Nazi Germany Gleichschaltung Nazification Completely coordinate German society along Nazi lines...
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Transcript of Nazi Germany Gleichschaltung Nazification Completely coordinate German society along Nazi lines...
Nazi Germany
Gleichschaltung
Nazification
Completely coordinate German society along Nazi lines
Initially, parallel institutions
followed
Gradual erosion and replacements of non-Nazi bodies
Social, economic, political, cultural, religious, military, Nazification
Bring into line
3
Federal autonomous power, anathema to Nazis
Landtage abolished 1934
Provinces subordinated to centre, to Hitler
Nazi Reich governors answer to centre
Centralising the State
Trade Unions (Labour representation)
Trade unions hostile to Nazism
Great Depression reduced their influence
Nazi declaration:
International Labour Day, 1st May 1933
2nd May 1933:
Occupation of trade union offices by SS + SA
Arrest of labour leaders
DAF (Nazi) to represent interests of labour
Workers controlled not represented
Controlling the workers
Coordination of the powerful, delayed: Risk of alienation
Junkers, big business, industrialists, army, churches
Their support legitimises Hitler’s rule
Lower ranks and SA leaders determined to extend revolution = internal party conflict
Result: 1934 June:
‘Night of the Long Knives’
The Brownhouse, Munich
The Elite
Gleichschaltung:
Nazification of German legal system (Judiciary)
Undermines liberal, formal legal theory
Law to reflect popular feeling of national community
Interpreted by Party
Expressed as ‘The will of the Fuhrer’
Judges: loyal Party members
Legal training includes Nazi doctrine
1941: Gurtner’s death (minister of Justice)
Judiciary under SS control
Bending the law
Social control and indoctrination:
1933, Joseph Goebbels establishes:
Ministry for People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda
MPEP controls: ‘Reich Chamber of Culture’
RCC oversees;
Fine arts, literature, music, press, theatre, radio, films
Nazis: anti-intellectual, anti modernist
Jewish writers, composers: outlawed
Book burning, 2,500 books prohibited
Promotion of propaganda: martial and anti-Semitic themes:
Aryan art, volkish (Wagner) music, rustic (wholesome)
‘The Eternal Jew’. ‘The Poison Mushroom’
‘People without Space’
Architecture: Visible 1000 year Reich
Fuhrer’s involvement: Berlin, Nuremberg
Nazi controlled press:
1933 = 2.5%
1944 = 82%, others closely monitered
Journalists accountable to state
Subsidised radios, X6m sets
Hitler broadcast speeches, 1933 = 50
Anti-Semitism
Education / indoctrination
Subjects most affected:
History: Nordic, Nazi, Aryan, martial
Science: Nazi race theory
Literature: anti-Semitic
Teachers:
Tested for ideological soundness
Promote and defend National Socialism
Membership of Nazi Teachers Association
Emphasis: Ideological conformity
Enforce spirit of National Socialism
Repress free thinking, academic, intellectual pursuit
Abolition of ‘Jewish’ physics:
Leads to decline in research
Loss of atomic race
Oppenheimer (Jewish) Manhattan Project
Nazi appointment of Principals and Rectors
Nazi approved lecturers only
Universities
Adolf Hitler, 1933:
‘When an opponent declares I will not come over to your side, I calmly say, your child belongs to us already… What are you? You will pass on. Your descendants, however, now stand in the new camp. In a short time they will know nothing else but this new community.’
Elite schools (boys’ schools):
21 Napola’s - National Political Educational Institutions
10 Adolf Hitler schools
Youth Policies
Nazi Youth Movements
Participation: 1933 = 100,000+ 1938 = 9,100,000+
Boys Girls
(10 – 14) ‘Deutsches Jungvolk’ (10 – 14) Jungmadelbund
(14 – 18) ‘Hitler Jugend’ (14 – 18) Bund Deutscher Madel
Emphasis: Emphasis:
Physical, para-military, political Proper roles taught
Extreme racist and nationalist