called fixed investments,and current account surpluses in the balance of paynents.

This difference is because of the fact that these countries borrow fromforeign countries, the fact there there is direct foreign investment in them,the oil export credits they grant, and other unspecified influxes of capital.None of these factors is included in current accounts. Investable surplusesheld by the above six countries in 1980 were estimated at about $78 billion.Current account surpluses for the "ame year were estimated at about $93billion.

Because there is a lack of detailed information available about OAPECinvestments in the various industrial countries we will discuss the invest-ments of the OPEC nations as a whole. And because the Investable surplusesof the Arab countries constitute a large portion of OPEC's surplus--about 77

percent--OPEC's investments can be considered an acceptable indication ofOAPEC's investments.

Accumulated cash surpluses which were invanted abroad by the oil-exportlng

countries and the members of OPEC during the period from 1974 to 1980 amountedto more than $324 billion. Of this the United States and the United Kingdom

shared 41 percent, divided equally between the two. The other industrializcdcountries received 40 percent, while the developing countries received about14 percent. The remaining portion went to international institutions andorganizations.

The channels of investment in the United States and the United Kingdom aremarkedly different inasmuch as most of the money is concentrated in long-terminvestments in the former, while short-term investments predominate in thelatter. In this conneciton it should be noted that most of the short-terminvestments in the United Kingdom are in the form of bank deposits in theEuropean money market. As expected, all investments in the developing coun-

tries are long term since these countries do not have the same bankingfacilities as the industrial countries.

On the subject of the distribution of foreign deposits in the years 1979 and1980 the report said the following:

The value of the OPEC nations' investable surpluses amounted to $87 billionin 1980, compared with approximately $61 billion in 1979.

In 1980 these funds were distributed almost evenly between long-term andshort-term investments. This was the opposite of the, previous year whenshort-term investments accounted for 71 percent.

The investments of 1980 were different from those of 1979 in other respectsalso. Long-term investments rose from about $17 billion to nearly $45 billion,while short-term investments were relatively stable. There was a noticeablechange in the geographic distribution of these investments anong the indus-

trialized countries. While short-term investments in 1980 remained close tothose of 1979 in the United Kingdom, and particularly in the European moneymarket, they declined to a great extent in the United States. There wasincreased investment in the other industrial countries, particularly Japan,West Germany and Switzerland, in the form of bank deposits. These countriesreceived almost 62 percent of all short-term investments in 1980, up from 43percent in 1979.

Long-term investments in the United States rose sharply in 1980, and nearlydoubled in the other industrial countries from $8.7 billion in 1979 to $16.7billion in 1980. In the developing countries these investments declined from$9.6 billion to $6.6 billion.

There was a clear shift in the direction investable surpluses took in 1980

compared with 1979. There was a shift away from the United States and theUnited Kingdom in favor of the other industrial countries, from short-term

investments to long-term investments, and from the dollar to other currenciessuch as the German mark, the Swiss franc and the Japanese yen. Despite the

increase in the U.S. dollar's share of new deposits, in the European money

markets during 1980 the total share of new deposits declined from 82 percentIn 1979 to 96 percent in 1980 (sic].

These can be considered fundamentally healthy developments inasmuch as

investment Income can be expected to increase while the financial andpolitical risks can be expected to decrease.

9123CSO: 4404/592

PERSIAN GULF AFFAIRS

INVESTCORP ACTIVITIES OUTLIMM

London ARAB BANXING & FINANCE in English No 2, Jul 82 pp 46, 48

(Text I A rat r-vesirr-eint B.arkil-g Cotpora. 8' -e'ene' ... f .

taon On'westczir) prioes itself on hoLwSe Bahv,sn's Snaikh Al, Bir)-K'altiah

A meirv mil, li~s sizat)4 Arat, invesi. Sin-Sal,"an. aI.Kh,,ifari. four mrner'ivs of' -'nt an:n; institut~ nteGl T Gatar's A-Thar-! family, anid Ornar's Sai d

new corc orai or' -s tc'r; set uo in Bahraini Sh-- Bin-Taimur and Saic `,4a'ic Bin-ty LS-e-caed ra-. Ner~rKir-ar iMainuA~ are all ramit-, as stare$oldse's,

-.ctmerly of Chase Mantýatian Bark. an'd P,-ttcj' v ewitnt ain #cindersr SnaoidMas OL..rMer Sh'tl I~ rcrn all The Za r rera.A V,-Nse So -ae CI

Git Atao cc'urtr es Aticel-RanTv.an &-r r t-A iS- L:

atA*iz. icise. Kjwvai*. 1-arce -nirisi IC:-* a,.easj ta- e ( v'ar'.s.e cinu'

is lnvtstcorp's cna-rra^ vi'dtt Bahra.r'sti'li ,A.3S AKr

Ahrneo .A. Kaioc' as vic*-c~'mran.Y~f rI-1116. ,,A ecc-no- L W91tfllS C r

#Zirdar :s cesgn-aiter 1frc gf ouC- eicnlGI C_:.xef vian C.)...ncil (GCCIand cni'e. execi~..tIV count.ws an,: *rýeiicorz:sBahirain oase

ICf its $ 20^ m4tlor paid-uo caoilal. we reflected in t~hie ovisori Of ijourder

S5 19 i'tliion has tee-' rsise-ý from 335 shares: Saudi investorI !!ole $40 'nilion.tcinder fstareio,.It A~ab invtstor$. wit Bahrainis S38 Irrliion. Ku,-vatis $31few shavei:de~s l.olcirc Inore than Si m.tlgon. UA=. si'arefolders £18 vnillso,n.liillion - e.Xivilcnt ID ';: 0- tho eCjitN. fataris 3 12 millon. C-rawis 57 rn~ilion

In the GuHi. ý,*nert singe 4 amitim sný "n oNth r iviwtors1 9 13 miullin. Kirovgovwrnnfrts have so often been th told ABF that 57 enillior. 0 inis was howd

fA.NdeJ11 st'aetfotrvrs ofInotos by Iraqi investors. with incri.Gulf ArnatstinveiijCr;S stricti,.! is said ',o be a lewv th.Jiing in. tonnaining 58 million of trie

dooa ture lcknceri shisitovidse cacital.TI- lost ofArait invesico's is ~at~!,Of the remaning 54 All mllion Cacta'

irrvress;.e. 11 inljejjS mrany c)* thi! Gclt'S 9 26 mi'lion is beirg s.. sc-r'_iid rNi:, otTrost m-o-ortar' t bsiness tii-,'ies -,he traf oliepir; ard S 15 million it~ es~

_ a#po W A'>Zavan1S_ of Balh'a,". '0' hte oaitk's P.a'nred pe-'lirrriarroA)W. sii.zan A;-Mulsaw. Al*ý5i~eh and tri-.e-6~ve urzgrarme Uricer Pit lattef,Awl-Babta'i of Kjv.a':. Ai Suda'ry. UALenk C';i-vee! %w te givqn "ho ChanceSliotokshyaond Siia-0a1y of Savd. Artois. .. Wi.I.'e sparsZ at ~hc. original 51.4

AtJFalrcen jr.1 %anr~a : Czt Zaia AJ-Marzui wi ve Tne o~wr of acuity .ar~icipatio,anc Gdlahr- -,I I-, UA!_. an-, in ZJibsi %w s-zi is also a ,*.y doovture in t%(

Crian GCjjif a" Tieim; thtat Invest,,.r~rv w-1l be

Thc r 61rg lo.wlies ft isr-i cl Ithe G#ulf able jo attract rgh-alibre :etsonrel."Itats ife els.) m, 'nntlI 'evrewoerr1 .,he Tme cedit for mvee':w~r'; sucn a voe'l-1,I 01' $11 OfeMO0 Cttrli rj hl' ..I7 r eairV \IaV. dt-,-sf: C.L:u t.ase for linvesuorts git-s "..'Jo le~vt' frin five 01 :te flae <iN~ A:edel. botvi Nit-nit Koicar ard th, AM~f. After

A.zizs ;rvAr urs are sYarcrold". Shailrn six yeats at ChrAe Nisthmantti cairnS.jrour B~..n d a! Nalayan. v.Wicv liireltp :,%,It uc inc tiark's re;,ral

cYhamberla~n of tre _AE Prtii-sia-tial :1 4lct ir 3ahrain, Kircar was wcn:1ie¶J .o

C_%ri a'd p;ovsnor -I ;r AF t.':ral AMF, wMrn "a vo'.id en a 1:16ectm* for

3

I.-lirc the cosi of adie- '.c tine *!hFa'S-)c ~t:rees~db~rse:of it-t: fjir.j Ira-,s to-rTi~r ..rIarrýF7u0 11,o1Ci'ns." as ýn,-es-:orc odil:

1)(ar' inrg - ýIiste r , ~a,:~ Hastem. "astf'l. r'Cil Z, "hit ir:Ecres-sfd iris~ý Sr a ~lS.`locurdef &naieh-,ýde, ir. .r-ves*.'c )rC an a '" -f iC r"estTe, is in Se "ie.

Ccal in re-ie-. %wa keti'i to OeveOp i SO 0CIoS aiý CoT'lci'le:ne Gult vialj;ý invrnat On,- ^*_S-r'entt Real e!*18*

1ýancino art Sect.! iesi coyr~anies ovhichoeAr ~ ~ ra-'r.In all these areas Kir~t ca %.[ tx. lock;ro a!

Sirce <.orcar left if-e fin:! r -nid~ 1 the Size. fa^the, the-) !hr- clanlity c

Bgyvtsl~ntflr Zr^mv al-Abt ts tgEer rrat-n$se:OnOd~ tvzrnt Ne-:ý. Yo? -zase-J Salor-or The carý evll alsoý ciý nvolve. :n

~'mes o o~~ nt t'e~o.'v -rovinng repi al il%.*-i, Car.<inct.Qa ~lf 4ra sv~i~te ~'jseiise~'Crs or the 3_l, SL<ýh ns otrap~es ji:,

F:ý:ic~ow' lis vea' a, AM,. <.dar addVce an.-rcn~nl. the Gulf s'reir-eciwl e abw pitn th AM mar-el. 1'. will alsooaniioicale, in all :ypes

~lerI~oactoici. In A.t~s 19?1 !m of lreicr eir.-ar'ge tusirm3Tebank w 1 not ot-c'me -jilyv ac~ve

cied iasarched, A te-orar olffCC L-1t1 *,e begirning of 19S3. Kirdar haswas set uc in Barvai's ioda'. '-n an. &'r ady recituited two of misI 'ts:me joo of SC-llro th*e sitr..ure 1: tc; ~ r~tso nes-t'k ertGOI.t investrs fi or'refly of ClhasLc %ar'lattan, as his

lie arze sareolci lase'was inleri-xd assistant in Uahrair. anc ex -Bankers T rist~o ;ive ihe tc',any 'so,? sabiilty and to Covnrany's C,'r Casrriq <irdar will teesvaolish a cloe reatic-Wio l~*-e sperdino a ;ax oi tne time bew'eenrtriest:.rp aný at, -tari. as ..ov;b pof *s Seo-ember ard oal.Ary or. 'ýUIIMnfu~jre cus-c-ies - Cjl' iIr,zvia)S %%'t.) or'er to bto~no In-mvcorp uo to a tctaltilh net asse'.s str engt'ý of 70, solit ecjallý t~ve*oten

'ýrvestcoro ovii ofifer Gv4f invetor a Uihrain ard .,oncmi.ran~e of cctvr.unities tal~reo *: trieir -

reeds. Prqv1ius~y. wvesoers, investm-ent A-z -.r !:,si iý,1 rr.ara rroýr.:, ,tic inLar0&ri have taken conq-psl n Barrair, on 23 ji.ne. IKircif ;.,'ustnted alhawvkez ithern iouflo *,o -all~va'ys of threelteat Wan fly V/ an-*S stralegywve.-Ithy Mvestcfs in tte ara b.; t' wticth rectived full LAr~i -*ig.al As

si~.iit'of will now change, Cirdiar told A9F went to aireIs. lvesizomt VaBS St.!ABF. Tnrojgt a Lonidon office, wnict 4irmir."; L4 arrag erts for its Lor.'will have a Stiff of 35, lnvttsoyc will be avM Bat-rain of Cces.aWe to m-at&., deals with irdijvidijal G61.t K rzar is conscious of .te size oýf the

imc¶iC neteds and channel *,ho- *ioi,4h task- &head 10 him *"Ne've gr I IC Citi nour

to its Ba~r~ra r~aevijaries. wvref it %ias str-%ei ai time goes on.- ,,e my% 1,-c isdr t rVPestr4fT Z81ri~rl; ..cence. vvelt via.fe that marv~ ol tie11 contacts

7hv rt'ativel'v larve 9200 1,1010" flecessif 0 0 0tocligh. tvest-'entcacmital base -- wri'ch K.rcar savs rray t. i banking take veas t. cv.itivale.Upoed to S 5OC fr-1l.on - will allow4 Ine To fil viat gar, it will be esset-¶.l tcomrk to buy shares :r the visinesa it is recruit s0ff. ltO, Afnucan vvelist'nenttfieirir' Og CtlS*t ~~~,~~ S oa'~r its~hacv'nca tokefs

sorietnon;) %%il stidi.e' and in whc tint. Tore will toll ifl he is succes~f iiIrv"t,:rr ossevey Co~id ne," x~lirsJiegimig by the salafles on cf~er - ftonr

Krlav~iir nas ve wi bo: w'idc 0.0; Morlehyr £ COCOO tZ 119,00 & aYear OC~i'v-1rcSWgfOM oute wi b)Otutjhnre he V, co.;ld to able *o tin., Ire rhtl

The thae 1voes of ir'ter.iat::ral ir~ovs* Oft-.levrerot of rnt!f irieres: lo lorvvc.svc are

CSO: 4400/13

ALGERIA

PREFABRICATED HOUSING PROJECTS EXAMINED

Algiers EL MOUDJAT1ID in French 14, 15, 16 Sep 82

fArticle by Azmar Belhimer: 'Prefabricated Housing"]

114 Sep 82 p 121

I. Critical Needs and Precariouil System

(Text] "In public opinion, prefabricated housing is synonymouswith barracks," M. Namidi, director of the ONEP--the NationalOffice for Promotion of Prefabricated-Housing Construction--begins by recognizing. The term seems pejorative to him. Heprefers the term "industrialized structures."

Prefabricated housing. Here, then, is a subject that contin-ually arouses all sorts of controversy, at all levels. Thewarning that this young Plan official gives us reflects thescope of these controversies well.

"The field is mined; you have to know where to put your feet." Actually, it isa matter of demystifying the question, himidi specifies.

Let us go back and review the genesis of the question. Recourse to this methodof construction goes back, it seeris to us, to an obeervation and to a certainexperience. The observation is the objective inability of the constructionsector to respond to the nation's needs for housing and socioeducational equip-ment. At the present rate, the sector's deficits are growing.

The observation: the costs of construction in our country are among the highestin the world; the quality is not entirely satisfactory; deliveries are low, andconstruction time is extremely slow.

The consequence: the crisis is not being contained; it is extending.

Another element of observation: directly or indirectly, 60 to 80 percent of thevalue of the materials involved in construction activity take the form of for-eign exchange. The experience is Chief and the spectacular results achieved asa result of an unprecedented nobilization of the national resources and inter-

national solidarity: 20,000 houses %ere delivered there in less than a year,

along with 30 CEM's lintermediate schools), 7 lycees, 2 ITE's [expansion un-

knovn], 7 hospitals and 1,700 classrooms. Total: 1.9 million m2 .

These are two major reasons why the Political Directorate takes this view:

since outflow of foreign exchange is inevitable in any case, and since prefab-

ricated housing costs less and saves time, why not use it on a larger scale?

Thus it is that for 1982 it decreed a program for 5 million m2 .

Time makes life hard for those who want to kill it. This truth of Prevert's

applies perfectly to the case of housing and construction. Prefabricated hous-ing is rightly intended--in the expression of the secretary general of the Min-

istry of Housing and Urban Planning--"to buy a part of the time that has beenlost."

Can Time Be Bought?

"In view of the sharpness of the housing problem, it has been said that we have

found the tseans for getting out of it," Hamidi stares. The assurance that the

time lost could be regained has ,nade this way of doing things a real politicaloption.

In addition to fulfillment of the social needs that have built up, other objec-

tives have devolved to it: it is also a matter of freeing up the construction -

resources, which are already overloaded, and reorganizing them and orienting them

toward new programs.

"To get out of our rut, we should cancel the projects in progress, free up the

construction resources, and at the same time, relieve the tension." Today

there is a real phobia about prefabricated housing, so that even its enemies

do not know how to feel about it. Everyone is given the opportunity to demon-

strate, in a timely way, that the objectives have been achieved and that the

balance-sheets are in the black. Lags in the Plan are translated into prefab-

ricated housing: "The objectives of the Five-Year Plan are too ambitious in re-

lation to the country's resources," it is asserted in the ONEP. Prefabricated

housing is therefore the unexpected opportunity for getting out of this im-

passe, while at the same time keeping it in mind, by the way, that it is not a

question of doing so at any price, but rather keeping three parameters in mind:

the time schedules, quality, and costs. Let ux consider these things a little

more closely.

"We Do Not Have Time to Diddle-Daddle"

Quality first of all. 7he notion does not require unanimity.

"We are not delivering temporary housing," they stress in the ONEP. "If main-

tained well, the units will last for 50 years. But the problem of maintenance

is a general one: even concrete does not resist our children."

And wood or sheet metal holds up even less well. Apart from the tenants' be-

havior, there is also the size of the households. The experience of the 1,500

6

Roslevs of Constantine proved that the cottages were suited rather to smallfamilies and required special care.

qe are in a treeting at the Iighest level, devoted to the douars program.

"The'quality of the products and of the system..., " an architect of the prime

contractor's begins. lie does not complete his sentence. The reply by theONF.P's director takes an indisputable form: "The government has decided on theoperation for one resonly only: to move fast. 'e do not have the time todiddle-diddle, and prefabricated housing is inflexible. We have been told thatthe town built by Dragados at Gue de Constantine was a set of parallelepipeds."

"The balcony is not the sinq-qua-non condition of good architecture," Mr Bel-kaid carries on. "In the ONiEP, we are reminded of the control by the CTC [ex-pansion unknown) (this control is exercised on the structures, the framework)and the 10-year insurance. One of the ONEP's official%, Mr Rendaoud, is lessrigid, though: "I do not recormnend prefabricated construction for collectivehousing. But on the other hand, the system is well-suited for socioeducationalequipisent." Others are less reassuring: "Algeria is not a test range for ex-perimenting with new systems. New systems have to be in existence for at least5 years. We also require certificates of warranty for the materials used."

In reality, it is incorrect to speak of control. It consists rather in viqualevaluation of the value of the system on the basis of the plans and samplesthat fill up the ONEP's preniises. The ONEP does not even have a laboratoryyet.

At present, young Algerian cadres are striving to limit the wastage. Technicalconsultations are held with the suppliers to get them to make modifications oftheir initial proposals.

We were given the opportunity of attending one of these consultations. Two Al-gerian technicians dealt with three representatives of a French supplier formore than 2 hours.

"We have! worked on the basis of your advice. I believe we have some goodideas," begins the_ oldest of the three, extending a pack of Dunhills. Moussa

declines the offer. He prefers Hoggars.

Plans are laid out on the table, anl peopie bend over them.

The supplier: "We've come back with an overhead plan, much denser for the

southern zone, which gives us more shady areas. Your stubbornness has made us

work. The new facades are of concrete, with very wtll-ventilated valls."

The technical details are discussed: "Is the panel fhown inmorted or'made on

site?"

"on site. The authorities have assured us of a priority supply of cenment and

reinforcing rod, but that does not rule out inportation of a part of the mater-

is s."

"The joints?"

"They are elastic joints with a 10-.year warranty."

"It is-not obvious that the coating will hold up on your joints."

"We have the two guarantees."

"Have you already used this system?"

"The weight of the elements is small' so as to go faster and have the equipmentnecessary on site. The elements are transportable and mountable by two men and

not by crane."•

"Have you tested it out?" The answer does not come imnediately.

The system has been gone over with - fine-tooth comb, but one of the two youngAlgexrians says he does not have too many illusions about it: "It is as if theyare making mistakes on. purpose so as to orient us toward the corrections thatsuit them. The real deficiencies are far deeper and more difficult to cor-"rect."

One Hears Evcrything One's Neighbor Says

Where there's smoke, there's fire. The fact that the Prime Minister brings upthe problem implies that it does indeed exist. In a memorandum of 23 May 1982,it is recalled that "this option should not be understood in the sense of adowngrading of safety ,easures."

The memorandum goes on:

"Now it seems that this is not always the case."

"The fact is the the minister of interior brings it to my attention that the

opinion of the Civil Protection Services is not always taken into account and

the prevention inspections wade by the officials in this sector bring out seri-

ous deficiencies in certain cases, the repercussions of which, on the level ofsafe.ty from fire risks, seriously compromise the objective to be achieved.".

Now let us hear Mr Ali A., who lives in a prefabricated house put up by Ital-

ians in Abadla:

"The sandwich panels are no more than 10 cm thick. They consist of two pieces

of sheet metal, one inside and the other outside, with simple insulation. The

facade panels have also been used for the ceiling. Since huts right up agalnst

one another are involved, the insulation is like a veil. One hears everything

one's neighbor says."

"At44' in the shade, it was 75* inside. In winter, it's a refrigerator. The

plumbing starts to give out, and the roof has practically no insulation space."

"The euphoria of Chlef presents the risk of turning the country into a shanty-

town," comments a Plan cadre who views prefabricated housing as a sort of "im-

proved precarious habitat."

B

U15 Sep 82 p 121

11. Exceptional Measures

iText] "Prefabricated housing is an en.ergency solution. There is a need forausterity. Let us avoid the superfluous," the Plan representative warns at ameeting devoted to the customs program, which comprises the building of a na-tional school with a continental scope.

"One does not invest to crash later," replies the director of customs. Theseremarks, on the whole, illustrate a dilemma. Should the uigency of the programnecessarily prevent us from achieving something durable? No. The same dilenmaruns through prefabricated housing. Financed on temporary aid, it has to berepaid, therefore amortized, in installments, through rental or immediately bysale. But rental does not seem to suit the builder, and the renters cannot buyhouses that seem temporary to them.

On the other hand, the operators find themselves confronted with a space-occu-pancy problem. Prefabricated housing takes up a lot of land. It is poorlyadapted to horizontal building, with R+3's at most, as at Gue de Constantine.Now that is where there is not much land, in the zones of heavy industrial anduniversity construction, where one is supposed to put the most housing units.In terms of costs, prefabricated housing units cost quite a bit less than per-manent concrete structures. It is more or less the equivalent of the foreign-exchange part that goes into the cost of a housing unit built in Algeria. Thepartisans of the system see this as a major reason for continuing along thisway. Certain other reasons argue against the inability to make the publicbuilding-construction sector more productive because of considerations that arenot intrinsic to it gives the operation the image of overhastiness, a facilesolution, possible only because the manna of oil and gas provide relat ve fin-ancial comfort. Finally. [as published]

As regards time schedules, prefabricated construction effectively makes :onsid-erable time-saving possible: "The test operation in rehousing 1,600 famiiies ofthe memorial enabled us to do the drainage and the platform in I months a.,d tocomplete the assembly in 4 months," it is declared in the O.EP.

5 Million Square Meters

Despite a few difficulties, the prefabricated operation has definitely been de-cided on. The 1982 program involves 5 million m2. Essentially, universityhostels, technical 6chools, CFP's [occupation-training centers] and schools.

But also 20,000 housing units, not to mention the housing accomodations at-

tached to the socioeducational facilities. The wilayas benefiting from themajor part of the progran are those that have built up the biggest lags.

Thfi French suppliers have by themselves captured a narket of more than 800,000m2. They are followed by the Spanish and the Italians, with about 700,000 m2

each. Next come the Danish and the Belgians, then the English, the Portuguese

and the Swiss. Msong the socialist countries, only Hungary has managed to get

a contract, rather a symbolic one, involving 20,000 m2 . it is true that the

9

planning of their economic growth, being programmed over a period of severalyears, keeps them out of this kind of operation, with its urgent and exception-&I character. The program is governed by exceptional importation and construc-tion measures.

These measures are special as regards the procedures by which execution of theprogram is organized.

The ordinance of 6 March 1982, enacting provisions complementary to the 1982finance act, exempts the contracts and riders made within the framework of im-plementation of the program from the formalities and procedures for the makingof public contracts as well as from the certifications by the organs that dothe preliminary checking. The procedure is therefore lightened considerably.

The operation consequently escapes the conventional rules for the making ofpublic contracts and preliminary checking.

It also escapes the legislative and tegulatory provisions relative to foreigntrade and exchange control. Plus the need for AGI (Total Import Permit], trans-fer agreements or external-indebtedness authorizations.

The elimination of the administrative barriers is explained by the concern tomove fast. These advantages are supplemented by others, aimed at stimulating aflow of suppliers. Thus, by the terms of the same law, the foreign firms areexempted from all imposts, duties and taxes both On the equipment, materialsand prefabricated elements imported and on the activity carried out within theframework of the program, including the wages paid to their foreign personnel.

Flexible Procedures

Two structures govern the concrete realization of the objectives decreed in thematter of prefabricated construction.

An interminiseterial activation and coordination committee has been set up as aconceptual organ to implement the policy decreed by the government for defini-tion and distribution of the needs, the orientation of the programs and themain lines of research. In order to do this, two principal missions have de-volved to it: on the one hand, definition of the means for integration of pre-fabricated construction with econonic development, and on the other hand, theworking-out of the action program and its materialiat ion.

The committee includes eight ministries (Housing and Urban Planning, Transpor-

tajion and Yisheries, Planning and National Development, Finance, Heavy Indus-

try, Light Industry, Commerce, Energy and Petrochemical Industries), the secre-

tary of state for foreign trade, and the ministers who are users of the pro-

jects under study.

The committee's decisions are implemented by the ONEP, created by decree of6 March 1982. On this basis, the ONEP is responsible essentially for the stud-

ies and the prime contractorship of the program. It assists all the other pro-

moting services and organisms on the technical level.

10

The ONEP's action in the matter of studies and prime contractorship, with aview to prumotion of light prefabricated construction, is nonetheless based ona number of principles, without which the entire operation would be only a"graft" of pieces onto a disorganized fabric. That is why this new organism isexpressly called on to achieve a veritable technology transfer, to gather, pro-cess and diffuse documentation, to undertake research that could improve per-formance. These are all tasks which, if tackled effectively, could help bringabout all the conditions for the launching of a national prefabricated-con-struction industry. The experience of other operators, such as the SNLB [Na-tional Cork and Wood Industries Co], SN Metal [National Metal Construction Co]and the former DNC [expansion unknowni, already constitute a valuable founds-tion, to be broadened and deepened in the direction of strengthening the na-tional capacities in this area.

it is true that there is an excessive tendency today to import everything, in-cluding labor, on the unexpressed pretext that the national means are sapped bychronic inertia. This represents a danger of outer-directedness that runs therisk of doing serious harm not only to the sacred principles of economic inde-pendence but also to the progress achieved in that direction. It is needlessto say that easy or systematic recourse to foreign resources plants the seedsof aggravation of the problems in the medium term. Such is neither the ap-proach nor the desire of the housing officials.

[16 Sep 82 p 121

I1l. An Additional Solution

[Text) Despite the considerable recovery efforts made in the housing sector,there i6 still a gap between supply and demand, and it is widening. Responsi-bility for this gap cannot be assigned to the sector alone, still less to itscadres or its workers. The sector is downstream fron the other sectors of thenational economy, and it suffers all their contradictions. Let there be ashortage of land, let the labor force not be trained in sufficient numbers, letconstruction materials not be available at all times and anywhere, let equip-ment be late in arriving, and so on, and it is building construction that suf-f ers.

To these constraints have been added others, of a demographic nature. Fright-ful population growth and an uncontrollable exodus seriously complicate things.Recponding to the needs of a city such as Algiers that has an annual birth rateof 7 percent amoints to juxtaposing veritable new cities to it.

This review is necessary in order to make it clear that a failure of the build-ing-contruction sector is not a necessary corollary of the recourse to prefab-ricated construction. The progress made in building construction is consider-able, bur r.ot sufficient to meet the needs within the time schedules countedon.

The entire question is how the ,ational effort to give the nation a powerful,because vital, sector, with action on all the elements that uake it up, will be€ontinuvd.

.11

"The tragedy," an enterprise official tells us, "is that when one has a goodarchitect, there is no mason 3vailable, and when you have both, you lack thematerials."

It Is Not a Temporary Formula

While we wait for all the conditions to be achieved for meeting the needs ofthe population, in terms of quantity and quality, some /additional solutions/are required. This is the case with prefabricated construction. They willhelp to reduce the tensions that find expression in sectors as sensitive asthose of health, education and vocational trainiag.

"The prefabricated operation," specifies Mr lelkaid, secretary general of theMinistry of Housing and Urban Planning, "is intended to correct the imbalancesand the inequalities that exist from one region to another in the areas ofhealth, education, training, etc, while at the same. time giving the sector anopportunity to 'breathe,' to organize itself better for heavier work loads.This, on the overall level, should help improve performance in achievement ofthe planned objectives that have been assigned to the sector." The first levelo0 claritication is that prefabricated construction is an additional solution.This character is clearly apparent from the following observations:

-- First: The 5-Year Plan calls for the construction of 450,000 housing units inthe public program, with auxiliary equipment estimated at about 35 percent-ofthis value, which represents a little more than 50 million m2;

-- Second: Prefabricated construction covers 5 million m2 , which is less thanI0 percent of the objectives.

It is thus a drop in the bucket, we are told at the Ministry.

It is added, though, that this is not a temporary formula. Two specific clari-fications are added: "Prefabricated construction has nothing to do with the'emergency towns' built after the Chlef earthquake. Thus there is a world ofdifference between the individual housing units and the auxiliary facilities."

"Let us speak briefly and to the point," someone else says; "we should avoidthe prefabricated-housing myth and reserve the system for schools, CEM's,health infrastructure, training centers, so as to orient the construction re-sources more toward housing."

In parallel with delimitation of the "sectors of application," the setting-upof a national prefabricated-construction industry raises another question: de-finition of the system to be adopted.

The SNLB it producing "Saharan cabins" of wood, which are perfectly well-suitedto the forest villages that were under discussion a few years ago, on the occa-sion of th,. debates on the fourth phase of the Agrarian Revolution.

Our country also has considerable capacities for production of metal struc-tures. SN Metal, the ECSM lexpansion unknown], the wilaya units and the priv-

12

ate firns can be the basis for a takeoff with a view to industrialization ofbuilding construction. The framework therefore exists. It remains to getready by supplementary means, which, we are assured, do not require big invest-ments or long periods of time; what is involved is the "fill-in" units (parti-tions, outside walls).

This is an important aspect of the economic integration, which also presupposesbold action at the level of supplies and of labor training, specialization ofthe skilled personnel or coordination.

The challenge remains to be taken up: "It calls for mobilization of everyone,so that those who are being led by the 'harness of development' will rather setthemselves to pulling it."

11267CSO: 4519/320

23

ALZERIA

AGENCY TO FILL NEED FOR ECOMOMIC INFORMATION•

Algiers EL MOUDJAHID in French 19 Sep 82 p 4

[Article by Muhammad Zalani. "Economic Infor:at ion in the Battle for Development"I

[Text) Reliable and exhaustive economic information is a fundamental basis forany decision that is intended to have important consequences. The economic op-erators have had all the time they need to verify the soundness of this basicpostulate. Twenty years of develoixent efforts have demonstrated that the ab-sence of reliable economic information constitutes not only a serious impedi-ment to pursuit of the development effort but also a source of considerableexcess cost. Lacking a solid system of homogeneous economic information, theoperators are led to take decisions whose contradictory character emerges onlyin practice, at the risk of having to revise everything, with the resultant de-lays in projects and cost overruns. Thus a nunber of incoherencies arise atthe level of fulfillment of the various national development plans.

It has seemed difficult to take advantage of this experience because the in-strumenc for capitalizing on the experience has not existed. There is no in-formation system that can take in charge all this invaluable experience of thecountry's economic development. At the level of the individual sectors,though, efforts have been made to develop information and to exploit it. Buteffort is in fact being wasted, because information at the level of one sectoror another takes on its full significance only if placed in the setting of allthe information relating to the national economy. In other words, the effortsmade at the level of each sector are, for one thing, not systematic and perma-nent, and appear all the more ineffective if there is not a coordinating entitythat could treat the information relating to the individual sectors to make itall the basis for a corpus of national economic information. Such coordinationis all the more indispensable in that the development of the economy is beingcarried out within the framework of the National Development Plan.

The CUIDE, a Future Data Bank

Among the crucial problems with which the work of planning has been and contin-ues to be confronted is the one that conmes out most clearly in all phases, atall levels of preparation and execution of the Plan.

Indeed, economic decision-making is totally conditioned by economic information-- observation of the present, and the basis of analysis and forecasting. The

14

very quality of the decisions depends only on the information that underliesthem. In the present state of affairs, the administration is just as poorlyinforned as are the economic operators. The periodicity as well as the contentof the infornation available today are disparate. Each sector has, in a way,its own concept of infor'ation. This can only lead to a corpus of data inwhich overall coherence is often absent.

This information void at the national level enables the foreign media to wagetheir offensive that much more easily. The country's highest political bodieshave rightly described information as oneof the sectors that make up nationalsovereignty.

If on the political level the importance of the question is recognized in clearterms, on the practical level, the problem posed is to ensure coordination ofall the efforts aimed at the gathering of information and the processinA of it.Thus, the use by all economic operators and all the public organisms of datathat are uniform in their terminology, their framework of formulation and theirquantitative expression, is indispensable for ensuring coherence of the deci-sions, at whatever level they may be taken.

Assuring to all economic operators the use of uniform and coherent data is abasic condition for rational utilization of the studies and, generally speak-ing, the resources employed in the gathering and exploitation of information aswell as the Lgor that must be guaranteed to all the orientations and decisionsthat involve the national economy as a whole.

Who can ensure such homogeneity of economic information if not a national or-ganism that would be responsible both for coordination of the efforts and forthe key role of center for the processing and diffusion of information?

Coing Beyond the Stage of Mere Conservation of Documenta

Such an organism exists. It is the National Center for Economic Informationand Documentation (CNIDE), created by decree No 81-389 of 26 December 1981.This center is responsible for implementing the desire to give the function oflegal filing of economic studies an application that goes beyond the stage ofmere conservation of these docunents. Legal filing existed, of course, wellbefore December 1981. But the problem posed today is to go beyond the stage ofmere conservation of documents, to achieve dynamic and exhaustive exploitationof everything that constitutes economic information.

It should be recalled here that the question of information, its availabilityand its reliability, was posed as early as 1971. Indeed, awareness of the nec-essity of organizing stores of economic information was expressed concretely bythe promulgation of decree No 71-133 of 13 May 1971, enacting organization ofcontrol of studies of an economic character and instituting the obligation oflegal filing with the Ministry of Planning departments concerned. This decreewas followed by a Ministry of Planning decree of 15 September 1971 establishingthe modalities for application of the decree. A memorandum from the Prime Min-ister, circulated on 5 August 1979, was to draw the attention of the members ofthe government to the provisions of that decree.

L5

Fuithermore, this emphasis by the government on the importance of economic in-formation is entirely justified. Indeed, it has been noted that the economicoperators who need information do try to a:quire it; the), do so by conductinginvestigations and engaging the services of a consultant, or they launch a re-search program. But what they obtain in the last analysis is a document pre-senting some raw information bought at a high price. Once these documents arefiled, it is difficult to find them again!

[f the CNIDE has the indispensable human and material resources--and if it alsobenefits from awareness of economic awareness as regards the importance of therole that has fallen to it--it will certainly be able to make it possible toovercome the deficiencies that have characterized the economic-information sec-tor.

The CNIDE vill in effect be, for the economic operators and the administration,a framework for multiform assistance and a reservoir of economic informationthat relates to their study and research work. This will avoid duplication ofeffort and thereby reduction of costs [as published] and will ensure the homo-geneity and coherence of the basic data generally used by the sectors as awhole. The CNIDE's action will have a positive impact on the organization andgeneral development of economic information within all of the country's insti-tutions. Thus it will be possible to achieve more fluid circulation of inform-ation, greater reliability of the data, better transparency of the institutionsand more rational utilization of resources. In particular, the center's activ-ity falls within the perspective of the indispensable deepening of nationalplanning and improvement of the management of the national economy. The decen-tralization of the decision-making process, the growing complexity of the pro-jects and the necessity of increasingly rigorous control make the center's ac-tivity a basic condition for pursuit of the development effort itself.

Production Efforts Clearly Defined for the CNIDE

The translation of the CNIDE's missions into production objectives for goodsand services is already clearly specified. Thus, the first fundamentav activ-ity to be undertaken is the gathering and classification of economic studiesthat are required to be legally filed; this is for the purpose of setting up astore of documents that will serve as a basis for launching other activities.This is an ongoing and permanent. activity of the center and one that seems offto a good start.

In a second phase, the center will move on to exploitation of the informationgathered. This exploitation will generate a range of products and servicessuch as sumneries of studies, guideline schemes, memoranda relating to stan-dards and methodology, reference catalogues, outlines of types of studies, thefurnishing of copies and documents, supplying documents on a temporary basis,furnishing detail icens of information, etc.

Other activities just as important for economic information will subsequentlyenrich the range of activities undertaken by the CNIDE. Thus there is the pro-posed creation of a periodical review specializing in the information sciences,the objective of which is to sensitize the economic operators to the indispens-able role that information has to play in the building of the national economy.

16

Furthermore, the center will be responsible for setting up a reference systemon national and foreign agencies that work in the field of economic studies.Such a system will be an effective support for all the data relative to thecompetence of these economic-studies agencies in the subject at hand, theirspecialties, their reputation and their accomplishments on the national scale.

As the activities and the experience acquired in the area of the informationsciences develop, the center will strive to make all the identification, cata-loguing and indexing standards for docunents of an economiz nature available tothe other documentation centers.

The center is called on to, develop, in the longer term, a question-answer serv-ice with the role of replying to users' requests in the area of economic data.A service for assistance in the setting-up and organizing (within the limits ofthe CNIDE's assignments and resources) of any sectorial economic-documentationcenter is planned also; this is to be by the preparation of a guide for crea-tion of information centers and the development and maintenance of documentarylanguages.

The fundamental objective of all these activities is to succeed in setting upan "economic data bank" open to consultation by the various users and contrib-uting effectively to the organization and consolidation of planning work.

While guaranteeing equal access to all economic operators, the CNIDE's informa-tion system will in the long run have to be organized to respond to the inform-ation needs of the following users: the officials responsible for socioeconomicdevelopment; the planners responsible for fornulation of the economic and so-cial indicators and for forecast and preinvestient studies; the officials re-sponsible for development activities and programs; the studies agencies, fortheir supply of stores of information; researchers and teachers in the fields,relative to national socioeconomic development.

11267CSO: 45191321

17

BAH4RAIN

ACTIVITIES OF ARAB BANKING CORPORATION PROFIL.ED

Operatlons Outlined

London ARAB BANKING 6~ FINANCE in English No 2, Jul 82 p 17

(Textj f at Backing Co* ý.ralItiu (AK". s grov.- in other areas - no-iev inarkt-.sextr'Jiric w to A vf'f~lczr(c. *The -:ade fniance, 9,arantek- and SeCL1ritieS

A arirsv ra^~k-q4m -:efirq - soa -ari;7can bgirIn divernsify

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S24-h ,-jr can. Ing c3vedge. bv-.vieeI Area s,i,.'I.A li~nrs anc %vo'Id-AXCs Lmndv~bi oe'I . in del. c 1 h~s I r'ined To 5L -IiV? AIC

Jiru.ac'. in ju-e its N'-v Yirk brar.&t P-o-'mr. A-ib ct-'~o~a~ ks s'icijfnanr -i. si t-.% furtrer ý.ranmiss - f Qv. 3,4e- as vV-rr a -anr- rf sm'v c~s as

S*Arcaeooe anid !Aihar - ais, to oWcr.i 1Cr pccb1 1982. As ori--rlent arnd ch~ei e~XftL We is nig irimg to its rentca3r*

Alni lIa; AS&,x Ji Doi nt.e uon to a !.N nn: baiking sirvces, inc'di.Ni- suez;s' secau-i tm . Ji ne. irp Si-iapcrc !:ranciv. .'westv1in:. As is vvijci: trot- thewill gie.~ ABC 241moox mrfivyietr aktz sc-icduie-d benoch, ir Sivpvc~re. wx-ev. '-mrage, DlthI~i-o :t.V tine rtin-?Oip caIp ra.tv~~Sob ~ai azin :t'e Lcr.dc-n, Flrain ard tNew. Ycrk FPr.-.crt fig..res 0-ovv liuv rIjpid tt-s

rv'~.Said! cile-c the sir.-9th ut the gr(,wth hss tnrei- al-rely. T-,:nI dn-m:oitsp~ccev inirct5t~ gin Siiravore as the gmr-v fro-r 12.0-00 - lion ir Ar'i 191priirary attrarton fer ABC *rit ottlef to $4.6C0 rrilicicn at the regiIrirg oilAfR:: bands to, set -if tlri-o Forc.gn A~rii 1?82 - a I'Cc-,~ irvaseboi*ki-is say itS cis it n t~v M cdle East, in .inc vi~r' ithis po~icy ol bt., din) ur'pr-ovit~es acccss Wa the r*.5 cl Soiii'4ast its I rwvf:v*eit tki-4ir. :apa.blitv. AKCAsma ar'd ;ii a mo'c v~eni rriaaket thtan -. s re:erilvy ukc-) n-i F-enj Fisne' a-ic

HongkolgPct.- Carle. for-ntely wlith Q6() RjyalTtw (;ovn internatiorial un-ocage of Sa ' rr-i.-tas it'd acq~ri~it ant tcalv

A3Csz new,%oirc has proviled it w~th Ats lhi- *%o tr-.e-% we~e uredi to ASC byLase Icl, tirt'iCr dior-i'iralmaui. Less tigh salaries. ABF we% t:Id. A13'ii Iei-vhl$-nPN-Av is riv 1Y1'ced Q'I tyiycicxrl ri~-ý of AEC's rirolvietl inevrreittm

leidi'rg. In itie5e2 quair~re of 10)82, nnk n; 13vn. titey wi I t bast-i iii,:ilt I 'e-tr-ia Bai-,~ ilts w~ortid 1.uru.

la 'Arab oar"i in the a'va ef svynjvi,&lP-1 AWt',u~t ABC -wa, ustatlisivt imelf iwI~ns wa i vea~t it' i-ridic~cd all 1Vip Wi~ni worid r'IDE'cy markets, oneli-rdirg (in Irfmis DI lead mgniu~vriij) oI f Its Irrst 11)"'t smcxtses 'Ift Wme theItfan ABC Sadv rivu ria-,et in Reahm r As nnm

Seiz.i 'nintivri~ t'ets 8 big nc'.s. i'Vcr \iawrj bW~cc Cutooma "nkef wssnatioral navi' efivareat'ly starts tiff %vith -- ive years Ko tfa* five %#qmtjs eoa'es insync.:a!-i Ie-ed-nq. As lttb *x;enrivict tho Sajci *.lryarkset vp All kLm~oann

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yartf11 flt,*Ue ur'fl tki ASC lids 815-txccn at iv o r th.v f xe rate se..u- tes

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f8'.Orv~kt. 7rt Lar~k *§9'iisl\1ý',O In LU.-gdriraVm and crcv.,dirc. a

President Interviewed

London ARADJ BANKINO 8 FINANCE in English No 2, Jul 82 p 19

(Inter-view with Abdu~la A Saudi, ABC president and chief executive; date and

place not specified)

rTextI 0 ABC now swyw to be Wecing Ian Wildlkthim rnd cofdnous?empnes~ii on tioe rmedium-torr Euroloen U ABC i~s Iu:Aiing 1c dz cn,irf'ss all overnwrket. Doe this reflect diiMuuioflnmnt the -.vr -1 Cf wr~ e will ~tK MOrewith the madiun-form credit market, as ito, -valpy to I nanct* prope%:s 'in ourwell a a 'wa to drv&*afy into other rK on once it-ey Piu to Ime I'vailie ancarm~ of ben king' roitolN A BC Is a rnii-. f or rrort cl w~sifit-otitr.Wnsu ". Inan co^ calif at Ing r', ,tA t uojN r 0 Do you exiowit the fArter fro sfh ofna-lets. Witi- toe boduidro *jp of ioricw Saudi bankf gto Podke ASO' buuinmequalified Otc t(Ofeu~tlnl tvalms Wf! NO5 Pmepjct im the GUNf?1COKir'g for more Lbt-sisiet in trimfr-flZO *0- thn ccnar"~ I feel aninvcreasic in

w'hi vmsoaerwn of portf~tos and buv.nim witthiq the repori wi'l ufitnriuivomimt-ni bakiknj. contribits to ABC's 1;usineus moj$c~s. as

ww hiproo thm *Ia#1s to slar the risks and*hbw many staff doss the bank hew. cn~b-t 'efmliai-o 1d vl

now, and ,woet is the nuinbaW po/fmttdfor the Ond of 1`982? 0 Do you exrpect ARC to be actilool inMARC,% tcitat staff is riwi *1iroach~im3 pos-o Iraq - ad m pePeA~jn post.170 We stifl so" it-'is nujrtý icCfCUing ww ran?along w.iti th pxo.sr~s on of bjsires. @ ABC w 'I look of cominftries as they

pfepwe tnemtlelve to tWe 'rruket. Only It* Mariv will ABC opmV Its Milan end itna 1:1-r ,vw v wek "Ioa fair eiSmnitnSin gepor brendhoms? of ile tttitio's

ABC's ialcth im S-1.10't VsIIII OPO.'gr',-iro *,,- e-cl of $",iterit"f. As for thom0 Aff you vnd.Mrrilet abouet lo/silly In tOeV~iin Lowaoh, v" are hbPiI'q to) see it GUNf sock narwetp? Do you tholnok Mich

i;es.~ eDre hserd cf ius veut develkopments moght effect ASCS1 Gulf0mvitiorilf?

* A5C awet keener, to do moreo Ukidde U Tioe rtwkt 's graOiAVY. fewfling offfeait "Mow. panku/erv 4Y the GuLf.

19

ancld coh,,t i5 riire reassa.r~r~j. ttvh.-x~v rpni-ilar basis, it etas tt'Id first tire* triatauticr tims are lak ngi a kt--i tnter-ýsi in bo,- cpriral tbanks hao zo-'owvýiddertlycjnsitir that tErir mrket retu.-ns to frorr the rnarket. We# aniicipatt? that st.--h00,181l. facilit~ts wili be usp~d by owher ce-tiral

* Youhavecanks anda cevvral monetary, agencies.Youho e Owl rwonsibilitiesas well As to :NAt other areas that AX3 intronds

as your job running AIC. M4at we these? to dl^\4ý;p. vy s~ol lik to filtha A,, jlPr'()rnomrt IAm pesdent E-d c-i.ei that cxisii in Arab bankinj ty expardingIXVPUtitVf nf ABC.a fill-tirrc lo),M 'jifer tv/oric risk takrlU ard eixinding a, fullre'~n-)stll-,hies 6re as f~lux.vs chairfl8¶t range of *ervices ard ad\AcccBanco A'abt',~'od#Pjty cli airman, ,Aran Internati ~ria ABC ismsd to hevehe/arpostexrpoauniRari,,C;ý ro;1;rtstviýechair~r~ia.Arl0 U-aik. of an Arab 1,ejk to Ar'yentins - peffi*SsLitrae. Peru, ano. direc,.cr or, tlt~ , ow'd of $26 milli~on. It hes at/s lent money toheco. Amstefram I hazvoc.1realy fesionead Romna'nia, Yujoatevisaend' Turkey. Howdo

truer-Ttytt~' 'rsons .Il~i~$.you No such exposure to wowe might be

*How did you first coime to wof* in iten d -in -0ws-oIgWmt~

6 1 o~kL aseteaer fr avar ad I I dc) not un*'s~an. wohat you meantel o oure .ias nzteachr* fra oviect by th a te,-n "large frxpcisure "The re'ai~ve

ov Dre c~r''jene r~ezlsite of any givei cxccsure is a functionInto ban Iu it 1f 31tte zoartjicl Ltank's asset portflaio

0 Ho do ou "the ankig od csp*tal base Even thes 1iiure you* How do i youi facngupt the bakn tjo~c of S 2S0 mill on may not representdownturn ULiny, o# fl upmve tohheirs than 10% of the exposuire of sorW

downurnioiireveuebanks already involvea in Argeninam* Bank 4fl3 in Liya hwi (*~oo ABC's policy is to be very caitio-us, ardIre-nerdous-Y -Lrr-qtfertded~e t o- r invesvrnentn ANgontirm issod (,tal Asievts Vvczir'creastd a~cc-d wihi ou a;ooTs~j po~izy. I 'rist,in-jiv 00l i UZVIAs car ciften *me ho-m-ier, oriphasist that areas sicli as

yfo.' rlof vhOtOratLa.tin' America and irast E.xoipe and some'"sI rra-v still coT~i-wiiiy tigruw. o*hR ind.vidLal cojntrits are going

* ABOC has msade quite a naw for As thin igoi a very ditfacull ti'yre. Banks flave1Ws evera/ um0citk tweas -joroviding thtff 1o be'very cwtifu in tikiogi~ti-ese mratturs.

and four-yow standbyio fkitie. Oe *Wwsve do you sa. ooatr Interes rtwowfloerkig-,rete wrwntles nwrilet, and so on. a oethrwofhiy ?

A be t op ath e ur ~ s wv uld y ou in? A S ol am afraid I a mt not in a po s~itio nl t odo ARC devnIcor-cr th1arysta nb a't q6ott arry fisures. tut se.4ial I can amy isM AB derl-:-_ h., iarlov aciitythat tne into-es rate of the dollar will4iýr centrail batiks anir we ha..e iinsilotc-isesdat~'~al.I hn'Vo oe' so far .wil- Central Bank of noyt cone dowan 'tspreseticlivel fI thin

Nailaii Con-rat Sarix cfPqruAAlhouyr -ea wilntiar t peo ee o bthis two i.L-Anfnes taý' tIA rWket or! a m ft*ya

CSO: 4400/14

.20

EGY PT

DETERIORATINC CONDITION OF HOUSING IN VILLACES REPORTED

Cairo ROSE AL-YUSUF in Arabic No 2829, 30 Aug 82 pp 25-27

[Article by Jamal al-Din Husayn and M1ayisah Yawi: "Pea3nnts' Homes in MoreThan 2,000 Villages Threatened"]

fText] Water percolation has become a problem no less inportant than the pro-blem of shortages of drinking water and here are the reasons.

Peasants' hones in more than half the villages of the republic are in danger ofcollapse, the cause being water percolation.

Agricultural land, already limited, is threatened by the rise in salinity andalkalinity and the consequent drop in fertility and production and the causeis water percolation.

The stones of the temples of Luxor, the greatest archeological grouping ic theworld, as well as the temples of King Khufu and Amenhotep III in al-?ayyumuGovernorate, have been affected and are in danger of collapse, the cause beingwater percolation.

The question is: Isn't this problem worth our stopping to get acquainted with

itv general outline. and ramlfications and with how to deal with it?

On the Sideline

With regard to the request for information directed to the deputy prime ministerfor public services and the minister of local government about the fact that the

homes in the village of al-,aljazun, Kafr al-Zayyat District, al-GharbiyahCovernorate, were in danger of collapsing because of water percolation, the

report stated:

At least half the villages in the republic are experiencing the same circumstances

as the village of al-Daljamun.

Projecto for covered and open drainage networks have been implemented to reduce

water percolation on agricultural land but, unfortunately, the villages have

been overlooked and nothing has been done to reduce it there. (Report No 19

of the housing committee in the People's Msemuly, dated 12 Hay 1982.)

21

Planning Defects

Dr Kamal Hafni, director of the Ground Water Institute, says:

"There has in fact been a rise in ground water pressure in levels of percolatedwater according to records of monitoring stations of the Ministry of Irrigation.The reason for the rising level of percolated water stems from the agriculturalexpansion. in the Nile Valley and the Delta and the haste to use irrigation waterafter construction of the High Dam. From another angle, the infrastructure pro-jects suffer from a lack of balance, lack of coordination and planning defects.For example, when we decide to provide villages with potable water systems, thereshould be parallel projects for sewers and proper drainage. Otherwise, lackingthese proper drainabe projects, where will the sewage and wastewater go afterthe villages are provided with potable water networks?

"Naturally, the answer is that this water will seep into the earth and causethe percolated water to rise. This is difficult to get rid of because it is inthick layers of impermeable clay which reach a thickness of 10 to 30 meters.*This causes the water to accunulate until it reaches surface level and conse-quently damages soil and homes."

Dr Baligh Shindi, director of the Soil and Water Research. Institute of theMinistry of Agriculture, points out the bad effect of the rising level of per-colated water on soil and buildings, saying:

This rise causes salinity and alkalinity in the soil, hinders the spread ofroots and also affects the reduction operations and fertilizers which are laiddown for the plants. It also causes fugal diseases to spread among the plants.

Dr Baligh Shandi goes on to say: "The top meter of soil must be free of waterso that we can get all possible productivity from the land. Unfortunately,however, there is such a great rush to use irrigation water that one study fladeby the American Michigan University, in cooperation with the Scientific Re-search Academy, stated that about 17 billion cubic meters run off into the seaeach year. This shows how much rush there has been to use irrigation water."

Dr Hasan Farid Zaghlul, the UN environmental health adviser, says:

"In addition to the problem of the rush by farmers to use irrigaiton water, thereis a problem in the location of villages. Many were built in low lying areasor near small lakes or above previously silted up lakes.

"Another cause for the rise in percolated water is the lack of capacity of thelarge drainage conduits and the lack of maintenance and, in addition, the publicdrainage systems are filled with reeds and weeds and this causes the water levelto rise." Eng Wajilh 'Abbas, head of the Irrigation Authority, agrees with DrHaean Farid Zaghlul, that the rise in the level of percolated water stems from

a poor selection for the site of many villages. However, with regard to drain-

age, he says: "The machinery of the Ministry of Irrigation is constantly en-gaged in clearing the ditches and public drainage systems. Moreover, we areconstantly implementing the big drainage project of all agricultural land. So

22

far, an area of 2 million feddans has been covered with covered drainage net-works. At the end of the current 1982-1987 plan, covered drainage will becompleted for all land, with the complecion of the project, the relative ser-iousness of the water percolation problem will be reduced."

With regard to the rush to use irrigation water, I--Engineer Wajih 'Abbas isstill speaking--think that the peasant himself is anxious to use irrigationwater to the degree that the land needs it although there is some carelessnessfrom a lack of interest in closing "the private irrigation canals" when he isfinished irrigating. Education and awareness instilling activities are carriedon by the Ministry of Agriculture to caution the farmers to avoid that.

Antiquities Threatened

With regard to the threat posed by water percolation to our antiquities, DrAhmad 'Abd-al-Hamid Yusuf, director general of Egyptian Antiquity Registration,says: "The water percolation and ground water threat is now a danger to theLuxor area, the great archeological grouping in the world. The salt from thiswater has had a major effect on the stones of the temples, threatening to causethem to collapse. The same is true of the temples in al-Fayyum, such as thetemple of Amenhotep I11, as it also is threatened by water percolation. More-over, the level of water percolation and ground water has risen to 2 meters fromground level at the Sphinx and has also reached a danger stage in the al-Ghuriyaharea in the effect on the Islamic relics in the area.

"Preservation of the antiquities as a national heritage requires a halt in con-struction around the archeological areas and taking the necessary steps tolower the level of percolated and ground water, such as digging trenches orinstalling pumps to draw off the water. The important thing is that somethingought to be done to save what can be saved of our archeological heritage beforeit is obliterated by water percolation.

The Solution?

After these statements outlining the paramieters of the problem posed by waterpercolation to man and to the land, the source of our food, and to history andour heritage, what solution can there be for this problem?

The report of the housing committee in the People's Assembly reaffirms the im-possibility of Instnlling sewers in the villages at present, particularly sincesome major and smaller cities still lack proper drainage and since the state'sbudget cannot at present bear these fiscal burdens.

The deputy prime minister for public services and the minister of local govern-ment, within the framework of cooperation of the executive, popular and partymachinery to find a solution to this problem, proposes that the people buildfpumps] in their houses in conformity wIth technical specifications and thenconstruct a primary sump in each street which would draw from the branch sumpsand then construct n big sump which would draw from the whole village and drainInto the main drains.

23

The deputy prime minister asserts that in this regard he has reached an under-standing with the Minister of Irrigation who expressed willingness to help backthe governorate's capabilities in addition to the sums that had been collectedthrough individual efforts to carry out the task.

However, the question is whether this is the ideal solution or whether thereare other views and solutions?

Dr Kanal Hafni says: "First the drainage projects on agricultural land shouldbe completed as soon as possible, guiding the use of irrigation water throughraising the awareness of the citizens.

"Then there should be healthful drainage projects compatible with the villageenvironment, taking care not to pollute the potable water reservoirs as theyare used for diinking water in most Egyptian villages. These reserves must beprotected from all types of chemical, biological and radiological pollution aspure ground water is a strategic resource that must be preserved."

Dr Baligh Shandi feels that it Is essential to take an interest in the tasks ofcleaning the ditches and drains to make the water flow properly into the sea,as well as creating "sumps" to raise the water to raise the water on its wayout and away from the villages.

Dr Hasan Farid Zaghlul believes that the remedy has to vary from village tovillage. There are villages on high ground that will require one remedy andvillages on low lying ground that will need another. Likewise, there arevillages on sandy soil and others on clay soil.

However, the fundamental factor in treating this problem is raising the aware-ness of the populace, along with the need to construct public water systemsthat will drain the water in the villages properly. Dr Hasan Ferid Zaghlulproposes the use of septic tank tracks as a way to protect the people and theenvironment to collect waste water from the hcuses of the villagers aftercautioning them not to dispose of it in the streets and alleys. Also one muststipulate that the peasants' houses have suitable waste disposal so thathealthy drinking water can be brought into their homes.

Engineer Faruq Qasim, head of the projects design section of the NationalAuthority for Drinking Water and Waste Disposal, feels that the problem ofpercolated water should be remedied by implementing a sewage system project,if only, in the early stages. A start could be made in this by constructingcollector purification units which would cut the heavy costs of the purifiea-tion operation. In addition, attention must be paid to improve the capacityof the drains as an unavoidable way to reduce the percolated water level.

8389CSO: 4504/507

24

EGYPT

DIFFICULTIES OF COURT OF CASSATION, COURT DELAYS DISCUSSED

Cairo AL-AHRAM in Arabic 17 Aug 82 p 3

(Report on Interview with Dr Mustafa Kamal Kirah, New Chief of Court of Cassationby Rajah aI-Banna: "New Chief of Court of Cassation Discusses People's Difficul-ties with the Courts; 'Justice Is Actually Delayed, but...' "I

[Text] "I need a computer in the court of cassation. The hunanmind cannot keep track of sentences issued over 52 yeArs.""If we do not face up to 'the state within the courts,' whichhas been set up by court officers, thousands of cases will re-main in limbo, bound to the curious complications set up by theseofficers of the court."

When the new chief of the court of cassation entered his office a few days ago tosit on the chair that was occupied for the first time 52 years ago by'Abd-al-'AzI• Fahmi Pasha, the father of the Zgyptian courts, there was a set ofquestions waiting for him. The questions were about the chronic problems thatmake it difficult for one to get his rights in the courts. These problems oftencause significant delays in the delivery of justice. There is a long line ofpeople in front of the courts; it includes more than 8 million citizens. Most ofthem doubt that they will get what is rightfully theirs before they die.

Dr Mustafa Kamal Kirah, chief of the court of cassation, now holds the highestposition in the Egyptian judicial hierarchy. He has new ideas, and he prefers toconfront the problem bquarely without wasting time and beating about the bush. Hethinks that every problem we do not solve now will become a more complicatedproblem for those who will come after us. The next generation will call us totask about the method we sometimes prefer of putting off problems.

How does this man think, and what solutions does he have?

The problem, as Dr Kirah sees it, must be that of giving priority to [the task]of establishing order in society's problems because the objectives that societyhas set for itself at this stage are related to the determination of justice inthat society. It is not enough for people to be assured that justice exists; theymust also be assured that they can have Justice in A reasonable time, at anaffordable cost and [by following] comprehensible measures.

25

The Judge Is not Alone

To Dr Kirah the solution does not lie in asking judges to issue more sentences,but the solution lies in helping judges do their work under better conditions andwith less complications.

Litigation measures, [for example], are complicated and lengthy, And they requirecareful and meticulous review.

If court clerks and officers of the court are not chosen carefully, if they are

not watched and called to account, many cases will remain in limbo of curiouscomplications skillfully set up by some of those people to stifle a legal claimand a person's right to it.

Operating methods in the courts [are also difficult]. The world is usingcomputers and microfilms, but we are still using hand presses to print therulings of some courts. Recording devices are being used in courtrooms throughoutthe world because every word that is said in a courtroom is considered importantwhen a ruling is subsequently appealed. We [however), rely on a clerk whotranscribes what he can of the court proceedings.

The law provides guarantees for justice to adversaries in a lawsuit, but theseguarantees are abused to delay the process whereby a person obtains the right tohis his legal claim.

It is at this point that Dr Mustafa Kirah, the new chief of the court of

cassation thinks that a solution [to this problem] lies in giving a Judge apositive role in dispatching a dispute by allowing him to interfere and to stopmanipulation attempts.

Then there ii the matter of writing the court's opinion for each case. Judges arenow burdened by hundreds of judgments, and they must write opinions for eachJudgment in several pages, summarizing in each the facts of the case, the

arguments of the litigants and their own responses to them. These detailedopinions, which [are required for] every slight misdemeanor or civil suit of

little significance, delay the settlement of law suits.

Dr Kirsh adds, "Don't think I an calling for the elimination of legal opinions. I

am in favor of keeping them, but I think this practice should be reduced in some

cases that are of little value and in slight misdemeanor cases that we can

specify exhaustively. In ocher cases I think that legal opinions provide litt-

&ants with a basic and a crucial guarantee, on the one hand. On the other hand,

legal opinions are the foundation upon which appeals are made to the Court of

Appeals and the Court of Cassation."

I Am Often Worried

Chief Justice Kamal Kirah spoke about the system of operations in the courts. He

said, "I am often worried when I see court files with all the documents they

contain sent to judges in their homes. I also become worried about the present

system which allows opposing parties in a lawsuit to have access to a case file

that contains crucial documents that represent matters of life or death for the

26

opposing parties. Why 'don't we protect these documents and place photocopies or

microfilm copies in those files and keep the original documents in other filesthat would be kept in a special room? Only judges would have access to thoseoriginals. But the problem here is where is the equipment (for doing all this)?

"Our problem lies in the fact that modern equipment is still the subject of ourconversation and has not become a part of our courts. If modern equipment were tobecome a part of our courts,.we would save much time for those who are awardedfavorable judgments by the courts. They have to waste a great deal of time aftera judgment is made to .obtain an official copy of that judgment, and they arepreyed upon by court clerks.

"Court clerks are a real problem. In France they called this phenomenon "a mono-poly of officers of the court." Here in Egypt it is sometimes called "the statewithin the court" or the "empire of officers of the court." Officers of the court

are the ones who control 'the notification process, end proper notification is acondition without which lawsuits cannot proceed on their normal course.

"To me, the solution lies in having a balanced policy of reward, punishment andtraining, as well as 'a system of operations that cannot be tampered with.Naturally, some of these officers of the court are loyal and diligent. But thetime has come to establish a police force for the court to help officers of thecourt in the notification process and in the execution of sentences."

A Step Forward

"A judge is a fundamental factor in the achievement of justice. He safeguards thedispensation of legal claims and laws. Therefore," says Dr Hustafa Kirah, "Wemust pay more attention to the new generation of judges. In order for them torepresent a step forward, we must reconsider the method by which we preparepeople to become judges, beginning with the College of Law. The courses of study'at the College of Law are lengthy and discuss the details of tangential matters.I cannot hide my surprise when I see the textbooks which are assigned to studentsthese days. Host of them are over 400 or 500 pages. Is this reasonable? We seethe. results of that in the committee that selects assistant district attorneys.

When we ask a law school graduate who graduated with an overall rating of good

simple questions, he cannot answer them. Thus, we have lengthy books, but tha

result of studying these lengthy books does not realize the objective.

"To me, the solution lies in. reconsidering the curricula in the colleges of lawso that students can study basic principles in depth and Leave the study of

details to graduate study. It is essential that judges and attorneys take part in

modifying these curricula, and it would be best to apply a system whereby

students can declare the area in which they intend to specialize in their second

year. A student thereby would choose to specialize in administrative law, in,criminal law, in civil law or in commercial law. This system of specializing in a

certain area of the law is now followed in French colleges of law.

"We must also restore to colleges of law an interest in practical training. Can

we imagine a student graduating from a college of law without ever having been in

a courtroom, a prosectutor's office, a police station and without ever having

heard a case argued in court between a judge, an attorney, witnesses, etc.? Why

27

is there no relationship between university education and professional life? Thefact that there are large numbers lof students] is not enough to justifyaccepting graduates who lack an important part of a proper scholastic education.

"I am also asking that judges be trained. Training district attorneys is notenough. Judges must not sit on the bench unless they've had adequate training inthe art of directing court sessions and deducing the main points in the subjectof a case. They must know how to begin studying a case and how to writeJudgments. They must know the basic principles of court traditions and theconduct of a judge in court and in private life. In my opinion these areimportant matters in preparing a new generation of Judges who would bring ushope."

We Need a Policy on Legislation

"But we are faced with a serious problem." This was how the chief judge answeredmy question. "The problem is that laws are enacted faster than our ability tokeep up with them. Laws (are issued] every day that Judges and attorneys knownothing about. We need legislative stability. Therefore, I've asked that aSupreme Legislative Council be established and that it consist of senior lawmakers, (such as) judges and legal experts who have studies and experiences [ontheir credits]. Laws, executive orders and cabinet decisions that are made incompliance with laws would be turned over to this council before they are issued.The function of this council would bc to consider these laws and to coordinatethem.

"It is the absence of a policy on legislation that Is responsible for thenumerous laws that have been needlessly issued. Some laws conflict with existinglaws; some laws are difficult to apply; and in some laws loopholes became evidentas soon as the laws were issued. Do you want examples? We have the contradictionsthat occurred in applying the provisions of the Law of Shame, and there was con-troversy between the public prosecutor and the socialist prosecutor over juris-diction and overlapping functions. These matters must be considered and takenseriously. I believe that the time has come to repeal the Law of Shame and torestore all the jurisdictions of the socialist prosecutor to the public pro-secutor who must have sole authority over prosecuting criminal cases and con-ducting related investigations. All the authorities of the socialist prosecutor--precautionary measures or sequestration of property--must be restored to theauthorized public prosecutor."

The Traditions of the Court First

"You ask me what I think about judges' complaints about the fact that theirtenure in their home towns is being revoked this year. This is a very Important

matter. It is important to a judge; it is important to litigants; and it isimportant for justice itself.

"The established principle in the courts Is that it is not in the nature of his

mission that a judge remain in one district. This is because such stability

creates relations and tits that would make a judge shie away from taking on some

disputes. Therefore, the tradition has been that a judge not stay in one district

for too long.

28

"It may be said that the fact that a judge stay in one district for a long timemakes him more knowledgeable about the nature of that district's problems but

that that is not enough to justify a lengthy tenure. Being away from a home towndistrict remains the basic principle. This does not mean, however, that we are to

move a Judge to a place very far from his family when we are well aware of thehousing shortage we have. Revoking the tenure of a home town judge is acceptable,provided that we furnish that judge with the means for coping with the conditionsof moving."

Justice Is Actually Delayed

"You also asked me about the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court inthe country. ý. asked why it rendered its judgments years after [cases arefiled). This is a problem that bothers me. Therefore, I formed a committeeconsisting of a number of chief justice deputies and judges to modify thesemeasures. This committee will draft new guidelines for the Court of Cassation,

and these will be presented to the Supreme Council for Judicial Authorities thisyear, God willing.

"However, my preliminary investigation showed me a set of reasons which allowscases to remain pending in court for many years.

"I've found, for example, that most'of the cases pending in front of the Court ofCessation are workers' lawsuits, and these are exempt from fees and securitydeposits. This matter Teutires reconsideration. Is it not enough to exemptworkers from paying feet in the Court ot First Instance and in the Court ofAppeals? Workers should pay fees if they wish to turn to the Court of Cessation.These fees at any rate are not prohibitive. But the problem is that when we knowsomething is free, we are tempted to overdo it. If we were to collect fees. wewould ensure earnestness and, accordingly, we would only get those cases thatdeserve to be considered on this high level where cases are not reconsidered all

over again. The Court of Cessation rather looks into the decision of the Court ofAppeals to see if that decision was incompatible with the applications of the lawand to determine whether or not an error was made in interpreting the law.

"Ever since its establishment the Court of Cessation has required petitioners topay a security deposit of only 25 pounds. This is also a guarantee of peti-tioners' earnestness. Petitioners lose that sum if they lose their case. This sumused to make petitioners think twice before filing appeals with the Court of Cas-ascion." That was 50 years ago, but is it so now? "In my opinion," said Dr Kirah,"the security deposit should be 100 pounds to ensure the earnestness of theappeals. This amount is much less than that one should pay for filing an unworthylawsuit with the lighest court in the land.

"We have another problem: every lawsuit that may be appealed may also be filed

with the Court of Cessation. The lawsuits that may not be appealed are those

where the subject of the dispute is no *are than 500 pounds. If the disputed

matter is worth more than 500 pounds, the lawsuit say be appealed and may get to

the Court of Cassation. And yet, 500 pounds now are no longer a large sum of

money for which nine judges would go to work. Why don't we raise that amount to

1,000 pounds? What matters is that only major lawsuits of some consequence that

deserve the full-time attention of that number of judges are to be filed with the

Court of Cassation."

29

Defore the interview came to an end, the chief justice said in what sounded morelike a cry for help, "I need a conputer in the Court of Cassation, and I need ityesterday. The human mind cannot store all these principles that were issued over52 years, and one cannot depend on one's memory. If you give us a computer, therewill be many changes in operating methods. There will be an awakening; we willcome into the age; and we will feel like the rest of the judges in the world. Itwill be the millions of citizens with lawsuits who will ultimately benefit."

8592CSO: 4504/475

30

EGYPT

OPPOSITION PAPER DISCUSSES RECENT CABINET SHIFTS

Cairo AL-SHA'B in Arabic 7 Sep 82 p 9

/A-rtcle by Ibrahim Yunus: "Keeping Yuhyi-al-Din Will Not Solve the Problem, butal-Nab•vi Isma'ill'a Departure ls a Historic Event Which We Record in the President'sFavor"/

/fex.47 Every political phenomenon has its positive and negative sides. The latestminizterial change did not satisfy anyone and proved that the government is in oneframe of mind while the people are in another. We had hoped that the govartment'sview of important political matters would not be the same as its view in the past,in the era of the previous presidents.

When & campaign was launched in the Egyptian National Assembly, the first parlia-

ment in the revolutionary era, against Krnal-al-Din Rusayn, in 1957, the governmentcame out en masse to declare its confidence in Ksneal-al-Din Rusayn, by way of chal-lenge. The government considered that it won the battle, which was not a battlebut an exceptional parliamentary act and a broad discussion of educational policy.and opposition to that policy, by parliamentary and political means. The fact isthat when the government imagines that it has triumphed over the people, that isnot a triuvph--it is a form of alienation from the people and from its trust. Thepeople are in no way the losers.

In the era of the former president, all the people declared their anger with )(amduhSalim's rule. Statements were issued in support of Manduh Salim and in support ofhis rule until tc. events of 18-19 January 1977 took place. That was enough tokeep Hemduh Salt. in power, with his ton, who had created the crisis and made thecountry explode. However, higher authorities viewed all the activities of thepeople with suspicion and doubt, and the people did sot have the right to think.The people did not have the right to complain or the right to present grievances.When the government pushed them into acting by violent measures such as price hikes,

for instance, it closed its eyes to their action; they were to have remained like

dumb rocks, devoid of emotions and feelings, and not move. Let the governmentcarry out the measures it wants. If the people act out of anger--ond a day will

com when any people will become angry and act to defend itself--the ruler becomesangry and vigorously and tyrannically declares that he is standing alongside the

hated man who is rejected by the people, and is keeping him in power, sitting on.the people's chests and stifling them--then, 2 years later, the ruler considers

31

that the prime minister has outlived his usefulness, removes him from the seat ofpower and throws him into the street. Mamduh Salim's resignation was the strapgestresigation in Egypt's political history.

The party, Its leadership, and the Ministers, people, men and even those around himwere stripped from him. He remained alone for 3 months in the Council of Ministers,without anyone to meet with him, until he was allowed to go out in illness intoharsh isolation with painful memories. The first people to shun him were the fourJournalists who along with others had pushed him into the crisis; they were thepartisans of every ruler and the opponent of every opposition from the time they

first took pen in hand. The important thing is that the prime minister neverleaves when the people wish but just when the ruler wishes. Therefore, people weretaken by surprise--all the propla, except for the al-Sadatist party--when Fu'edHuhyi-al-Din was kept on, after everything he did and everything that was saidabout him, although, the day before the change, the last supplementary People's As-sembly elections were rigged and the judiciary representative whom the governmenthad chosen declared that the elections were invalid and had to be postponed. Thatepisode alone, in a government that respects itself, would have been enough for thecabinet to resign and be changed completely. However, it seems that Egypt still isthe land of wonders, its politicians are men of wonders, and its major journalistsare the wonders themselves. oeepinFu'ad Muhyi-al-Din as prime minister, stiflingthe breath of the people with this /.Illegible/ in the cabinet, will not solve theproblem. Rather, it will complicate everything. I can say that Fu'ad Xuhyi-al-Din's cabinet will not last long, because it will not be able to solve the masses'intractlble, complex problems through his grades and the grace of his colleagueswho 'preceded him in the heavy, long years of the past.

Keeping Fuaad Muhyi-al-Din, with everything he represents--all his conceptions and

positions, his views about power and policies, and his inability to achieve any-thing--is to be considered infurating to the opposition and the people. Indeed,it is pushing events in an unhealthy direction. Lot him sit crouched in the cab-inet chair as he wishes. Re may ultimately leave the cabinet--thers is no ruler,premier or minister who can remain /illegible/. Some day people will say "ThankGod, Fuead ftshyi-aL-Din has gone." Before then, people will say "When will FuWad

Wuhyi-al-Din so?"

The positive feature of the situation, which the retention of Fu'ad Huhyi-al-Din

cannot make us forget, is the departure of Nabavi Isma'il, who for a long time saton Egypt's chest. He was the son who created All the events of September and what

Is known as the factional strife and vhat preceded it. He created a party for him-

self from his own sen and some journalists whom he invited to bless his forgeriesin the case of the Bulgarian Embassy and so forth. One day he reviled the journa-lists in the People's Assembly, saying "I will throw them out of their houses at

gunpoint." The level of political dialogue in this venerable nation declined.One day he said that he would pick up a machine gun and go into the streets tochase the members of the opposition. He continued to press falsified reports onthe regime and its leader and praise the repudiation of the law and the constitu-tion to him, until the events of September occurred and the incident of the podium

took place.

32

His bravery lay in the fact that he destroyed the life of his leader, who continuedto be protected by democracy and to have democracy protect him for decades, butfell when he abandoned it and fought against it. Vabawi fell a year later, on theanniversary of the arrests, 2 Septenber 1982.

Nabawi Ibma'il left the Ministry of the interior, then left pover for good, and amelancholy era ended in which every illegitimate method pervaded the regime, but amore melancholy era was in store for the people and the nation.'

The important thing is that a man who boasted that he would bear a machine gun, butnot words, has fallen. When he spoke words in the People's Assermbly, they consti-tuted an accusation against a group of people involved with opinions and ideas andpeople who were opposed to his belief that he would "drive ther outO with arms--in his exact words.

Nabawi Ismalil fell, and not just yesterday--he fell the day he said, boasting, inresponse to the president, "We have arrested 1,536 people, sir," in the People'sAssembly, as he was buttoning up his jacket last 5 September at noon. He fell theday the Law and the constitution were debased.

The people, whom ha oppressed, remain and majestic Egypt remains. The oppositionremains, proud, its Leaders remain, as heroes, and Nabawi has Sons. Before that,his master vent. His senior journalist students have not yet gone, but they will.This is a positive feature for which we thank President Mubarak, although we opposethe recent cabinet change, from the standpoint of Egypt's national interests andthe interests of our people and for the sake of its honor and its role throughouthistory.

I am writing these words as I am on my way out of the country for treatment, nowthat the events and goings-on in thu country have exhausted me. Perhaps God willgive me sowe good health that will enable me to perform my role until my lastbreath of life. Till we meet again soon.

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EGYPT

OPPOSITION. YAPER DISCUSSES METHODS OF SELECTING VICE PRESIDENT

-Cairo AL-SHAIB in Arabic 7 Sep 82 p 11

/Lrticle by Muhammad 'Abd-al-Qaddus: "The Opposition View on the Choice of the" Vice President"7

/Tex7/ One inportant subject preoccupying President Husni Mubarak bears on selec-tion of a vice president. This journalistic report aime at acquainting the presi-dent with the opposition's view on this subject, and thus bringing important, dis-tinctive things to light--first, helping tht president determine the criteria forsetting out the choice of his assistant and second establishing Pound democraticbases by offering differing views and allowing the opposition to express its opin-ion on all issues without exception.

The Best System for Choosing a Vice President

Everybody I talked to in this journalistic report agreed that the best system forchoosing &'vice president, and one which the opposition hopes for, is to have himelected directly by the people at the same time the elections for president takeplace, rather than having him appointed by the president. Dr Sa'd-al-Din Ibrahimoffers a number of recommendations which take stock of our present conditions andat the same time pave the way for changing the ways a vice president is selectedfrom appointment to election. These recommendations are that President HusniMuborak nominate more than one person to the position of -vice president while the

* People's Asseably chooses one, the person the president chooses for vice presidentte put to a general. referendum, or the choice of the vice president be temporaryuntil this system is amended to Coe where he io elected along vith the vice pres-ident.

Dr Sald-sl-Din Ibrahim goes on to say that articles must be added to the constitu-tion which show how the vice president is to be chosen and what his duties will be.

Advantages of the Zlection System

Ibrahim al-Ziyadi, vice chairman of the Labor Party, describes the advantages ofchoosing a vice president by election rather than appointment. He says that theelection process requires that the candidate present himself to the people alongwith his life history, struggle, sacrifices and moral conduct; none of this willoccur if he is chosen by the president alone.

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Dr Sa'd-.l-Din Ibrahim, professor of sociology at the American University, says

"There is no doubt that getting the vice president elected by the people will bebetter than having him chosen by the president alone. The former method is founded

on selection by the cormrnity, while the latter method is founded on selection bya single individual, the president- -undoubtedly a historic gamble which only he cancalculate."

Personal and Objective Characteristics of the Vice President

Whatever the method of choosing a vice president may be, extreme care must be ob-

served in selecting him. The vice president generally becomes the next president.

Ibrahim al-Ziyadi, the vice chairman of the Labor Party, says that the mere factthat a person is competent and successful in his job is not enough for him to be

nominated to the position of vice president. it must be made clear that he is •c-captable to the people and that his personal life is not separate fron his publiclife, because he will be in charge of a whole nation. His personal conduct rust bestudied thoroughly before he is nominated; one should not be content with Tht !etcthat he has succeeded in public life. That condition exists in the deepect-roo-addemocracies. The political future of a presidential candidate in America, Vwatd

Kennedy, came to an end after an accident in a car that he was driving, when it be-came apparent that he was drunk and a woman was with him, because such personalconduct is not in keeping with upright behavior.

Dr Yahya al-Jamal, the vice chairman of the Labor Party, says that there is apersonal side and an e jective side to choosing a vice president. The personalside bears on the relationship between the president and his vice president. This

is to a large extent a subjective matters because the vice president will cooper-ato with the president on a direct daily basis. Therefore the subjective or per-

sonal element in this regard is an important one, especially since the position of

vice president generally does not change over the period of the presidency; he is

not like a minister, for example, who can be easily replaced.

Dr al-Jaual goes on to say, "I also imagine, as far as the personal side goes, that

the private life of the new vice president must be the object of general acceptance

by the masses, in accordance with their observed traditions •ad the valuus prevalent

in the religion of the overwhelming majority of the people; one cannot imegine that

a vice president would be a person who would speak publicly about breaking the fast

during Ramadan, would take alcoholic beverages or would have relations with women."

The vice chairman of the Labor Party Pummarizes the objective aspect of the selec-

tion of the vice president in a number of points:

1. He should be acceptable to the masses generally.

2. He should howv experience in political activity. Experience does not man

that he should have held specific positions but rather that he should have a real

grasp of various problems and that he should have a good political sense and be

able to feel the masses' pulse directly, without depending on agencies end reports

which sonetimes are correct but on many occssions are not.

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3. Dr yahya al-Janal requests that if President Mubarak chooses his vice presidentby appointment, he not be a party figure; the party conditions in Egypt are stillabnormal, it will take much review to eliminate the restrictions from them, althoughselecting a vice president from the majority party is normal in countries wheredemocracy has become well established.

The President Must Embody the Values and Standards of the State

Dr Sa'dOal-Din Ibrahim says, "There is no doubt that in the coming stage Egypt willneed a man of history. Therefore the task of choosing the vice president, who isnormally the next president, will be a difficult one." He explains his position bystating, "Leadership qualities are not imautable. Rather, they are related to thehistorical era and they change as circumstances change. A historical president isone who emerges at a tire when challenges become intensified and who is able to in-flame the enthusiasm of the masses and organize them. He should also be a states-man. When all these qualities are combined in a single president* he will be ahistoric leader who can face 6 rave challenges. There is no doubt that all theevents in the region indicate that the Arab region will be going through a furthertempest in the future, and it will take historic leaders to cope with that."

On the other requisite characteristics, Dr Sald-al-Din Ibrahim says "He oust begood at reading, I mean reading history, especially the history of Egypt and theArab region, because it is not conceivable that a feture president of Egypt couldbe ignorant of history. He nmst also have an unambiguous faith in democracy andhave a clear history of struggle and achievement which the people are familiar with."

The professor of sociology at the American University goes on to say, "The leaderof the state must embody its exemplary values and standards, or be intimate withthem. This applies to the composition of his personality, and attention must begiven to this in choosing the vice president. He nust be modest, not haughty. Hemust be. close to his lord and perform religious obligations. He muat be upright in

his public and private life. He isust not be a hypocrite and must loathe hypocrites.He must be social, not introverted or aloof. He must be decisive but a stranger to

harshness and weakness, and strong in facing the truth. He must be a creative, in-novative person, quick to act and have an ability to choose and motivate assistants.He must have strong nerves and not get easily agitated. All these and other char-acteristics are genuine traits in our people and they must be taken into account inthe selection of Rapt's next president."

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IRAN

BAKHTIAR'S GROUP CONDEMNS GANDHI GOVERN1{NT'S POLICY TOWARD KHOMEYNI

London IRAN PRESS SERVICE in English No 89, 16 Sep 82 p 7

[Text] The National Movement of Iranian Resistance (NAMIR) led by ShahpourBakhtiar, has strongly criticised the Indian government for its closecooperation with the Khomeini regime.

In a comrentary broadcast over its radio station, Radio Iran, beamed intothat country, the Indians' assistance to the mullahs was described as abetrayal of the ideals and principles for which India's great heroes,Gandhi and Nehru, had fought for and to which they had devoted their lives.

"How can the prime minister of the world's largest democracy shake handswith criminals who have turned Iran into a graveyard?" the radio asked.It said no amount of economic Ixterest could justify support for Khomeini'scriminal rule.

Mrs Gandhi could not hope to solve her country's economic problems by"tying its foreign policy to the corner of Khomeini's bloodstained robe,"the broadcast cuntinued in the strongest attack so far on India for host-ing prominent Iranian official Washemi Rafsanjani so effusively a fewweeks ago.

The Indian government's overt efforts to vamp the Tehran Tallahs intogiving them business and contracts in Iran has shocked the oppositionnationalist groups, who still preserved the whimsical illusion that someof the Third World leaders like Mrs Gandhi held moral principles inhigher regard than did the western democracies. But NAMIR is the onlygroup to have formally protested to India over its policy.

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IRAN

NEWS REPORTS FROM MEDIA, OTHER SOURCES

London IRAN PRESS SERVICE in English No 88, 9 Sep 82 pp 7-8

(Text] Majlis speaker Hashemi Rafsanjani has told a group of "faithfulhezbollahis" that God has insured Iran's Islamic revolution against everykind of danger. Addressing members of the families of martyrs he said:"Your faithful hezbollahis have immunised the revolution by irrigatingthis plant with the blood of your beloved ones," he said according toKayhan.

President Ali Khamenei told a group of naval officers Iran would turn thePersian Gulf into a graveyard for Iraq and its imperialist masters. "Youhave succeeded in ntaking Iran the master of the seas," he told them."Your military exploits have made you the main factors in shaping thepolitics of the region."

Foreign minister Ali Akbar Velayati has protested to the Turkish govern-ment over Turkish newspapers' hostile attitude to Khomeini and Iran'srevolution, Tehran radio reported. IPS sources in Istanbul said that themain newspapers, especially Hiliyet, have always been highly critical ofThoreini and his mullahs. But the government-controlled radio and tele-vision has adopted a "correct" attitude. The sources said they could notfigure out vhy at this stage the mullahs' foreign minister had decided totake this issue up. They said since the very beginning of Khomini'srule he has been described as a reactionary tyrant and bloodthirsty bigot.The Iranian consulate in Istanbul now has five nullahs on its staff whoare listed as press attaches.

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IRAN

IRANO-IRAQ1 WAR OF WORDS CONTINUES

London IRAN PRESS SERVICE in English No 88, 9 Sap 82 pp 5-7

[Text] Both Iran and Iraq are doing their best to woo the governments andMuslim comnmnities of West Asia and the Far East. And both countriesattach special importance to their relations with India.

However, while Iran's clerical rulers have usually resorted to unorthodoxmeans to make their case known, the Iraqis try to make use of diplomaticskills and to conduct their activities through official channels.

Iranians invariably use front organisations such as students' Islamic Asso-ciations to carry out propaganda for Khomeini and his brand of Islam. Theyhave also installed what they call Islamic cultural offices headed by fieryyoung mullahs in most Asian countries. These mullahs, who are attached toSontazeri's office in Qom, are usually sent to host countries as culturalattaches.

There is close cooperation between the students' Islamic Associationsabroad and the Iranian embassies and legations. Big sums of money arespent by embassies in financing their activities. These cover a wide rangeof propaganda for Khomeini and against Iraq and the so-called "reactionary"Arab regimes such as Saud' Arabia, Oman, Sudan and Egypt.

Students' Islamic Associations are not as a rule engaged in subversiveactivities, however. They carry out their propaganda openly. In somecountries Shia mosques have been taken over by Khomeini'& mullahs, who haveturned them into propaganda offices for his regime.

Both the Islamic Associations and mosques controlled by Khomeini agents arefertile grounds for spatting "talented and comitted" Muslims who can thenbe recruited and trained in Iran as agents provocateurs. It is interestingto observe that very few bona fide Iranian students are actually members ofthe students' Islamic Associations. In other words, the Khomeinl regimeuses Iran's money to finance non-Iranian students' so-called culturalaffairs. The only Iranian "students" who are members of these IslamicAssociations are those hezbollahis sent abroad by the regime, especially toIndia and the Philippines, on government grants.

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Iran's diplomatic missions engage in espionage against Iranian exiles andother enemies, the exiles conteni, but the newly recruited staff, mainlyrelatives of mullahs, have very little experience in any work, includingthis type of intelligence vork. Moreover, because they are required toobserve the strict rules of Khomeini's Islam, they are easily picked out.

By and large, Iran's subversive and propaganda activities abroad are aimedat Arab countries regarded as antagonistic and the governments of countriesin which there are sizable Muslim communities. Occasionally, Israel andother regimes come under fire in the foreign propaganda of Iran's mullahs.But Israel is the main adversary in the domestic propaganda of the mullahs.America is the whipping boy in all the propaganda.

For their part the Arab regimes do very little to counter Khomeini'spropaganda offensive. Saudi Arabia, which is the main target of Khomeini'sire, has kept such a low profile that to many observers it seems the Saudisdo not understand the psychological advantage Khomeini has seized with thePersian Gulf conmunities. There is not even a well-managed radio programmein Persian beamed out from Riyadh.

Egypt, too, has adopted a' policy of not replying to the mullahs' tirades.President Sadat used to occasionally criticise Khoneini but the Egyptianmedia has paid little if any attention to the verbal onslaught by themullahs. Cairo Radio's Persian language service ispoor.

Countries like Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the Emirates prefer not only tostay away from the verbal war between Iran and the Arabs but also theirtelevision and radio give scanty coverage to the war between Iran-Iraq inan apparent effort to avoid annoying either Baghdatl or Tehran.

Jordan, Morocco, Oman and Somalia are also targets of the mullahs but theydo not feel threatened by the mullahs' brand of Islam. Jordan, in particu-lar, is preoccupied by the Palestinian problem.

The Iraqis initially adopted a defensive position in their propaganda battlewith Iran. In the early stages of the Islamic regime Iraqi officials andthe media paid lip service to Khomeini and his Lslamic revolution despitethe fact that they knew Khomeini bore a personal grudge against presidentSaddam Hussain. He was also hoping to encourage his associate in Iraq,Ayatollah Bagher Sadr, to go for an Islamic theocracy to replace theBaathist regime.

When Sadr's move against the regime was mat with tough masures, both heand the mullahs in Tehran began openly calling on Muslims in Iraq to riseagainst Saddam. The Iraqi regime thus was ready for a bloody encounter;Saddam, unlike the Shah, would not submit to religious blackmail. Report-edly Sadr and many of his close aides were killed. Khomeini's envoy toIraq, Molla Mohammad Doai, flew back to Tehran and the two regimes werevirtually at war.

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It was then that the Iraqi propaganda effort become more assertive. In itsPersian language broadcasts Baghdad Radio began to bring Khomeini personallyunder attack. He was called a rogue clad in clerical garb, and his regimewas branded as anti-Islamic. But Baghdad Radio never enlisted theassistance of theologians to fight Khomeini on religious grounds.

After Iraq invaded Iran, the two regimes stepped up their propaganda war-fare not only on their home ground but also through the international press.As far as the Western media is concerned neither regime seems to have comeout very well.

But the Iraqis are doing better in Asia. In India the English and Hindilanguage papers tend to give more favourable coverage to the Iraqis thanto the Iranians. The MusliM press in India has turned against Khomeini.

For instance, the Bombay daily "Urdu Times," in an attack on Iran's refusalto accept a United Nations Security Council call for a ceasefire, saidrecently: "Iran's rejection (of the U.N. Security Council resolution)clearly unveils the regime's belligerence." It continued, "Islasi taachesus to love each other, to be forgiving and full of mercy; but Khomeini'sactions are against Islam, and he uses Islam as a ploy to ruin Iran andattack Iraq." In Calcutta a leading daily "Kozana Hind" openly accusedKhomeini of being "an agent of the Zionists."

Observers attribute these attacks by the Indian press on Khomeini to goodwork by Iraqi information officers. This is a good success for Iraq,because the papers widely read by India's sophisticated Muslims have beenexposing Khomeini as a traitor to Islam.

Yet the samie observers believe that the mass of uneducated Muslims of Indiaare more prone to fall into Khomeini's net because he uses the mosque andreligious gatherings to propagate his message.

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IRAN

EGYPTIAN DETERRENT FORCE SAID ESSENTIAL FOR PERSIAN GULF


[Text] Egypt is directly concerned with the security of the Persian Gulfbecause. it is obviously in her interests that stability prevails in theregion and oil continues to flow to the western world, Egyptian DefenceMinister Field •Hrshal Abdul Heali Abu Ghazala said this week.

In an interview which appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper AL QABAS he empha-sised that the disturbed balance of power in the Persian Gulf regionnecessitated the presence of an Egyptian deterrent force capable of actionon more than one front.

The fact that oil would continue to be the main energy source in the fore-seeable future meant the region was a stage for conflicting interests andambitions, Abu Ghazala said.

He made it clear that Egypt is directly interested in the security of theGulf because any disruption of oil supplies from the Gulf to the Westwould jeopardise the interests of Egypt, which heavily draws on aid andassistance from the United States and the western countries.

This is why Egypt is keen on ensuring the security of the Gulf region andseeks to put an end to the Iran-Iraq conflict and secure a settlement ofthe Arab-Israeli conflict on the basis of just, durable and comprehensivepeace, the minister added.

Abu Ghazala, who in a recent reshuffle was promoted to Deputy Prime Minis-ter, said that the strategic and military imbalance is becoming a distinctfeature of the Middle East region.

The minister noted that constant military build-up In Ethiopia, Israel,Libya, South Yemen and Syria affects Egypt's national security one way oranother. He added that his country's strategy subsequently attachesspecial emphasis to maintaining the balance of power in the region.

On the Iran-Iraq conflict, Abu Ghazal& said the latest developments hadrevealed that Iran became a threat to the security of the Gulf and thatKhomeini wants to export his self-styled revolution to the Gulf countriesincluding Saudi Arabia.

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Reiterating Egypt's concern. over Gulf stability, the minister said thecontinuity of the Gulf war is in the Interest of foreign exporting coun-tries, beside the fact that it deprives the two warring nations from theirown wealth, which is utilised to activate the var machine.

Asked if there was a trend to normalise relations vith the Soviet Union,he made it clear that there is no direct enmity between Egypt and the SovietUnion, but emphasised that Soviet activity in Africa endangers Egypt'snational interests.

"Why did the Soviet Union seek to arrange in agreement between Libya,Ethiopia and South Yemen to form a belt surrounding the oil rich region?"the minister asked.

He said that the agreement obviously was not directed against the UnitedStates "which is not present in the region." The sinister added that ifthe pact was meant to counter the United States, the Soviet Union hadbetter go to the Indian Ocean to fight the Americans there and leave theMiddle East in peace.

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IRAw

SAUDIS HANDLE MEDINA DEMONSTRATIONS FIRMLY


[Text] Saudi Arabia had expelled 18 Iranian pilgrims and 28 more werelanguishing in Saudi jails by nidweek following successive demonstrationsby the pilgrims in the holy city of Medina.

Security Zorces broke up a rally in front of the Iranian consulate 'inMedina which had been called by Kojatoleslam )Iussavi Kboyinia, the personalrepresentative of Ayatollah Khomeini, and which drew a big crowd of people.

A spokesman for the security forces said that the crowd carried bannersnot related to religion, and the portraits of Khomeini were "tantamount toidolatry." Those arrested would be returned to Iran "because they camehere for a purpose other than the pilgrimage." He denied claims on Iranradio, which echoed those of last year after scuffles between police andIranian pilgrims, that some of the Iranians had suffered injuries.

Khoyinia appeared fully prepared for the police action against a rally heheld for Friday prayers last week. Reciting verses from the Koran andmouthing slogans in Arabic he responded to police protests by saying hewas only trying to inform the Mslims of the vorld about Israel's atroci-ties' in Lebanon and of America's plot to trick Muslims into betraying thePalestinians.

He added that if the Saudi authorities did not allow him to carry out hismission he vould conclude that they vere in league with Zionists andAmerican Imperialists.

Meanwhile a group of people around bim vociferously chanted slogans andtried to arouse the feelings of watching pilgrims of different nationali-ties against the Saudi police. After a short while of this the policemoved in and arrested several of the chanters and marched them away in afirm manner obviously designed to demonstrate to those watching that theyreally meant business.

This seemed to work, for the watching pilgrsma quickly dispersed. Khoyiniawas also pulled down from his stand and reportedly his loudspeaker wastaken away. Some hours later posters attacking Israel, America and the

44

Soviet Union for atrocities in Lebanon and Afghanistan were distributed.But the whole affair had relatively little impact, observers said.

The Tehran mullahs had obviously expected a tough reaction from the Saudisand were ready with their anti-Riyadh propaganda. But it seemed surpris-ingly low key. The import was merely that the Saudis had refused to alloyKhomeini's progranmme against the enemies of Islam to take place.

The non-Iranian pilgrims remained relatively indifferent to the Iraniandemonstrations, according to on-the-spot observers. The stem action ofthe Saudi authorities undoubtedly encouraged them to avoid any involvement,it was felt.

But Khoyinia was still able to bring together an international crowd, theyreported. There were young Lebanese, Palestinians, Filipinos, Indonesiansand Afghans among it. Iranian opposition sources in Turkey and West Germanywho have been watching Iran's Haj operation say that Afghan, Lebanese andsome non-Arab pilgrims were travelling on Iranian passports and at theexpense of the Tehran government. Efforts had also been made to involvewar-wounded and var widows in demonstrations, they said, 'but the Saudishad remained cool in the face of this. Obviously pursuing a fairlycautious policy in view of the sanctity of the Raj and the possibility ofoffending pilgrim' feelings by too tough an attitude, the Saudi governmenthas also avoided any propaganda against Iran or Khomeini's activists.

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IRAN

MUSSAVI ASSAILS U.S., FRANCE. PERSIAN GULF STATES


[Text] Mir-Hossain Mussavi, Iran's prime minister, has accused France, theUnited States and regional countries of the Persian Gulf of providing thetools and facilities needed by Iraq to endanger Iran's interests in theregion.

Speaking at a seminar on regional planning in Tehran this week )kssavisaid, "Ever since the beginning of the Islamic revolution imerialism haslaid siege to us. It is a miracle that we have achieved so much and suc-ceeded so far despite the blockade. Bit now imperialism has moved totighten the noose."

"This basiness of blockading our ports in the Persian Gulf is part of theoverall Merican plan to breathe life into the dead corpse of Saddam. Itwas America who told the reactiornary Arab regimes to provide Saddam withmoney. Then America told France to deliver missiles to Saddam and he hasfired these missiles aimlessly in, the direction of our ports.

"Of course, these sissiles did not give us any headache. But it is thepleasure shown by the BBC and the Voice of America over the attacks whichbothers us. Even before Sadden began to fire his French sissiles theZionist media reported our installations were hit."

Iumeavi said Iran bad the will and the strength and equipment to defend itsinterests in the area and to "cut the Iraqis to piecaa."

He then boasted of the great successes of the Islamic republic in the fieldof planning. In Islam planning was essential to build proper human beingswho would take courage in believing in God, he said. "It is our relianceon God which has made America afraid of the Islamic revolution and itsappeal in the region," he said.

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IRAN

OPPOSITION PAPER ON IRAN POWER STRUGLE

GF050739 London VOTCE OF IRAN in rnglish 2 Sep 82 p 5

[Analysis: "The Power SEruggle in Iran" by the U.S. Chapter of the NationalMovement of the Iranian Reslstancej

[Text] Prior to the revolution in Iran, Klomayni and his supporters believedthat once the cultural and economic influences of the West were eliminated asimple Islamic govermsent could easily solve all the country's problems. Butthe past three years of the Islamic republic's rule has proven that blamingoutsiders for the country's problems is an Illusion. During this period thepeople of Iran h&" witnessed a steady deterioration of the country's economy,education, cultural activities and agricultural production. Lack of physical,judicial and financial security, high unemployment and inflation rates, short-ages of various essentials, a state of terror and repression and a torturouswer have brought iusmense szffering to the people of that unfortunate land.Yet, primarily because of Xhomeyni's enormous power and popularity among thelargely uneducated Iranian masses, the regime has vithstood all these problemsand challenges. Since no other clergyman hus the charisma and loyalty thatXhomeyni commands among these "true bellevers", his death will result in themost serious challenge thus far to the Islamic republic. howeyni's heir-apparent, Hoseyn 'Ali Montazeri, lacks the education, support and necessaryrespect among the prominent clergymen. Therefore, it is unlikely that Khoeynivill be able to impose him as the Velayat-e Faqih (the guardianship of theclergy) upon the nation. Consequently, the committee of experts, which con-sists of twelve theologians, will probably choose a group of three to fivesenior clergymn to for a council to replace Khoewynt.

The alleged plot to kill Khoneyni by the Islamic republic's former foreignsinister, Sadeq Qotbzadeh, who considered himself Khomeyni's most loyal spiri-tual son, was a part of this pro-succession power struggle aimed at discredit-ing Ayatollah Kasem Shari'atuadarl and other moderate clergymen opposed todirect involvement of religion in politics. From a theological point of view.Sharl'atmadari &ad a few of his colleagues are wore prominent than homayni;therefore, once he is gone, the views of these clargymen can no longer be ig-nored. It is for this reason that at this time the radicals have decided toeliminate them as serious contenders.

Certain similarities can be detected between Iran's pre-euccession power

struggle and that which preceded KaW Zedoag's death in September 1976. At

47

that time the Chinese radicals, with Mao's blessing, tried to discreditZhou Enlsi and his associates. As long as Mao was alive, the armed forcesremained neutral. But after his death, they put their weight behind'lthemoderates, nowo as Zhou Enlai group. As was the case in China, the radicalsin Iran have failed so far and will continue to fail in destroying the moder-ates image and popularity among their followers.

The staunchly pro-Soviet Tudeh Party, (the Iranian Communist Party) has whole-heartedly supported, if not helped to plan, the plot to eliminate the moder-ate clergymen. Pro* the earliest days of the Islamic republic, Tudeh publi-cations launched a relentless campaign against Shari-atmadari and his MuslimPeople's Party.

It is commonly known that the Tudeh considers the moderate. brand of Islam asthe major obstacle to the spread of communism in Iran. If not discreditednow, it will attract massive Iranian support after Khomeyni's death. Oneshould not overlook the similarities which exist between the radical clergymen'sviews and policies and those of the Tudeh. Both are totalitarian, repressive,anti-nationalist, anti-West and very much against private ownership. Bysupporting the campaign against the loderates, the Tudeh hopes to deal a heavyblow to the main bastion of religious opposition to co•munism and at the sametime to strengthen the radical Marxist-orientated faction o*f the cle.rgy, Inthe meantime, as the price for its support, the Tudeh seeks to put more ofits agents into top positions of the government.

Moreover, President Thamue'i, known to be pro-Soviet, as the second mostpowerful leader in the cowitry, will be in a position to consolidate his powereven more if a group of clergymen instead of Montateri is elected to lead thenation. ?or this reason Khamene'i has been trying to convince thomeynl thata ruling cotmcil woullbea more acceptable alternative to govern Iran than asingle clergyman. President 1hamene'i is well aware that Iranian psycho'6ogyand tradition do not lend themaleves to group leadership and that it wouldbe unthinkable that three to five ayatollahs with conflicting views would worktogether harmoniously in leading the nation. He believes that since the pre-sident is elected by the people, he should logically absorb most powers heldby Khomeyni after his departure.

In the final analysis, the future of the Islamic republic very much depends up-on the following factors.

a) The outcome of the Iraq-Iran var and the extent to which the emerging mili-tary heroes of the war are willing to take advantage of the in-fighting andconfusion and move to take power;

b) The ability of the communists and other leftist forces to consolidate theirposition before Xhopeyni's death; and

c) The capacity of the nationalist groups to put their differences aside andunite under an umbrella organization led by a respected nAtionalist.

48

Since Khomeyni's regime has directed greatest assault upon Iranian nationalheritage, culture, syibols and language, it is our view that a well-knownnationalist leader with credibility and the right credentials (e.g. fightingdictatorship) can time Iranian nationalism as an effective means of mobilizingthe masses against the regime once Khoneyni is gone. Supported by an effec-tive organization inside Iran and with the cooperation of certain segments ofthe armed forces, the clergy and tribal forces, such a leader can dislodge theIslanic Republic soon after Khoneyni's departure.

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49

IRAN

TENRAN ATTACKS UN SECURITY COUNCIL MEETING

GF051000 Tehran International Service in Turkish 1830 GMT 3 Oct 82

(Unattributed comentary: "On the Occasion of the UN Security Council Meet-ing To Discuss the War the Iraqi Ba' thist Regime Launched Against the IslamicRepublic of Iran")

[Excerpts] At a time when the successful. Muslim ibn 'Aqil operation has beenlaunched to deal a final blow to the infidel Saddan forces and to retrievethe lost rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran--a successful operation whichhas already resulted in the liberation of a large sector of the occupiedterritories of the Islamic Republic of Iran--and at a time when Saddam hasarrived at the brink of yet another major defeat, and.- intensive activitieshave been eabarked upon throughout the world aimed at halting the attacks ofthe Islamic army. The moderate and reactionary Arab regi•es, which have re-mained indifferent to the advance of occupationist Zionist Israeli forces toBeirut, the capital of Lebanon, organized the Fea summit with a view to recog-nizing the Zionist Israeli regime and legalizing its crimes, and have main-tained silence in the face of the massacre of Muslim Palestinians in the Sabraand Shatila camps, have panicked with the Zionist Iraqi Ba'thist regime'sdeteriorating situation and with the realization that this regime is faced withthe danger of being overthrow. Thus, with the objective of finding a renmedyto the situation, they have embarked upon intensive activities. The increasingtalks among the Arab shahs, the issuing of coumuniques and declaration, oneafter another, the possibility of meetings in the future and the coTmence-ment of a widescale propaganda canpaign to arouse fear in the Muslim peoplestoward Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran, are indicative of the depthof the efforts and activities of the moderate and reactionary Arab regimes.

Meanwhile, within the world of the oppressors, Imperialist and Zionist prop-aganda media organs are endeavoring to fulfill their inhuman obligations inthe best possible way with regard to further supporting the already defeatedZionist Iraqi Ba'thist regime. Under the circumstances, another arm ofinperialism rushing to the aid of Saddam is the UN Security Council. The UNSecurity Council will convene on Monday upon the call of Saddam to discuss thewar the Iraqi Ba'thist regime has imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran.Indeed, it is not difficult to foretell the decisions this council will reachor the kind of resolutions it will adopt in its meeting tomorrow. A briefglance at the composition of the 15-member UN Security Council-whose five

50

members are representatives of the superpowers which enjoy a -'Satanic vetoright--will make it easier to foretell now the kind of decision the counciltake. Apart from this, the fact that the UN Security Council is not meetingto discuss the Iran-Iraq war for the first time should not be ignored.

Yes, the UN Security Council will pay a similar role in its meeting tomorrow.That is to say, the UN Security Council held its first meeting 22 monthsafter the com:enceirent of the war. It preferred to remain silent until then.Now, after the successful operation of the Islamic fighters, it has onceagain adopted the same view. Undoubtedly however, the draft resolution drawnup by the representative of the Jordanian regime, which, during the BlackSeptember of 1970, martyred thousands of )fuslim Palestinians, will not be dif-ferent from the previous resolution adopted by the UN Security Council. Theresolution will be one in the direction of legalizing the crimes of theBa'thist regime, just as in the case of the earlier, resolution.

It is therefore our hope that the occasion will help the poor and oppressedpeople have a better understanding of the true. Identity of the UN SecurityCouncil.

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51

"AAN

NATIONAL 7RONT CONDEMNS QASHQA'I EXECUTION

GF050546 (Clandestine) Free Voice of Iran in Persian to Iran 1500 GMT A Oct 82

IText] The National Resistance Council in Paris, which was recently foundedby Mas'ud Rajavi, leader of the Mojahedini-e Mhalq, and Abolhasan Bani-eadr,the ousted president of the Khomeyni regime, has said in a statement thatthe execution of Khosrow Qeshqa'i is the latest incident in the reign ofterror and savagery which the Khoneyni regimp'has clamped on this country andthrough which it is trying to ensure its existence for sometime longer.

The national front has called the recent bomb incident in Tehran an act ofthe agents of the ruling regime.

According to the Free Voice of Iran correspondent, the national front, in astatement issued in Paris today, calls the claim by the regime that the oppon-ents of the regime, by exploding the bomb last Friday, killed scores of peopleand wounded hundreds, unacceptable and has rejected it. The national frontsays in its statement that even if this impossible claim were true, it stilldoes not absolve the leaders of the regime of its lack of strength and short-comings with regard to the protection of the people.

The national front statement further says that those who want to perpetuatetheir illegal and oppressive rule by force and group executions over 40 ail-

lion Iranians should be held responsible for their inability to protect thelives of innocent people. The national front, whilm, stressing that no poli-tical party would undertake such actions as killing of innocent people, whichwould result in its own political decline among the people, says that thereal cause of disarray and the present difficulties in Iran is the system ofVelayst-s Faqih, and the only way out of this dilema is the ouster of the

so-called Islamic regime and the return to a national government.

According to the Free Voice of Iran correspondent, the Natioual Resistance

Front has also issued a statement in Paris regarding execution of lyoasrowqashqa'i. The statement says: The National Resistance Front strongly con-

damns the execution of Xhosrow Qashqatl, who was one of the followers of

Dr Mossadeq and an old friend of the National Resistance Front. The National

Resistance Front says in its statement: The executions of people like Qashqa'i

and other such nationlists cannot save the regime from the fearsoms end that

is awaiting the mercenaries of the IQhomeyni regime. If 10,oerov Qushqa'i was

52

executed for nationalism and opposition to use Velayat-e Faqid "system," allIranians deserve such an execution. The National Resistance Front in conclu-wion says: The mercenaries of the Islamic Khomeyni regime, instead of in-creasing executions of nationalists, should be planning their own suicide.

The Free Voice of Iran correspondent in France has also reported a statementby the Hojahediný- Khalq organization regarding the execution of KosrowQashqa'I and quotes the McJahedi-e Ihalq organization as saying that the publicexecution of Khosrow Qashqa'i has once again exhibited the unlimited and un-bounded savagery of the regime and reveals the low decadance and :corruptionof the regime that has no other weapon in hand except terror and strangulationof the people in general in order to overwhclm all opposition and resistanceagainst it.

The Mojahedin-e Khalq organization says in its statement: No doubt, with allthe widespread crushing which the Khomeyni regime is employing all over Iran

and among.all our tribes, the just resistance of our Qoshqa'± compatriotswill continue until Thomeyni is toppled.

Shapur Bakhtiar, leader of the National Resistance Front, in his message of

condolence sent to the family and tribe of I(2osrow Qashqa'i, said that the

people of southern Iran and the entire Iranian nationals are fed up with the

cruel executions by the Khomeyni regime and will 1 day take their revenge from

the millahs.

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53

IRANI

HESEtIN1 BLAMS ARAI LEADERS FOR LEBANON MA!SSACRE

Tehran TEHRAN 'TIMES in English 26 Sep 82 p 1

(Text]

QOM - -From out point of Are 'leve saippoaed to overruleview it is thou, twenty Arab Principles and criteria.leaders who gathered in Fez --

who are tespoosiblit for the "In other words.- he wentIsraeli massacre of the Lebui. on. -the law int pwwe allese people." amnounced Aye. rehtoaudipg. Thlerefore, thewAsh Meshkaim hme on Fn- conipes i wit always be givenday.

The, Ayatollah wh w." priority ove the' incompetentdelivering the Friday prs~yst despite all frienidships and rels.asnon heue also said that Ol in.Irwnin nation, bi PwA lIad. Spuaking about those whoor and the Mosden masm con. sacrificed the law and criterionwdere the FU reouto as or the sake of their- sectarian"~tata4y mill aid void" an priat mittentte. he stild

Rlefeirring to the manescre that by doins sich A rjs0( the mpl of Unit b act athe were nfa chry w.

sized tha fte blame lee on ard thearrivee, the nattion andthe Arab heeds who mog coin. th a.promli~ngl mecogked lusael lit .tapd to the wrmnp.In their Iee sunmmi. do041 O the edu~cational wdU*

Ayatollash Me&kir4 dee. ties In doe country. Avabtfthoaed hi rs oto tog soia Iminfkini laste demtaided that

WW~s ndsad tat i a the (cumrs and d!a diw ed".Wemic miiety, siioligh.p cationaI oftiials -Iiiis doe

hauman youth in a solely MUMk movner"

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54

IRAN

ISLAM1IC LEADERS' SlMhQ(T UR~GED ON JOINT STRATEGY

Tehran TEIIAN TIMES la English 29 Sep 82 p 1

TrANRANN (RNA) PT'ttideft aggeuaon by the agiesso po' oil As well as reservez of Moo-Seyved Ali Khamenet. yet werg,' be SWi. lrn countiesa in Americnday called for a remetng of the In the pthernng. which banks Aion& Vrnli pro~paSands.leaders of the Islamfic count- was hewd oft the Occasbon of the shmoad be used as a weaponlfles, to dascms ithe Imprtnoit bl"Wmi festwal of Eid ul-Qar. spinet the Zionists while atipsme confronting Isam and bm the pteadentl added that I te oaf" time the M~oslemhoslemfs. vmnt in Lebanon cuentia mumas should be mobilized

Addresnm A Fcatherng~ Of dowed the happ.e of Moo agist fth prunawy agnts Ofarabamadors an4 ch&rIe d'af- kw onti a heesesotaire from~ %Isunic countries. "Weq eiphavie Once spn"Ia portehifwthe pftderit stressed rhat th thattoday a the day that the I ~p~f~tIslamic couNtries shoold "et tIWsmc nations, and to the *,% clarify the mm eftmyunit them political difetencrs forefront the Islamic govettIr am"DD the defenders ofin order to con hine effw"t for' mniens should act upon the Isrel, tht peist un, Amnsrcs.ensuing the nglits of the Mow. hwri rgpqxjbdihv siua to tie Islamuc Peoples, few thiskm.. dempie thew geographical th Ocuir an ueflflWmm that withmu the

and hworto'ca.) differences. Warniic territtofs in Palestine lippoft of the tymniszcal SM.

"At a time whe th and Afghanwtan) to thai at apoep r~s. the Zinonutia would

Islamic world lacks a anifted kG h dt billio M ? so lanc oneand versatile poettion towards of them- Kbamemc further Wi1IO~ AWWCm and Arabniawse agrsuml ns Lad atuCks. adTe h fsdwcle os .wkhi o ( Athe(45mrm the Moslems in Afgtia Te h rsl Islamd naution. W inh as p of thenntati and Lebarios) there 0, for an aillout stmggle arinU eym Khmn sa~id. ono hope of beirt absle tu the Zionists and stress that Y khmnsa.

defend our innocent bro.ither in okfghanistan Pilestineand Lebanon. andifmeasnnmdefend them. hitiory wilnlwforgaw us, that as Is~nsc couantries we are eapjd in ourown oswes, and permit theMonfirms to be the olifect of

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55

IRAN

TEHRAN WEEKLY REVIEWS INTERNAL, EXT•ELML DEVELOPMENTS

Ghotbzadeh's Legacy

Tehran IRAN PRESS DIGEST in English 21 Sep 82 p 1

(Text] Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, one of the reputed individuals of the early daysof the Revolution, was executed last week without any hubbub in the EvinPrison, and thus there came an end to the life of a political adventuristwho considered himself to be among the elements effective in the downfall ofthe Shah and the victory of the Revolution, and vho once was among the indi-viduals close to Ima- Khomeini. Ghotbzadeh, who was accused of hatching aplot to topple the Islamic regime in April this year, confessed, during thecourse of his interrogations and court trial, that he had intended to stagea coup, but pointed out that this coup didn't aim at killing the Imam andreplacing the Islamic Republic regime. Rather, his goal was to rectify thecourse of the Revolution which, as put by him, "has, since long, deviatedfrom its original path".

In order to stage the coup. Chotbzadeh had brought together some elements fromamongst the supporters of monarchy, clergymen opposed to the Imam, and thedissident militarymen from the Islamic Army, and had acted with a view toestablishing contact with the hostile tribal chiefs, the capitalist comuni-ties in Europe whose interests in Iran have been endangered by the Islamickevolution, and the conservative Arab leaders. His overall plan aimed atseizing the Jamaran and causing the Imam's exit from the scene, alive or dead;capturing power in his (Imam's) name to continue the Islamic RevolutionaryGovernment; eliminating, with the help of the Army and other elements, thereligious fundamentalists and the Tudeh Party; and establishing a moderatepro-vest government in Iran. He was optimistic, in the light of his previousrecord of confronting the communists and his strong opposition to the SovietUnion. of easily securing the US and Arab governments' support, and ofattracting, apart from the conservative Arab leaders, even the Arab Steadfast-ness Front (ASF) towards himself. However, all of his calculations vent wrongfrom the very outset. There could be obtained no eocUmaents that could provehis link with CIA, Saddam Hossein or the Armed Guerillas.

Chotbzadeh, who knew that he would not be able to save his life from the trialby the revolutionary courts, tried to rescue himself by inviting the Lamm'sattention through different means but he couldn't succeed in them. Rumours

56

were rife that some of his friends in the Syrian Government made efforts toget his sentence reduced, but were unsuccessful. Ghotbzadeh had stayed formany years in Syria, and possessed Syrian and Lebanese passports.

Revolution Guards in Place of Army

Tehran IRAN PRESS DIGFST in English 21 Sep 82 pp 3-4

[Text] The recent statement by Shamkhani, Deputy Commander of the IslamicRevolutionary Guards Corps, (IROC), on the expansion of the IRGC set up andactivities strengthens the rumour that some of the IRI officials are inclinedto gradually replace the Army with IRGC. In his recent interview (Sept. 12),Shamkhani had said that apart from the armoured force. the IRGC would also behaving naval and air scope shortly.

All Shamkhani, in his interview, said: "IRGC possesses a number of militarydivisions. It, in any case, is duty-bound to set up the 20 million strongarmy, and the best way of doing the same is through the varfronts. Today, theIRCC is quantitatively endowed with a power dependent on the var, whilequalitatively it is engaged in providing depth to the process of forming itsvarious military divisions and brigades. Of course, we have secured thesophisticated weapons resources of various IRCC combat units solely from theenemy booty. We started the first training course of IRGC and Mobilisationnaval forces in the country's sea waters and would soon be moving from thecoast into oceans. In respect of pilot and parachute training, I must maythat the related courses have been duly completed, and now the IRGC possessesa number of pilots capable of flying planes. As to parachuting, it has alsobeen observed that IRGC parachuters have landed from aircraft during variouscelebrations and ceremonies" (ETrM.A'AT, Sept.12).

He expressed the hope that the IRGC Ministry would start functioning in thenear future. With regard to the functions of the Supreme IRGC Council A theIRCC Ministry, he noted: "The IRGC Ministry would, in the first instance,take up the task of bringing about coordination between IRCC and the Govern-ment without affecting, in any way, the supreme comand of the Valayat-e-Faghih(Religious Leadership). In the next phase it would fulfil the logisticalrequirements of IRCC. The IRCC constitution has now been completed, and, afterthe issuance of the relevant notification, the government itelf would, ofcourse, specify the IRCC Ministry and the Minister concerned. 1 think thisMinistry would start functioning in the near future. The IRCC Supreme Coun-cil has no role to play in the IRGC Ministry. This Council, which formulatesthe IRGC strategy, has no function in respect of guiding the Corps. It ispossible thea one of the Council members could become the IRGC Minister butit rests with the government to introduce a specific individual for this posi-tion. Imam Khomeini appoints the IRCC Supreme Council as well as the IRCCCommander, with the former adopting decisions related to various programs ofthis Corps" (same source).

It must be kept in mind that Shamkhani himself is one of the candidates forthe most of the IRCC Minister. Studies have been underway, for quite sometime, to name an incumbent to this office, and there is going on, an implicitrivalry among various IRCC groups In this regard.

57

Tudeh View of Itan's Line

Tehran IRAN PRESS DIGEST in English 21 Sep 82 pp 4-5

[Text] in recent weeks, the Tudeh Party has been questioned, witbin theParty and outside its framework, on the degree of its adherence to the lineof Imam Khomeini. The Party members ask its leaders as to what extent theywould advance in their adherence to the line of the Imam, and whether thedifference in the viewpoints of the Islamic government and the Tudeh Party asveil as the government pressure on the Party won't compel the Party to recon-sider its policy on supporting the government. Meanwhile, the opponents ofthe Party have put the Party leaders under pressure asking them that in casethey, as claimed by themselves, are adherents to the line of the Imam, why isit then that they criticise the governnent policy in domestic and foreignaffairs? Noureddin Kianouri, First Secretary of the Tudeh Party Central Com-mittee, responds to this question in the latest issue of the "Porsesh VaPasokh" (Question & Answer), the weekly bulletin of the Party. Re says thatcontrary to the rumours, the Tudeh Party has never claimed that it is one hun-dred percent adherent to the line of the Imam. Rather, it has always saidthat it accepts the Imam's line in some of its aspects. He says: "The thingthat they say about the Tudeh Party of Iran that it wants to pace itself asadherent to the line of the Tmau is another distortion of fact. The TudehParty of Iran has never said that it is 'an adherent to the Line of the Imam'.The line of the Imam has several philosophical, religious, political & socialaspects. We support the line of the Imam in the anti-inperialist and popularaspects, and we outlined this posture of ours in relation to the views ofImam Khomeini in the very early days, and we re-state the same today. Weobserve five main, basic and important points in the Iman's line which areclose to our objectives. Therefore, we are seriously in agreement with thesefive points, namely the anti-imperialist, the popular and the anti-tyrannicalpostures of the Imam; the Imam's commitments on provision of freedom to allsundry, even to chose with other thoughts in the society; and the struggleagainst the plundersome capitalism. We observed these basic points in theluam's line, and due to this reason.- we supported it and still do the same.So, the repetition of this fact that the Tudeh Party members. while beingmarxists say that 'we are the adherents of the Imam's line' is a distortionof facts. We are marxists but our support of the Ima's line is in respectof the aspects which we said earlier. Experience has shown that in caseswhere we have determined with the courage of a citizen, as incorrect & mis-taken the policy of the IRI government which could often prove to be verycostly for us and has actually happened to be so, but we have categoricallyexpressed our views" (Porsesh V& Pasokh, Aug. 28).

There exist different views among the IRI officials on the policy which shouldbe adopted towards the Tudeh Party. Some believe that the Tudeh Party coopera-tion in the issues of mutual agreement should be accepted, and the forces ofthis Party duly utillmed in this cooperation without allowing it topolitically exploit the same. Another group holds the view that any sort ofcontact with the Tudeb Party is dangerous since its members are not honest intheir support of the governmwet, and show themselves In favour of infiltratinginto the Islamic system and sabotaging. This opposition is so strong in someof the officials that Hasjatol Islam Cbera'ati, head of the Literacy Education

58

Movement, recently announced: "A few days ago, there was received by the

office of the Literacy Education Movement, an announcement from the TudehParty wherein it was said that the Party is ready to cooperate in the irple-

maentation of the 'urgent plan'. I felt grieved as to why the Tudeb Party

announced its support prior to the Islamic associations. Having felt all thispain and grief, I would, in this respect, tell the Islamic associations toremain vigilant of the stage from where the popular tasks should be initiated

in revolutionary institutions. They shouldn't allow then (the Tudeh Party)to present themselves on the scene first. Had the Islamic associations made

an announcement putting their energies at the disposal of the Movement inorder to impart education to the people,- the Tudeh Party would have been

embarassed in saying this. But since the Islamic associations made no such

offer through the newspapers, the 7udeh Party made its announcement .... (samesource).

The ongoing tussle between these two modes of thinking often culminates in

the Tudeh Party enjoying relative freedom, and on other occasion, in its beingbrought under strong pressure as was the case in recent months. However,

latest reports say that some of the top-ranking officials of the Party, whowere under detention, have been released in recent weeks without any trial.

The pressure on the Party has generally been eased, though the permission toreopen the party office and to resume the publication of the Party's organhas not yet been given.

Ties With the Soviet Union

Tehran IRAN PRESS DIGEST in English 21 3ep 82 pp 9-10

[Text] While the officials of the IRI Ministry of Roads & Transportation are

engaged in useful parleys with the Soviet officials on starting joint shipping

in the Caspian Sea, and the final plan in this rcgard is scheduled to beapproved in early 1983 (LTTELA'AT, Sept. 13) the Iranian Press and political

officials are severely criticising the Soviet policy vis-a-vis the Peaz summit.

They not only didn't welcome the Brer.hnev Plan on the solution of the Palestine

issue, but also considered it as an index of the East-West compromise against

the Islamic aspirations. The Daily JONNOURI ISLANI in its Sept. 18 issuewrites in this connection: "The Soviet Union too, as It has acted in its

silent diplomacy, wants to impose the Ghods-occupying regime upon the Middle

East Muslims. It has cove to like the occupier regime so much that it has not

even denounced, either categorically or implicitly, the recent bloody aggres-

sions of that regime. There is no more an ambiguity about the fact that the

Palestinian aspiration has become a victim of the strategic collusion between

the East & the West. In the sawe way that in the light of Brezhnev's analysis

of the Pez summit or by taking a look at the Soviet weapons, ranging from NIC

25s to T-72 tanks .... which are constantly flooding Baghdad and are being

used, along with the Western arms, against IRI, it leaves no doubt that 'con-

frontation against the Islamic Revolution' too is among the objectives whichhave been strategically agreed upon by the Last & the West".

Meanwhile, the Western circles are concerned over the expansion of Soviet influ-

ence in Iran. Senator Edward Kennedy, in an article published in the Daily

MEW YORK TIMES on Sept. 15, cautioned the Reagan Administration that US support

59

"of Iraq would send Iran into the fold of USSR. Re says that the Soviets areexploiting the US indifference towards Iran, and are trying to have access tothe oil resources in the Persian Gulf. Kennedy suggests that the Americangovernment should act to set up ties with IRAN (11A, Sept. 15).

Although the possibility of a danger from the Soviet Union also has supportersamong some of the religious circles, the IRI officials totally reject thisviewpoint. They believe that till the time there is in power an Islamic regimein Iran, there would be open no way for the Soviet influence here. At the sametime, the Tudeh Party holds the view that the rumours on the Soviet dangerare being spread by those individuals who are the agents of US imperialism sothat they, in this way, could divert the attention of the Iranian people fromthe real danger which is that from America (Porsesh Va Pasokh,-Aug. 28).

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60

'CLANDESTINE RADIO' REVIEWJS REGILM'S POSITION

CM061804 (Clandestine) Free Voice of Iran in Persian to Iran 1500 GMT 6 Oct 82

[Unattributed coumntary]

[Excerpts] Compatriots: A bomb explodes in Tehran's city center killingdozens and wounding hundreds; an aircraft escapes from the center of thecountry and a number of its passengers ask for asylum in neighbouring countries;forces of the "Army of Islam" numbering more than 50,000 according to theVoice of the Islamic Republic launch an attack on the vestern front and aredisgracefully defeated; meanwhile Xhomeyni, in the manner of mullahs, talksabout the solidarity of a regime which is on the verge of the collapse.

The regima is collapsing because the masses have stopped supporting it, theregime is fooling itself by believing that the 20,000 or so that are stillbeating their chests in Tehran under loaneyni's banner can replace the 2 ail-lion that one day covered the area between Zhaleh and Shayad squares in unitedlines. The regime is collapsing because the economic situation in the countryis chaotic and the leaders of the regime think that now, with 4 million un-employed, a cobwebbed trsasury and with exports of only 500,000 barrels ofoil a day, they can still live In the mama conditions they enjoyed at thebeginning when there was not a single jobless person to be found in the entirecountry, when the treasury was full of gold, dollars and jewels and oil ex-ports were OVer 6 million barrels a day.

The regime is collapsing because there is no discipline and order in any partof the Sovernment and the country has been imnersed in such chaos that eventhe donkey does not recognize his master. The government officiala thinkthat by talk of sweets they can satisfy hunry7 mouths and cure the innumer-able pains. They think that if Xhomeyni says "We have defeated the enemy" theenemy is defeated, is Khammne'1 says "We have destroyed the oppoeition" theopposition is destroyed and if Musavi says "The economy of the country hasbeen saved," the economy is saved and no one will find out that the "Army ofIslam" is receiving blow after blow on the fronts. They think that no onewill find out that the activities of the opposition forces continue to expendand no one will realize that the economic situation has become (?so chaotic)that it cannt even be saved by his holiness Innam indistincti.

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The regime is collapsing because it has blocked every possible venue of hope

for the people and has turned the country which Was supposed to be turned intoGod's heaven into a cemetery. We cannot find any family in Khomeyni's Iran

which is not mourning for a dear one. We cannot find a family in Khomeyni'sIran which has not found itself responsible for a wounded, damaged, brokenor crippled member.

The regime is collapsing because it lies are revealed one after the otherand people realize that they lied when they said "we are reaching the bound-

aries of self-sufficiency." The level of self-sufficiency of Khomeyni's re-gime is the shortages which have become the blight of our people. They liedwhen they said "we are giving a home to all the honeless." No one but themullahs, their relatives and friends have found a home. They lied when theysaid "We came to cloth the naked, feed the hungry and cure the ill." In

Khomeyni'a regime the naked have become more naked, the hungry are hungrierand the ill are more so.

In the country where the basic essentials of the people are found with diffi-culty who can be full? In a country where there is a shortage of clothingwho can have enough clothes for himself and ,Las family?

This is not the same Khomeyni who dared to come among the people and live withthem. Xhomeyni today is a refugee in the Jamaran castle to protect his lifeso that he does not suffer the *ame fate as the annihilated leheshti, lahonraand Raja'i, so that a selfless one does not come forward and get rid ol himand others life Sadduqi, Madeni, Hasheminezhad, Dastgheyb and others. homeynitoday is in a state when he can be toppled at any moment since he no longerIs the master of events and it is the events which drag him along. Thomeynino longer controls the country, it Is the opposition which chooses the direc-tion of the events. Xhomeyni no longer knows what to do, or how to save him-self from the tide he has created. He no longer knows how to calm the people

and public opinion.

The people have become restless. He is like a person who is drowning and

grabs anything to save himself. Even though his cronies are trying to pretend

that the "master" is as solid as a dam everything Indicates that the regime

is shaking under the "mstor" and soon this republic that Khoueyni created in

the name of the Islamic Republic will collapse on the heads of its founders

and the camel which never slept in front of [name indistinct] palace will liein front of his "palace" in Jamoran.

Compatriots, the libe'ation forces are ready to deal the final blow against

the shakay regime of Khomeyni. For the liberation of Iran and our people life

is the most valuable instrument in our hands. Long live Iran| Long live the

Iranian nation! Down with the shokey and criminal regime of Thomeyail

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IRAN

KHOEINIRA: WORLD MOSLEMS DETERM(INED TO ERADICATE ZIONIST RW.IME

Tehran TEMUN TIMES in English 26 Sep 52 p I

(Text] MECCA, Sept. 25 (]RNA) Candemnwtng thi artcci- Th 111i' Hq siHcojatokslam Khoenihs. tien of tin Saudi police aid twive coadudepd by aybmg "halIMAM KliOnSkifialla ft RPM POAMiY frM.. the tMImazn the !dwrc Rapobbe demiedeantttiv, said an Friday thae H~j ret ma atree emphINAe ite Ito &A ~y to 1e1 1 anafthoug Moalemi were deter- that vrh meseres by the Saudi 'my a~ p hWe ttge asmkwd to eradicate the cance. police not only leeu MY sivt wa t -11 ui Iatt, totam twatio of ft, ZUoat Moslm but tocetye ap¶XKcil- Imania pl~rhneroomn fnmi ft region, aw"n txm from, the U.S. and theIslamic buds buheved tha z~oiart mgie.they ahould teach a truce of comnmon"h on thewar "ha teNs UWi that no attitude of the Saudi polieone should oppow At. towards the Iraian pillpkns

But, be 1 -eI, they under deternaoa. Xhaekdhashulda ksow that the Ziomal remarted that, in the begoeinraglan. would wA miffice itoelf they warned to exitibi theirwith Palatirm~ a&W -m- parte pmvr biA, when they sealleedof Leb&*o= alone, but It that they were week befor thewould attack their lands w winl of Use people, they wouldweoll. e& e. Suaws hat " lm.

Kbooiih owed dhet ism wMr Fulily awane o(fthir61mm goetimm!n who dacud repodsbintise, he amid tka

lead Use 4Mgh rjatt the they onily visale to htormZboAn roglra wme too ecmed wedda Moehem of their cry

ewe t ~aek ebmi te re for the trvt!.eeto apybig aboalde ee. MOed 0100111 am thA tinyOC(PIM lwnbh$9 114ueCIS. had towd thre Sm~I ofikiale

that If they did Mo peMit dut PwkM had be PlrfDnchwi People to ener thnsoe . d bWet the be~ wuld

tin wul mo 01Ydeaoy wt y" hwqdnothei aethimiWe but ther- otti msE tha h ledb inm~anWstoo. stiati e a prohbiedi

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IRAN

JUSTICE MINISTER ON DIAM'S LINE, CONSTITUTION, INTERNAL SEMURITY

Tehran TESRAN TIMES in English 27 Sep 82 pp 1, 4

(Text] In an interview with Kayhan, a Tehran daily, the Minister of Justice Moham-

mad Asghari explained his views on various matters such as the characteristics of

the Imam's line, the implementation of Article 49 of the Constitutional Law and in-

ternal security in the country.

Speaking about the characteristics of the line of Imam Komeini, Asghari said that

those qualities have clearly been defined in the past four years since the Islamic

revolution. One of the outstandingly noteworthy features. of the Imam's Line, he

said, was the constantly renerated reference the Imsn made to the oppressed and de-

prived in every single speech he nade.

"The second of such characteristics," he vent on to say "is that Just as all other

great Leaders of Islam did, the Imam never cowqromises Islam. It is impossible to

imagine that the inan would yield pride of place to Islamic tenets in preference to

this or thac social demand. He never sacrifices truth for the sake of interest. If

we bring all such characteristics together we will then be able to ain full know-

ledge of the Imam's line and be able to pattern our lives on such qualities.

Referring to Article 49 of the Constitutional Law of the Islamic Republic, he stressed

that the cabinet was now taking steps for imnpleentation of the article.

Article 49 reads "rThe government shall confiscate all wealth amassed through usury,

usurpation, bribery, embezzlement, larceny, gambling, misappropriation of endowed

property, misappropriation of government contracts and deals disposal of waste land

and property belonging to no particular person, running of brothels and other illag-

itimate activities and return such confiscated assets to their rightful owners and

in case no such owier is found, delivered up to the State Treasury. The law falling

under the purview of this article shall be effected by the gove#rnmnt after adequate

investigation of the various cases and after being proved legally."

He also confirmed that from his personal point view the said article should be put

into effect as soon as possible, adding that the Islamic society of Iran today and

the oppressed and deprived who were true supporters of the revolution could not

tolerate the postponement of implementation of the article any longer.

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In another part of the interview when asked to comment on internal security and thea tops which he thought had to be taken by the government to counter the anti-revol-utionary forces, he remarked that those who, due to a false understanding of issues,were now fighting the Islamic government were virtually serving the interests of theUS and other colonial forces.

Asghari added that the anti-revolutionary elements had nov resorted to terrorizingordinary and comnon bezbollahi people through sheer frustration after realizing thatterrorist attacks on each high official served only to increase the revolutionaryzeal among people further.

"Vhen they do not spare even simple shopkeepers whose only crime is to support theIslamic Revolution, from their terror lists, it becomes necessary that all faithfulMoslems advocating the Islamic Revolution be arned to defend themselves," be said.

Asked to comment on the strong and weak points of the Cabinet of Prime MinisterHussein Musavi judging from its activities in the past year the Minister of Justicesaid that the Cabinet can be said to be "the best" in the context of the prevailingsituation in the country.

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IRAN

"HALAXUTI LOOKS IFORWAR TO ISLAMIC REVOLUTION IN IRAQ

Tehran TEMWA TIMES in English.29 Sep 82 p 2

[Text] TABRIZ - -we will so cele- be theirs.bute the victory of an Islamic Referring to the mamacreRevolution in Iraq under the of the Lebanese Modems byeadership of Imzm Khomeini" the Zionists, Nalakuti sressedhoped Ayatollah Malakuti, the that the whole episode was aItatm's representative in ast step by the US to put off theAutdarijan Ptovince pnd the flung of the Iulamic Revolu.Tabriz Friday Imam yesterday. twon in the rqion.

The Ayaolah who was Melawhve Ayatollahtlking to IRNA here on the H"eri Shisi. the Fiday Ihmamoccasion of the War Week also of Sh m amd the Imm'ts repre-&W that despite the will of the tentative in pas- province alsoenemies of hism the war had maid that tho Iranian Armedturned out to be a "blessing Forces a re ow in a totallyfor the Islamic Republic since difeernt siuation as comparedit e enoed to the world Iran's to any era in the history of thefirin tcio-po•tical and mini- counaty.eary policis.' "They )Lr sow all" noted

Noting that the war had the Ayatollah "fighting solelyalso increased the unify of fcv Islam and thus do not fearIranian Moslem people. Mula- martyrdom. Tha is why theykuti reiterated that it had Ua couldiretake sdlthepertsofthewell aoutivfed the Iraq Isladmc county from the occupyinmovam,,t p•lat the infidel esemy which is backed by allrgime of Seddaa Husain. forces opposing Islam."

Speaking about the future As regard the economicof the Irao4 imposed war, the. situation, remarked Haeri Shi-Tabriz Friday Imau said that razi. "it must be noted that thesince the Iranian Moslem warsamusually followed bynation had qarued so effort in famine while in most of theovercoming the enemics of Ir Iranian csks one could notlIn and the Qonn, it was even feel any short•ge of foodcrtain the victory would soon stff and other costuodities,"

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IRAN

MULLAHS SAID BUILDING UP THEIR ANGER


[Text] As Iraq announced tev raids on Iran's main oil-loading porr'atKharg Island in the Persian Gulf on Wednesday concern grew in Tehran thatoil revenues could be cut altogether. There were also widespread fearsthat in the event of further raids the mullahs might order their forcesinto a new attack on land near Basra, with possibly disastrous results.

There was every sign that the patience of Khomeini and some of his hard-line cronies was wearing thin, not only with the Iraqis but with theArabs in general. More abuse was heaped on the heads of those rulers whohad failed to go to the help of the Palestinians in Lebanon. MajlasSpenker Hashemi Rafsanjani, who was one of the advocates of carrying thewar into Iraq, issued new threats about closing the straits of Eormos atthe entrance to the Gulf as Iraq's raids threatened to swing public opin-ion yet more against the war, bringing him possible humiliation.

On Sunday Khoneini said: "The American plan for Palestine is a betrayalof Islam. We hear some Arab regimes have accepted it. If regimes in theregion support the plan...then our army, our revolutionary guards will.have to adopt a new attitude.

"Then it vill present us with a new situation. It will be our religiousduty to oppose it and to oppose the regional regimes for their acceptanceof the Anerican plan. We have a mandate to fight the American plan and tofight anybody who supports it."

These signs were read by many observers in Tehran as evidence that thepublic disquiet was now being shared in high places. Demands by Khomeini,too, that there should be more purges of those who had worked for theShah--he said people need not have been seen photographed in the companyof the former monarch to be regarded as part of his corrupt nst-up--werealso read as a sign that he was reacting to criticisms. The Ayatollahsounded more confused than usual in spite of his obvious anger.

Although some oil sources, mostly quoting Tehran officials, claimed thatKharg van loading "record" amounts of oil by midweek in spite of the'Iraqiraids most Iranian observers were sceptical of the figures given. Firstly

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they felt the exaggerated amounts were above the capability of supply, andsecondly, they said, only a small number of tanker owners and crews wereready to risk being sunk by the Iraqis.

"It must also be remembered that there are a lot of people in oil andshipping circles who have been or are hoping to make a big killing out oftrading in Iranian oil and it is in their interests to try to convincecustomers that they need have no fears that their oil will arrive," oneformer oilman told IPS. "Indeed these people have a vested interest intrying to paint a rosy picture even of the domestic situation in Iran toencourage more customers to see there is potential ahead.

"Added to this is the fact that the raids make their bargaining positionwith the Iranians even stronger than it bas been for some time already andTehran will drop its prices even further from the $26 many of them are pay-ing. They want to encourage the regime in Tehran not to lose its head anddo sometLing that will screw up their profits. Some of those oil tradewheeler-dealers are involved in trying to sell Iran all kinds of goods andservices, working with exiled Iranian businessmen in the West who wouldmake a buck out of the devil himself if they could feel they have an enor-mous amount at stake."

The attack on two Turkish ships which were leading a convoy of four or fiveto, Bandar Shahpur, which Iraq claims as an exclusion zone because of thewar, showed this week that the Iraqis meant business. Ankara announcedthree men had died on one of the ships and protested about the attack atmidweek. But the new Iraqi air raid on Kharg the same day showed Baghdadwas prepared to ride out that particular storm in its seeningly calculatedpolicy to try to force the Iranians to the negotiating table.

Although confirmation of reports that the mullahs were now prepared to endthe war if they were guaranteed their demand of $150 billion in reparationshas been unobtainable, it is known that Tehran officials involved in quietnegotiations still going on have softened their attitude perceptibly.There have also been reports that Riyadh and Tehran have been involved forsome time in contacts oier the question of Iranian pilgrims on the Raj and"some other muatters"-a reference which is believed to have included thewar and the question of relations betveen the two regimes.

Although the dangers of the present situation In the Persian Gulf areobvious to the Saudis, which is one reason why they are said to have beenencouraged to try to mollify Khomeini through UAE and other intermediaries,if intelligence reports are to be believed, it is felt that Riyadh feelsthe mullahs have little to gain by precipitate action at present. Havingset so much store by its campaign on behalf of the Palestinians and insupport of the Arabs against Israel, Tehran, it is felt, could hardly riskany moves to flout ordinary Arab opinion when it was engrossed in thePalestine question. This could be counter-productive to 1homeini's pledgedaim of getting the Arab masses on his side.

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"Nith the war nov going in Iraq's favour for the first time in many monthsthe Saudis obviously feel they have a breathing space," a veteran Iraniandiplomat said. "The Americans can be relied on to rebuff any Iranian movesto close the Gulf and Moscow would see this as a calamity for its owninterests in the area. So the Saudi princes must feel that Iraq is nowworking for the benefit of all the Arab states in the region in trying tocool down Tehran's ardour."

Some Tehran sources were inclined to impute the bomb blast which killed morethan 20 people in the Iranian capital on Monday to clandestine Iraqi agents.They contended it was one more bid to unnerve the mullahs. More over-flights of Tehran by Iraqi jets were also reported.

Tehran officials hastened to assure the public that the raiders had allbeen driven off before they could reach any targets. They also continuedto deny the raiders had caused any damage at KYharg and that attemptedraids on other targets in the south-vest had been prevented by anti-aircraft fire.

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IRAN

BAKERS, REGIME BRACE FOR CONFRONTATION


[Text] Election of officers of the Tehran Bakers Guild is to be held by theend of Shahrivar (September 20) and the revolutionary committees havebrought pressure on the guild nembers to vote for officially approvedcandidates.

Hovever, the majority of bakery shop ovners seem determined to elect thosemembers to the governing body who can stand up to officials. In particular,the bakers vant to make sure that the mullahs attached to the revolutionarybodies and Islamic Republican party do not continue to interfere with thedistribuitou of flour and fuel.

One other point on which the bakers and the authorities are at odds is theprice of bread. At the moment the ministry of commerce allocates subsi-dised flour to all Isakers, including the major ones who operate chains ofshops. Then these major concerns, which are either owned by Khomeini'sclose aides or have been taken over by so-called revolutionary institutions,sell their products at high prices, while traditional bakers are required tosell bread at the officially fixed prices.

Now the bakers hope that they can have their elected governing body toensure fair practice. But the authorities, for their part, are determinedto have their own men elected to the guild's governing body.

Bread is a sensitive question in Iranian politics. Before the Shah managedto consolidate his regime, many cabinets fell because of riots over bread.Once again, after 30 years of peace, a new confrontation between bakers andthe regime seems on the cards.

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IRAN

KBAMEI PREPARES FOR KNOMEYNI'S DEATH


[Text] Certain similarities can be detected between Iran's present powerstruggle and that which preceded Mao-Tse-Tung's death in September, 1976,says an analysis by Anerican supporters of the National Resistance Move-ment of Iran.

"At that time the Chinese radicals, with Mao's blessing, tried to dis-credit Chou-En-LaI and his associates," it says. "As long as Mao wasalive, the Armed Forces remained neutral. But after his death, they puttheir weight behind the moderates, known as the Chou-En-Lai group. As wasthe case in China, the radicals in Iran have failed so far and will con-tinue to fail in destroying the moderates' image and popularity amongtheir followers.

"The staumchly pro-Soviet Tudeh Party (the Iranian Communist Party) haswholeheartedly supported, if not helped to plan the plot to eliminate themoderate clergymen. From the earliest days of the Islamic Republic, Tudehpublications launched a relentless campaign against Shariat-Madari and hisMoslem people's party.

"It is com-only known that the Tudeh considers the moderate brand of Islamas the major obstacle to the spread of Communism in Iran. If not dis-credited now, it will attract massive Iranian support after Xhomeint'sdeath. One should not overlook the similarities which ei.Ast between theradical clergymen's views and policies and those of the Tudeh. Both aretotalitarian, repressive, anti-nationalist, anti-West and very much againstprivate ownership. By supporting the canpaign against the moderates, theTudeh hopes to deal a heavy blow to the main bastion of religious opposi-tion to Coamunism and at the same time to strengthen the radical Marxist-oriented faction of the clergy. In the meantime, as the price for itssupport, the Tudeh seeks to put more of its agents into top positions ofgovernment.

"Moreover, President 1hamenei, known to be pro-Soviet, as the second mostpowerful leader in the country, will be in a position to consolidate hispower even more if a Sroup of clergymen instead of M}ontasarl is electedto lead the nation. For this reason, Khamenei has been trying to convince

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Khomeini that a ruling council would be more acceptable as an alternativeto govern Iran than a single clergyman. President Ihamenei is well awarethat Iranian psychology and tradition do not lend themselves to groupleadership and that it would be unthinkable that three to five Ayatollahswith conflicting views would work together harmoniously in leading thenation. Be believes that since the President is elected by the people, heshould logically absorb most powers held by Khomeini after his departure.

"In the final analysis, the future of the Islamic Republic very much dependsupon the following factors: a) the outccae of the Iraq.-Iran war and theextent to which the emerging military heroes of the war are willing to takeadvantage of the in-fighting and confusion and move to take power; b) theability of the Counuists and other leftist forces to consolidate theirposition before Khomeini's death; and c) the capacity of the nationalistgroups to put their differences aside and umite under an umbrella organisa-tion led by a respected nationalist.

"Since Khomeini's regime has directed its greatest assault upon Iraniannational heritage, culture, symbols and language, it is our view that awell-known nationalist leader with credibility and the right credentials(e.g. fighting dictatorship), can use Iranian nationalism as an effectivemeans of mobilizing the masses against the regime once Khomeini is gone.

"Supported by an effective organisation inside Iran and with the coopera-tion of certain segments of the Armed Forces, the clergy and tribal forces,such a leader can dislodge the Islamic Republic soon after Khomeini'sdeparture."

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WOMEN'S SITUATION IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC DISCUSSED


[Text] In the past week two more women were executed in Iran for allegedillegal sexual activities. Their deaths coincide vith the publication ofthe following article in the monthly Voice of Iran, the organ of ShahpourBakhtiar's National Resistance Movement of Iran.

Shortly before Khomeini established his theocracy in February, 1979,voices were raised both inside and outside Iran condemning everything thathad taken place during the Shah's regime. The dust raised by such propa-ganda blinded many people to the potential dangers of the future under menof obscurantist views and dubious character like Khomeini. To the cost Cf

Iran and Iranians the warning of genuine liberals and democrats wentunheeded. Among the casualties of this nihilistic propaganda were thewomen of Iran.

ro better understand the humiliating and barbaric conditions imposed onwomen by the Islamic Republic, one needs to look at their achievements onthe eve of the revolution. At that time women were employed in all walksof life and held jobs at all levels. There were women doctors, lawyers,engineers, civil servants, university professors, HPs, senators, and so on.The armed forces and polict had opened their ranks to them. Private com-panies and an erpanding industry absorbed many more at menial, clerical andmanagerial levels. In 1968 Iran had its first woman sinister In Dr. Par@a.(Dr. Pars& was executed in 1980 by the Khomeini regime, after being placedin a sack so that her limbs, even after death, would not offend the Islamiceyes of her executioners.) In the fields of education, arts and sports,women also enjoyed widened opportunities. It is true more boys than girlswere being educated in the villages and at university level. The figuresfor 1974 university students were 37 girls for every 100 boys, a dis-crepancy which was the result of social and dultural prejudices not easilyovercome.

The Family Protection Law of 1967, despite grave shortcomings, was a furtherstep towards the equality of women. They now had the right to initiatedivorce, to appeal against unreasonable summary divorce or to obtainredress for it. Furthermore, a woman could veto her husband's taking asecond wife, and was no longer autouatically deprived of her children in

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the event of a separation. Socially, women could dress as they pleased, mixfreely in social life without fear of harrassment.

All this is not to say that, by 1978, women (especially in small provincialtowns) had gained full equality; for that they had a long way to go. Buttheir condition compared to that of years earlier was unrecognisably

better. In the 1910s and 20s, the first modern sirls' schools were vili-fied as places of vice. Mobs, incited by the.mullahs, would attack' thebuildings and set lunatics free into the school grounds so as to terrifythe girls. An all-women theatrical performance, at the house of anenlightened lady whose purpose was to raise funds for adult education,ended with the house being looted and the lady beaten up, again at theinstigation of the local cleric. Even the wearing by a few brave women ofa less sombre chador (enveloping veil) than the de rigueur black nearlycaused a riot.

However, if in the early 20th century the situation of Iranian women wasgrim, it was nothing compared to the barbarities they experience now. Onlythe Islamic Republic has deemed it fit to execute wom'en whom poverty anda hypocritical society had forced into prostitution. (Their charred bodies,burnt rather than buried since they would "defile" the ground, were draggedabout by the mullahs' henchmen.)

It was again the Islamic Republic which, two years ago, first put adulterouswomen to death by stoning. In the three years that this regime has lastedmany pregnant women and teen-age girls have been put to death; the teen-agers are often raped first, to ensure that they do not go to heaven!

Nowadays, if a woman does not wear "Islamic" clothes, she is thrown out ofher job, flogged, or sent to a mortuary to wash the dead. At the very leastshopkeepers, intimidated by Islamic thugs, refuse their custom. An English-woman, who had lived in Iran for over 20 years, reported hew her localbaker had kept a motley of scarves to pass around his customers in case amilitiaman should appear. It should be added that non-Islamic women are notexempt from these rules. A Zoroastrian girl, brought up in England sincethe age of six, had her passport photo rejected because a tiny patch of herhair was visible. At school, girls of seven are exhorted to cover everystrand of hair, or in the next world they will be hung from that strand ofhair while serpents crawl over them.

The Family Protection Law has been swept aside. Men can once again.divorcetheir wives at viii and take on extra wives without their existing wives'consent. The children of those emancipated women who initiated divorce andremarried have been declared illegitimate by Khomeini, no light matter inIran.

The question asked by Iranians is, why is the Western'media silent beforesuch degradation? The tacit assumption seems to be that such laws andcustoms, being Islamic, are acceptable to Iranians. But the role of womenin Islam has been much sentizentalied. As recently as July 25th, theSunday Times carried a most misleading article. It claimed, for example,

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that the Prophet forbade the beating of women. In fact the Koran says thata recalcitrant woman should be first chided, then beaten, and finally deniedher husband's bed.

The same article implied that, in. the case of divorce, a woman could keepher children. Not so: she loses her son at the age of five and herdaughter at seven. And, divorced, married or single, a woman's life isliterally worth half that of a man's, for this is the blood-money they get.

This is not to deny that Islam has a gentle face to show to women; it isKhomeini's version which is harsh. Nor can it be denied that 1400 yearsago in the Arabian peninsula the laws of Islam were enlightened. But howmany of these Western women who are cynical about Iblam would be content tolive by the laws and customs of 1400 years ago?

Indeed, Iranian women have not been content to do so. Shortly after therevolution woin. organised rallies and went on strike, temporarily bringingto a halt the wearing of Islamic head-gear. But by mid-1980 the mullahs hadorganised their club-wielding thugs sufficiently to intimidate seriousopposition. When the women tried to petition President Bant-Sadr ha refusedto receive them and came up with the notorious remark: 'There Is an emana-tion fron woman's hair which excites men." If we recall how an increasingnumber of Iranian women were leading emancipated and dignified lives beforethe revolution, and how there are young girls who had never seen theirgrandmothers wrapped in the black shroud, let alone beard of floggings orstoning* to death, then the tragedy of the present situation becomesapparent-and silence in the face of it appalling.

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75

IRAN

UNIVERSITY REOPENING LITZLY TO BE DELAYED


(Text] There was little sign in the past week that the reopening ofengineering, medical and agricultural faculties at Iran's universities willtake place on time later this month. Disputes betwen the Cultural Ravolu-tion Headquarters and officials of the Ministry of Culture and HigherEducation over the conditions for registration have not yet been resolved,in spite of Maslts calls for relaxation of the arduous regulations laiddown by the cultural revolution hardliners.

Besides personal qualifications the CRH, as it is known, insists that 30per cent of all places go to candidates from the Islamic revolutionaryinstitutions, including a proportion to those from the Martyrs Foundation.Regional quotas were also fixed to ensure Tehran-based students obtainfewer places. All students must give an undertaking to serve the govern-ment in any part of the country. officials decide for five years af tarcompleting their studies. Those whose studies were interrupted by call-upfor the war cannot obtain places until they have completed their prescribedterms of service with the forces, it was announced.

The hue and cry which greeted the annoumcement of these conditions promptedthe ministry to announce that they were not final decisions. But theCultural Revolution Headquarters published a statement that it was the dutyof the ministry and its own executive officials to see the regulations wereimplemented as announced.

MaJlis deputies also put down a motion demanding that first-year classes inmedicine ard related fields should be started without delay in view of thedesperate health care situation in Iran at present. Officials quoted inthe press in Tehran recently said the country was short of nearly 40,000doctors.

Along with' 14,000 Iranians several thousand doctors from India, Pakistan,the Philippines and western countries worked in Iran before the revolution.Although the system was far from perfect and people in rural areas foundlocal auxiliary staff were not always reliable in opening clinics on timeand service yes often haphazard, care of some kind was available to thevast majority of the population. After the revolution not only were most

76

of the foreign doctors expelled but around half of the Iranian doctors alsoleft the country.

The result has been a recurrence of endenic diseases which were virtuallyeradicated during the last decade of the late Shah's reign, when coopera-tion with the World Health Organisation and foreign medical and educationalinstitutions was at its maximum. Universities were also experimenting withlarge-scale experimental rural health projects, and a special developmentuniversity with ouch stress on health and related rural development prob-lems was already in its early stages of work. A number of hospitals werestaffed largely by foreign doctors.

The closure of the universities over the past two years has meant that the,country has fallen further behind and it will now face a savers problem foryears ahead. Many of the 14,000 original doctors have left the country.Some foreign doctors have been brought in fron India and Pakistan onceagain, but the security situation inside the country, together with theunsavoury reputation of the regime, mans that few practitioners are pre-pared to take jobs. The official excuse for the small numbers so farrecruited is that the doctors abroad fail the "stiff" exam laid down byIranian officAls, but this is wide_, regarded as a joke in Iran.

In recent weeks officials have begun to approach Iranians in western coun-tries with inducements to return. Hiih salaries mnd special privileges,such as freedom to travel to visit their children at schools abroad, havebeen offered. But the executions ard imprisonment of doctors and nurseswho treated wounded and dying Mojahedin fighters after the street battlesof last year, together with the absence of any guarantee of security inpresent conditions in Iran, have meant there has so far been no response.

But Ministry of Health officials plan to sake further visits abroad to talkto the doctors once more. Enormous salaries have been mentioned at pre-liminary talks, but there is ao evidence that the government will have thecash to pay these. Government doctors in Iran today are paid 6,000 tomansa month, a sum which a leading medical official recently told the presswas hardly enough to cover a man's rent in the provinces, never mindTehran.

CSO: 4600/4

77

IRAN

IRAN, MALTA EXPLORE TRADE POSSIBILITIES

Tehran TE AN TIMES in English 22 Sep 82 p 2

(Text] TFHRAN (IRNA) - in a me. Also, in a meeting anting with the Maltese Forrn TIsetday brweem*Tr andMinster, Pr•me Minister Muavi lranian Cmonuir Minisemphaaied oa the sUlteic p0.- llbibolda Aqa.-Ow(lW, theaiton, of this Mediterrauian Irania gownumest annomncedIland and the importance of dtha it at rendy to purchase athe two counmics relations number of goods from Malta.with cb ode. it addition the Maltese

Musu" m id thit the Poig Miniser pnposed thatIslamic Reublic hd brken Iran become a parner wih

maeta in the latter's shipthe hand of the U.S. nth buildig m pnmy.egion Atd he added that the Libya and Aigeria hwe

&M-aeruwnt tolaewd that trt aireldy purchased shar" fromsecurity would not be obtained this company.without the U.S. being or In his meeting the offi-rooted from the region. . ash decided that delegaioes

In relation to the tt from both countrlie wouldevents in Lebanon, the r uderae rePrimal eiMoiste sad tt wbaver ad y s ekth sed, durb*cautrophe the U.S. teated f Mnth.ecotributed to the aaAqw-Ow aid thatof the people and thu ult-ima. MAU could pt lde Iran withoy to the U.S, desruction foodff, metda, themicali the Mid-East. producm and machmey.

"rhen the Matese Poreignu Alo, the two partisMiniter, Alexander Josef &a greed diat am Iranian dclegcabys Trigonr, while dmuing tion pay a visit to Malcas

the Iranian offichial for their si ul" dsr nhospiality, called for the repetuw from Malta payexpanmon of relatioin between a vim to Itn in order todie two counieL help in ra Iranian hips.

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78

IRAN

IRAZIL, IRAN CONCLUDE $160 MILLION CONTRACT

Tehran TEHRAN TIMES in Erfgliah 23 Sep 82 p 2

[Text].

TEHRAN (IRNA) - A S 160- Corrunoon Wealth, 80d th SO- dady. He said dineeqmomillion contract for the Pot- viet Union. Mcat fromt Autf dxues wvul be mcdrr by thethawe of evaiolas commnodities 1a. we- zealand, Turkey. Last Ianian th*piq organiatio

from Drugi was %igned betwev Europe. Froanca Argentine and and in case of ehortalles, they

the Ilumeta Republic and Drar Uruguiay. frozen chicken fraU wou.l utilia.c charter thips.ad., annouvlce4 the Manag*n 'Turkey. am Ltuope, The Me- I* Kid that throgh theDverctor of the Staz Comme- therisanda Germntry. MRt of r Iesplaetatlom of this plan,cii Organization. Monlaca less from FrancAW sd Bratil. the Iranian &Me had becomeMuvahiidiadadh Tuesday. Eggs froms The Wete*di.ad more actm and abo the thip.

.Also. Brazil*$ oil pitCho.. SPain Prance. Gffmany. Pins oiugAnazmo acqWW

use from Ir&A an to be mowr I Cemefit f~ro the 5uier W iof pretaige.than the ooeumoadkes; it ws Uwon sad Turkey. Fish pow- Talking about expanabon

to export to Iran. *der (for chicken bra Woi 31 earifuercm anld cme ibi

Movahediadeb sLd that ceters)u fromt hPIR AMd 591011 relations be w- een Oan W

9) par cent of commodities rural goeds from Uase Buropi. 5j..,jj be OW 6me n lema"

wene purchased fro tOe Unu- Italy, Prance.ted Staters and the, remaaaivg Be-*- _cnQ de~rp.

te e etfrior teApa He atrewe that uifideo bWo VrMWn to Smiu in Aprilmian minddlorruen or 6he mialti- smttt of dws cmtoi to Inaestiage de ezpalsion ofnational companies before the ' ca had bees Pstord. wisdovi bet S d tw

Retatok 1tuc He continued the the efare

commnodities Were being i Re~publi paid at ~ Brad Could presid fe a

buught frord thi following t1101 1 PoitZical bom he a With eOeiANcdties inch ae "y

cuuntri'es: cnefile w OW aP-i~ P ids- @A10. c". ugeable od.

%%ar1 from Australia. Tee- t1ww with Various I mid ia atid *~stic

key, Argest1It Pakistan and wW~~ not -bevv" side mc~mey.Cansad and sometinea from ecubanpes with the esuitties Alti k la to p i Im

Growc. laricy from Tuckiey. which "er the stU with dine N*IW .d vpamrgetr'Pakistant and Syria. '0" (Tom the Islamic Republicwan did 10 Vag"e W" donuwe 0joyCis'ade, Argentina. Soys cake not 6we' iiM~ar viEsm web 4behesyoil (fom Mycaocks) from Iran. IN thisl aepseewlo. A Bret

brasil. Aqtigrtlnft and more or .Pra0itlY Ow" 5 1V6 0 allis delegatiom anwivt MereItes tram Spain. Says *4 from friendly courtrfies Mw*@ ruseay and a 8 l)O..Wa.

Brazil, Spain.- Rice from Thai taudi *" askedl oistrctwa agmed

land. Uruguay and Pakistan. me soid that the orgafas. Abith another 5 31m~lon'Sugar from Turkey, Brazil. tifl Iiitprted asD isia"1 comauct wam s*ignd between

amount. of 6 to~ 7 vllaom town the Mo towsoerteof goods- to the counsy "anofe frcight ship was Unoa~de

79

Spaking about the put- Gulf sutu.chaft of Iranin od by BrUd, He said that the contrambe said Chu lauil was one Of 8gned would mot be cwridthe mnaor prchurs of irani•n out a a bmxteecchmanges butil previously but- afte the ead of th pnacuses would be

Islamic Revolution k e-rnmed perforrsed samrately And inrom beymg. casu.

VYt. follo" mqoba. He coachaded by ayingaina, Stud had "ded that that nsqotiatons bad beenken would apply it day oil held about the eport ofnmls rather than tbi'+Pari Soods inch as dues, psachio,

nuom &d m• mrai oam to ira.sai d a w mesduwAd be.smou"med lar.

CSO: 4600(18

so

IRAN

FOREIGN MINISTRY DENOUNCES 'SUPPRESSIVE' SAUDI ACTIONS

Tehran TEEM TIMES in English 25 Sep 82 p 1

(Text] Tehran (IRNA)-The Foreign Ministry of the Islamic Republic in a state-ment released last night strongly denounced yesterday's suppressive tactics am-ployed by the Saudi Arabian police against Iranian pilgrims in Mecca.

"Once again the intimidating and suppressive forces of the Saudi Arabian govern-

sent disrupted the atmosphere of unity among the orderly ranks of the Hajis (HajJpilgrims)," the statement said, adding that the brutal treatment by the Saudipolice vas an effort to silence the "anti-arrogance and anti-Zionist cries" of the

pilgrims. It said that the Large number of pilgrims who had been injured in yes-terday incident in Mecca had tried to air their complaints along with other Mos-

lem against "all these crimes and all this treachery" committed against the

Palestinian refugees.

"The Foreign Ministry condemns the constant harassment of the Saudi Arabian gov-

ernment of the pilgrim and Iranian officials, and the exercising of such sup-

pressive policies and it believes that the House of God belongs to all Moslems

and is the stronghold and coordinating center of assault for the Moslems of the

world against the foundations of world arrogance.

While expressing concern over the poesibility of similar actions by the police in

the future, the statement further called on the Saudi government to permit the

Moslems to continue to reveal the crimes of the Western and Eastern imperialists

and the Zionists and to provide suitable conditions for the Moslem so that tbey

could observe the "spiritual-political Rajj ceremonies in a manner which Is ac-

cepted by the Merciful God."

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81

IRAN

PRESIDENT URGES STUDENTS TO VITAL RO•1ES THEOUGH INOC7WLEDGE

Tehrn TEH.RAN TUMES in English 25 Sep 82 p 1

(Text] Tehran (IRNA)--President Seyyed AMi Thamenei Vednesday urged the 10 mil-lion Iranian students to play a vital role in their struggle against the enemiesof the Islamic Republic through their ever increased knowledge.

Addressing the students through radio, Thamenet said that the students, with com-prehensive knowledge about the affairs of the country, would b4i able to neutralizethe enemy plot to keep the nation culturally backward.

He said that the Islamic Revolution would become permanent if the Moslem nationof Iran obtained knowledge with the sems belief as they had in the Islamic Ravo-lution.

Reaffirming Iran's policy based on neither east nor West, the president said thatthe Islamic Republic would always support the oppressed people in Iran as well asacross the world.

"Our duty is to fight against oppression and exploitation all over the world,"Khamnen. reminded the school students.

Meanrhile, on Thursday morning, hundreds of thousande of students and teacherschanting anti-U. S. and anti-Zionist slogans set the U. S. flag on fire in frontof the den of spies, the former U. S. !mbassy, here, to mark the first day of theacademic year and the second day of the "War Week."

The students and teachers, after attending special opening ceremonies in schoolswhich began with the message of lman Khomeini, marched towards the U. S. den ofespionage while dragging the torn flag of the U. S. as an expression of theirfirm condeunation of the U. S. government.

The second day of the War Week, which started Wednesday is marked as the day of"Death to America and Death to Israel." The demonstrators, accompanied by groupsof the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and the Mobilization of the Op-pressed, gathered in front of the former U. S. Embassy and evpressed their deter-mination that, in addition to attending school, they would continue their presencein the political sceetnof the country.

Siailar ceremonies were held throughout the country in which millions of peopletook part.CSO: 4600/19

82

IRaN

KHOEINIHA, JMNATI, 1M{TAMIj OTMES FREED AFTER LONG DETEN¶TION BY SAUDI POLICE

Tehran TE3RAN 'TIM~ in English 25 Sep 82 p 1

(Text) MWCA, (IRNA) - Hn~tnl. WerO beft UWinu d bY POkelsolam Khoeu*ta, the represn. velft b42113 tewjl thdtatft of 1ImM Khomeinii to Uata ~ an~ alon t1 W hMeCa. Ayatollh JanMt1, a Mat Invade the Saed Mo.mimbet of the Counci of SquS.Gaaadlan , ad Hoijtolesbm in spks of tba trestfltKhautni, the Miaph Deputy by Ithe polioe apica thlfrom Mkdab to ( in Yazd pilgrimtim do archmr tridPto,4ince I, were ruekesd after to Maintain that oedetiY manmwra hours of chetwxmi by onI. liowuisi, c8ww lAthe Savod potice. tapeS45WtdSIS of 1ua , po-

The arste occurrd after nont *Off 0013(1101d abon'epolic a#W the mucarky tim way wd SMA bik hIIc2rS

loam noted bito the Wtiter. Sets sm flftn Owe the Mwsbqat*us of IMrAz~a pdgrhmu and Of the much.tore flag alon with other Wdoe the isbasa of theWritten sOloas detauad khanits ti buasn

The jIrnian pilgran along pdginm bad thtmerwd towith Omay Other p~ims from St0at & 8"n at the Seauedindonasa, Maklaysa, ,Nir, Vmoque uti a&H of the det*WAllhasAsMan lurkey, Pakista, RlOeS0 Wts elveas.Yeast% traq. the UAE, arid in yeeterdays1 a11ssi 30p&%efie, We Masity Ieftk she ~ a pigr were tn~umdawe and wer mmrddn to Ihr a Mab of Polka bmalay

%weed Mosqe heoo, to obwew who ans premady being treatedFuiday Ptst, diosal anti. as 1*ca dinica hmr.Bob&~ ad w~i-Amarkcan Aho a poop of bkufnsslogan bu*am Wss aer told to who wOU arNatd Along vithabandm thirmots ~'Wa~rder the kenba offilak havs beento avw Pab oli baramuat. ket o datMbtU ad there

?I~ws's thee kahn doltplxiur iam d- distribute bnaum @a1 le es*Khonwhui's nuajilstad wumag-on the ocxauioui of Moois theiy

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83

IRAN

DOCTORS URGED TO RETURN

Tehren TEHRAN TDMS in English 27 Sep 82 p 1

[Text] Iranian doctors living abroad have been called by the Medical Association ofIran to "return home and serve their fellow-countrymen."

The medical association also said that those doctors who returned to help their people"would not be debarred from returning to a country of their own choice vhenever theywished."

The association'@ statement released yesterday in local Persian dailies expressed"gratitude to Ayatollah Montazeri for the guidance he offered the association andto the advise to doctors now resident abroad," but who were urgently required backin the country.

Montazeri had said that in view of the need in Iran for specialists in the medicalfield "you should come back to your Islamic home and fulfill your religious duties."

CSO: 4600/22

IRAN

IRAN'S JEWISH INTELLECTUALS CONDEMN~ ZIONISTS.

Tehran ThEMAN'TOMES In English 22 Sep 82 p 2

(Text I TEHRAN IR NA) - The racist Earlier the Iranian JewishZkoist who bae s obpeetive Studernt Owpanizaion corn.tathe dma mmqw Lawniano- demned tbe-bruta mameew of'sal Imperiaiasm, have so pajejnan by the Zioetifbruwtaly roassacied unyielding farc in a staement himdoppressed Paletiianas that it sunday.res se"their great flaster, The tstamerent said sathe Criminal U.S.. said a modoiubtedly the participationlumag from the Iranisa of the 7ionist wiminw theSociety foe Jewish Inwile-cuals Mm~sJitev of AMe titaehen Monday. 1,500 emidal ts sm ot smein

chaw criin. cofteitted intht$a towards wich &I a thealwestisoan reftfogse was the hidudin the Jews woeldiWt

rmiahof the plot of racist Pealet.Zmiarn and Phdlangins and In anocber Pat Of theit woulid awaken Wem youidiu. stsenwin, the eepnkaatW@the = smW noted. calledi on aW the fteedomolovia

It Caedon to Jew hm Jews of the wormdW cawdiuntsout the world to vomne spin, show dwie belief in theto the sce ne and not to war- inrxhttic viahs ofrender to fabricated propalpa- Jediun by cbefr unied pooft4a ac~tem.s cawing off all and desaeiadoet of sackthd* Materia slid vormW Wh fumactsmsinamer for the zionkists.

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85

IRAN

KHiOEINIHA: COM3ATANITS AWAIT IMA2('S ORDERS IN XWECA TO LIBERATE QODS

Tehran TEHRAN TIMS in English 21 Sep 82 pp 1,* 4

ITt It

MECCA. Saudi Araba (IRNA) imparklarn, word%, Modems The prim maed the as.nHtJao#AokAn Muievi KIhftkda would aippoirt them. k at a eryfin We=cSunday caw 06d oo Ftim Pa-Jp1 Choeilba urged di. Saudi afte Wtqwn Modem f~invapgpleas. aveedy bantam to pokes to at*4 th veirve~ndnt vies. where approxhve1e twomourn (yedatrday)ot the occa- vihty thy whhibd *bnat as aillon fakhfM Moelma SM-vims Of time Iecst caftatrophe "convicta" and the if shouttrig wed to perform IHub.in Wed Beirut. by decorating dc'Pns 411aU 1110 Z)011151 meg- Thads Of kukim p11.ofilel of fta teams woa~ lme and the U.S. woo "bbur ghne, bd by a alpraematadveblack cloth. Phaeny." of Ayatollhh R4100211h Mhom-

14. sid tha the keded of 1U. patheq we. vurroun * (hum). bove been accuiddeid by, tme Saudi poike sad by Setadismthoilit eofatwifinp-

"Romce of Mosiems. hnun seoamfy fbrces.' tft to aut dots od as landiKhonmwei could mobglu at "We wmued you flo to two ocemomo len wask.WeO 500.000 combatants to be gathe in Feito so pu timehd The bmuia" wer dbperdispatchd for the liberaton of Zjipdg regiame. 'You pai so aid by 3"d mecuity forme.tdo owi~pied Neuinm. ausnwo" and gpeod tam Offiia siatomma sa id 21

Ii. w. addrmaif a .inI. faricated reogito -la ba le bee. deponedomil cweremoy hmeld for Win tty and lier law the pumbhi "Out PoleV ba lo elhere. Thme kati piara wer owlt -for it. lIme usaw Zion. the d&m of pdpm a allabs PreseI on the jain l reou mo -e people in 1od1, but oartauiny my oneThey were carrying ponialesof Weoo Beirut the nsping t who ofles to sadersh 0100.

yor po evkanie." Kbasininb t 3 &Yw be nat creed toImaw Khorcwamulsd chanting sruud.. bme hes eim.- *tyaeemut-Wet sad antd4a dopm. Mkeanwhile. AP aporta

Kho*Alnla. hem's fops from Jesdudatt Saudi Arabianmaathlw ombple for bm. Intarkv, Mdisajar Prince ?deyofbo H4j pl~Iine ueimrd impected Suiday "ae hlthat if bmds of Idmnic am. pbmanes war ned that rwwlu-tries NMvoted nia the Zion. tacagrymiadd bvumlr orotherist "e*no md cut the flm of pftrtms wmM be demponid edthe oil tON the is I W m0iwIsy.

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66

IRAN

BRIEFS

BUSHEHR MARINE I)MUSTRIES ORDERS--Following building of the first tugboat by theBushehr Marine Industries, more than 48 orders worth millions of rials have beenplaced with the company for building of personnel carriers for the Iranian navy, saidthe Managing Director of the company, Jalil Khebrah, in an interview with IRNA hereMonday. The first products of the company, which is the result of the labor ofIranian workers and experts, is a tugboat called Bostan, which is 56 feet long and16 feet wide. It was built in a period of four wnths. The head of the companyfurther added that the ships for which orders have been placed, would be similar tohovercraft which could land troops in shallow waters. The ship is in accordancewith the standards and has been designed by the Iranian experts, he added. Speakingabout the future plans of the conepany, he said that the company was in the process ofbuilding 14 tugboats and other kinds of ships and the plan for building 50 fishingboats, each with 40 tons of capacity, were underway. He further told IRKA that atpresent the company was doing the repair job of ships with 800 tons of capacity andin the future it would also repair ships with 20,000 tons of capacity. (Text][Tehran TEHRAN TIMS in Engligh 29 Sep 82 p 21

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87

IRAQ

HUSLTM OPPOSITION MOVEM~ENTI SUPPOpTS IRAN7ANS AGAINST REGIME

Capetown MUSLIM4 NEWS, In English 3 Sep 82, pp 8-9

[Text)

'As~ far as the oppretsed Muslimi pnople of Iraq did not recognise any barriews Bec~ause of Britishare concerned the recent drive by the army of the colonialism Iraq was given a notionalist ArabIsiamnic Republic of Iran into our land has given character.cause for great jubilation lot we sieek out own 'Although I speak Arabic, I don't corsidervictory in the victory of the airfy oi the Islamic myseli an Arab. My attachment. and that of theRlepublic.' Muslim people of Iraq. is to Islam 1t is the

This is how Abu Sarni summed up the attitude rerneies of Islam that introduced nationalismof thie masses it) Iraq in the present conflict, and sectarianism (ShiWSunn.) into IraQ

'We liavo sufiened from trio tyranny and 'So. it was up to the Islamic movement to laceoppression of the atheistic Ba'athist regime of the issue of nationalism and sectarianism and toSadamirr and are thirsty for Revolution Wt4 have answer the question: -Are we Iraqis becausedrawn our *inspiration troms the Islamic tistains decidedlto catl this% land Iraq') Or are weRevolution in Iran and are, in fact looking Arabs be-causevretspeak the language? Or are wetowards the pc4ople of Iran for fielp' Musims, because we believe in IsaamW'

Hit added however, that the Muslitni in Iraq 'The other issue that faced the Muslirms In Iraqwere not simply waiting for Salvation Irom the was what menthod to adoot to assert their realoutside the, Mu1sinideern in the counfry N've been identity'ver y active anl r ecentlly a series of bomb blasts Because of the suppression of any Worfm oflook place Close to the PiesientrtiaI PSIac. in Islamic activity, the Movement of the MuslimBaghdad irnaring a new phase in the Islamic Peorle ofIraq organiseid itself Into cells of frvetOStruggte At the samo timellthe masseshaveftaken ten members. On* member in each cellto the stroets in iflatlor cities publicly maintrairned contact with the core of thedemonstrating their opiposetion to the ruling IlCd*rShiP_Clique The Movement tirst concentrated on raising

'This new phasee in Ithe Struggle is tree the level of awareness, of the people. drawingculmination of years of undergrouftd work by the Sttl'toriof to the Injustices that existed In theIslamic movement in Iraq. COuntry

fistabliehedin thetlatstfitties TheMovemnenrdto Within is very short period of timeno thethe Muslim People of Iraq tried to vaine ItN level Movement had sipread to every Part of theof awasretrist. of the 000014eC And to confront the Country, from the major cities to the renmotestnew situation, created by the British colomlalists. village. The widespread Support the Movement

Abu Sarmi traces the 9eesto(y ' Whiin the British gained was largely dusiltothtfaci that the lederscolonisold the land which Is now called Iraq. they did not operate in a vacuum. They not onlyPut up new borders, gave the country a flame - ideontiflield with the masses4116 they wore FROM theIraq - and imposed a monarcny. Thisthey didto Masses1

change ttw*character of the larnd Beiforesths Iraq Abu Sami says that evryone In~volvelld in thewas part of the Islamic stater ruled by the Islamic strugglea in Iraq is aware of the GlangetrsOthmanmiS and wae inhabited by MuslImvs from lacing theo committed worker, pariCularly, if Onevarious beCkgrotinds. Those were Kurwds. Arabs. beaws in meind Salddam's reccrd of brutlaity.Persisans and other Cultures and there was Iree *Obviously. tIfi Purifies the movement finter-misting E ven the diffefentl sChoolit of rmakes it a very serious matter. l1ies nlot simnply anthought. such an Muliksi Hanbali.h Shall' sod h o. adventure for engoyment. Those who are part of

the ndveoflnt have very firm" views about

88

changing society towards Islam.'The greatest turning point in the methods

adopted by the Movement of the Muslim~ Peop~lecamie with the success of the Islamnic Revolutioninl Iran.

Abu Sami expla~ins. *After the emergence of theIsfarmiC Republic of )ran. the Musiim people inIraq could now look towards a model and aleader. Ayatoltah Khomeini. This gives us Mheinspiration and makes it clear to the Muslir,ipolople in Iraq that an Islamnic state is not a matterof choice. or personal tatste: rather all our effortshave to ce comnmitted towards that direction

me said that the Muslimn people in Iraq Sa* anIslamic state as the only way to uproot the evil OtArab Nationalismn which Saddai'i is POrloloing.and the seed of wihich wats planted by the Brit ish~

"while traq is a tand inhabited t~py Muslim$. itsConstitutionl and the party ruling it of the Mom~entdeclare plainlIV that the $tate0 must fun on Seculartines The ruling party's p.iilosophy is on@ ofNational Soci)alism.*Abu Ssmi declared that tho rueng UBaahist R

Party is one of the gireatest enemies of Islam inthe Middle East

*The launder of the party. Uicliael Atiaq, is latonly a Chrislian but he is from the MovortimtChristians in Lebanon. who havee a lanorercordof Tenmity tow~ards the *Mu slims. Atlaq descended Afrom Paris to the Arab "orld and established hisporly By osing emrotive slogans "i deceived a lotof Muslims into SýUpport~g the party.

We knoti from Sa~daiit's brutal Supcxessiofi ofIslam t1hat the~ parly Is nothing but an eneimy of.Islam. Of course, after the~ success of the Islamic in th~e airmed struggle against Sadctarri but I amRovokution on Iran the featahislls found not sad for them; they are martyrs I Calm sad lot

.3mele in a very dmi~cs.l position and wefe myself Why is it that Allah has not chose orrie f')ithemselves faced with the ISiumic trend SO we martyrdom! Is 4 beeause I Am nsot fullyfound Saddism aQPearing On t*etvisiOn conscimu5)conductinig his -prayers:'and kiss, mg IA# Our An This is the Spirit Ithat invites the army oft liar toObvtously. this did riot dftceive the lslamnC Iliberratethe I" of Iraq from tht~aathist reglimentoveiterlt int Iraq And those who hav* lost thir livef in Itrlov 'V

'This Muslim people of Iraq judge Saddait by athmeistilt Beasthisre atie not IfeiilAns. irilvding lShsiii real deeds Saddcrn is thna nMa~efn-41v toreign lend 'They are rmartyrs, glorying in Irvvelsiori of Stalin ondi Millorm~ one What "e has in Iaci that they have aclnitved the, ullir1tC0 InComnmon wilh Sialin is his birtdAlity SAOd thle tact anawering thq Call of their fellow Il~tlimSl Allthat .glallf, tvtchered rii5 comrades when they mnembefS of the one Umnmah founded by outdisagreed with himri Sadrsoam did the %ame int Leader Nab#Muhetnnadt(SAW).more than 14001973, 1977 arid 1g7g. Yvans ago.

'Saddami is also tIke Hiller in NiS raci101 ideasand practices For eamarple. the way fS de0POrtedtns Kurds bticaise of tI hOlorigin'

Abu~ Siwr, adds that with nc-teSed0 rerxessi11'lat, tme pert of Saddifim. t1`e MAOvemnienf ol thMusflim People ot Iraq 'has iound it imperativ* toadopt a ne* Strategy.

'So. the struggle now takes on as more millillntline W~tit peopiq having developetid lharmsirfveby raising their pertsoialf Awareness Andconscloteneiss. they NOe ready tar mareyrdOrnAnd sinc-rtr 114success of the RevolutiOn in IranSaddarn necl taken Severe meas111ures aga114ins tll"Mulahidean And thousands 14ave already birrmartyred, Of couirsea to Muslims mertytdCirliitnot a tragedy, It it atucc* I have lost CON*ag as

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ISRAEL

ARMORED CORPS CO11ANDER REVIEWFS 3ATI-LE LESSONS, FUTURE MOVES

Tel Aviv MA'ARIV in Hebrew 27 Aug 82 p 16

[Interview With, Major General Moshe Bar-Kokhiva, Armored Corps Conmander, byYa'aqov •a'elyon; date and place not specified]

(Text] I have become accustomed to seeing him in the field. His face iscovered with dust. Half of his body protrudes from the tank turret. lis

facial expression is, one of a slight frown, and it is deceiving since it is

only after a while that the soft interior behind the hard exterior is revealed.

I saw his noving in war. In the lead position.' He has never asked of his sub-

ordinates tore than he has asked of himself. He commanded the first armored

track vehicle when the Jordanians attempted to block the way to flat in 1949.

In a battle of the few against the many, a battle which become a textbook

lesson in the literature of the world's armied, he stood atop the first tank

which broke through to the "dam position"in Abu 'Uwayqilah in the Sinai opera-

tion. It is because Moshe Bar--Kokhlva (Brill) believes in the power of the

personal example. And this characteristic was also reflected in Israel's

most difficult hour, when a force under his command stopped the Syrians who

were but a footstep away from the Jordan, near the Yehudilyya junction.

.e has served in the armored corps since its beginning, and in the folklore of

the corps he is known as one whose troops "follow his in fire and water." Even

those who were recruits under him 26 years ago still maintain contact with him.

In the folklore of the armored corps there is also a verse which his troops

composed, "Saul hath slain his thousands, and Moshe Brill his ten thousands."

He once said of himself that his ties with the armored corps are like a "Catholic

marriage." However, the one who married him in accordance with the law of Moses

end Israel, his wife Nehna, says smilingly that she fears the day when he is

released. There will be no escaping the towing of a tank into the yard of his

homa because without it his life would not be a life.

He is "Mr Armor."

He was in my time my company commander. I remind him what he did for me. The

love of the homeland which he implanted in me. Also by the "feet method" tan

expression connoting visits and excursions to various places and landmarks].

However, the main thing was that he had nurtured in me and my friends the feel-

ing of our worth as fighters but also as human beings, burdened with responsi-

bilities but possessed of rights.

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The Most Precious Asset--The Fighter

He traveled a long way until he reached the top, when he was appointed as com-mander of the armored corps this February. He served in every possible posi-tion in the corps including advancing the combat doctrine which proved itselfin Peace for Galilee. But despite the fact that only a few understand the tankas he does, he preferred to speak at his appointment ceremony about the person."Our most precious and greatest asset is the fighter," he said, "we must instillin him loyalty to and love of the homeland, soldierly pride, professionalismin using the equipment of war, and also the preservation of his rights as asoldier and a person." The years have not changed, therefore, the man who hastaken an active part in the seven wars of Israel and the small wars betweenthem, if we do not also include bis service in the Irgun Tzva'i Le'umi beforethem.

In his native land, Poland, he was educated in "Polish national honor" whichbecame upon his iummigrntion as a youth to Israel "Jewish national honor."Therefore, he has never concealed his nationalist views even though at onestage or another they were an impediment to his advancement. It is "Jewishhonor" that made Bar Kokhva, the Maccabees, and the fighters of Masada hisheroes. It is no accident that he changed his name to Bar-Kokhva. When he wasawarded the Medal for Bravery many years ago, he said: "It is impossible toplan heroes, but it is possible to foster heroist.." He did foster it. All themen of his company were awarded commendations in Operation Sinai.

I have always seen him in uniform and wearing a black beret in the field and onthe battlefield. It was therefore a little strange to see him now during ourconversation sitting quietly at home in a white shirt. He had stopped off athome for a rare short isoit from his "second home" which is always located wherehis troops are. But the armored corps also fills his home. The many tankooels, photographs, various souvenirs, -copper plaques or paintings-which his

subordinates and superiors Save him a & memento. Which is hbi real family, theone at home or the ome in the field? Apparently, it is impossible to distinguishbetween them. Example: his son's name is the nickname of his first company--Barak.

"The Tank Is King of the Mill"

I =uat confess that waes not nonchalant in talking with him. He shared in mysharpest and most memorable experiences. One of these was when I saw thisphysically formidable man crying like a child uhen as a reuult of erroneousintelligence reports, casualties were inflicted on Israeli fighters by mistakeby a unit in wh'ch I was serving under him comuand. Therefore, I believe himwhen he says now that he prefers a tank, the mobility of which is somewhatlimdted, if this is the price oan has to pay in order to prevent casualtiesaong the troops.

In the seventies he published a technical article--he is a prolific writer ofsuch articles--which was entitled "The Uank Is King of the Hill." Three yearsago he conducted an extensive exercise demigmed to train the ID? in combat inhilly terrain by attempting to simulate possible future armor battles in the

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Lebanese •• unta'Ar. His ac;uiintances relate that he repeatedly ars,;ed at thetime that the arxr ust. be prepared fo- a situation in which it would have tooperate in the most difficult terrain in lebanon--that which is consideredimp-cssie for artior warfare. In his article "The Tank Is King of dLw HiIll"and ais<- by zhe exercise, he endeavored to pr,-ve that the Impossible is possible.

lQuestion! And so, were we prepared for the war as it happened?

[AnswerJ In th.is war, wvith' the Syrians we were confronted with unprecedentedsItuitions. And I will explain why at once. However, among tha reasons whichpermitted us to defeat then one can cite not only our superiority in force butalso because our fighterf. succeeded in making better use of the char.cteristicsof the tank than they did. As a result of prTper traimnig, we were superior tothem in our abilltv to tuve tanks across difficult terrain. Thanks to this,our arwored un.Its 6•rprised the Syrians by appearing in several vital areas.6e hit thesr, therefore, i-cr. unexpected directions.

Syrian Prwer

In the battle with the Sv'rian- it became evident that they had no chance ofdefeating our fighters in armor combat using pure armor. Therefore, they pre-pared two re*7ones. Tirst, an anti-aircraft defense on a scale and at astrength which had never been used on any front in the world in order to neutra-lize our air force'h capibility of freely attacking their ground forces, armor,and corjmrdndoi. The second response was the addition of new components to theirground force4,. They conVerted their mechanized infantry units to new APC'a(h'(T), each of which was equipped with an anti-tank isssile launcher and an anti-tank gun and transported an infantry squad. !he quantities of anti-tank weaponswere enorjows. For every 100 tanks there were 40 =ore Sagger launchers and 40anti-tank jons. This is a very powerful force. There is no equal to such fire"ower of anti-tank weapons. Moreover, they sent into action the commandos whowert equipped with ,hort-range anti-tank weapons. Anti to this they added anti-tank he:!ropters as support for their tanks. Their artillery in this war wasmobile, scivifp with the speed of the tank, while during the Yom Kippur War itwan prisaarllv towed.

We tried to circumvent the Syrians at the beRinning of the war, but as becameevident, we could not avoid confronting theT. of a broad scale. We overca* themalso because our cos-tend was superior in no'&ile conuat and entering combat duringanverwnt as occurred iii mit of our battle. with them. We are also superior tothem in a more rapid grasp of'tle situation and the exploitation of opportunities.Our crews are superior to the Syrian crews. They are more professional. There-fore. our gunners s&ored mre and better hite. We also made maxiwsa use of theintent-brarcei cc,'po,,omts, saning cooperation between the aror and artillery,infantry, and rntlneers for examrple. I believe that a significant contrilbutionto our success was the operatioii of large formations, tho headquarters of whichwere in the area, and the advantage in this was that they had better control overwhat was ipe.:'ing than the Syriann. Their cowumd was exercised from a verydistant btmker where ati tres the information Tenching then was fragmented andvague. In thin war we reaped the fruit of this Ktructure. It created a decis-ive advantage.

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Do Not Underrate the Enen!y

[Question] Various cor~andcrs in the IDT have told me that even though younave the reputation of being one who has confidence in the IDF's strength, youare continually cautioning about the possibility that it will be caught in aazormnt of weakness. Is it true that in Januar, 1973 at a conference of corn-

manders in which Colda Meir participated you warned about Syrian intentions and

said the following: "If they begin to move, it will be difficult to stop them,and they are likely to cause us many casualties. In the Sinai there are areasfor stopping an enemy. But in the Golan Heights the stopping will be difficult

because of the absence of strategic depth, and therefore, they would likely be

able to reach the Benot Ya'aqov bridge within hours." Is it true that you said

then that we are not adequately prepared for war? Is it true that for thisreason you pressed for the movement of additional regular forces to the GolanHeights and that the plan was indeed implcmented in May 1973 vhile we originally

planned it toward the end of 19747

General Bar-Kokhlva does not deny these statements which I have seen in writing.

But he says: Now we must look to the future and draw conclusions. We had a

difficult battle in the Biqa' against the Syrians. It it true that we werev'ctorious, but the Syrians did not collapse. They fought stubbornly. Evenw en most of the Syrian division was destroyed, it did not give up without alight and fought a delaying action until it permitted the introduction of Syrian:rservent in order to stabilize the front. I have never advocated underratingtte enemy, especially not the Syrian soldier. We are dealing with fighters whoptt up their filts and who are ready to absorb losses. Tor exanple, even acompany which had only three tanks left, the rest were destroyed by us, con-tinued to fight. Their capability improved. Not only their armored personnelbut also their cornoandos displayed comwendable endurance. I believe that we

hrve to prepare ourselves for the future, to prepare the proper responses which

will permit us to cope with such an enemy.

(Question] Is this also your opinion of the PLO fighter whom the armored corps

alqo encountered?

[Answer) Well, the PLO were shown in this war to be better trained, better

eqjipped, and better protected against the attack of tank forces and the air

force. We found that they are also strong in ideological terms, and some of

them are ready to sacrifice themselves.

Armor Battle in a Built-up Area

jQuestion! Did this result in the first combat action by the armored corps in

built-up areas?

[Answer) Not the first. We gained experience in the Six-Day War in Shekhem,

Janin, and Qabetiyah, and a negative experience In the Yom Kippur War in thecity of Suez. I always believed that the armored corps and the IDF had to be

prepared for such a war In spite of the tendency to think that It could be

avoided by ctrc-uventilng townd or being satisfted with encirclenent and seiRe,

subduing frors the outside with fire as wan succepsfully done In Beirut. I

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really believe that what is said in the Bible on this that one must avoid enter-ing and fighting within a city but rather should subdue it from without isessentially correct. One should hope for this not only for humanItarian reasonsbut also because it makes military sense in order to avoid heavy casualties inpersonnel and equipment. However, in preparation for a possible war such asPeace for Calilee we had to prepare for armor fighting in a constructed areain which the enemy was dug in. There were objective hardships which made theseexercises difficult. Tor example, the absence of built-up areas in which thetraining coulJ take place. Nevertheless, the lessons from the previous warswere applied. The armored corps prepared itself for combat in ia built-up areausing two methods. It has been proven that you can destroy the enemy's poise ifyou operate in an unconventional manner. We employed two methods in combat inthe constructed areas. First, breaking through rapidly and taking control ofthe objective while destroying the enemy en route. In cases where the tank wasunable to break through, it ws satisfied with providing support. We learnedthe lessons of the defeat in Suez. We took maximum advantage of inter-branchcooperation, what is called "battle teams," when all the forces supporting thearmor move at the speed of the tank and each one contributes its share. Wealso have to draw conclusions from this war and to plan for the contingency thatif we have to fight again in a constructed area, we will be faced with regulararmies and in the constructed area there will be many tanks. Therefore, theimportance of the attacking tAnk in such an area will also be inestimably great.

As Always and a Little More

fQuestionl You spoke about the Syrian fighter and the PLO fighter. Was theIsraeli tanker difcfrent in this war than in previous wars?

[Answer] No. In terms of courage, readiness to go into battle and to partici-pate In cozbat, and ability to improvise, the fighter in Peace for Calilee isidentical to the fighters of Ytom Kippur and the Six-Day War. However, In thiswar more was required of him. He had to operate a modern and much more complextank and to fight against the enemy firepower which was Immeasurably more intensethan that which he used against us in the past. In this war we saw more casesIn which the leading comanders fought stubbornly and persistently, many morethan in the past, in which they would exchange a damaged tank for another tankand a second tank for a third tank. And what is more exciting is that more thanin the past we saw wounded leaving hospitals in order to return to their units.I am not speaking about one or two cnaes. Such a phenomenon was evident invirtually all of the units. They felt an obligStion to do their part. Thisfeeling was also evident among the soldiers who were assigned to defend the GolanHeights. We had a difficult information problem there. They asked why theywere not taking part in the war. One soldier said to me: '"What's going on,cowmander. the war will be over and we will have done nothing?" And you askyourself why he acts this way. Apparently, his natural inclination must causehin to be happy over the fact that he Ias not in combat, that he will returnhome safely.

You asked about d1sagrr#.%ent over the objectives of the war, about debates.Well, the soldiers wetr not isolated. They read the newspapers and listened to

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the radio. They heard comments against the war from influential people, even

former commanders. Nevertheless, from conversations with them I learned that

basically most of them believe that this was a justified defensive war. They

understood that ultimately the army must protect the people. This is its mission.

It cannot sit in its camps and permit rampant killing. In virtually every unit

there are armored personnel who are residents of the Galilee panhandle and

western Galilee. When one of them stood up and explained the way of life that

was imposed on the residents of the Galilee, about the abandonment of settle-

ments, about the fact that the terrorists were able to paralyze with one attack

the entire area from Nahariyyah to Metulla, as they indeed did, the soldiers,

who are intelligent persons, tnderstood that it was imposslble to continue

this way. They were convinced that this is a justified war.

(Question] In an interview 17 years ago, you said that the will that drives

you to go out into combat stems from your need for security and you added that

this need is not abstract but concrete and personal. You think about the

security of your farily aid kb•ow what would happen to your wife and children if

you failed and the enemy was victorious. You said that you are aware of the

absence of humanity among the enemy. In this war they accused us of inhuman-

ity ....

[Arnwer] Well, despite the claims that have been made In this connection, I

an certain that the picture which showed an Israeli soldier giving a drink of

water to a Syrian prisoner is that which characterizes the Israeli. Humanitar-

ianism is deeply Ingrained in Jewish education. The Israeli fighter is not

cruel to his enemy. I can state unequivocally that our fighters and the IDF in

general treated prisoners far above and beyond that required by the provisions

of the Geneva Convention. In my conversations with Syrian and terrorist

prisoners I found that they were aware of the humanitarianism of the Israelis.

They told me that they knew that they would be treated decently if they were

taken prisoner. And thiq is the way we have to continue to conduct ourselves.

We must not train for war out of hatred. Eventually, peace will come, and

therefore, our war must be conducted in such a way that will permit the building

of a bridge to such a peace.

There Is Hope for Quiet in the Syrian Sector, but ....

The terrorists are leaving Beirut, but it seems the war is not over. They are

continuing to attack the IDF from the area in the sector under Syrian control.

There in indeed a probl-m regarding the regrouping of the terrorists in the

iqla'. This is the basia for the concept which seeks to create a different

reality in Lebanon in order to prevent by political moans the terrorists from

continuing their activities. It is definitely possible to create in Lebanon a

situation similar to that which prevails in the Golan Heights by compelling the

Syrians to restrain the terrorists. I do not think that the Syrians are in-

terested in another confrontatiun with us. Their air defense has been destroyed,

and they have no response to our ability to cdntinue to destroy it. The

lnraeli armor has proven Its superiority. The possibility of Arab military

support does not s-m likely. The Iraqi* are involved with Iran, the Jordanian

army is in the process of reorganization, and the Egyptians are isolated and

tied to the Camp David agreement. There is reason to hope that the northernsector will be quiet, but we need patience and endurance and also understandingthat such a process is not concluded in 1 or 2 weeks.

However, if the terrorists continue to attack our forces, in my opinion, weshould not continue with the methods of the past but rather go out toward ageneral confrontation. Any war of attrition will. hurt us, and in any case wecan ultimately expect an explosion. This is not an adventurous and dangerousresponse. On the contrary, this approach is more balanced and conservative.

[Question] .To the public the Merkava tank has become the "star" of the war.Did the other tanks also contribute what was expected of them?

.[Answer] Well, the Merkava tank was very encouraging to us in terms of itscapability and characteristics. However, when all is said and done, it repre-sented only a mdnority anong the tanks. The main successes were made possiblethanks to our main battle tanks, the Patton and the Centurion. The Merkavatank excelled primarily because of its gun. You must bear in mind that whilein the previous wars and at the present time our gun is unquestionably superiorin comparison to the guns of the enemy tanks, this situation is now beginningto change. The Syrians are being equipped with outstanding gans in their tanks(T-72). The Jordanians have a todernistic gun, and the Egyptians are beingequipped with the Patton 6G tank which has an outstanding Lontro system. TheArab armies are beginning to natch and pass us. However, we must maintain oursuperiority at any cost. And indeed, the Merkava has the specificatJons tosurpass the systems in the other armies. And of course, it has additional ad-vantages. It can be used for transporting troops. It has proven itself in theextrication of wounded, and primarily in its survivability and its ability toenable the crew to survive when hit. I have always supported the idea of build-

* ing the Merkava.

Every Tank Cowrander an Officer

'However, we must pay attention not only to the improvement of the quality ofour equipment but also to the ivprovwment of the skill level of those whooperate it. We have entered a period in which we are getting out of the racefor increasing the quanicites of our weapons systems. The minister of defensestated sova tire ago that from now on we mast concentrate on quality. TheArabs are not doing this, they continue to equip thmqmelves. Therefore, one

'of our responses must be the Improvement of the quality of the tankers. Al-th•igh we have outstanding tank commanders, they are not receiving all of thetraining which can be poured into them. We must create a component of commandpuality with which the Arab armor will be unable to cope even if it Is equippedwith the best tank. I an referring to the fact that every tank ccwmiander mistbe an officer. Therefore, the armored corps must be allocated the best of theIDF human resources. You will say that the other branches feel the same way,but more than the others, the tank and the tanker are the ones who are facingthe most awe4ome firepower. He is the dominant factor in war. Today the tankcomsmnder is entrusted not only with a tank which costs $1.5-2 million but also

with very costly antu complex system which have been odded to it. They makethe tank a complex weapon which requires great skill. Moreover, in the armoredcorps, the officers are the first ones hit, and they ore primarily the spearhead.

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A unit in which all its commanders are officers can fill the vacancies createdbecause of this, and therefore, it will always be able to maintain its momentum.Today a company which has lost two or three of its officers is in an extremelydifficult condition. Increasing the skill level of the tank commanders willpermit maximum use of the tank in developing movement fire. No Arab armor willbe able to cope with such quality.

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97

ISRAEL

GUSH EFUNINI VOICES VIEWS ON TEMIYA'S 30INING COALITION

'Ofr: NEQUDA in Hebrew NO 46, 6 Aug 82 pp 2-3

[Text] We do not err in determining that the majority of residents of udas,5amaria, and Gaza, whether they belong to the Tehiyo movement or notp affirmedthat party's joining the coalition. It can even be said that those smae forceswhich pushed the party (whosea leaders in the post aware that they would neverforgive monehes Begin for the sinl of withdrawing from the Sinai) into the coali-tion, were those forces which gave It support and coverage among that asmecommunity - the settlers of audas, Samaria, and Gaza - which constitute forit a morel barometer.

In the last elections for the Kneeeet, 95 percent of the votes of residents of3udee, Saemer., and Gaza were distributed among three porties -- Likud, Tehiye,end the NRP - with each getting approximately one third. In the month* whichfollowed the elections, there was a coming together betasen Twhiya end theresidents of 3Judes, Samaria, and Gaze, especially following the joint struggleto save the Sinai. Now, with the decision of Tohiyo to join the coalition, it

aeem* that it Is assured of the support of the majority of the community in oudea,Ssmorni, and Gaze. It is still Important to note that this suoport Is conditionals,and must pass the teat of deeds.

To the beat of our judgement, the negotiations leading to Tahiys'e joining thecoalition were conducted along basic lines which were primarily of principle.In our opinion, the extent to which bai•c details were discussed regarding essen-tial matters, especially seattlement, wea insufficient. moreover, at meetings

between representatives Of the secretariat of the council of judeo, Sameria, end

Gaze and the negotiating committee Of Tshiya, we saw that the soot central membersof the party did not have good control of the material, and they were ready toaccept promises from the government which had already been made to us, the repro-eantativee of judo*, Samaria, end Gaze, in the peat, but which have not been kept

and it is doubtful if they will be kept.

It Is true that from the moment that the p60ple of Tehly% were presented with

material on 3uide, Samaria, and Gaza (the council had assembled 0 lot of material

on the legal toot of the settlement.: settlement rettere, water, land, archeologi-cal siteo, national parka, road*, ete), they tried through their contacts with

persons in the coalition, to reach reel schieveente. out our Impresalon is thatin the most Important areas the agreement between the party and the coalition didnot get Into particulare eufficiently - the setting of a schedule, the fixing ofareas of reeponeibihity, end thq allocation of resOutces.

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we attribute this to two primary reasons. The first and most basic reason whichbrought Tehiya into the coalition was the ear in Lebanon. This approach, for

which MK Geulah Kohen argued to forcefully, holds that the principal mission for

now is to preserve the schieveents of the psace in Galilee war. These achiev-

monte are subject to reduction because of external pressure, but also because

of domestic defeatist activity. Therefore, the role of Tahlye is to support

the government in order to enable it to extract the maximum territorial, politi-

cal, and mosurity benefit from the operation. The proponents of this approach

do not scorn the importance of the achievients in 3udea, Samaria, and Gaza, but

as Ge~jlh Kohen said, she would have joined the coalition seon fith no promisesin that sphere.

Representatives of 3udee, Samaria, and Gaza who met with the Tshiya people didnot feel this way. According to 'ur best judgment, this government has madecommitments which it has signed - particularly with foreign elements, but also

with coalition partners here. The example - whatever out opinion might be -- is

the Aguds.

The agreement which was ultimately signed includes many and important sectionsin the ores of settlement, as in other creas, but because of the aforementioned

approoch and the shortness of time (Tehiya representatives explained to us that

they would join the coalition before the Knesaet went on recess, oven if they

could not get into details, because durin; the recess a minister cannot enter

the cabinet even if the Knesset is called for a special session) in which to do

more baeic "homework", sesent&le matters which were not discussed in the agree-ment and many other metters for which no schedule was mde or an approprtetebudget set remained open.

It should be stated explicitly, that with all understanding for the claime of

the prime minister, the finance minister, the housing minister (with whom wemet diring the course of negotiations) and others that the war changed the order

of priorities, we cannot agree that massive construction of judea, Samaria, andGaza is not a primary priority. on the contrary, the government hopes that by

having broken the power of the pto it will be possible to conduct discuesione

regarding the application of autonomy for the Arabs of -%dee, Samaria, end Gaza.

If it is honest in its declarations that it will close off the option which willenable autonomy to be turned into an independent entity, then the only way to

fulfill that commitment is immediate expansion of public construction in Mudeo,

Samaria, and Gaze, and the absorption of the thousands of families who are knock-

ing on the goet of our settlseente.

Unfortunately, moot construction has ceased. we have said, end repeat that the

Ministry of Construction and Housing, headed by a man of Likud, has in recent

years realized the program of the Alignment. Instend of building rlon-poreh,

Shiloh, Hebron, end Kiryst Arba in depth, most resources have been allocated to

Me'ole-Adummim, Giv'at-Ze'5v, and the like on the western elopes of Semeria,

along the Green Line, settlements of the euburbe of 3eruselem, the program for

which hod alreedy been designed by the lets Minister Avrshem 'Wfar. Even in the

aforementioned places there hoe been a co1mplete feeze. The construction sinister

promised, perhaps under pressure of negotiations for the coalition, . to ease

up en the freeze and start "immediatoly" on building Hebron and other places.

Experience hoe taught that one can be doubtful sbout such promises. In any event,

the future will prove it.

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to are hoping that the optimism of the Tehlya people will prove itself. moreover,as a group of people who have com to contribute and not to receive, we do notreject out of hand the altruistic approach of MK Geulah Koheno and of those whoadopt her approach. Our problem is political; closing the options for autoncmyC la Camp David, an approach which the Tehiya sh~ran with us without reservation.

%e, the residents of 3udea, Samaria, and Gaza, of all opinions and beliefs,

greet with best wishes the joining of Tehiya with the coalition. gut it is

natural that since we are directly affected, we will follos very closely theactions and deeds of the party on its new road. We hope that with the aid of

Tshiya, the government will be wise enough to carry out its plan for peace in

the Galilee, for the most important goo-strategic changes in the middle aset,and for the strengthening of Israel in the region.

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ISRAEL

SETTLERS COUNCIL GIVES POSITION ON AUTONOMY

10fra NEQUDA in Hebrew No 45, 16 Jul 62 pp 4-6

[Text] The struggle to hut the withdrawal from Sinai began with the publicationof the pamphlet "To Halt the igithdrawal from Sinai". we failed, because we beganto resist too late.

Now, if we sit with folded hands, we way be too let* in the fateful struggle forthe patrimony of 3udea, Samaria, and the Gaza district.

On 1 3uly 82, Kol yiareal broadcast the following statement from Minister Burg:"The results of the war will advance autonomy. The minister will initiate contactswith moderate leaders in the territories, since it has now been proven that theway of the PLO is a tragedy. It is a "very strong leeson" for the Arabs of theterritories, because autonomy in one of the beat and moot important thinge, and

the only way to maintain their interests."

The minister closed with these wordas "The psychological result of 'p'ace in the

Galilee' will not be slou in coming..." On 2 3wly 19L2, YEDIVOT AHARONOT publishedthe following statement by Minister David Levi:

"It is possible .... that negotiations on autonomy will now become more intensive,and perhaps there will be a Joint Americcan-EuropeSn effort with some Arab countriesto create a dynamic in the political sphere. When thie happens, perhaps we willwitness greater understanding between the government and the opposition, and

perhaps even more..."

Apparently minister David Levi is hoping for external pressure on affairs of the

land of Israel (His word is 'dynamic'), and we do not have to guess about whathe thinks understanding will be created between the government and the oppoeiti-tion: about autonomy, as the Alignment understands it.

perhaps all of this explains why, in this years program of the Housing miniatry

Kiryat Arbe, ea'ale Addumim, and civ'on were eliminated, and work is being concen-

trated in north 3oruselem.... perhaps this also explains why the housing minister

is pursuing Ezer Vlitzlml to bring him back to a central position in the Likud.

perhaps this 'dynamic' for which Of Levi longs beers a m*esage for ust it Ie not

impossible that Kiseinger will return to the arena, to serve as emissary for

autonomy affairs for the new Secretary of State, Schultz.

Whet muet we do? What can we do?

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In this connection, the Council for Nudea, Samarie, and Gaza composed a "programof action for emergency" of which parts are cited below.

The principal emphasis of the program is on the anarchic legal situation in whichthe Israeli government continues to hold the 3ewish settlers of Judea, Saparia,and Gaza.

This issue is the key to the future of Judea, Samaria, and Gaza. Will our commun-ity enter an "erae" of autonzmy when its legal situation is as described below?

The catastrophic result will be unavoidable. But if, before discussions are renewed,a strong legal status will be given immediately to the 3ewish settlement, then

this settlement will at least have a prospect of struggling for its existence,i.e. for the legitimate interests of the 3ewleh people in Judea, Samaril, andthe Gaza district (of which no mention was made at Camp David).

on the other hand, the continued refusal of the government, in the face of theenergetic demand to put an end to the legal anarchy in Judea, Samaria, and Gaza,will serve as final proof that the moment of truth has arrived.

The program of Action for Emergency

1) :Negotiations on autonomy. we must maintain a close followup - both beforenegotiations ere renewed and after, and even intervene in the negotiations,either from within or by eanes of persons and parties close to us, or from without.

The goal: to insure that the final obstacles to realizing "full" autonomy whichwill "replace", the civilian administration of the militnry administration willnot be removed.

2) The legal position of Israelis -_ both individually and ae settlements -- inJudes, Samaria, end Gaza. In this matter we must fight to realize the demandswhich as have repeatedly raised for a year.

3) projects. Subjects for an initiative, on a broad front, which will put anend to the current situation in which our settlements and the very idea of a

Greater Land of Israel are subject to unceasing attacks which lack legitimacy,and the placing beyond limits everything which is necessary for psychologicalpreparation for "evacuation".

part one: Negotiatione on Autonomy

On 14 October 1978, Butroe Ghsli, in an interview in OCTOBER saidt "Israel has

lost its claim to the West Bank andthe Gaza Strip in the Camp David agreements."

In principle, he Is correct, since according to the text of the framework agree-

ment, everything which will come under the authority of the autonomous adminis-

tration will never revert to Israeli control. It should be understood that the

technique of Camp David is, in all matters, in which Israel now has complete

authority there will remain only the power of veto from the moment that those

matters are given over to the autonomous administration. A veto power like that

of Egypt, like that of 3orden, end no more*

Therefore, the decisive question is -- what Is being coded? on which issues is

this stop being taken from which there is no return?

102

on this issue, we find ourseolves, aready today, on the edge of the abyss.

At the end of October 1980, Ministmr Rurg delivered in Washington to resrEsent-atives of the U.S. and Egypt, with the knowledge of menehem *3ein, "an ]sras*li

document. only after heavy pressure was this document submitted for perusal-

to members of the Committee on Foreign and Security Affairs in Knlesst, and itsee taken back immodistely after they examined it.

This document lists 14 functions which will be transferred to the peloetinienadministration.

Only affairs of security, foreign affairs, and basic legislation will be kept outof the hands of the autonomous administration, and in matters of domestic sectur-ity, it wee promised that Israel would "collaborate" with the autonomous council.

In matters of land, the most disaesterous concessions were made. Land swa divided

into three categories:

1. Lands owned by Arabs or in their possession sill go to them.

2. The intermittent Jewaish settlements will go to us. Land will also be set asidefor the WDf.

3. Lands owned by the state. These will not be utilized except with the Jointagreement of Iesrel and the council.

To the question of MK Savidor, Segin said that no map had yet been given to the

Americans indicating each type of land. There on the spot, K's Areon, Rom, Dekel,

and ODrukman warned that "this could cause the absolute etrangulation of Jewishsettlements in the land of eIsael." The prima minister's &-over was, ie want

peace and gooi relations with the Arabs. we do not went to deprive them or

steal anyt;,ing from them. We went to live side by side with them. we must rejectstealing land.

"An Israeli authority will be lot up to menage Jawish lands."

(All Of the above Is taken from IAARIV, 30 October 1980 -- yehoehua 8iteur.)

The 'hawkish' WK's mentioned above saw the $strangulation of settlementes' but

they did not see the political-legal ,ignificance of taking 90 percent of the

lands of Judes and Samaria and Gaza from Israel -- forever, by an internationallegal action. In general, it is eorth listening well to the official formulatione,

which repeatedly em•phaize that 'settlements will continue.o' All of this is said

in a connection from which it is clear that this (except for foreign affairs,

security, and basic legislation) is all that will be left to the Jewish people

in 3udes, Saemari, end Gaza. All of the rest (see details below) will be handed

over to the Arabs. we have not learned, and have not taught, that this nromainder*

"means an end to settlements in the not distant future.

It should be noted that the battle over the map (which fortunately has not been

issued) is fateful. ror example, how much land will -he left in the "Joint"

category where a freeze will be unpreventable?

103

No lose fateful is the question of legislationt what in $'basic legislation" and

which "regulations" will the autonomy be permitted to legislate? LinOwitz, Inan interview with the 3ERUSALtU POST (30 April 82) lays that the Joint approach

in negotiations ops "to utilize all tools so that the independent administrationwould be given all authority to do everything necessary to execute the dutiesimposed upon it,,, and not to enter at all into the formulation of "legislation"(primary or secondary). It should be noted that this approach gives to thepaleatinsnan, in fact, full legislative authority.

A question being discussed cloeely 12 whether it will be at all possible to buildneo 3ewish settlements? or, with the creation of a palsetinien administration,will there be a freeze on 3e1ish settlements in the areas of "the White Border B"twhich seans 3ewieh pockets frightfully smell, surrounded by a polest~nisn ocean?

Linowitz indicates in the aforementioned interview that negotiations have alreadyreached the outlines of a possible formulation, according to which "settlementswill not be built by the Ieraelis without the agreement of the paloetinians," andthe palestlnians will not built without the agreement of the Israelis. In otherwords: an end to settlements.

We have no reason to doubt the credibility of Linowitz in what he says.

Additional Questions

Will there be an end to the tourism development plan for judo*$ Samaria, end Gaza,including forestation end the establishment of a foundation for tourism, whichhae only Just begun? According to Burg, this area Is placed completely in thehands of the autonomy.

To whom will the lend of absentees go? To the autonomy (which will settle themwith returning absentees)? It should be noted that imany settlements are located-- completely or partially - on such lands.

Will the autonomy have broadcasting stations and television? And if so, willIsrael suprrvia8 them?

Have they already bean given authority over road comaunications, public works,roads, surveying and mapping, telecommunications, aviation, planning end construc-tion, conservation, and electricity? All Of these, at a regional level? What

about airports? &ho will oversee the materials in instruction books? propoganda

in schools? Will the autonomous authorities be permitted to end all imports fromIsrael and to import exclusively from enemy countries? Will they print staops,

and coin money? Will all of the 3swish archeological Sites (of which there are

thousands) be excluded from the area of autoMomy? Will there be supervision of

state commerce of the eutonomy? Will Israeli moepenies be considered "foreign"corporations in Judas, Sasmari, and Gaza (as is the case today)? hlat about

recording of patents? Will netursl tesources (stone, oil drilling, Dead Seareeources, the whole question of the Dead Sas coast in light of the canal plan)

be given over to them? Will nature preserves and national parks be in Arab hands?

Who will contraol parts and trains (if there axe any)? Who will handle road signs

end safety on main roads? What about energy, the regional electrical grid, geo-logy, seismology? Will these be given over to the exclesive administration of the

palestinians? will &real retain oversight of banks, insurance, and foreign exchange?

104

With regard to all of these matters, cur duty includes, but is not limited to;

a. To astublish a "Camp )avid informatlon agency" in the Knesset, to keep the

PKto Informed about all of the details of the categories of autonomy, how each

category can become a trap. A government which wanta to convince "moderate"

Arabs to sit at the negotiating table, which want* to show thanks to the U.S.ftr its support in Lebanon, could make several "imperceptible conceeesion,' inthe field, whtch could make the autonomy into en independent palestinien state.

b, To establish a committee which will closely track every step of the autonomy

discussions (it they actually occur), so that we will be able to sound the

warning in time regarding any devisticne.

C. To work within the 4RP (which in the next elections will be interested in

recapturing those of our community), to prevent signifiLant concessions, this

time regarding every specific detail, without being setisfied with "expression

of good intentions." Every member of the patty must be aware of minister Burg's

personal responsibility in thie issue.

d. To work with Tohiya and Islam to got them to condition their cooperation with

the government on assuranceu regarding the matters discueeed above, and the like.

e. To provido the public with information regarding the dangers of autonomy

(this is the moast important tnsk). This will involve explaining all of the

practical detail* which we find alarming.

part Twot The Legal Status Of Israeli Individuals and Settlements in 3udes, Seaer-

is, and aza

Thie is the year in which we are demanding a settlement of this Issue, but in vain.

The solution may come from one of two directions:

a. Imposing Israeli law an ell Israeli in judes, Samuril, end Gaza, by means of

Kneseet legislation.

b. Imposing the substance of Israeli law on all Israelis, by means of decrees

by the military adminietratilon. This say is the most "legitimate" in tetms of

Camp David. Nevertheless, the regime has been incapable of taking any stop along

these lines.

Elther example has the goal of bringing the 3ewish settlements and settlers to

one standard, end a status Of equality, with their Arab neighbors.

If the point of departure in the autonomy discussions will bet :)so@ - lacking

statue me opposed tn Arabs - holding status, then we will have lost the nego-

tiations ot the very start.

with the prior expectation of this failure, we have been demanding ftr a full year:

a. Establishment of a system of jswish courts in judee, Sameori, and Gaza (the

miserable institution set up at Kiryat Arba hee jurisdiction limited to municipal

ofaense*).

105

b. The agroosent of all of these courts to hear all civil and criminal aettersecrording to Israeli lIe, just as Arab courts rule according to 3ordanian low.

c. (Mes'ption of Isroslis from 3ordanian law (in criminal matters, licensing,scucoa.ien, etc.).

d. orgeaniztion of the laws of personal status of 31wo in :det, Sam••ia, endGeaz. The laws today are anarchic. Also, if a rabbinic court is set up for3udes, Samaria, and cazs, ite authority will be limited to matters of marriageand divorce. AS for the rest, we hyve no law end no courts.

a. The establishment of business licensing, automobile liceneing, profeseionallicensing (e.g. physicians, aecountants, lawyers), and educational system, laborbureaus,ý registration of residents, etc, on a legal basis.

Today, the educational system in .)Jdea, Samaria, enca are is operating in opposi-t1on to 3ordenaln law and in violation of Israeli low. The registration of vehiclesof residents of Judea, Samaria, end rGaz to illegal - according to both 3ordonienand Israeli low. The registration of residence on identity documents Is againstthe lew, as well as some of the activities'of Net onal Ineurance, labor lawe,work sarfety, etc.

In 3udea, Sameris, end care there is no possibility of recooding Joint tenancies,each 3ow can marry ae many vivoe as he wishes, and there are many ether absurdities

For som reason, this chaotic legal situation does not concern the legal counselof the government, who is so concerned about every little transgression of thesettlers.

r. In the quest for a eolutlon to the problems of real estate, Israel has roechedan impoeso. Today, every kurchese of lands from arl Arab can be frustrated oesilyby en eppeal to an Arab court, to uhich every Arab is automat•c•lly entitled.go have desraded, at the least, land registration bureau* in 3ewish cities in3jdea, Sam4rie, and Cars, whore a 3ew can receive judgment in a 3eoish land court(and vice verese an Arab can receive judgment in an Arab lend court). ga hove doaad arrangements within Arab rogistrotioMe bureau* which will prevent sebotage, dela)and herrossment. In the recording of 3*wlih lands when the purchaser is On Arab"stree men*.

At the moeeor, a number of restraining orders have been Issued by the Areb courtIn Shechem, 6ven though the 3euish side was not present, and many deals have beenplaced in JeApordy. If that is the case today, whet will happen If on autonomyts established?

9. We have demanded continuity of 30eeoh municipal authority, and hot merelycontrol over isolated 3ewish ,'ilands" in which the lands oe State ownod, butrather, all planned areas should be included within the sphere of 30wish nunlci-pal jurisdiction.

Lack of response to thie deefmd hse already reesulted In the city of Hebron takingcontrol of all of the eurrounding lends of Kitryat Arbe, which &re not within thesphere Of municipal control. It 'distributees building permitte supplies water,end puts up Dooer lihoe, and there Is nothing we can Oealvae from the lituation.

106

Also, illegal constructjo-. and the creation of falt$ accoaplie in the field ereoccurring without i,.-ii.'rencs because of the lack of authority of regional endlocal Hebrew councils - even in their immediate environment.

Recently, another phenomenon has been discovered: the supreme planning council,which is supposed to protect the interests of :)&wish planned are*S (while wehave no municipal central, as described above) in addition to the inefficiencyand deficient role, has recently been operating according to the "*lips" ofmustse? Dudin. Razing permits of houses illegally constructed are cancelled inthis way. If this Li what happons today, what will occur in sutonocy?

h. bs have demnded that all "ewish archeological sites be included in our mun-icipal area, and their administration be given to us, and that the profeesionaladministration and oversight be taken sway from the Arab autonomy.

Orn the other hand, ae have no need or deeire for palestinien Arab and jelamlc,mite*.

I. te have demanded repeal of the decree which determines entry Into 3ee, samarniend Gaze according to an *entry permit%, wich makes )odes, Samaris, end Cazaa "closed region". The result of such a decree, and the extent to which itenables evacuation (i.e. Expulsion) of Jews we hove already saen in yemit. Aslong me such a decree continues in -%aes, Seaerie, end Gaze, the tool for expul-eion awaits us around the corner, end wores then thisl the status of the 3es Inthe land of Israel is that of f•reigners.

J. so hove demanded the evacuation of military caoe from settlemete swhich areshort of lend, Such as Gaodw, Shovel-Shoaron, and 8eth-El. It would not bedifficult for the army to take other land for security purposes, a"d the civiliansettloeents are hamotru4N by the olste of (lon-morh,- and the decision of thegovernment not to expropriate lend for civilian purposes.

k. @e have demanded oidescale end budgeted conetruction In Judas, Soeris, andCaxe. go have received many promsoes, but In fact, et lseast in ldee eWnd Benja-min the situation is catastrophic. The Construction end mousing sinister does noteven snorer letters.

1. The Israeli government to about to concede the right to purchase the Eset3eruesloe [lectric Comoeny.

The least we should demand in excha.ng for this cOAcession Is the rotval Off ell3e-ish Settlements, such as 3ewish neighborhood* In 3PruSeles, from the arescontrolled by the CmOesny,

W. The prime minister hae net yet treaoforted hie office to (sot 3twoeeles, Althouthe matter wse first reload So on issue of ptlnclple, no consideratien hoe beengiven to the location of his office. MOe, he he* promised, end promised *goin,and retretedo, end the office Stands empty. There is great significance to thieretreat.

n' Negarding disorder In 3udoe, SmerL, aNd Caoge, we have repeatedly demandedthat the arr~ondoerS be reeoved. such bleed (3eelsh end Arab) could have beenSaved if they hod listened to ue (and to sisller advice fret the security services

me m•st continue to struggle en this issue.

107

part Three: projects

1) "Captivity of sinai"

the articles of the organization and the content of proclamations ears publishedin NEWUDA. Seven persons front yamit have already signed up as founders, and

there is no reason not to register the orranization. The creation should beannounced at a press conference (along with other relevant matters).

purpose of the Organization: to give political content to the efforts of the"perpetuation". Not merely -perpetuation" (which is passive remaebering), but

Israeli irredentiem which wil1 mintsin an ongoing Israeli threat to Egypt:it you do not keep the pea*s, there is someone who claims ownership to the Sinai,

and only waits for the opportunity to return, this time forever.

This threat is an important political possession of Isael.

11aediste Activity: to closely monitor the ,peace" and publicize any sign of

its collapse or violation. The publication will be in the press, in a limitedarea, but constant, in the following styles " ... frU this you destroyed yamit".

Opportunities ame not locking: profanation of the ymait synagogue, the tragedyof Refich, the refusal to return stolon vehicles, mines in seer Sheba (apperentlysmuggled in free Sinai), Egyptian espionage in Israel on behalf of the PLO, by

an intelligence officer Who Is a member of the team negotiating autonomy, Abdulpajd's speech at the UM comparing Ierael to the Nazis, the definition af us byall spokesman of the EGyptian government as aggreSsOrs, the struggle of Egypt

against the diarming of the Ko, the attempt of Egypt to Crests a palsetiniangovernmsent in exile, etc.

2) *Association to Defend coneumer* of State media"

The frenzy of the television end radio is on an alarming increase. provocative

reports from the territories ore broadcast immediately without anelysio in atendentious manner. The %lsck Liset" of anyone who disegree with the Alignment,Shall, an the left is strictly Imposed.

There to no possibility of fighting against this phernmenon which I$ oCCurring

on the sirwaves, day and night, except by institutionalizing war. There hae alreadybeen an initiative in Rehvotlh, and more then 10 persons have volunteered to

participate in a -network of monitor*". Hundreds of onitor* could be organized

In out community, end they could report every devietion, distortion, etc.

Such material collected could be erganized end serve as cause for%

letters to the editors, filing Complaints with the oaneging committee (on which

those siding with the land of Israel have a majority, but no material), with the

head of the euthority (who favors out vise), etc, appeels to the High Court in

extrae coees, unceseing demonstrations in the field.

3) L.l Counsel to the Cove.nooft

fbith the onnouncosent by Prof Zesir'e side, that the legsl couneel does not intend

to prosecute prof LeIbOwItt, in spite of the fact that he clearly violated the

law, the methodical diecrisinstian in fever of the "'pece Ne" people and their

kind geeched a high point.

we must open a public campaigr, (first - an appeal to the oustice Minister,members of Knelest, etc, while giving appropriate publicity, including pressconferences) on this issue. Ultimately we will cease to be the perpetuallyaccused, and so will present the truth and the proper proportions.

6& will also consider appeals to the High Court (in spite of the fact that theHigh Court almost never intervenes in the considerations of the legal counsee).But in a situation with no way out -- dozens of appeals, tiled repeatedly, willshake the system which presently operates undisturbed -- against us.

For this purpose there will be a need for a careful collection of facts, andthe formulation at appropriate complaints - regarding both the illegal actsof our opponents to well as when our people are under groundless suspicion,especially in eaeurity incidents.

4) using the Le92l System Ageinet Our opposition

Presently, our silence in the face of attacks end witch hunts presents us asprofessional troublemakers. Let's not take lightly the experience of beingequated with a negative image, which is chat they did to the people of yamitwhen they turned an organized community proud and fighting into a pereonelstruggle.

We should demand civil and criminal legal action for slander (intervention bythe government legal couneel could be unnecessary) for each end every smarpublication. for this wm should allocate appropriate resources end manpower.

5) Know the (newy

We should keep a close match on the &rob press. There still appear in itcriminal slander, without response. We should file complaints, and also findout who is the eniter, the editor, the person responsible.

ale should &6e0 study the leaders of the Arase (the mayors and others) and keep

file* of all important information. be connot live as Pblind" people.

6) propogande to the Arabe

go ere like mutes. The govermeMt's *L-ANSA does not express our opinions, nordoes Arebic Kol yiersel. We cennot tolerate our being depicted as murderers andtroublemssere to the Arabs of jxdee, l oasri, and Cote, i.e. am" our neighbors.

for example, a girl eeo killed In the Al-'Arub cawp by a traveler In a civilian

Jeop who he@ ftver been identified. Immediately the rumor spread that "XlrystArbs people" did It.

The media have reported that Kirygt Arabe people killed e youth in eini-Ns'im.

It Dee net only iA the Israeli scome that the incident wee depicted se murder.The true facts (self defense in the face of mortel danger) should have been pub-lished in Israel, Just so should hove been done in the itreet- of Hebron andganI-ge ' i1.

109

7) Loctures to Soldiers and police

in educational eriese and at every apportunity ror organized propoganda in thearmy and the police, invitations are extended to people like Leibowitz and

eilr po'il in inverse porpostion to the support which they have in the public.

on the other hand, there is a "black list" against persona having nationalistopinions. Inatance* are known of where police and army officers rebelled agsinstspeeches by pa'il.

•e most work for a feir and proportionate balance in the invitations to lec-turers, in order to prevent anti-motivation and brain washing from the left ofsoldiers and police. of course, as aor not asking for a unilateral presentationof ilsues which are the subject of dispute. se only went afair balance.

8) Research, Knowledge, Action

Arab tour guides malign tho country to foreign tourists. No one tries to controlthis. We should send 'tourists" to listen and record this talk.

The appeals comaittees In real estate matters remain a serious bottle neck, inwhich the process of developing and building settlements is tied up. we mustfoliow these proceedings (denials, delays, lawyers' 'exercises", otc) knowingthat in the face of administrative deviatione, It is permitted to file complaint*with the poesident of the military courts.

roreign consuls as well as foreign front organizations (the friends) are tryingto undermine our position in 3erusalum and 3udeo, Samaria, end Gaza, and theyare trying to lay the foundetio- for the establishment of a paleetinian state.Post of these activities are illegal and/or breech the sovereignty of Israel.te suet keep an eye on those activities end deal with thee appropriately.

The palestinian Information office is operating ih East 3Oruselea under themanagemnt of Reisunde Towil. #whet do we know about that activity?

Who Is opece Now'? iho finences It? Who supports It, and with whom does Itmaintain contacts? The time has come to learn about all of these things.

9) The Role of minister Bu shairman of the Autonoemy Committee

We have seon In the post that this man he* made dangerous concessions; and that

his desire to "save the talks* is greater then his desire to save 3udes, Semaria,

end Gaze. So he node comproisese and conceslonse in the talke hold in Leads,

England. So his murderous expreesion on behalf of the Israeli conceseion of

the "source of authority* (this alone was enough to eetablieh poleetine)-

It would be very desiresblo for the role of directing the autonoey discuesions

If they ur renewed to pass to someone sloe heo Is not a proclaimed dove.

10) The ministry of Education and u.d.eo Saenr.o, and Caeo

Within the framework of '100 years of settlemento, the minlstzy of Educationto maintaining e national progrem of hikes and tours of Gettlsents. [xcluded

from the program are settlements In jude*, 1Omlrllaq and Ca2e. A complalnt was

made to the Ainistea of [ducstion, and his aide sought to have It cut from the

newspaper where It wae published (MA'ARIV), and there sea no further response.

110

Even hikes by students in general, and not within the above mentioned framework,are not conducted by minister eamwar in udesa, Semria, end Gaza, on the groundsof "security".

Beyond all of this, we ehould amsk to prepare an organized program according towhich every Israeli child will come to Hebron, 3wricho, Beth-el, and Ai, and

Shochem - and learn that this is our patrimony. Today, the minister from the

URP is doing exactly the oppctits, and is placin; an iron curtain between thechildren of Israel end the land of Israel.

we should exert unceasing pressures including within the Wp, as well ae demon-strations and activities in the street in order to put an and to thit excomwuri-cation.

11) The Housing ministry

Complaints are multiplying, that in spite of his high sounding words of theHousing minister, in fact the situetion Is quite different, at least in Judas.

In Kiryat Arbs (where he was proclaimed an honorary citizen) his ministry wentbmck on most of its promises, including the promise to develop Mt Manoeh and to

rebuild the _iowih quarter. caravena had to be brought in in arder to Increasethe number of residents. only three families mere exposed to mortal danger.

It is also known tbat the Housing sinietry hae stopped expansion of constructionat me'ale Adumim, and has almost completely stopped construction at Gibson.This year, almost the whole progrus of the Housing ministry is limited to northjeruseles.

The key to success in operations Is decentralization. every project should beplaced under the suioervielon of a single person (a volunteer). He will receivefrom the cordinator background material, directions, a budget, end clericalassistance. In Sinai, we *discovered" a great number of strengths which had notyet found expression, especially because we did not know how to find channelsof activity for thee, or expression and leadership, end me did not distributeteok$.

part rourt Internal oreAnization

1) The urgent lesson contained in all of the foregoing must be brought imaediately

to ou" public In all the settlements, a ceoemnity involved in building its homee

end broadening its base, nursing the wounds of yelit, and not alert to 6 danger

absolutely identical, wich already lurks at the door of the now house.

2) We muet work to expend the primary forum - the councils, and for the inclusion

of the councils of Weld Ephraim, gsrnei Shoaron, the yarden Valleys and Elqamn.

Ne muet convene the council in order to enlist its members in the stated missions.

We must visit all of the new settlements which have net yet elected reprementetives

to the council.

3) we suet strengthen Wnd perfect the j•urnal UCUrOA am a tool for cryetallizing

the caip end dilecting it in the struggle.

7075 L12CSO, 4423

ISRAEL

FUTURt; 0? WAR AGAINST PLO ANALYZM

Tel Aviv HA'ARETZ in Hebrew 29 Aug 82 p 10

E-Article b3' Dr Efrayim Ahlram: "The War Against the PLO: A Look Ahead"'

TextJ7 The writer of this article is the head of the Economicsranch in the Center for Technological Predictions of Tel Aviv Universit

and was formerly the head of the Economics Branch in the Headquartersof Judea and Samaria.

With the departure of the PLO from Beirut, it is still not possibleto evaluate the action against them, but there is room for interim con-clusions which can serve to guide our future policy.

There is no doubt that the objective of destroying the material infra-structure of the PLO in Lebanon has been achieved. However, the maininfrastructure for its activity, mar.power, has been virtually unaffectedEspecially unaffected has been the PLO's potential for future mobilisa-tion -- the masses of refugees in Lebanonand other places. Their com-mend-leadership level has been virtually unaffected. The ones who havebeen killed, wounded, and taken prisoner have been soldiers from theranks. The release of most of the thousands of prisoners in our handsis surely only a question of time. Thousards of terrorists remain inthe meantime in Al Biqa' and northern Lebanon. However, the essentialpoint is that the enormous reservoir for future mobilization still ex-ists. Moreover, it must be estimated that the motivation of the massesof the Palestinian refugees to take revenge on Israel and to take reelaction against it has only increased. For the most part, this reser-voir of potential conscriptees is composed today of persons who havebeen born or at least grew up outside the borders of Eretz Yisralel

text omittedJ alongside them. The trswma of M9L8 is history, andaihor places o0 origin or the origin of their family such as Haifa,

'Akko, Jaffa, are only names. Now in the wake of the recent war theyhave lived this trauma, and the horror stories of the Zionist enemywhich they were taught haw become a reality for them. The bitterness,frustration, anger, and hnstility which one would have expected to di-minish from generation to generation have now been reinforced in theeyes of the new generation# and it must be estimated that they havebeen intensified.

112

This is to say that the primary infrastructure of the terrorists, anembittered, frustrated, and hostile manpower reserve, has not been de-stroyed, and its potential for activation has even increased.

The second objective of the war against the PLO was to take away itsterritorial base and in this way to make it impossible for it to at-tack us.

And indeed large masses of terrorists have been driven out of substan-tial areas of Lebanon and from the vicinity of the border with Israel.However, thousands of terrorists, as has been stated, still remainunder Syrian protection in Al Biqa', in rnrthern Lebanon, and dispersedin areas of southern Lebanon and Beirut where they are concealed inthe area or among the population which sympathizes with or fears them.The Syrian army and some of the local population as well as the topog-raphy of Lebanon and its landscape which provide an ideal cover, incontrast to the areas of Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza Strip, permitthe not so small remnants of the PLO to organize into groups in orderto wage Auerrilla w&rfare.

While Israrl in recent yc7rr has for t'o taniet rprt succeeded in pre-venting them from reaching their targets, we ourselves have now broughtthe targets, the IDP soldiers, to them. And so, virtually every daywe hear about another mine incident or attack, about wounded and killedamong our soldiers. These incidents are already not a part of thewar in Lebanon; this is the beginning of a typical guerrilla war. Aslong as the lDF will remain in Lebanon, the prospects are that thistype of war will continue. If or when the ID* withdraws, the questionwill arise as to which element will be able to prevent this activityfrom penetrating the territory of Israel. Will we carry out retalia-tory actions against a friendly but weak Lebanese army or against in-ternational forces, the motivation of which to prevent such penetra-tions will necessarily be rather flimsy?

This means that we have apparently succeeded in eliminating a massiveterritorial base, but there is great doubt if we have destroyed thetroublesome capability for attack from this baser and in contrast, wehave limited oar deterrent capability against these attacks. The pros-pects of our taking losses after the conclusion of the war in Lebanonare likely to be greater than before the war.

At the same time, we are finding out that the war has intensified themotivation for attacks abroad. After the scenes of our action inLebanon which caused casualties, intentionally or unintentionally, a-monE a large civilian population, the world's moral revulsion againstattacks on Israeli civilians or Jews will also decrease.

The interim evaluation, therefore, is that the objective, if it wassuch, to destroy the PLO by military means has not been achieved.

113

It is possible that the war and Its results will apparently permitpolitical solutions. It is, however, very doubtful if these solutionswill be implemented and if they will bring an end to the Palestinians'plotting against Israel and the hoped for peace and security. No au-tonomy, no territorial arrangement with Jordan, and not even an ephem-eral Palestinian state will induce the masses of refugees to be recon-ciled with their sad situation. Even a state in the current areas ofthe military government will not provide an answer to the problem ofthe refugees in Lebanon and other places. It would only strengthennationalist aspirations of the Arabs of Israel. It is even doubtfulif this state would find a way to solve the problem of the refugeecamps in its own area. It is also possible that out of a desire to.maintain the motivation of the residents of the camps to return totheir homes in Israel, the Palestinian state (or the autonomy) wouldmaintain their deplorable condition in the camps. It must be acknowl-edged that from the viewpoint of the Palestinian national movement,its decision and that of most of the Arab countries to prevent the re-habilitation of the refugees was good thinking. The cruelty and in-humanity in this decision were undoubtedly the primary factor in thebuilding of the Palestinian movement'with all its militant manifesta-tions, and it is that which has imposed a 35-year war on Israel (untilnow).

A Palestinian state in Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza Strip will notdampen the aspiration of large circles in the Palestinian nationalmovement to spread out over the entire territory of the mandatoryEretz Yisra'el. Therefore, whoever believes that a positive responseto the establishment of a Palestinian state will essentially solve theproblem of the Palestinians' war against Israel as long as the currentsad situation of the Palestinian diaspora remains intact is only de-ludine himself. A political solution can bring an end to the Pales-tinian movement's militancy against Israel only if it is based on therehabilitation of the refugees or comes about simultaneously. Onlythe rehabilitation of the refugees will be able to guarantee that therewill be a gradual decrease in the reservoir of Palestinians who areprepared to fight actively against Israel because they have nothingto lose.

We must be committed to the rehabilitation of the Palestinian refugeesalso for our own sake because in the current war in Lebanon a signifi-cant part of our people has undergone a trauma -- a different traumathan that which we knew in the Yom Kippur War, a trauma of an identitycrisis. The people have suddenly recognized that 35 years of war havebrought a humane national movement to acts of cruelty which we did notimagine that we would carry out. Throughout our history we have knownthe horror of the cruelty of other nations whereas now we ourselveshave become cruel and deaf to the suffering of others. It is true thatsuch things were done also by the Russians to Budapest and its residentsin 1956 and by the Iraqis to the cities of Iran and their residents,However is there anyone among us who is proud that we have likened

114

ourselves to~tbis group? Israel now has the possibility of initiatingthe rehabilitation of the Palestinian refugees who are in the camps,two-thirds of which are located in Lebanon, Judeas, Samaria, and theGaza Strip. Rehabilitation implies suitable housing, a decent liveli-hood, community infrastructure and services, and the prospect of socialintegration in the surrounding environment. The rehabilitation ofthese refugees will actually solve the major portion of the refugeeproblem. It -s important for it to be the government of Israel whichproposes and-urges on international platforms, and especially withinthe framework of the autonomy negotiations, that priority conaidera-tion be given to the solution of the refugee problem -- not as a sub-stitute for the political process but as an antecedent and for thepurpose of assuring the success of this process. The temporary buturgent rehabilitation of the refugees in Lebanon who were casualtiesin the recent -war can only be a first, albeit necessary, step in thisprocess.

If the current government will not be prepared for some reason to takethis initiative, the Alignment should adopt the initiative as an al-ternative policy because in the current political situation it seemsthat the rehabilitation of the refugees is likely to be the only ob-Jective-oriented policy around which a party, national, and interna-tional concensus can be crystalized.

It can be assumed that for such an initiative it will be possible toenlist the participation of international dignitaries such as Kissinger,McNamara, Harold Wilson, Mendes-France, and many others who will ontheir part be able to mobilize international institutions such as theWorld Bank, affluent people, and governments for the implementationof the initiative.

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L15

ISRAEL

MILITARY OPTIONS AGAINST SYRIANS DISCUSSED

Tel Aviv HA'ARWTZ in Hebrew 29 Aug 82 p 9

LTArticle by Matti Golan: "The Syrian Dilemma'J2

TextJ7 On several occasions in recent weeks the minister of defenseas repeated hi. formula for the solution of the problem of the Syrian

presence in Lebanon. His basic position is that we must strive forthe departure of the Syrians through diplomatic contacts, But whathappens if these fail? Sharon says: I am opposed to the use of mil-itary force to compel them to leave Lebanon, but I will recomnend thatas long as the Syrians remain the Israeli presence in Lebanon shouldalso continue.

There can be no dispute over the desire to solve this problem, likeevery other problem, by means which will not require the use of force.If diplomatic negotiations can bring about the return of the Syrianforces to their country, then this route is undoubtedly preferable toany alternative process.

The difficult problem is how should Israel act if and when it becomesevident that the political route is leading to a cul-de-sac. I believethat in his striving to find a solution to this problem, the ministerof defense's inclinations have become confused.

Late Ignition

It would have been more logical had Sharon's reluctance to use militaryforce, and primarily the extent of its use, been reflected in connec-tion with the PLO more than with the current Syrian situation. I saythis even though in both cases we are dealing with extremist and stub-born enemies who are unworthy of any consideration.

The reason for the difference between the two involves objective cir-cumstantial conditions, in other words the location of the PLO inLebanese cities and among the civilian population. This fact convertedthe war against terror to a bloody one involving thousands of innocentcivilians. This reality caused a situation in which even after theobjective of the departure of the terrorists from Lebanon was achieved,the victory was accompanied by moral regrets.

116

To these regrets was added the uncertainty if the end was worth thecost. First and foremost, of course, was the cost of our casualties.However, there was also the cost of the severe damage to the ilage ofthe state. Even though this is not a danage which can be quantified,there is no doubt that it exists and a time for retribution will come.

Of coorse, it was not possible to emerge without paying a price. Everyend has a certain price. However, there is a burdensome feeling thatit would have been possible to achieve the objective at a lower costhad Sharon agonized a little more before he gave the orders to bomband shell Beirut.

Tbis agonizing led Sharon to a late ignition, and in my opinion, asuperfluous and damaging one. This is because all the arguments andreasons which Justify such an agonizing in the case of the PLO do notexist in regard to the Syrian forces in Lebanon. The main reason isthat these forces are located outside of civilian population centers.The bombing and shelling of them does not involve the destruction ofproperty and the killing of civilians.

As such, it is possible to minimize casualties among our forces fromsuch a confrontation. This Is because the location of the Syrianforces outside of population centers removes the military limitationswhich existed in the case of the PLO. Israel has complete air superi-ority, and there is no reason to prevent our planes from dropping onthe Syrian forces the ne0essary nunber of bombs until they agree toreturn to their country.

The cost will be minimal, perhaps nil, also in political-informationalterms. It will be a war between armies. The casualties will not bewomen and children but soldiers. The Syrians will not be able to claimthe image of homeless liberation fighters. World public opinion willnot find it difficult to understand that the situation involves sol-diers of an occupying army which refuses to leave Lebenon alone. Itcan be assumed with a reasonable degree of certainty that Washington,and perhaps even the countries of western Europe, will not go to anygreat length to defend the continuation of the Syrian presence inLebanon. And if the Soviet Union has remained silent tintil today, ifit does break its silence it will only be to pay lip service.

To all of these reasons can be added the most important one, one whichmust serve as the basis for Israel's future actions: the guiding prin-ciple must be that the worst process of all is our extended presencein Lebanon.

In this matter the government should work in accordance with the sim-ple customs of daily life. Lach one of us likes to invite close friendsto his home. However, it Is well known that the degree of success ofsuch a visit varies directly with its length. A short stay which doesnot impose on the guests and the hosts alike leaves a good taste behind.The longer the stay, tensions develop even among the closest of friends,and these lead eventually to arguments.

117

This fact of life is also appropriate for relations among peoples.Moreover, the Moslem majority in tht host country cannot be consideredto be sympathetic, to say the least. However, this is also true inregard to the Christian minority. There is no doubt that their joywas sincere when the IDF arrived in order to expel the Syrian and PLOforces. However, there are already signs that our continued presencein their country is causing feelings of discomfort among the Christians.Their sympathy for Israel has never steamed from a love of Mordekhaibut rather from a hatred of Haman. They hoped that Mordekhai woulddrive out the occupying Haman, but if the result will be that Hordekhaihimself will become the occupier, then )Nordekhsi will only become aHaman.

The M•.ilitary Option Remains

It is understood that there is another way to shorten the Israeli pres-ence in Lebanon, and that is simply to get up and leave. Those whoadvocate this maintain that Israel has achieved enough by the expulsionof the terrorists and it need not aspire also to the removal of theSyrians. In any event, it should not tie the eviction of the Syriansto the continuation of the Israeli presence.

From all of these arguments, this one also has lost its relevance.The major departure from the objectives of the war was when the b*0-loline was crossed and it was decided to move against Beirut. There wasroom to discuss the necessity and worthwhilenees of such a significantdeparture.

Military and political actions must be determined not on the basis ofthe debates of the past but rather on the facts of the present. Theobjective situation now is that the heavy price in casualties and inpolitical-informational damage has already been paid and that in re-lation to this price only half of the objective, the expulsion of thePLO, has been achieved. For an additional minimal cost it will be pos-sible to achieve the other half of the objective, the expulsion of theSyrians.

We have here a combination of facts which complement each other. Thevital Israeli interest is to leave Lebanon as soon as possible -- therein no justification to permit the Syrians to remain in Lebanon -- there-fore the Israeli departure is conditional upon the Syrian departure.Conclusion: In order to shorten the Israeli stay in Lebanon, the Syrianstay must be shortened.

As was stated, the political route is preferable. In the case of thePLO there was reason to give this route an extended credit because ofthe objective conditions. Israel must set a target date for the de-parture of the Syrians which, if it is missed, will give the signalfor the activation of the military operation in all its power and ef-fect iveness.

5830 1SCSO, 4423/223,

,,, ,,pm

KUWAIT

PLANS FOR OVERSEAS STUDY PROGRAM DESCRIBED BY EDUCATION OFFICIAL

Kuwait A!-RA'Y AL-'A.MM in Arabic 3 Jul 82 p 2

[Article by 'Abd-al-Latif 'Isa al-Qa'ud: "The Director Of the Department FurStudy Abroad In the Ministry of Education Tells AL-RA'Y: 'There Is a Plan ToSend Outstanding Students to Complete Their Higher Education In Fields OfSpecinlization That Are Underrepresented In Kuwait; the Minlstry WillReexamine the Stipends Of Scholarship Recipients; Students Will Be Sent ToUniversities In Ttmisia and West Germany For the First Time"')

[Text] Mr 'Abdallah al-Sani', the director of the department for studyabroad in the Ministry of Education, said that the ministry had prepared aplan for sending students to study abroad to increase Kuwait's skilled cadresin various fields.

This was announced in a discussion with AL-RA'" AL-'AMM on the occasion ofthe end of the 1981-82 school year.

Mr al-Sani' said the following about the plan, which will be under theauthoTity of the ministry in connection with its programs in the sciences andhumanities, to send outstanding students abroad to complete their educationin various fields of specialiLation.

One of the most important features of the plan for subsidized overseas studyis that it will complement the fields of specialization already available atthe University of Kuwait.

This means that the Ministry of Education will use its scholarship program tosend students in fields of specialization that are not represented at theUniversity of Kuwait. with the exception of engineering and medicine becausethe number of graduates the University of Kuvait Medical School can producewill not be sufficient for the future needs of the Ministry of Realth.Therefore, in order to supply the nation with various cadres, includingdoctors, the Ministry of Education has devised a plan to send abroad as manystudents as possible in the fields of medicine and engineering. This yearthe announced plan Lnclude, himan medicine, dentistry, paramedical skillssuch as denture construction and x-ray technology, as well as the branchesof engineering not represetned at the Kuwait University School of Engineer-

ing such as architecture, electronic engineering, industrial engineering and

119

and petroleun engineering. Two additional branches of engineering, mar.leengineering and sanitary engineering, have been added. The overseas studyplan also includes sending agriculture students in order to develop livestockand plant resources, and veterinary students. These fields include both maleand female students.

There are also fields for those who have obtained the general secondary schoolliberal arts diploma or the secondary school curricula system diploma, withspecialization in industry or business, and for those who have obtained thesecondary school diploma from a religious academy. These fields of special-ization include most areas of the humanities, such as Islamic religious law,library science, archaeology, museum administration, Freach language, Englishlanguage, postal affairs, physical education, technical education andinformation science. These are the most important articles of the plan.

A Plan For the Future

In response to a. question about whether the Ministry of Education was studyinga plan to raise the amount of financial aid provided by the ministry tostudents studying in the United States in view of the hardships suffered bystudents there because of the higher cost of living in some states than Inothers, he said: "From time to time the ministry reexamines the stipends ofits students abroad in the United States and elsewhere. I believe that withthe start of the coming school year there will be a review of the stipends ofour students in the United States, France. England, Egypt and other countries."

Outstanding Students Sent Abroad To Study

In response to a question about why the Ministry of Education had decided tosend outstanding Ptudents, to study abroad in the Arab countries of NorthwestAfrica he said the follouing: "The ministry wanted very much to diversify thesources of education for its wtudent missions, so it Is sending students toEgypt. it i& also opening now horizons and providing new universities forKuwaiti students by sending them to Tunisia. For the first time in two yearsstudents were sent to West Germany. This year's plan also inclutdes "endingstudents to Sweden. I believe that diversifying the sources of foreigneducation for our students will pay off handsomely in the level achieved bythe graduates and the level of education they receive in various fields fromspecific universities which have particularly good departments in thosefields. Wo are anxious to diversify the sources of education for our studentswho study abroad in Egypt and in other countries.

The Technical Schools

In response to a question about bow students of the technical school* wouldbe evaluated for being Included in the overseas study program, and wetherthere was a futurv plait to rend a grater number of thee to continua theiruniversity studies after they receive their vocational school diploma, he said,"No operation can be called greater or smaller. The basic purpose of theoperation is for the ministry to oecourage the leading graduates of thevocational school., those who have received a grade of excellent or very good.

120

This can be no more than 10 percent of the number of students graduating in

any single area of specialization. These are the students whom the ministry

is eager to encourage and whom it will send."

An Educational Agreement

In reply to a question about whether there is a specific agreement between the

Ministry of Education and the other ministries, such as the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs, to send their employees to be educated abroad, he answered asfollows: "The sending of employees of the various mlnistries, including

ewployees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for overseas study must be

determined by the personnel office. lut if the Ministry of Education is asked

to arrange overseas studies for any ezployee after his ministry has agreed to

it I believe that the Ministry of Education through its department of student

missions will not hesitate to do so."

Female Kuwaiti Graduates

In respomse to a question about whether the ministry was preparing to sandfemale Kuvaiti technical school or university graduates or ministerial employ-ees to study abroad he said the following: "The ministry is very eager to

place female students. The overseas study plan clearly provided for includingfemale students only in missions sent to Egypt because there is housing for

female students that is supervised by the Miniatry of Education, and to

France, because it also hae housing under the supervision of the cultural

attache. It Is difficult to send female students to the United States.

Nevertheless, we have fenale vocational school students studying In the

United States and I believe things are proceeding smoothly and withoutdifficulty so that femle vocational school graduates will study in theUnited States considering that they are almost at the higher education level,

that Is. pro-iAniversity and post-seccmdary school. A proposal has been

submitttd and is sow being studied. Specifically, arrangerwnts have been

made to receive all the female vocational school graduates at the Universityof Florida. Don't worry that they are in the United States. They will be

concentrated in one state. Florida. I think It w•uld be mre useful for the

ministry to give serious consideration to establishing housing for female

students to be supervised by the authorized cultural office. Furtheru'ore,

the university situation does not vary in the nation'* official sectors.

Each year the ministry offers a specific plan for their acceptance by boards

of examiners."

In response to a question about the possibility of sending a student to study

abroad if he had worked for a numser of years in the government sector, in a

ministry, for exawple, without having to subeit his resignation, he said the

follovi•f•t "only students are eligible to be part of a student mission. In

accordance with the provisions of the student missions law the applicant oust

be a full-time student, that is, he must be unemployed. If he Is emplosed

he must resign. He can request a study leave from his ministry at his own

expense. Otherwise he Is ineligible for a scholarship to study abroad."

i2l

An Agreement With the University of Florida

En response to a question about carried technical school graduates who wantto pursue their studies in the United States at a university other than theone to which the Ministry of Education sends its outstanding students, namely,

the University of Florida, he answered as follows:

"We have an agreemenr with the University of Florida on evaluating technicalschool students and the university will compute the number of credits the"student earned. Other states do not treat this matter in the same way."

9123

CSO: 44041592

122

LEBANON

ISRAELI ADMINISTRATION OF SO',TH VIEUED

London AL-MAJALLAH in Arabic No 133, 28 Aup-3 Sep 82, pp 43-44

[Article by Ra'uf Abu Zaki: "Israel is Turning Southern Lebanon into 'a NewWest lank"']

IText] Any attempt at describing the effects of the continuing Israeli war inLebanon and trhe possibility of the military occupation lasting for scoe timemust start with a fundamental fact. Israel by necessity and by the dynamics ofexpansion and experience with colonization will aim at creating a new faitaccompli on the land In all fields, especially the economy. Israel may encounterreal difficulties In trying to Impose a political fait accompli in view of thearray of competitive forces in this area. However, it will work sviftly andquietly to destroy the economic role of Lebanon and carry out an operation ofeconomic control and annexation, especially in the South. The fact is Lebanondid not face in any war or confrontation prior to last 6 June any economicchallenge to its existence and role, that is to say, to the extent that Itcontinued to exist as an entity and franmework and to the extent that theneighboring Arab economies did not possess a superior element or power of ex-pansion like that possessed by the Israeli economy. It is Illusory to thinkthe Israeli entry into Lebanon will be like the others, i.e., it will be nomore than a nmlitary presence vith its satural complications. The serious errorinto which sam have fallen to an error whose consequence. will also be serious.

One of the Inmediate or short-term objectives of Israel is to annex southernLebanon economically and do way with the economic role that it plays in theLebanese market so that it will become a kind of new West Bank to function asan agricultural region, cource of manpower, and market for Israeli goods.

(1) As an agricultural regioo--Isrsel will entrust the South with the task ofproducing the agricultural products that it needs or will be able to market.This will result in direct Intervention and control of agricultural productionin the South. Evidence of this intervention can be seen in Israel's askingagricultural officials to furnish tobacco farm* with seedlings and other neces-sictes from Israel. This is an approach that can naturally be ueed in otherfields.

(2) As a source of cheap Anpover--?srael will make it possible for southerners

to work on farve and in factories In its territories. A few days after the In-

vasion started, Isrueli broadcasts engerly appealed to southern farmers,

especially those who could no longer gain their livelihood, to go to Israelwhere there were numerous opportunities to work for those who desired to do so.These announcements were repeated daily. It goes without saying that the

political situation in the South will be favorable to Israel and will motivatea number of southerners to answer the appeals, not out of conviction naturallybut because of the straitened circumstances under which they are living, es-pecially after the return of many southerners to their villages and homes. Itis a well-known fact that the South has a high population density at a timewhen the Lebanese economy is unable to absorb the excess farm laborers, especial-ly if the economic suffocation continues due to the occupation. This at a

time when the doors of emigration to the Gulf and elsewhere are virtually closedto unskilled workers.

Another Market

(3) As a market for Israeli products-the Israeli Invasion of the South has a

purpose rarely noticed, i.e., to cut the South off from the Biqa', Beirut, andthe North and make it into a free zone for Israel. Basically, the South is notan industrial region, it lives primarily on agriculture and government service.Moreover, the goods that it consumes usually come to it from the capital and thebig cities where the Lebanese business sector is concentrated. Now, however,the separation of the South from Lebanon will enable Tel Aviv to transform itinto a market for its products. If we then add the possibility of a steadilyincreasing number of agricultural and nonagricultural workers linked to theIsraeli economy, the control operation becomes crystal clear. The Israeliauthorities have in fact already begun to move their products to the South.They have also begun to give permits to the Lebanese so that they can travel byway of Lod Airport and on a-AL at "incentive" prices.

This then is the first truth, namely, the goals of the Israeli occupation arenot security in the narrow meaning of the word but strategic in the geopoliticalsense. Hence the danger to the Lebanese economy.

There is a second truth relating to Labanon, namely, the Lebanese economy, which

endured nore than 7 years of exhausting civil and foreign wars, lost much of itsblood during these wars and used up most of its strength. It is now facing the

modern Israeli state and industrial Israeli society behind weak defenses and

has recently begun to break down, espeically with the rapid drop in the exchange

rate of the lira, erosion of productivity and infrastructure of the economy,

disintegration of the state apparatus, inflation, and alarming increase in the

public debt, which amounted in 1981 to more than 30 percent of the total nation-

al income.

It is difficult at present to come up with quantitative estimates of what the

private sectors will receive, but some "regional". developments can be expected

in the light of the new facts about the invasion:

-Deepening and worsening of the erosion of the economy and its fragmentation as

a result of the cutting of comntmications and isolation of the areas of Lebanon

from each other, shutdown of production, almest total paralycis of private

and public investment activity because the individual investor is waiting for a

124

clarification of the situation and fate of the country and the various regionsbefore he rushes to invest.

-- Danger of Israeli , onomic competition. The possible flooding of Israeligoods into Lebanon m- deal a mortal blow to some of the industries that havesurvived despite the avents of the last 7 years. It is true that illicit tradepractically killed sne Lebanese industries because of poor security and use ofillegal ports. However, the expected Israeli excesses will not be illicittrade alone but a "mtrketing operation in the shadow of the sword" and the

possibilities of placing all kinds of real obstacles in front of other competinggoods.

Foreign Air

-This will mean that Lebanon will become poor as a country and that the Leban-ese will live less and less on what they produce and depend more and more onforeign financing either in the form of army outlays or remittances from workersabroad or aid and money. If we take Lebanese remittances, we will have to re-

duce to the minivum what is needed to support the workers' fanilies, which willhave a direct impact on the balance of payments and on economic activity in thecountry. If we accept aid, it will be in limited amounts from Internationalsources because Arab aid will naturally not be given to a country under occupa-tion and without a de facto government.

-The banks alone say be able to continue in view of all the experience inadapting that they possess. That was evident in the lack of abnormal withdrawalseven in the shadow of the war and the siege and bombing of Beirut, in the con-tinuing calm in the currency market, and in the relative stability of the liradespite the (unfavorable) circLumstances. Nevertheless, the banks vill soonface the problem of customers and establishments which were seriously hurt endlost their merchandise or business because of the war. This is equivalent to

huge sums like enortnous debts that cannot be collected, i.e., like losses or

debts that must be paid in Installments.

The third and final truth that must be noted here is that the Lubaiwse economy

has become tied, more than at any other tiwe, to the political existence of

Lebanon as an entity and as a united state and that any move to break Lebanonup into (separate) entities will lean its Immediate dissolution as an economyand system of goverrpent and its absorption into the neighboring economies.

This truth appears obvious now and almost needs no proof. Such a danger must

be the prime incentive for all the Lebanese to cling to their unity as a people,

"as a country, and as a system of government and realize that the only politicalessence of Lebanon is the solid superstructure that protects the economy and

gives it its internal market and preserves Its system of goverrnent, which re-

tains foreign confidence despite the years of destruction and deep tragedy.

How can Lebanon continue as a market, as a unified model of production and con-

sumption, and as a free aystem if it submits to partition or to any form of

division that undermines the unity of the people and the efficiency of thecentral government, as is proposed in some plans?

Our colleague Ra'uf Abu Zaki has had long experience with Lebanese and Arab

economic affairs. Ha is editor-in-chief of the periodical AL-IQTlSAD WAL-A'MAL,

He wrote this article specially for AL-MAIALLAR.125

5214cso: 404/464

MOROCCO

.MOROCCAN GENLRAL LCONOMIC FEDERATION RELEASES REPORT

Casablanca LA VIE ECONC*.IQUE in French 20 Aug 82 pp 4-5

|TextI The following ire extracts from the annual report of the Morcccan Gene-ral Economic Federation (CCEM) pertaining to the difficulties, the enterprisesare, experiencing.

"Apart from the drop in activity, t.he enterprises as a whole have had to dealwith the widest variety of difficulties in their relations with an administra-ticn which continues to niggle, on the one hand, ano on t.he other, with new

increases in their costs because of the rise in the cost of production factors

such as raw materials, energy, wages and financial costs, as well as the fiscal

burden, which it can never be repeated too often, is xncreasingly discouraging

the organized sectors.

And when I say 'ousiness,' I aean production, investment, and on that basis,tne creation of jobs and maintaining demand through the offering of decent

wages--all thcse actions which we are continually keeping on an active basis.because we have faith in out calling as developers of economic and social pro-

gresS.

It is true there are scue who like to assign the epithet lunscrupulous busi-

nessmen' to prilate entrepreneurs. This is an expression whose pegorativeconnotation will escape no one, and which in addition sustains confusion.I would say quite simply that if our business activities contribute to creatingjobs and to raising the standard ot living of our fellow citizens, then we

accept the epithet.

In this connection, the M4oroccan General Economtic Federation has never aban-

doried its mission, which is that of a body devoted to the defense of the in-

terests of its mrmbors, but also a full partner which Intends to assume its

responsibilities in the Eearch for the ways and means making it possible to

establish the base for the harmonious development of the country, within the.

framework of the liberal system which Morocco has made its social choice.

?hts is why we have never ceaved to urge permanent cooperation with the public

authorities, cooperation withrout which any oiagnosis made of the antional econ-

omy can only be partial, and as a result can never lead to the prescription

of suitaole remedies.

126

The Actions of the CGEM

I1hus I come to the actlons of our confederation as such.

Without nurturing the slightest complacency, I would say that the few pagesof this report would be insufficient to indicate fully all that our businessowners' body has undcrtaken, both to resolve the difficulties encountered bythe member enterprises and, tth more important aspect, to contribute to theeffort to develop the national economy.

The internal functioning of our confederation is such that all men of goodwill are called upon to contribute to the analysis of problems and the searchfor solutions to them. Parallel with this, all of our members are regularlyand constantly kept informed of the most significant of these actions.

We have had to pursue our effort to sensitize the administration about thedifficulties of all kinds facing economic operators and needlessly hinderingtheir productive activities.

This sensitizing, it should be emphasized, is not being sought stealthily,but in the broad light of day, within the framework of that dialogue whichis open and without reservation, and which we have always wanted with all ofthe partners.

Thus our monthly assemblies have become veritable tribunes for exchange andfruitful debate. In fact, this makes it possible, on the one hand, for theneads of entcrpri".s to set forth their complaints aind griLevances directlyto the public authorities involved, which are especially invited to attendon these occasions, and on the other, for the latter to explain their proqramsand their ways and means.

Our discussions are devoted to the most widely varied questions ranging fromthe need to strengthen the infrastructures, in particular in the maritimetransport sector, within the framework of developing exports, to the need toguarantee supplies for the country under normal and healthy conditions, invol-ving making the fiscal pressure on the production tools more flexible, pro-tecting domestic industry and resolving the problemu involved in relationswith certain bodies such as the CNSS INational Committee for Social Solidarityland the vocational training bureau.

Seeking greater efficiency, we have this year adopted new working structuresfor the establish-vnt of groups for specific study within our various federa-

tions, parallel to and in coordination with our permanent bodies--the financialand fiscal commisnion.

It has thus been possible to develop thorough files and to make their contentsknown to tho miniNtries involved. I will only mention four of them: thatpertaining to the revision of the industrial investment code, that analyzing

our foreiqn trade and giving concrete soggestions for effective promotion of

our exports, that pertaining to price regulation, and finally, that analyzing

the draft labor code in depth.

127

'•oreover, the constructive dialogue between the CGEM and the administration

was confirmed early in the year by a meeting with our sponsoring minister,who did us the honor of providing the inspiration for our monthly assembly in

January, and at the end.of the year,'by the hearing the minister of finance

gave the bureau, which paid a visit to inform him of the concerns of enterpriseheads in connection with the new provisions contained in the draft financelaw for the year 1982.

Our serious and objective analyses of the problems, and also our efficiency,

have won us the right, I think I can say without false modesty, to be heard,consulted and respected.

This is why the CGEM is now a participant in the colloquy on economic and so-cial dgvelopmnent organized on the initiative of his majesty the king.

Our understanding of the problems is such that we were not taken by surprise

when the time came to make our contribution to this vast work of analysis andcontemplation. In other words, the. idea of creating a dozen ad hoc commissions

to study the most crucial national economic problems found full justification.The resulting report which the CGEM submitted provides the most objective evi-dence, for it was to serve and, will further serve, I am convinced to supportthe work of this colloquy.

What needs to be specified in this connection is that through our co:,tribution,

it is not our purpose to usurp any authority which is not ours by dictatingthe economic policy to be pursued to our officials.

All of the suggestions we have formulated come from responsible iusinessmenwho know that in is micropconomy, an enterprise experiencing difficulty must

remedy its situation if it is not to abandon all.

However. I should stress that the CGEM cannot move forward and serve its rem-

bers, in view of the limited financial resources available to it, except through

the good will and the militant: activity of the federations, commissions and

associations which mike it up."

An Encouraging Decade

"The mediocre results for the year 1961 should not cause us to lose sight of

the achievements in the nattional 'economy during the last decade, despite mul-

tiple limitations.

Thus a simple backward lcook will show us that undeniable progress was achieved

between 1971 and 1981&

The gross domestic product increased by nearly 60 percents

The gross natIonal product, which to some' extent reflects national income.

more than tripledi

knorgy production more than doubleds

128

Mining production increased by nearly 50 percent, with an increase of almost70 percent in phosphate extraction;

There was a 70 percent increase in added value for natiozial industry, withalmost total substitution of imports of manufactured products, and even a con-tribution to the export effort.

This development might have led to a substantial increase in the standard ofliving for our citizens had it not been for the population explosion, witha rate o! increase estimated at 3.2 percent for the period between 1971 and1982, s,:h that the population is almost doubling every 20 years.

Thus, if one can take legitimate pride in the achievements made in all sectorsin th.? past 10 years, indeed in a quarter of a century of national sovereignty,thi& should not cause us to lose sight of the path which remains to be coveredalong the way to economic and social development. The proudest of us catinotiail to feel some chagrin in comparing our country with some Mediterraneannations classified just yesterday among the developing countries. It is fromthis kind of comparison that w should draw our determination to build Morocco.

For due to the failure to halt population growth, the Moroccan economic equationcan be summarized as follows: by the year 2000 we will need to nourish, clothe,house, care for--in short, provide a decent existence for--nearly 37 millionsouls. We will need to provide education for more than 20 million children,and to provide jobs for an active population of almost 11 million. To losesight of this prospect would be proof of blindness in terms of administration.It would also mean ignoring the most elementary law of nature governing thesuccessive relations among generations. Has it not been said that if we aretoday harvesting what our ancestors sowed for us in the past, we should todaybe planting what our children will harvest tomorrow?

This is an equation easy to set forth in theory, but. not simple to resolve.

It demands in any case the 'ourage to face things squarely: an agriculturalsector still incapable of meeting the needs of the population ard of retaining,the rural workers in the countryside, and an industrial sector functipningat barely 60 percent capacity in the beot of cases, and thus providing insuf-ficient work for the successiv* waves of those seeking jobs appearing on thelabor market every year, and for lack of work, forced to join the mass of theunemployed living from hand to mouth and creating the most anguishing problemsfor the local authorities.

Can it be said that I am exaggerating or revealing unjustlfied pessimism7indeed, on a first reading of this report one is tempted to answer in the af-firmative. but when one thinks about it, this is not at all the case. I havesought to bw objective, if one can be that in speaking of his own country,to the extent that my realism and the rebponsibilities I have *ssumed here

place me under obligation to reveal our weakness rather than keep silent about

them.

129

What more could be said and written than has been concerning the natural andhuman resource our country cntains. needing only to be exploited?

It is our established conviction at the CGL' that in order to get the economymoving, it is not enough simply to amass all the material and human prerequi-sites: operational infrastructures, sufficient financing resources and quali-fied and competent personnel. It is necessary above all to create an atmospherefavorable to development in general, and that of enterprises in particular,by developing confidence in the relations between the public authorities andthe economic opercators.

This applies to encouraging domestic undertakings, and it is even more appli-cable with regard to foreign investors. In order to develop, industry needsa consistent and clearly defined policy. Nothing is more discouraging andvexing to promoters than to have to undertake the most tedious procedures inorder to invest, and then to realize when all is said and done that nothinghas been accomplished, simply because the old texts lack clarity and leavethe door open to the most varied interpretations, leading to disputes and main-taining a continuing atmosphere of suspicion.

When will we finally cease to take back with one hand the advantages providedby the other?

Heads of enterprises and their manaqement personnel should not have to spendthe majority of their time in endless traipsing between their offices and ad-ministrative departments to settle often minor matters. It goes without sayingthat this waste of time and energy works against the tasks, which are moreoverworthier, which enterprise managemennt imposes.

Is there any way to measure the time we have spent on the CGEM level in allsorts of procedures with various ministerial departments in an effort to make

those in charge aware of the problems caused by this type of difficulty and'the need to adapt the regulatory framework to economic workings.

The position of the CGL'1 in this regard, as we have outline it in the reportwe distributed in connection with the colloquy, can be suwmarized as follows:

In general terms, it is necessary first of all to define the respective rolesof the public, semipublic and private sectors as a function of their duties,their real potential and the resources available to them. The constant expan-

sion of the public sector's field of action can no longer be justified when

it viet dangerously with private undertakings. The orientation of public in-

vestments in an economy which claims to be liberal should proceed in a comple-

mentary direction, and indeed should serve to support the activities of the

private sector.

On the fiscal and financial levels, it is necessary to attempt to establish a

balance between consumption and savings on the one hand and the self-financing

capacity of onterprisez and taxes on the other. it is time to become aware of

th(e hindrance to savings and thus to Investment created by taxation in Morocco

and by the volume of taxation, the complexity of the regulations and the gaps

typical of the procedures in the sector, particularly where the procedures avail-

able to taxpayers for defending thesselve. are concerned.

5157 130CSO: 4579/288

HDROCCO

EFFECTS Of FES SLUMRIT ASSESSED

Paris AN-1.HAR REPORT & MEMO No 31, 20 Sep 82 p 6

[Text]

King liassan h. hoping that one result of the La2t year. phosphates exports uere worth tnorediplomatic kudos he 4on by succem.fully staging the in Dirham term, than they were the previous year inrecent Arab summit at Fez will be an increase in aid spite of lower volumes because world prices rose fromand soft loans from Arab states. Such assi~taincc jus oser $40 to $48 per tonne. Given presentdoubled last year to SI billion, although the official conditions, the outloo, i% not bright for phosphates,'fiju're% do not take into account Saudi Arabia's which are Mlnro,.co's le.ading export earner. Not docontributions to Morocco's defence budget in the official efforts to find nc%% outlet, for other exportsform of direct payments to foreign suppliers. Morocco such as fruit. \cqrtablv.. Icalher and tcxtilr goodssigned a loan agreement with the UAE Iasi w•ck, appear to have checLed the grovin. trade deficit.under which it will recciv% Dirhams 1(00 million 1527 Another burden or. the Kngidm',, financcs is themillion) to help fund the Wadi el-Akhdar dam prohect larpe- foieign dd,'b. shich totalled rlirhams 6.5 hillionin Marrakesh.

Declining export earnings have led to an increase last year. Hovrver, thanks to rain laii metr whi,in Morocco's trade deficit in the first quarter of this broke a two-year drought, Morocco will be sparc d Ih-"year to Dirtams 4.4 billion (;715.7 million) compared need to import large amounts of grain as it has donewith Dirhams 3.F billion in the .sam period last year. until this summer.The value of Moroccan phosphates exports has fallenwith average price. dropping to a current level ofaround $40 a tonne. The volume of phosphate rockexports has also slirped. partly because of therecemion in Western Europe and partl% becaue ThirdWorld cstomern art rccducing imports as a result oftheir osn balance of paymcnts difricultics. Duriny thefirst four months of 19912. pbol.,'phare rock e.xportearning.' fell bý an estimated 6 per cent.

CSO: 4500/4

131.

SAUDI ARABIA

MINISTRY OF PLANNING ISSUES REPORT

Paris AN-NAHAR ARAB REPORT & MEMO in English No 31, 20 Sep 82 pp 6-7

[Text)The years 1970-80 w! jto down as a period which sawdc~c(.Vcnt n SudiAraba mve orwad a an GDP grc%% a( an annual average of 10.7 per cent.dc~lch-pment in Siaudi Arabia move forward at an from SR 17 billion to SR 49 billion, the report said.astonishing pace, as the Sovernment used its rocketing Despite a 13.8 per cent average annual growth rateoil revenues to finance an ambitious programme to achieved by the non-oil sector, from SR 7.5 billion toturn the Kin.,dom into a modem indutriial state. SR 22 billion, the hydrocarbons sector increased itsPlanning Minister Hisham Nazer recently submitted a preponderance, accounting for 91.6 per txnt of GDP.report to King Fahd which charts the progress made cornpared to 84.7 per cent in 1970. Gas productionduring the country's first and second fit-vear rose from 20.6 billion cubic metres in 1970 to 53.5development plans. And while it may be argued billion cubic metre- in 1980. while the quantity ofthat development canno( be gauged solely in natural gas utili.cd went up from 2.3 to 14.6 billionstatistical terms, the data contained in the Planning cubic metres. LPG output increased from 17 millionMinistry report provides clear evidence of rapid to 96 million barrels., and that of gasoline, diesel andeconomic growth. naphtha went up from 59 million to 112' million

Government revenues, derived largely from the barrels. Production of fuel oil dropped from 127oil sector, muthiplied over 42 times, rising from SR 5 millinn to 79 million barrels.billion' in 1970 to SR 211 million in 1980, the reportsaid. During the same period, government spending The main thrust of the first two developmenjumped from SR 6 billion to SR 186 billion. In 1980. plans was towards the installation of basicgo% ernment expenditure on projects amounted to SR infrastructure and the launching of a large-scale99 billion, compured to SR 2 billion in 1970, while SR industrialisation programme. Thiq was reflected in the32 billion ,ent on salaries and services, as Against SR fact that the construction sector grew by 26.8 per cent2 billion at the start of the decade. Per capita income annually over the Period, increasing its share in GDPnearly doubled from SR 2,833 to SR 5.550 ast constant from 9.4 to 19.5 per cent.1969-70 prices, the report estinmatcd. Energy production' increased from 413

Over the decade, crude oil prices climbed from Meblawatts to 7,035 Megawatts, while electnc power$1.80 per barrel to $32 per barrel and Saudi output output rose from 1.8 billion to 17.4 billion kilowatts.rnoe from 3.8 million b/d in 1970 to an average of 9.9 Water desalination capacity roqe from 5.5 million USmillion b/d in 1990. New discoveries rais.,d estimate pllons per day to 47.2 million. By 1990, there was aof proven reserves to 167.5 billion barrels, or atou" total of 20,339 kilometres of asphalted roads, linkingone-quarter of global reserves. By 1980. Saudi Arabi:. all the main towns in the country, compared to 3,031had become the world's leading exporter of crude ni! kilometres at the start of the Period. Air, rail rndand the second largest proelucer, with a 16.6 per cent shipping trafric all grew substantially, the report said.share in world output comipared to 7.3 per cent in Saudi ports handled 27.5 million tonnes in 1930,1970. Since then, however, production has slipped to compar"a to 1.8 million tonne, in 1970, with Jeddahas little as 5.3 million bid, which is below the level achieving a growth rate of 50.8 per cent, followed bycommonly reTarded as necessary to finance current S

development plans.

132

Dammam's King Abdul Aziz port with .35 per cent. By health centres from 530 to 890 and the number of bdcct

1930, 320,000 telephone lines had been installed, fr 7.615 to, 1469. By 1980. there were

together with switchboard capacity for 587,300 lines. d r om 10 .the b egiing of ,ll

The number of factories rose from 360 in 1970 to doctors compared to 800 at the beginnins b a tLef

2,134, the report noted. The fertiliser industry hooqed decade, •hile the number at nures had rien from

output from 24,000 tonnes to 3M.000 tonnes by the 2,353 to 6,959.

end of the decade. Cement production went up from The report describes progress made in the field of

367,000 to 3 million tonnes education as rem.arkabke, noting t.at the number of

The government spent large sumr¶ on aagriculture, schools and colleges rToe frorm 3.000 to 1.000 - ainvesting in costly •rration schemes so rna'e rate of nearly two new schools every day. The numbercultivation posi.ble in delft areas. The report said of enrolled children jumped from 545,000 in 1970 to

that wheat production rose from 030.000 tonnes at the . ion ten years laser, while the number of

beginning of the decade to 15K,000 tonnes hyv 190 and teachers increased from 23,000 to 79,000. The

citrus output increased from 240.000 to 441.000 government plans to spend SR 122.5 billion on

tonnes. Chicken production %ent lip from 7,D00 to educational programmes during the present 1981-85

140.000 tonnes and eggs from 5,000 to 41,000 tonnes. development prln. ttre%,stct iing 16 per cent of total

Domestic capital assets registered ar annual expenditure.

-growth rate of 23.4 pe? cent. incieasing from SR 2.6 The impnrlance of education was underli.md by

billion to SR 16,6 billion between 1970D Ind 19M0. The King Fahd in his first policy speech last July when he

transport and equipment sectors incrca4.ed their share said his government wanted to "continue the

of capital as,•ets from 24 per cent to 45.3 per cent, a p.Opagfttion of know'dge at she rate it ,as been

trend which the report attributed to the sl-*ec of proceding aind then to raise the level of'education so

economic development, that the improvement in quality matches the growth in

educational facilities." The King stressed the tole of

Saudi Arabia's exports grew' by 39.7 pr cent youth as "our strong rioht hand today and our

from SR I I I billion to SR 363 billion. At the same planners of tomor-ow." but warned that "they muqt

time, imports learx from SR 37 bllion to SR 100 not imitate the lost youth or the West and be carried

billion, a rise of 47.5 per cent. Of these, tran"Port by corrupt ple.,ures and losc themselves. They must

equipment accounted for 3A.3 per :ent by J980. not succumb to extremism ror our religion is a

compared to 31.1 per ccnt at the start of the decade, toltrant one -,hich doies not accept extremism.'

while the share of foodi imports fell from 31.6 per cent According to the Saudi ruler, the next plan %ill

to 14 per cent. concentrate on the development of Saudi manpower

The balance (of pyainents surplus soared to SR and the improvement of the environment. "Our goal"

3.0 billion in (973 %hen crude oil prices quadrupled. he continued, "will always be the fair distribation of

from a prc•iou. SR 82 billion. The surplus income among our citizens so that everMy individu•l

disappeared in 197F, but returned in 1980 following may hene•tl."

another round of oil price rises. The amount ofcturrency in circulation rose from SR 1.5 billion to SR

25 billion. Deposits totallcd SR 10.4 billion by- 1990,compared to only SF 812 million ten ycars cailicr.During the 1970s, inflation hit a peak or 34.6 per :ent

in 1975• ut this had been brought donr to 3.2 per cent

by 1980l The report estimated the average infaition

rate o0cr the -hole period at 16.5 per cent.

Turning to -ociatl services, the report said the

number of ho:.pitilh rose from 47 to 69. clinics and

CSO: 4400/12

133

SUDAN

PIPELINE FOR CRUDE OIL EXPORT TO BE BUILT

Khartoum SLNA in English 14 Sep 82 pp 3-5

[Text) Khartoum, Sept. 14 (StMA)--During hit visit to the Fnergy and

Xining Ministry here yesterday, President Nimerl (iumayri] declared adecision of an In-edlate establashment of a pipeline from Sudan crude oilproduction areas to export points on the Red Sea shores.

He declared in a press statement the freezing of Kosti Refinery project atthe tise being and said that inplementation priority vould be given to thepipeline. Istablishment of refineries inside the country vould be con-sidered later on, he added.

The decision was prompted by the recent increase in oil discoveries inthe country and because It is esiser and quicker to build a pipeline.Niuer' said.

In addition, its being cheaper, facilitates finding the. necessaryfinancing, he further said.

is thts regard, Chevron expressed readiness to contribute towards seekinga fInancing loan for the pipeline project, the President said.

The President further sanounced that prospecting operations in the Unity

field had confirmed a daily flow of 2800 barrels from UWity )Io. 9 v11.

So said that a number of other veils were being drilled in the unity fieldindicating that those veils production would be better than that of

UntIty 9.

The President prated the efforts of the Energy and Mining V1lnistryemployees and their schtevements in the different fields.

He confirmed that expertise of Sudanese cadres in the energy and saiing

,sphere* wee tantamount to that of foreign orports.

He sald that vae on Indication of Sudea's ability to realize her objou-

134

The President said the change from the Kosti Refinery to the pipelineshould not be interpreted as fdilure but should rather imly that "we wantto reach the right decision."

He said that what he say and heard durin' his visit to the Ministry wasvery encouraging and described his visit as fruitful saying that it wouldnot be the last.

the President yesterday spent a whole vorking day at the Ministry of Energyand Mining where he met senior officials and inspected progress of work inthe Himlstry.

Energy and Mining Minister Sharif El T%hami (Al-Tuhami] announced that finalconsultations regarding petroleua investment in the country took place dur-ing the visit and that the President heard an integrated report on thetechnical, legal, economtic and financial aspects of the Sudan's futurepetroleum and investment policy.

He added that the Sudan Government and the Ministry of Energy and Miningagreed in this regard to give priority to export.

On the other hand, the President tut with Directors of the Ministry'saffiliate institutions, adminiAtratioes and corporations and visited theoperations room ubere he was briefed on data collection and filing in thefields of mining, petroleum resources, generated power and water resources,and in this regard he presented some advices mad directions, SUfA learned.

Before the end of the visit the President held two closed meetings viththe Minister and his aides and after that the Ministry mmploy*es presentedhis a model of a drilling machine operating with solar energy, SUNAlearsed.

CSO: 4500/2

SUDAN

THRET-YXAR ECONIOM'IC RZCOVERY PLAN PROPOSED

Paris AL-M.JSTAQAL .In Arabic No 2896, 14 Mg 82 p 44

[Article: "Three-year Investment Program To Save the Sudanese Economy"]

[Text] The Sudanese economy has a new plan to halt Its down•ard spin., Itvill last for 3 years and will have new priorities for all sectors. It isan ambitious project but is dependent, on financing. The Sudan 1t holdingbilateral talks on organizing an economic conference in Paris to explain itsplan and spell out its requirments for financing.

The Sudanese economy has lately shovn grave Indication. which wart of furtherbreakdown. lut the cabinet has taken up a medium-range pian to accomplishthe folloving:

I. Rebuild the productive capabilities, of the Sudanese ecoaomy par-ticularlyIn agriculture and industry.

2. Increase exports and make wider use of comparable substitutes for imports,to help broaden foreign trade and itprov. the balance of payments.

3. Broaden the participation of the private sector.

4. Speed up exploratioa for, and exploltation of, natural resources In theSudan, particularly oil.

5. Increase the country's W and raise pere.oil Income.

The plan to a 3-year ivetuetnt program which will be in offact from 1982 to1965. It will consist of mdius-ranle plans vitbln the frenevrk of thegeseral economic plan vt1ch determinee the #ise of public sector inveastmentin accordance with the coustry's ecowemic, social and political conditions,with the proviso that the 3-7"er Investaent progrm be reconsidered each yearso as to cover the 3-year period, . The asin feature of this plan is itsflexibility beceaue 'it will allow economic activities and dynamics Co beMomitored, it Vill allow tiely data and statistics to be obtained on which tobase reevaluation of the plan, and It will allow the natiocal ecosovy to bebelaoced by sector and region.

Before examining the details of the new plan let us turn to the economiccircumstances that preceded it. From 1976 to 1982 the rate of economicgrovth in the Sudan did tot exceed 3 percett, and the ratio of governmentincome to WN? feel from 17 percent in 1976-77 to 3 percent in 1981-82.The volume of 4mports rose along •ith the size of obligations to repay foreignloans negotiated under harsh conditions and for short terms. This raised thedeficit in the balance of payments, vhich is estimated at 500 million Sudanesepounds a year.

The plan is an attempt to benefit from a thorough analysis of the economicpolicies that were applied in previous years and which included specificplanning for fiscal reform, development and determination of public sectorinvestments. Priorities were set for this plan based on pursuing the imple-Pmentation of economically useful projects such as rebuilding and renovatingthe production sectors, particularly agriculture and industry; exploitingidle productive capabilities to increase exports; supporting basic coustruc-tion projects; and speeding up exploitation of natural resources, particularlyoil.

The plan has focused particularly on clearly defining its goals for strengthen-Ing each sector individually. These goals apply to the following sectors:agriculture, industry, energy, mining, transportation, communications andservices. Some of the most promlnent of the plan's goals are the follovingicospletion of the programs to revitalize and renovate the White and BlueNile projects, Now Rolfe. al-Jauirah and the al-ad agricultural project;refurbishing the sugar and textile projects; increasing electricity produc-tion; coupleting those projects that are still utder imple•entation; w•deningthe transportation and communicationm netvark to serve the production sectors;focusing on technical training to provide the production sectors with the*killed workers they need. In addition to concentrating on the various*emoomc sectors the plan is particularly concerned with the c€,mtry's geo-graphic regions and has allocated about 245 million pounds for theirdevelopment in the support of nutritioral, service and educational projectsto be MIpleenated In the various regions.

If the plan proceeds according to Its design on paper It is expected to pro-duces a 4 percet annual grovth in the GNP during Its 3 years. furthermore,the balance of payemwts Is expected to improve. The concerned authoritiesart expected to determine the amuomt of assistance necessary to achieve asteady rate of growth, equilibrium and the ability to pay back the country'sfinsncial obligations. The orginatore of the plan expect that the total valueof exports will increase from approximately 600 million Sudanese pounds in19"1-82 to Pbout 972 million pounds in 1984-45. They also expect total ex-pendittres on imports to fall from 1,467,000,000 in 1981-82 to 1,332,000,000in 1984-45.

This 3-year livestient progrm is expected to become a part of the developmentplan that ws devised for the period from 1977 to 1983 wvhch has faced s@meobstacles in its application. It will facilitate reevaluation of its invest-ments n a more realistic Usses, and with as understanding of local andInternational economic conditone,

137

V'e should now shed some light on the appropriations that the program hasallocated for the various sectors before we discuss the methods for financingthem. The proposed investments amounted to 1.9 billion Sudanese pounds forwhich a 15 percent annual rate of inflation was taken into account for pricesin the local market and 10 percent for international prices. The programassumes that the local component consists of about 70 percent local resourcesand 30 percent foreign resources.

Priority in appropriations was given to several sectors as follows:

Agriculture: 526 million pounds; industry: 121 million; vater: 76 million;transportation and counmuications: 547 million; servicess 186 million;regional development: 245 million. The appropriations for the agriculturalsector do not cover major public vorks projects such as building dame ordigging canals, during the next 3 years, nor do the appropriations for theenergy sector cover the oil utilization project or the construction ofrefineries.

Financing the program requires intensive activity abroad to obtain foreignassistance and loans to cover sum ranging from 500 to 700 million Sudanesepounds a year. The project's architects are to a great extent dependingon the acceptance of the project's goals by financiers and investors. Tothis end the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning has initiated contactswith governments and local and regional finance organizations and funds forconsultation' about the program and assistance in financing it. These contactswill culminate in an economic conference organi:zd by the Sudan in Paris inthe final quarter of the year to devise plans to finance this program.

9123CSO: 45041481

13A

TUNISIA

ET`TER INVESTMENTS ALLOCATION EMPHASIZED

Tunis DIALOCUE in French No 419, 13 Sep 82 pp 46-47

fArticle by S.E.: "Sixth Plan--for Creater Effectiveness of Investments"]

IText] The developrent pattern adopted allocates for the Sixth Plan a grandinvestment total of D 8.2 billion, at current prices (as against D 4.539 bil-lion during the Fifth Plan).

In the face of the financing constraints, the search for greater effectivenessof the investments will meet the iaperatives of job-creation, acceleration ofgrowth and better regional equilibrium.

A strengthening of directly productive investments as a proportion of total in-vestments--62.3 percent as against 60.3 percent in the course of the Fifth Plan-- as well as the increase, within that package, of the proportion of projectswith high labor intensity--28 percent as against 21.2 percent during the lastdevelopment plan--are the characteristics of this new investment structure.

Such a restructuring leads not only to a better return on investment but alsoto a lowerinj of the cost of job-creation. Nevertheless, great discipline incoping with the pressures of the infrastructural and social needs and in get-ting control of the costs, as well as great rigor in the choosing of the bigcapital-intensive projects, with considerable strengthening of the capacity foridentification and fulfillment of hithly labor-intessive projects (notably inthe priority sectors), are all factors for success in this restructuring. Theprivate sector will take on an important role during the Sixth Plan. Its partin overall iovestteent will be 44 percent (as against 43 percent during thefifth Plan). Its contribution will be, respectively, 50 percent (as against40 perccnt during the Fifth Plan) in the productive projects and 87 percent (asagainst 83 percent during the Fifth Plan) for the productive projects with highlabor intensity. As for the public sector, its share will be reduced from 57percent (Fifth Plan) to 56 percent for the Sixth Plan, as a result of the limi-tation of investments under the heading of big capital-iatensiv projects, &en-erally carried out by the public enterprises.

The allocation of the investments by sector underlines the importance assignedto the priority sectors: agriculture, manufacturing industries And tourism.Indeed, thee* last-nasmd lend thenselves better than do the others to the re-balancings required.

139

Investment in Agriculture

There will be a considerable increase in the package devoted to agriculture(6 1.55 billion and 18.9 percent of total investments, as against D 584 millionand 12.9 percent during the Fifth Plan).

Nearly 40 percent of this total (D 620 million) will be reserved to investmentsin agricultural infrastructure, notably for completing the Mejerda-Cap Bon ca-nal, the Jounine and Sidi Saad dams, the startup of the work on the Sejnane andSiliana dam, preparation of 300,000 ha in the slope basins dominating the damsof Sidi Saad, Zeroud and Sidi Salem, the planting of 105,000 ha in fruit trees(almonds, pistachios, apples, etc). Quite a big package will be devoted to de-velopment of drinking-vater points for the scattered rural population. Thispackage goes from D 11 million in the course of the Fifth Plan to D 110 millionfor the Sixth Plan. The rest--D 820 million and 53 percent of the total--willbe for directly productive investments, notably for equipping of irrigatedzones and development of stock-raising and fishing.

In this regard, a nunber of appropriate institutions, the agency for promotionof agricultural investments, the National Bank for Agricultural Development--once they get active, and in addition to tht measures of encouragement and sup-port for agricultural investment--constitute an important stimulus for privateinitiative.

Investment in the Manufacturing Industries

The package for the manufacturing industries will also be strengthened: D 1.6billion as against D 816 million in the course of the Fifth Plan. The invest-sent in this sector, effectively oriented, will have to respond simultaneouslyto the concerns of employment and decentralization, improvement of industrialintegration and development of exports.

The activities offering more opportunities for small and medium-size projectswith high labor intensity and meeting the balance-of-payments concerns will befavored in this package's allocations (for exanple, mechanical and electricalindustries, textiles, the wood industries, plastics, and miscellaneous).

Within the frm•work of the big capital-intensive projects, one should note thesetting-up of capacity for production of 400,000 tons of sugar, 2 million tonsof cement, 100,000 tons of white cement, etc. A new tire unit, a new foundry,as well as an automobile-cosponent* unit, will also coe into being. Invest-ment under the heading of high-labor-intensity projects vill represent 60 per-cent of the package allocated to the manufacturing industries, as against 53

percent during the Fifth Plan.

Investm•nt in the Ncmmanufacturing Industries

This sector includes the mines, energy, water, building construction and public

works.

for the period of the Sixth Plan, the total for this sector is evaluated at

D 1.69 billion as against D 1.022 billion in the preceding plan, The increase

140

between the two plans (D 668 million) is going primarily to the energy sector,

to provide investments for development of hydrocarbons, building a new refin-

ery, programs for building gas-distribution netvorks, etc.

Secondly, it is going to the mining sector, which has the task of making in-

vestments in the phosphate sector by the creation of new extraction centers at

Oum kecheb, Kef Eddour and Sra Ouertane, to raise production to nearly 6.8 mil-

lion tons by 1986 (as against about 5 million tons in 1981).

Third and last, .it is going to the drinking-water sector.

Investment in the Services and Community-Equipment Sector

The package devoted to this sector is evaluated at D 3.36 billion (41 percent

of the total), as against D 2.117 billion (46.6 percent of the total) during

the Fifth Plan.

This drop is explained essentially by the foreseeable evolution of, on the one

hand, the investments in transport by pipeline (D 170 million during the Fifth

Plan, D 15 million in the Sixth Plan), and on the other hand, the investments

in housing, as a result of the option taken for increasing construction of so-

cial housing units. This option permits the construction of the same number of

housing units (160,000) but with investments representing 12.2 percent of the

total, as against 16.7 percent in the course of the Fifth Plan. The invest-

ments in transport and coeaunicetions, not including pipelines, will be used

for infrastructure, in the amnount of D 510 million, and for acquisition of the

means of transport necessary for the different transport modes, in the amount

of D 575 million.

Tourism will undergo an important revival during the Sixth Plan, which reflects

the priority assigned to this sector by the development strategy. The package

planned for this sector is D 450 million (5.5 percent of total investments), as

against D 117 million (2.6 percent of the total) during the Fifth Plan.

Of this total, 0 35 million will go for development of tourist infrastructure and

D 4)5 million will be for starting construction of 40,000 beds of accomoda-

tic.-a.

Allocation of Investments by Sector

Fifth Plan Sixth Plan

millions millionsof dinars 2 of diners 2

Agriculture 564 12.9 1,550 18.9

Manufacturing industries 816 18.0 1,600 19.5

Nonmanufacturing industries 1,023 22.5 1,690 20.6

Services 1,700 37.5 2,605 31.8

- including tourism (117) (2.6) (450) (5.5)

Co.m.unty equipent 415 9.1 755 9.2

4,539 100.0 8,200 100.0

141

Finally, investment in cortmunity equipment will total D 755 million, or 9.2percent of the investments, as for the Fifth Plan. It should be noted that un-der this heading, investment in education and training, as vell as in health,will be strengthened.

On the other hand, investment in drainage facilities will be kept practically(in terms of 1980 prices) at the same investnent level as achieved in thecourse of the Fifth Plan.

11267CSO: 4519/7

142

TUNISIA

PROSPECTS FOR EMIGRANT WORKERS EXAMINED

Tunis LA PRESSE DE TtNISIE in French 16 Aug 82 p 5

(Text] As part of the seminar on Tunisian workers abroad, Abderraouf Daboussipresented a report on Tunisian enigration and its prospects.

The first part of his report was concerned with the quantitative side of thatemigration.

In 1981, Tunisia had an emigrant worker population of about 415,000, or a~proxi-mately 6.2 percent of its total population and 10 percent of its active popula-tion, which totals 160,000 [as published].

That emigrant population has maintained very solid economic and effective tieswith family and relatives still in Tunisia. There is ore emigrant for everytwo families in Tunisia.

France heads the list of host countries with 55 percent of the emigrant Tunisianpopulation (228,500), followed by Libya (91,000 or 21 percent), Algeria (27,S00or 6.6 percent), and the YRG (19,600 or 4.1 prcent).

Europe alone has taken in two-thirds of Tunisia's total emigrant population.

The Arab countries, which in general are recent host countries for Tunisianworkers, are howe to less than one-third of our workers abroad. And over one-fourth of those workers a*re in Libya. The size of that Tunisian colony is des-tined to grow even more, at least in absolute terms, despite the slowing ofmigratory movements and efforts by the traditional host countries to induceemigrant workers to go home.

Several factors are uilitating in favor of that increases

1. Population growth within our colony abroad.

2. The uniting of fanilies as the most important elerent in the integrationpolicies of the host countries.

3. Recourse to emigration as a means of solving the employment problem in Tu-

nisia.

143

'The two first-named factors concern the European countries, while the third ispeculiar to the Arab countries. As far as the European countries are con-cerned, and despite the measures adopted since 1973 (deportation of those with-out papers, strict control over the uniting of families, encouragements to re-turn home, and so on), the Tunisian population abroad is destined to grow asa result of population growth.

Within Tunisia, the Sixth Development Plan calls for the creation of 300,000jobs, whereas the demand is on the order of 324,000. The surplus is destinedto be absorbed through emigration so as to protect the equilibrium betweensupply and demand and the equilibrium on the Tunisian job market.

Eimigration will therefore necessarily continue as one element of the country'semployment policy.

Considering the difficulties which have hampered that emigration over the pastdecade, it has been decided to concentrate on the Arab countries and particu-larly those on the Persian Gulf. Following visits by numerous Tunisian delega-tions, several agreements relative to manpower have been signed with Iraq,the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan.

Situation of Tunisian Colony

The economic and political crisis being experienced by certain countries hasstimulated the Tunisian Government to redouble its efforts to increase protec-tion for the Tunisian colony in Europe and safeguard that colony's rights.For that purpose, there have been numerous negotiations-notably with France,Luxembourg, Austria, the FRG, and Italy--aimed at improving the living condi-tions of Tunisians abroad.

As far as the Arab countries are concerned, the Tunisian Government has startednegotiations with Libya to strengthen the priority enjoyed by Tunisian workers.For example, an agreement was signed for the establishment of an employmentoffice under the control of the Tunisian consulates in Tripoli and Benghazi.It is responsible for gathering job requests from Tunisians. The Tripoli gov-ernmen; has also pledged to rehire Tunisian workers who have been laid off.

In the other Arab countries, priority has been given to skilled manpower so asto contribute to the development of those countries. The first experiment withIraq made it possible to hire about 1,000 Tunisian workers there, and moreworkers will soon be going to that brother country. The departure of this lastgroup was delayed due to the spread of fighting in the Gulf Region.The same policy has been pursued in our relations with the other countries on

the Gulf.

Prospocts for Tunisian Emigration

The prospects do not point to an increase in emigration by Tunisian workers toZuropean countries. For that reason, the government's policy is aimed chiefly

'44

at improving the security of our fellow citizens in Europe and developing so-cial action to benefit their children.

As regards Tunisians living in the Arab countries, the government will devoteitself to guaranteeing them their rights and insuring that they benefit fromthe same rights as those enjoyed by the host country's nationals.

11798CSOz 4519/296

145

TUNISIA

CEN7RAL BANK'S REPORT FOR 1981 REVIEWED

Tunis LA PRESSE DE TUNISIE in French 16 Aug 62 p 5

(Text) The Central Bank of Tunisia [BCT] has just published its annual reportfor 1981.

Following an introduction by Moncef Belkho)a, governor of the BCT, the reportdevotes a chapter to international business conditions. The economic situationin foreign countries, trade and the balance of payments, the gold market, theexchange market, and the world market for raw materials are all dealt with inthat chapter.

The second part of the report is concerned with the Tunisian economy, which is

presented sector by sector.

"*During 1981, the last year of the fifth 5-year plan, the GDP at market pricesrose in real terms by 6.5 percent, a rate slightly above the average of 6.3percent recorded for the period of the plan. Expressed in current terms, theGNP rose by 14.6 percent to nearly 4.1 billion dinars, or about 621 dinars percapita, conpared to 556 dinars in l980.0

The report adds that with the exception of mines and energy, which declined by7.5 percent--notably because the production capacity for refined fuel and gaswas fully utilized--all economic activities developed favorably.

Agriculture

The recovery that began in agriculture in 1980 following 3 years of stagnationor even decline was strengthened in 1981. The added value for this sector roseby 7.8 percent in real terms thanks to quite good harvests of cereals, olives,and citrus fruit.

Manufacturing and Services

The added value from manufacturing increased, although at a slightly slowerrate than in 1980 (12 percent, compared to 13.4 percent in 1980). Decentraliza-tion affected only the textile, chemical, and building materials industries.

146

On the other hand, agricultural and food industries, the engineering and elec-trical industries, and the wood industry progressed at a clearly faster ratethan the year before.

For services as a whole, added value was up considerably: 7.6 percent, comparedto 5.6 percent in 1980.

Moreover, the growth experienced by investments in 19el did not fail to havefavorable effects on employment, which also benefited from a series of incen-tive measures provided under the promotional program aimed at increasing jobopportunities, particularly for the benefit of young people.

The report adds that in the area of trade and payments, the increa.sed deficitin current operations as a result of the worsening imbalance in trade was morethan offset by nct capital inflows in the form of direct investments, portfolioinvestments, and loans.

The final result was that for the fourth yoar in a row, the balance of paymentsshowed a substantial surplus: on the order of 45.5 million dinars, compared to28.6 million in 1980.

11798CSOs 4519/296

147

CN IS:A

P (S? rutr i. P L I K)'M Ci\NER TO 3 E L 0CKEMD I N S iZ4 rA

Ti~sL PRESS- OF~ TAMST! in Fronch 14 Auq 82 p 4

~Te xf ~I ister of Tirnance and Plan rnsour Moalla anj minister of NationalL.:orory Ak~elaziz Larair anr~moi~cre Thur~day, during a visit p~aid to the Skhirac~istrirt, rnat tHr govcrnuent plans to etaL&Uish a m.4-or industrial center inl.

ýýkh~re based on the txplcitntmion of phorphate and petroleum.

The~ two ,r.nisters, acc x-tani.P~ by the- governor and the secretary general o! theSfax C ror.natidn CCO~lttec, visited thr site selected and stodied the plan for

the develciwtnt of th~e vastr industrial yonel whic.1 is to be created near the cil.port of Skinira. Iney rezocvirmnded that t. lot of at least 350 hectares be re-

Sfor the -;nd-j1.KriAl units which will subsequently cluster *rvund .1*Os

hOric. acid an~d fertil;,zers plait which tne rPhoxpý-ric Acid and TrertilizerMan-,(.ic-urirng Cewq~rany CS!APE) plans to W~.ild in Skhira during the next Sye~irper ioc. Aj-othor ir.dust~rial unit will be io'jlt in the course of the Seventh

Pla by tht STAft 16~ the Skhir& region to produce fertilizwis. 714* Skthira

ind~&strial. &on* will albo &ifl1udo an oil rettnory.

Ihm e~o~ce of .kxasa, the sit* of the plannod new in~iu.trial center was madeon tI,, t*.lits of t1-a' txitteflee of an exccdlent basic infrastructure. includingi.. ~ill putt, ol3',nq with the. cgtnr~phIc proximity of the otifields and phouphato1E~pinitt. in t.'e rciAithvrn part of Twnisiat the M4inister of Mational Ecolicy said.

In th" CrOUt. CO: tte vmeetng witpi local officials. ?%ansour *)all& noted thei-torrst eitnecij a> the pteedejr~t of Lhe r&-publir. and tho state in do*VClopingthe Variciut etr of tne national ecommxy ard interr~gionial balance.

TI.. jnister of Illianro And plan ar-nounrod in tnas cannectiol that 26 Irillion

coinar3 vll& oc allocated in the next 4 y'ears for tho. strengthening of the basic£rnfla9trrut.JT* stnd th.- djve oVscnt at 3rtin arA production in the rljral Solo$of the Sfax e overnooate. me fe-x;'rseed the twpe that one of the country's bankswill OTah'lf~hat, &Urar~eh in iiohira ro as to crinttibute to the financing of small

craft da"-misin prujectb within the district.

Mr. PierAI explaifed that at was do.cidetI to Crot#t " large Ind6UstrIal Centerinl 1xr-Ia #r,*led on that in (almea. No strnflsed that Center$ fur Iri,.itrLAl

ditfu.tirm mr( to be doveltpod an t~atsla $to--~.urtno am.1 othet regiotfl of theCIUrA(Ary as %W:l. provisltnq tnft bent prmnf of the cufstiltusty ut the pror-es.

He pcintrn out that the credtiDr. and sc-cos of tlh& Gats industrial center

provuvde t•h Lest szinilus t±cr thr: tablihent of u*.hvr industrial cer.ters

Sclar Fergy PrLgrra

Aodel•ziz Lasra.r, for hii pirt, explair.d that th'e futurc ir,dustrial installa-tions in S•-•ira will operate on a cxpfnpIentdry basis with those in Sfax, Caberand Za:zzs, makir.q it pcss.ble to expnýo-t, in. addt'cn to phot;phate, the layersof gas and cil rccently diucovered near Skhira.

The min;.stcr cxpained that the phosphoric ariH and fertilizer plant whicac: willDP bur.t in. k5nir& will po:lute rcither the atmosphcre nor the sea, and thatthe gysfijr refise will to sore-•i and satzbeq,'ntly rcuscd by other industries.

I.e qnevrnmr of Sfax an- tho se:rctary general of tho Mahres Coordination Com-mittee, as well as BDz, ir Mnedihbi, a vtr,%.er of tVe Centra] Comnittev of theparty, voicrd the gratitude f¢lt by the citizens of Skhtra to the chief of

ftate anJ tr.e g.overnP.nt for t.eir interest in the development of the region.

Messrri Poa!lla and Lasran then visited a solar how bxilt by the Saharan Pipeline"lranu-crtation Coe-ar.y (TRA;SA), wnicn uses solar energy for air conditioning.heating ar, the hot water sup;ply.

V;I •?bAPSA had earlier bogun to uti l,• solar energy along its gas pipeline$tnron- the Fahara, in!;tcad of the traditional starisg* b.,tteries, to supply

erwigy for certair. apparatus.

in tnia ernnfwctior,, the winister of national ecor.o.y noted that there is acooporitivo jrr'qra-m In-olvicn Tunista a&rd LL (Gasoline and Lubricants Companyo0 ?garnceJ-Aqritaine in the sn,-r e.norqy mector for supplying certain populationcentcers in the Sahara. He also said thut the S-.r; iT.nirnian Gar. and Electric

tw',parqy plans to build a coeq-lex with 1.00C hvKe-n•Irv urits utillaing solar

onergy for its e.',,ye.

4157

L'NIIE ARAB EMAIRATES

SMUY REPORTS tLM'TTED ROLE OF Wa4EX IN DEV11OPM4ENT

Abu Dhabi LMIRAT&ES NE6S in Bngllsh 17 Sep 82 p 3

(Text] &U rM dk 1 IN# T~c *W ifthe Conr I ry owe Upwc of thL AE won" in ot *,ekvwme od pokn ri M ~'don not

thei o~ajIy ts %vvy *Vnzed' aid "'mkWWk%.f m #ihe Lk olUd

Age cat,"k- f rwar o ts eAr (4iu siin ov dW~flettv *-cd

At Wvu* 4 ltf " AE Lmvtel¶2y a 'Thew. jouam and v~iei have

cowrs~ s w"M*c b4 b) t~me ( AF t ~ *cot, Aevo r "Ifte.s I$ oict

* Wm koft ^%a -ouio Ar& oow w~a " M. If* 641f

'ToP vow M Di* Alr thumd mcinjb~ owm L.AE b. * m kpww% out IM 1ft N.Jv tkif ow a *I.~ Ici M0V%w to Ith ,toetofIA*w,, sote so lo %p Wloo. bA hee 8110%.^ W 0 *my am I -%4UJ *" ~ bfo N. "il Ai raw theyP am

how weaut 60o(4 to CO*M 10jov towz oMII

Ac oww sa IAwwtod a 120 wat" Ow 6mdi, @MkuW **fW

11h t Wo %p Aaait ie~d " m a a domnhse71 %wowf tho o~y 4 4 (womt aitjiw ~te ta can of the oa

%owh I %r I ISO tf**va IM 1%s ,cu4 *04 thMJv Wditid OW*&I of $9-1 so* h aw *f som~e"' 1mm Vow oftlcwy the

arwwo *Ewtt 11 Mr~~ om.. L Al. *wh14 10w fie 6dS NOA, Icet

-fad toA4 IN odiiua cw"Cid &.~oevptaaed~~~h

pftdr dm-WWk Wf%11 DT"24 kgje-,j POI* fkwtw4ofcj

ow"*- A* "^a obou I* e tfl **I t

anD.~~fiw~ 4 th P4lt o'th W1U

&m .e" 7I" -m-. Ti Do tsm 6- fpruitd vi ooWm~te om PC 6*4

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to wa.*a Mg ~n to~AS Al KOMi tl-fikAWS4

CcO 4.)00

UU TED ARAB ENIRATES

POSSIBILITY OF NEW STOCK tE(CM1ACE DISCUJSSED

London ARAB BAWIUNC rl,M FNCE in Eng~lsh NCo 2, Jul 82 p 26

Lotees I ,cr itev soti.-n; up tthei c~..'n mock exch~une Iv dada vvith UAE itxcks~-- ~ T"e JA, -r tt-4p frCs. M'. he told A8r. ad6no ttht t., was

,*i('* '.v..e fIY) 11!tr:...t vl D'flm not vil,-ii of K~msa t an ts sm-k

art, MITV r~r? to SI-11~sr I* 2:ven-o rQ'jily KýIctifqs we notr*j : rt csilK)n .tri~ci,.1 tý LAE cofaelt , he 'Is on

>tt..i. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A- 01-ooto lett~to thr"~ Guli cwco tirs. in

Slott ue6 C.'.1s-Tl'i Nei: f%3 cr, a g'e *wict,. he N3s -oot~~e~ab1* stskesb-I' 6-v I? ac"fo. 1j.~to *IQ ~t,( JAE ~ His% e(vEoa'y is a410 "Quite act"e inr3.tfn~tri, WfNIt W1 *eI dwid I" Kin a mosto: excthamnt.. Sikria'ecetAe~e $&\Ie'~~'t~* i *~ ? t11Ja "thuOep Gti't CtirtttIdAtr=

Oidy Ss' t 'rt & Servces Insj.siw;s% vo have jist v'aor

-Tryyie nx. *-eKtly biir-ý S04 Cop

S, trwsne ;r bclqrf 8-0 sK-irs', S*, haýV 1e'Pr Ckbti aDoJt a IWOlt. *. f 0 a 1.-tu.( c :.4 **.'* P, C k i*TACIO- 01A 1.4iso l.;e~,.r w _.

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&f-ri' N11--far b,k.ktair A S4 'r11 cut 'c "b rI" kfea iRwne 41Tt~'tch:Av z.?fti T~ V%1*tl impf~lidowl tul. 6vwj.l isO'p ar~c. Wre UAF ;m~crtv9t4,(4.t ba.& n) a,%(.'.gI4C .i!%. owli is johisi'ey to thake liny asvnaizzof t)%1i*01,1 &,of I"l 11n".^?t Ine a COIA-C'"~swote "A S,-)C' wt hat fu be Af a UAC rarkpi A' Ps~a!V%,'tt~taV,"i.- LuS**AfjV-V w, 1-. LUAk @itpatior will igtid34,bwdI~lV tvwrnf rav~qe * :r o V8OP OV"~ 71W(e W active DWItc.CwI 14,1 eroroYIP spviv

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CSO: 4400/14

132

U 'ITED ARAB EMIRATES

DAS ISLAI4D HOSPITAL NEARI)XG COMPLETION

1Dsbayy KJ{AIEJ TINES In English 17 Se~p 82 p 3

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aew 1"s~Ut has awlsobee DOWt~ 1cd raode" f~eit"b'uilt. ast ur/ft.

Aar& to Adms PNsvs. do Woi ad temuOS1 WS to bmuff mapzymec dA.~a4m&aj to ys on udbarud

"k-some hinddm at a*m&vr is a bw cmees timwecm cc.w~ m beifg am~wac~d at 1%c cw ' h"""1S~j6" WJCA inewa- location on kJw pdwb cm womo an X-vay

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7Ue h*y vrl<aiftt.ed Ipwomewof hve 24 beds f*teftd Dow 'dtw OmdU-,&lerwv ac f th01bW-bd &SnMUd @dw impoofly. a.,WOW. femw ift.k- bmiad 0,i taw be"n hetbed woods It *0 how ever" tme im Ye0 yan bed bmen

I dd fmr p"aen grunon. twed"Iun w-I604dvq m~masd bobh and

0WA

CSO: 4400/14

UNITED ARAB I11PLATES

ABU DHABI TO XEFThE 20 PERCiNT OF ITS CRUDE

Dub3yy KH.LELY- TUIM In EnglIsh 12 Sep 82 p 3

ITexti Md cldrs a dMr Sajisn usitd t~t. ibs Ruwcsa

WMIT the Ruwcis and the phimt tiel sho prot'd et W et toVaimmul Nat refiner~ie recubing thes Atu Mlah power statiat vhich*,ir peak prodhctiriht boon, Abu atuild ran~ gIcir gm trtuvii ct i'sDhabis expwd io refine 20per 11!-rdc

aiil of it au&k oil ouput. Armng other uiposl amw jeoms tohe exomwsd tiv the o'mpea ae~ teM

The Vnwme? %ar Itfinhr) i% 1011Aafl0o Oi a14Paced wleccaxn-CiPWCl.$ to ftach 3 duty gap~at Nom2110Us t~wrmalrw hAians thepowtowuae of 71k,r'tO t.rv~ bI'f oxaWraft%\ Opeational sees wihi ismsdat of nev ve Pw Riie-Is mw ehoo ~parlc

b~e ito c YW kiý mms.avfiu Produme. Anahev Imporam Projac t ftelwio of 1210.OWA baenslk a da% In imug 0fr a 110-6mge 3.)mv Nefatir kiluYwetr Icuiv pfbtwS tbat trm M")

Tht oms &%cbr adi h-A %Or Hamm~u 111avi Ps to tue feuilwtf hel. TheSeirean, divcias of like uws~xv and an *a airwsb kts e nlwg wgc'wW~kwr0L*. dssevt of the as the "i~ ame wbef, in IrameeseegmAbu Dhabi Mestumale 06 Campurm. m h*t WA Wild SMe&OV 16-aptA& "111'"4101 10 1114 MOsepnts Pp.. - A~d be 1miJ ver go ja

mwan6 5ew " e bm1MPmev tratoa TheTIM AtusC oifmael sho omii Ow to* traosport riad todustriableawtia

agvm It-a P-~ Ph-' Ad we ditimWree ml She earn ow m.-~,dIwuioy us maW -w owr. vw* ",y n om te t*..nch od ptpohae

abso N thew mui~l 41 mmyaw-e The qwowrw4ntq ii lkb oaeifd awm *6eW" now I so"upov mess UmmOW Na ftfwovr

YO 115e watir 0i4u.ii' somrai'p of lbs Advmoc *Va wated * it wem11im,90' Ppoliw. *,sh.& *aauli of Nd kcs

TWIN V0)he'110-#Cý111iem1 d~h- 0 ,bctuhe aK b" 'Umwiti Nato sodbw.Joamill hal Ps 10 bein usetid bi *6 Abu Milkw polwm. awom. whicas Imbe awcmp-%. is als bmf) top to *0 ni it pnaoii otwp

-' Wadd coove ?wm% biheseaq W4 Wmas. ams mod *&I hha.. so" liht104 ~ , The aeietwom is roeiabhe 1o. efteweuOwneeu 11w No "Misom "a Mar ade~w "P~lov 49 sy Will OVisd I uS e )Wi bia h I IIaftot IM ffeochwww aofq4pedi lbog ppq.Wie Mallowd Abe rosts No~ss jam both ass ad&* mxahewn beesA".,ue 11008"0 n h taster Rcfon li.s 60 lowmL fil pammted ova

CSO: ~400/14

153

UNITED ARAB E24IRA77ES

TRADE WITH ARAB WORLD RISES

Dubsyy XIIALEEJ 7IMES in English 13 Sep 82 p 3

LArticle by Ahmaed Hassan]

(Text) od%'T lbs x vesiqrnes &CM WSh wants t of ods frin that Wqznu isTRADE be~e th UA n K~ to, he tXPOMM 10the w AE. The 19W) Dot the If"a-Iraq Commha and

'iulum o( trade beiweta the UAE its eMnaha-Esbopa Out had indw Azsb ,woid thasvd at ttlfire Wn Soh yemeni, P&k"Wuf, be, kupaa on tke 'umne of uld, in theW~9rrrxj &in If*~ ho tha Sicreaui 5tehiantwafl s46"g she UAE and also a"osmsed for chenpeYcat 0( 1tbe last decadeC. IV,93-8. in the vwaiboual trade pattem.

IArab esport to the VLAE -hit p£rjoml Iroo ttbe viop Tla trade xssh Lebanon %as. bow-acteonwed ior orly 4.8 per %xot oi the Imta ct K-11~ WA4 061 "e"s "b"' do*'* the avi wet a thot

toaiuwvorn oM the L Af .o voe an u* equal with butk ocanumn for (10-11Y. The UAF. imported Oh 181a'rsdcabW le 14Aper omt h%. tti and V~ than Dh 110 146601M. Lbb,,, NWIMH XWh of~ ato SOtI b Letamm.ci 19ao. %*idt esponte gO&A ~eh newly, wistt 1911. while is IWO the Ivpa

Accordwa so a atad. w4Aic "M b% DIh 93 m~~akm in 1971t, .onmdr Mvv a o blt ntmthe Fedcratm of at r CWame at 35m WWeIb of~ $0 i 191. On thl coi*#tu tradeweb the

connnefo ff M~j"%o *V6ft radowit I~i6mm toeb" b Alntcan Arab %mate at Two.Arab M~onetary Fiani. the Arab uaWtetu mew dw~i ah M n atpwu a she LA.E whimcexpw ts i0the UAE. whack vere %,a. "w Ob@ she leetM to~sk th eh~~a~a e VAL 24O isdqwWed 0 blte rA 09 1I*bO it 197S "Ptdeptant Arab Afrunvanit w"rJ *a 1978 reahed Ok 2.6 mall...ionm vian' Ohwl D1 A boni a 1950 vwtw *Vw had Oh 33 valboea i va% 1W,

CWMPCindIIIy. u-nd ripot t0 Of POnD& 10 the UAF, did no, export e Aaipotbu !(she UAE to 1978 were woalt rearty IUrta tenha. imj n391 th ai iwd aw sl ft ncem &pnsOft 20 bat"e Tbv 'Obhiti di ' #46 onji" drk*194 ICOS ite Ird sMM %bowe mod. Thljb ee dal.whq

he aeowe there-epon ende th to~ Ik~e ccw tl Ii S~A&6aa Sd saevi to hfeal. ltt~cflal Oh I Iuvnm to the UAI VAP sw!s Invon "Weh of Opxwh bor EMp in

bug for aqarh Dh 1 .1 btomwos ow f 01Pu under MUl a ream~ she&af wadt Ins 1960

CSO: 4400/16

.UNITED ARAB. EIRATES

BRIEFS

NEV HOSPITAL CONS nUC'TION--About 70 percent of the. construction work has beencompleted at the new hospital in Thor Fakkan. The hospital is being built inYarmouk. It has a facility for 100 beds and includes all medical sections.The hospital is expected to be operational by the middle of next year.

(Text] IDubayy KH.ALEEJ TIMES in English 14 Sep 8Z p 3]

DISASTER RULIEF-The higher relief corittee held its first meeting at the head-quarters of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs in Dubai yesterday underthe chairmanship of Mr Salf Al Jarwan, Minister of Labour and Social Affairs.Mr Mohamed Is& Al SuvaidI, undersecretary of the ministry and deputy head ofthe committee, said later that the co--ittee reviewed about 200 cases of com-pensation to people affected by the rains and floois during last March. TheCo0nlttes approved comp-ensation for them at rates ranging between 50 percent and80 percent of the actual loss. He said that the minister had urged the membersof the co•mitto* to exert more effort to conplate the work quickly as it had abearing on nationals affected by a disaster. The conIttee will hold its nextmeeting on Saturday and will review a number of other cases. The meeting wasattended by Shaikh RAsher Al Maktoum, director-general of Civil Defence, repre-senting the Ministry of Interior, Mr Abdulla Varnad Abdul Asis, director of thecentral agricultural region, representing the Ministry of Agriculture andFisheries, and Mr hamils Ahmed Sweidan, head of tho estate division, repre-senrtin the Ministry or rinnu.nc nnd Ir(tr•.v. lText] IDubayy KOIALEXJ TIDMSin English 12 Sep 82 p 31

CSO: 4400/14 END

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Near East/North Africa Report · JPRS 82023 19 October 1982 Near East/North Africa Report No. 2642...

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Transcript of Near East/North Africa Report · JPRS 82023 19 October 1982 Near East/North Africa Report No. 2642...