NAVIGATION QUALITY FROM LAKE BAIKAL 1992 …
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NAVIGATION QUALITY FROM LAKE BAIKAL 1992 MULTICHANNEL SEISMICS CRUISE I04P 106' IIO°E 6°N LAKE BAIKAL MCS TRACKS 1989 MCS TRACKS 1992 MCS TRACKS by Deborah R. Hutchinson U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole, MA 02543 Open-File Report #95-233 1995 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and nomenclature. Use of trade names is for purposes of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Transcript of NAVIGATION QUALITY FROM LAKE BAIKAL 1992 …
NAVIGATION QUALITY FROM LAKE BAIKAL 1992 MULTICHANNEL SEISMICS CRUISE
I04P 106' IIO°E 6°N
LAKE BAIKAL MCS TRACKS 1989 MCS TRACKS 1992 MCS TRACKS
by
Deborah R. Hutchinson U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole, MA 02543
Open-File Report #95-233
1995
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and nomenclature. Use of trade names is for purposes of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .......... 3Acknowledgements ......... 3Cruise Summary ......... 3Field Procedures ......... 8
Navigation Logging ........ 8Multichannel Shot Logging ....... 8Calibration of Navigation and Shot Numbers .... 8
Sources and Magnitude of Navigation Error ..... 8Measurement Limitation ....... 8Shot-Time Calibration ....... 9Missed Shots ......... 10
Processing Strategy ......... 12Results .......... 15
Quality of the Raw Navigation ...... 15Quality of the Calibration Files ...... 15Quality of the Distance Between Shots . . . . . 16Quality of Shot Locations ....... 22Line Crossings ........ 22
Discussion .......... 22Conclusions .......... 27
References Cited ......... 28
Appendix 1: Plots of Raw GPS Navigation ..... 29Appendix 2: Plots of Shot-Time Calibration and Shot-Distance Information . 101Appendix 3: Line Crossings ....... 158
INTRODUCTION
In August-September, 1992, a comprehensive multichannel seismic-reflection survey was conducted in Lake Baikal, Siberia (Figure 1), by U.S. and Russian scientists (Klitgord et al., 1993). Navigation utilized U.S.-supplied Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receivers. Pre-cruise uncertainty in the availability and quality of the GPS positions at Lake Baikal together with limitations in both the ships layout and the navigation software resulted in (a) the seismic source being fired by increments of time rather than increments of distance and (b) navigation being acquired independently of the multichannel shot data. Because the navigation and multichannel data were not linked, the challenge in processing the shot point data was to assign an accurate time to each shot so that its position could be estimated from the raw navigation data.
The purpose of this report is to describe how times for each shot were derived, to describe how the positions were established for each shot number; and to assign a quality factor to the navigation for each line. The implications of these results for the geometry and processing of the multichannel seismic data are also discussed. This report complements other reports about the scientific objectives and operations of the cruise (Klitgord et al., 1993; Nichols et al., 1992) and the processing of the multichannel seismic profiles (Agena et al., 1994).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The success of the field program is due to the combined efforts of Russian and American scientists who participated in the R/V Balkhash multichannel cruise (Klitgord et al., 1993). I thank Warren Agena for his detailed accounting of missed shots based on observers logs and processing experience, Chris Schneider for developing the initial Matlab routines for displaying the navigation information, and Chuck Denham for advice and guidance in developing subsequent Matlab routines. Discussions with Barry Irwin, Uri ten Brink, and Chris Schneider helped focus many of the analyses presented here. Constructive reviews by Barry Irwin and Dave Foster are appreciated.
CRUISE SUMMARY
Approximately 2,250 km of multichannel seismic profiles were collected aboard R/V Balkhash in Lake Baikal in 1992 (Figure 1). Line numbers were assigned based on whether the lines were dip lines across the lake (even numbers) or tie lines along the lake (odd numbers). Because unequal numbers of dip and tie lines were shot, the line numbers are not sequential. There are 42 separate lines with numbers which range from 1 to 60. An additional 6 segments comprise reshot lines (3A, 10A, 17A, 40A, 50A, and 50B). Hence there are a total of 48 line segments for purposes of processing. The reshot lines have been given numerical designations of 61 - 66 (Table 1) for the purposes of navigation processing in this report but should otherwise be labelled by their A and B names officially, as shown on Plate 1. Line 17A (66) is a reshoot of line 17 with large-volume air guns and a slower firing rate (120 seconds) because of coincident recording of Ocean Bottom Seismometer data (ten Brink et al., 1993). The other A and B lines were reshot because of acquisition or navigation errors and are continuations of the original lines.
!IO°E 56°N
90° 120° 150° 180
150 ACADEMICIAN RIDGELAKE BAIKAL
92 MCS TRACKS
MERCATOR PROJECTION
Figure 1. Map of Lake Baikal showing locations of 1992 multichannel seismic reflection lines. Detailed shot point map shown with locations of shot-time calibration points is shown at 1:1,000,000 in Plate 1.
4
TA
BL
E 1
: M
UL
TIC
HA
NN
EL
SE
ISM
IC L
INE
S
LIN
E N
O. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
STA
RT
OF
LIN
E
SP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
LATI
TUD
E (°
N)
51.8
3920
6
51.7
8307
1
51.8
5076
5
52.1
4960
5
51.8
1661
8
52.6
5571
7
52.3
1430
3
52.3
7297
3
51.9
4952
7
52.7
2490
3
52.4
7031
4
53.5
0172
5
52.3
4542
9
53.3
4551
8
52.5
2497
4
53.4
1630
5
52.4
0792
3
52.7
5852
8
52.5
9003
8
LO
NG
ITU
DE
(°
E)
105.
2014
89
105.
6299
29
105.
5012
35
105.
6700
43
105.
8796
97
106.
5925
97
105.
8411
74
105.
8629
33
105.
9875
36
107.
1524
16
105.
9996
74
108.
7224
60
106.
1773
21
107.
8377
72
106.
1599
86
107.
5508
09
106.
3897
71
106.
6853
58
106.
3772
02
END
OF
LIN
E
SP 559
633
357
785
989
2430
1002 209
612
2137 389
2589 445
2055 37
5
3269 419
614
412
LATI
TUD
E (°
N)
51.7
0823
3
52.0
8705
1
51.8
9932
8
51.7
8200
3
52.2
6622
9
51.8
6566
2
51.8
5053
9
52.4
5067
6
52.2
4543
8
52.2
5005
1
52.3
2483
0
52.8
1652
5
52.5
1371
4
54.0
8343
0
52.3
8829
9
54.4
3140
0
52.5
7870
1
52.7
6672
9
52.4
3005
1
LON
GIT
UD
E (°
E)
105.
5604
94
105.
5673
71
105.
7475
65
105.
7684
67
105.
7601
21
105.
4364
63
105.
9621
31
105.
9455
49
105.
9556
38
105.
7653
71
106.
1218
76
107.
0161
91
106.
0777
55
108.
8982
27
106.
2836
27
109.
4301
87
106.
2763
68
107.
1669
90
106.
5313
45
SHO
T ST
ATI
STIC
S
SP 559
633
357
785
989
2430
1002 208
612
2137 389
2589 445
2055 37
5
3266 419
614
412
Pops 55
9
645
363
787
1022
2430
1006 208
612
2195 389
2659 445
2118 375
3436 419
630
412
Dis
t. B
etw
een
Shot
s M
ean
(m)
Std.
Dev
.
52.8
4
54.4
7
49.4
7
54.8
3
50.5
9
50.7
4
53.0
2
49.9
5
55.3
3
50.0
3
47.8
6
51.7
1
45.3
7
51.0
6
46.7
4
49.2
2
49.4
5
52.2
1
50.7
6
6.0
10.9 5.2
13.9 9.7
7.7
10.9 4.1
10.3 5.8
8.6
2.6
5.8
4.0
3.9
7.0
9.9
5.9
4.9
Line
Len
gth
(km
)
29.4
85
35.0
79
17.9
08
43.0
96
51.6
52
123.
247
53.2
85
10.3
40
33.8
07
109.
766
18.5
70
137.
445
20.1
44
108.
094
17.4
81
169.
071
20.6
70
32.8
40
20.8
62
LIN
E N
O 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
STA
RT
OF
LIN
E
SP 1 7 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
LATI
TUD
E(°
N)
53.6
6679
0
52.4
6164
9
53.2
2579
7
52.6
5966
2
52.4
7003
5
51.8
8272
4
52.1
7610
4
52.2
8946
3
52.7
6878
4
52.6
2548
2
52.8
4907
1
52.9
1647
7
53.3
1534
9
53.0
4612
2
53.6
2677
3
53.2
5190
9
53.3
4266
0
53.8
4633
3
52.5
5716
2
53.9
9803
4
53.8
9145
7
LO
NG
ITU
DE
(°
E)
107.
7922
67
106.
5945
41
107.
7578
65
106.
5489
10
106.
0052
50
105.
9567
04
105.
6790
94
105.
9785
57
106.
7170
48
107.
1381
08
107.
0158
33
108.
0170
82
107.
7826
46
108.
2128
54
107.
7286
82
108.
3762
78
108.
5217
55
108.
2072
74
106.
8608
06
108.
3114
06
109.
1728
58
END
OF
LIN
E
SP 839
447
214
468
1512 682
422
174
515
680
525
727
287
1321
1202
1180
1110 680
495
780
1143
LATI
TUD
E(°
N)
53.2
5449
8
52.6
5464
1
53.3
1194
8
52.4
8809
4
51.7
6264
3
52.0
9336
0
52.2
1079
1
52.3
4068
0
52.5
8791
1
52.8
6288
9
52.6
5425
5
53.1
8993
0
53.1
9174
7
53.5
6737
4
53.1
6377
2
53.7
0030
7
53.7
8743
5
53.5
7608
3
52.7
2950
5
53.7
0321
1
54.0
5354
9
LON
GIT
UD
E (°
E)
107.
8783
60
106.
4799
88
107.
8417
35
106.
7454
70
105.
8540
83
105.
5765
36
105.
9591
95
105.
8599
31
106.
9764
66
106.
7979
84
107.
2837
96
107.
6986
80
107.
8888
03
107.
6242
93
108.
2718
62
107.
8467
92
108.
0048
75
108.
5266
17
106.
6160
85
108.
6583
97
108.
3290
05
SHO
T ST
ATI
STIC
S
SP 839
441
214
463
1512 682
422
174
515
680
525
725
286
1321
1202
1180
1109 680
495
780
1143
Pops 83
9
441
214
463
1556 682
422
174
527
698
539
731
288
1341
1236
1180
1109 680
507
796
1167
Dis
t. B
etw
een
Shot
s M
ean
(m)
Std.
Dev
.
55.9
3
52.4
9
52.2
1
50.8
7
51.5
7
53.2
6
47.0
6
57.3
2
51.3
5
50.9
8
53.1
8
50.9
7
56.1
8
52.7
4
51.0
8
51.9
3
54.4
5
54.2
7
50.8
1
50.4
9
50.1
6
10.2 8.3
3.6
5.6
8.7
19.8 6.4
5.3
5.8
8.5
8.2
2.1
11.5 4.3
4.8
2.7
5.2
5.6
6.9
3.7
3.3
Line
Len
gth
(km
)
46.8
69
23.0
96
11.1
21
23.5
02
80.1
91
36.2
70
19.8
12
9.91
6
27.0
10
35.5
33
28.6
11
37.2
08
16.1
24
70.6
72
63.0
84
61.2
25
60.3
31
36.8
49
25.7
10
40.1
40
58.4
87
LIN
E N
O.
58 60
10A
/61
3A/6
2
40A
/63
50A
/64
50B
/65
17 'A
/66
STA
RT
OF
LIN
E
SP 1 1
268 1
241 1 1 1
LATI
TUD
E(°
N)
54.1
2127
6
54.1
1016
6
52.0
6875
7
51.8
8535
0
53.2
1628
4
53.5
6663
0
53.5
8396
6
54.4
3442
5
LON
GIT
UD
E(°
E)
108.
4291
94
108.
8622
15
105.
9998
04
105.
6796
94
107.
8601
66
108.
4592
89
108.
3690
64
109.
4361
35
END
OF
LIN
E
SP 1138 545
1082 495
860
148
635
641
LA
TIT
UD
E
(°N
)
53.9
5636
4
54.1
9444
7
52.4
2171
6
51.9
5793
9
52.9
7723
6
53.6
2416
4
53.3
4788
8
53.4
5502
8
LON
GIT
UD
E (°
E)
109.
2892
70
108.
4390
32
105.
9098
36
106.
0338
33
108.
1357
16
108.
4029
82
108.
6356
54
107.
5721
44
SHO
T ST
ATI
STIC
S
SP 1138 545
815
495
620
148
635
641
Pops
1162 557
815
495
620
148
635
641
Dis
t. B
etw
een
Shot
s M
ean
(m)
Std.
Dev
.
51.1
6
52.6
6
49.4
9
53.3
3
52.4
6
50.5
1
50.1
5
257.
15
3.3
3.6
8.4
10.8 2.7
1.9
3.1
25.7
Line
Len
gth
(km
)
59.3
97
29.2
79
40.2
85
26.3
45
32.4
73
7.42
5
31.7
95
164.
576
FIELD PROCEDURES
Navigation LoggingNavigation data were taken from an Ashtech GPS Model XII Receiver, using frequency
band L-l (1575 MHz) and signal modulation code C/A. The Ashtech antenna was located on a cross tree above ship's bridge. Every 10 seconds, navigation information was transmitted through an RS-232 port to a personal computer for logging. Logged data consisted of date, time, latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal altitude, Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) value, speed, and heading. No raw GPS signal information was saved from the multichannel tracks. The personal computer also provided real time displays for use in navigating the ship, such as distance along line, distance off track, distance and time to next way point, etc. Archive media for the navigation data were floppy disks from the portable computer.
Multichannel Shot LoggingThe multichannel seismic acquisition system consisted of a Texas Instruments DPS V
computer with dual 1600-bpi tape drives. A Digital Timing Delay Generator, i.e., a calibrated digital clock, issued a master trigger to the DPS V which initiated the firing pulse to the air gun array. The desired shot interval of 50 m was approximated by matching the time between shots with averaged ship's speed. Shots were generally fired every 23 to 25 seconds corresponding to a ship's speed of 4.0 to 4.4 kts, although some lines had shot intervals as low as 22 s and as high as 27 s. Firing rates were generally not varied within single lines.
Individual shot numbers were logged as the record or file number written onto the DPS V tape drive. Shot numbers for this cruise are therefore exactly equivalent to Field File Identification (FFID) numbers used in processing the multichannel data.
Calibration of Navigation and Shot NumbersThe shot numbers were calibrated to the navigation data manually at 15-minute intervals.
The navigation watch stander logged the DPS V file number as an entry in the hand-written navigation log at 15-minute increments (about 35 to 40 shots). These entries were later typed as date-time-shot number files for processing the navigation, and are called shot-time calibration files.
SOURCES AND MAGNITUDE OF NAVIGATION ERROR
Three sources of error contribute to uncertainty in the Baikal navigation: (1) measurement limitation, (2) shot-time calibration, and (3) missing shots.
Measurement LimitationThis is error inherent in the hardware, software, and geometry of the GPS satellite and
receiver system. The most variable source of error comes from the geometry of the satellites used in calculating the navigation position, and is referred to as the Dilution of Precision (DOP) factor (Milliken and Zoller, 1980; Hum, 1989). OOP's are numerical values that can be recorded for 3-dimensional solutions (PDOP - Position Dilution of Precision), for 2-dimensional solutions (HDOP - Horizontal Dilution of Precision or VDOP - Vertical Dilution of Precision), and for time solutions (TDOP - Time Dilution of Precision). For the Baikal data, HDOP was recorded
rather than PDOP because navigation solutions on a lake surface are essentially made at the same vertical elevation. This also allowed for 3-satellite solutions to be used if 4-satellite solutions were not available. HDOP values for good satellite geometries are generally between 1 and 4; values for poor geometry are much larger.
Other sources of measurement error are generally constant and are summarized below (Table 2):
TABLE 2: Typical Sources of Measurement Error1
SOURCE
Satellite Clock
Ephemeris
Receiver
Atmospheric/Ionospheric Effect
Selective Availability2
Root-Square Sum3
Baikal estimate
ERROR (M)
.6
.6
1.2
3.7
0-7.6
4-9
7
DESCRIPTION
Clock Drift
Uncertainty in satellite orbit
Clock synchronization with satellite
Signal propagation delays
Random signal degradation
Estimated Combined Error
Assumed mid-value
1 Source: Hum (1989).2 Selective Availability is unannounced degradation of the signal by Department of Defense. This is the most
unconstrained source of error. 7.6 m is considered worst case.3 Root-Square Sum is the square root of the sum of the squares.
Total measurement error is calculated by taking the product of the HDOP value with the root-square sum of the other sources of error (Hum, 1989). For the Baikal data, a representative root-square sum value of 7 m is assumed. The measurment error in meters is therefore taken as 7 times HDOP.
Shot-Time CalibrationThis refers to the logging of time and/or shot numbers at the 15-minute calibration points.
The magnitude of this error is related to human error in logging time and and/or shot number correctly at the calibration points. Ideally, the clock used to fire the airgun array should have been synchronized to the GPS clock and shot-time recorded automatically to a fractional second. In actuality, the (GPS) times at calibration points were logged to whole seconds (best case) or whole minutes (worst case). Logging time in whole minutes was most common at the beginning of the cruise because of language difficulties between some of the Russian and American watch standers. Very few of these human errors occurred in the latter part of the cruise.
These errors in time are given values of 1 s (for whole second logging) and 30 s (for whole minute logging, assuming time is rounded to the nearest whole minute). To convert these errors in time to position error in meters, the mean distance between 10-s positions was either divided by 10 (to get mean distance for 1-s interval) or multiplied by 3 (to get mean distance for 30-s interval). The magnitude of the uncertainty due to the 1-s error is about 2 m; that for the 30-s case is about 70 m.
Shot-time errors could also occur if shot numbers were improperly logged. Occassionally, shots from the navigation log showed gross inconsistency with the multichannel observer's logs, indicating that the watch stander erroneously recorded the shot/file number. The more obvious errors could be corrected after comparison of the navigation logs with the multichannel observer's logs.
Missed ShotsThis refers to situations in the field in which the airgun array continued firing at even
increments of time even though the DPS V was not recording the shot or incrementing the file/shot number. The actual shot-time calibration points are based on the field file numbers from the DFS-V, rather than the actual firing of the airgun array, which means missed shots are not automatically counted. In the first half of the cruise, several poor quality tapes together with excessive parity errors on one of the tape drives resulted in missed shots. In the second half of the cruise, when only one tape drive was used, two firings were missed at every tape change because of the physical limitations in removing and reloading a single tape drive. For times in which missed shots occured, the navigation interpolation must include a correction for the additional shots that occurred in that interval.
In order to compensate for the missed shots, the concept of a "pop" number is introduced for the processing. The pop number differs from the shot number in that the pop increments every time the air-gun array fires whereas the shot number increments only when the DPS V writes a file to tape. Missed shots (i.e., those not recorded on the DPS V) will introduce a systematic offset between the pop number and the shot number. Both pop and shot numbers should be identical for lines in which no recording errors (i.e., missed shots) occur. The concept of the pop number for the Baikal data is used only in the processing of the navigation information and is not logged in any of the final archive navigation files.
Figure 2 shows a hypothetical situation to emphasize the effects of poor logging and missed shots on estimating the time of each shot. Time is shown incrementing to the right, with a 15-minute calibration interval noted. (Assuming a constant ship's speed of 4.5 kts, this hypothetical time curve can also be equated with distance, or 15 minutes equals about 2.1 km). Suppose there are 15 shot numbers recorded from minute 1 to minute 15 (i.e., 15 files written on the DPS V). If there are no missing shots, then the shot number equals the pop number and configuration A holds for interpolating 15 even intervals for the shot times. However, if there are 5 missed shots (shown as *), then the pop number exceeds the shot number by 5 and configuration B (20 even time intervals) is the accurate representation for determining the shot times. If the missed shots are not accurately accounted for, then the shot time will be correct at the calibration points (shots 0 and 15), but will be misestimated (by up to 2.25 minutes for shot 6). This timing error for shot 6 equals a distance mislocation of 313 m in this example. In general, this error is greatest at the position of the missing shots and decreases toward the 15- minute calibration points.
If the time is not logged properly for the 15-minute calibration, then a shot-time calibration error is introduced. For whole minute logging, the timing error is assumed to be 30 s (i.e., watch stander recorded the whole minute to the nearest whole minute). The effect on estimating shot time is shown by configuration C in Figure 2, where one scenario is illustrated in which the whole minutes reported are considered to be off by 30 seconds at each calibration
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shot
tim
es i
n a
fift
een
min
ute
inte
rval
fro
m s
hot-
time
calib
ratio
n fil
es.
For
sim
plic
ity,
one
shot
per
min
ute
is a
ssum
ed.
Shot
poi
nts
are
show
n by
ope
n ci
rcle
s; m
issi
ng s
hots
(i.e
., w
hen
the
airg
un a
rray
fir
ed,
but
no f
ile w
as
reco
rded
on
the
DPS
V)
are
show
n by
*.
The
first
and
las
t po
int
for
each
of
the
thre
e co
nfig
urat
ions
is
the
logg
ed c
alib
ratio
n po
int
at m
inut
e 1
and
min
ute
15.
(A).
No
erro
rs:
In t
his
case
, th
e tw
o ca
libra
tion
poin
ts a
t m
inut
es 1
and
15
are
used
to
inte
rpol
ate
15
shot
s, o
r a
shot
at
each
min
ute.
Sh
ot n
umbe
r 5
(fill
ed c
ircle
) co
rres
pond
s to
min
ute
5.0.
(B
). M
issi
ng S
hots
: In
thi
s ca
se,
five
mis
sing
sho
ts (
*) o
ccur
bet
wee
n sh
ot 5
and
6.
The
cor
resp
ondi
ng p
op n
umbe
r is
sho
wn
bene
ath
the
row
of s
hots
. In
thi
s ca
se,
ther
e ar
e 20
sho
ts i
n th
e ca
libra
tion
inte
rval
and
sho
t 5
wou
ld b
e as
sign
ed a
tim
e of
4.0
min
utes
. (C
) W
hole
Min
ute
Log
ging
: Fo
r th
is
case
, if
the
act
ual
calib
ratio
n sh
ots
occu
rred
at
min
utes
1.5
an
d 15
.5 (
i.e.,
30 s
econ
ds a
fter
the
min
ute)
, th
en t
he t
imes
sho
uld
be
calc
ulat
ed a
s sh
own
here
. Sh
ot 5
occ
urs
at 5
.5 m
inut
es.
How
ever
, if
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
g w
as d
one,
the
sho
ts w
ould
be
calc
ulat
ed
sim
ilar
to c
ase
A.
point. Configuration C shows what the actual shot times should have been; configuration A shows how they would be calculated in the absence of the seconds information. In this case, the calibration shots 0 and 15 would have an error of 30 seconds (69 m), as would all shots in that interval.
The missing-shot error is actually treated as a correction to the data rather than as an error; i.e., missing shots are accounted for in the processing, but no missing-shot error is calculated or assigned. This assumes that the missing shots were reasonably carefully logged and that any unlogged shots are not enough to bias an entire line. Most of the missing shots compensated in the processing are single or double shots (representing a timing correction of up to 45 s at the position of the missed shots, or up to about 100-m correction). The most missing shots that occurred at one interval are 17 on line 6. One or two missed shots generally has no visible-effect on fold coverage of the multichannel data. However, the 17-shot gap in line 6 was sufficient to cause a small data gap at SP 820-821.
PROCESSING STRATEGY
Two basic inputs are used in processing the navigation: the raw 10-s locations and listings of the shot-time calibrations points. The steps in processing the navigation data (Figure 3) were:
(1) Inspect the overall quality of the raw navigation data by looking at gaps and calculating the distance between adjacent fixes for each 10-second recording point. Plot ellipsoidal height and HDOP value for general quality control.
(2) Evaluate the quality of the shot-time logging, which was done by calculating firing rate for each 15-minute calibration interval and inspecting the scatter. Ideally, with a constant firing rate of the airgun array, the recomputed firing times for each 15-minute period should also be constant, or vary slightly when the firing rate was infrequently adjusted for changes in the ship's speed.
(3) Edit the calibration files for obvious typographical errors based on the magnitude of the scatter observed in plots from step 2.
(4) Develop and merge the best estimates of the number and positions of missing shots with the calibration files. In this step, the pop numbers were defined.
(5) Generate final latitude/longitude positions by using the updated calibration files to interpolate times for each pop, which are then merged with the raw navigation files to interpolate latitude and longitude for the pop times. Final archive navigation drops the pop numbers which do not have accompanying shot numbers defined.
(6) Inspect the quality of the shot navigation by looking at the distance between adjacent pops for each line.
(7) Assign an error to each line based on the quality of the raw navigation and the errors introduced in the calibration files.
Plots showing the results of step 1 are given in Appendix 1 for each line. Plots resulting from steps 2, 4, 5, and 6, are given in Appendix 2 for each line.
12
RAW GPS NAVIGATION
SHOT-TIMECALIBRATION
FILES
Analyze Raw GPS
I Edit
AddMissingShots
Interpolate Times For Each Shot
Interpolate Position For Each Shot
Analyze Shot Distances
FINAL PLOTS
Figure 3. Flow chart of the navigation processing.
13
TABLES: DATA GAPS
Line No.
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
11
13
13
13
13
13
13
17
26
34
38
46
46
50
50
52
66
66
START OF GAP
Date
920826
920829
920829
920826
920827
920827
920827
920922
920920
920920
920921
920921
920921
920921
920916
920831
920922
920910
920913
920913
920912
920912
920922
920916
920917
Time
175622
190902
191032
233412
011652
012702
024802
195412
225812
234632
035032
035452
065652
121612
050002
174122
003132
134342
082032
083642
181132
193252
090112
164852
112842
END OF GAP
Date
920826
920829
920829
920826
920827
920827
920827
920922
920920
920920
920921
920921
920921
920921
920916
920831
920922
920910
920913
920913
920912
920912
920922
920916
920917
Time
180302
191012
191302
233522
012612
013242
025102
195632
230212
235302
035322
035722
070112
121822
054122
175132
003432
134642
082432
083802
181232
193352
090232
170832
113242
LENGTH(s)
400
70
150
70
560
340
180
140
240
390
170
150
260
130
2480
610
180
180
240
80
60
60
80
1180
240
SHOTS IN GAP
Total
16
2
6
2
23
14
7
6
10
15
7
6
11
6
108
25
6
7
10
3
2
2
4
9
2
SP Nos.
909-924
526-527
529-534
284-285
530-552
555-568
748-754
324-329
444-453
555-569
1107-1113
1117-1122
1543-1553
2353-2358
2866-2973
148-172
509-514
700-706
22-31
63-65
236-237
432-433
58-61
51-59
605-606
14
RESULTS
Quality of the Raw NavigationRaw navigation information is illustrated in Appendix 1 with four plots for each line:
distance between each data point (top plot), time between each data point (second plot), HDOP value associated with each data point (third plot), and ellipsoidal height (bottom plot).
The plots of distance between each point show considerable scatter on some lines (e.g., line 4, with a standard deviation of 13.6 m) and remarkably little scatter on others (lines 23, with a standard deviation of 1.44 m). The 10-s positions average about 20 - 23 m apart throughout the cruise, and the standard deviations range from about 5 % (line 23) to more than 50 % (line 4).
In general, the scatter is correlated to changes in HDOP value (e.g., HDOP changes rapidly on line 4 and is less variable for line 23). This correlation suggests that the scatter is best explained by changes in satellites and/or satellite geometry used in computing successive positions along a track line.
Because data points were logged every ten seconds, the plot of time between data points should be constant at 10 s. Deviations from this represent data gaps. Note that data gaps in time are duplicated as large peaks in distance between points (e.g., line 8 at 3.75 - 4.0 hours). Table 3 summarizes the data gaps for the 14 lines with gaps of 1 minute or more (i.e., 6 or more data points lost). The two largest gaps were on lines 17 and 17A, in which data losses occurred of 41.3 and 19.6 minutes respectively.
Measurement error can be estimated directly from the raw navigation. Table 4 lists the mean measurement error for each line. As defined earlier, the measurment error is given as 7 x HDOP, where HDOP is the mean HDOP calculated for each line. These errors range from 7.49 m (lines 42 and 52) to 22.75 m (line 40). Figure 4 (top plot) illustrates these errors, shown as X's together with estimates of the scatter (standard deviation of the calculated distance between data points), shown as O's. In general, the two values are in good agreement. The error bars are the standard deviation of the error, and are primarily an indicator of the amount of scatter in the HDOP value.
Quality of the Calibration FilesPlots of the initial and final calibration files are shown as the upper two plots in the
figures in Appendix 2. The calibration curves are displayed as firing rates, calculated by dividing the time between control points by the number of shots between control points. The control points plotted in the edited (final) version use pops between control points to calculate the shot interval, although the information is plotted against shot numbers. Ideally, these lines should be constant and horizontal along the line, because the pops were fired by time, or they should show a small offset where the shot number may have been adjusted for small changes in the speed of the ship.
All of the plots of the initial calibration files show a boxy pattern, in which the shot interval varies between high (24 - 27 s) and low (21 - 23 s) values. This is a direct result of poor record keeping and missing shots. After editing, some of the lines have excellent (i.e., flat)
15
curves (e.g., lines 54 and 58). Many of the lines show considerable improvement in the flatness of the calibration curves after editing (e.g., lines 11 and 13) whereas a few show little or no improvement (e.g., line 15). The final calibration curves have been assigned a rating of 1 (time logged to whole seconds) or 30 (time logged to whole minutes); these values are listed in Table 4, together with the calculated error in distance that these timing errors correspond to.
Lines in which some or all of the calibration points were logged to whole minutes were given ratings of 30, even if the final curves looked reasonable, because of the absolute uncertainty in shot time based on the poor time-keeping, as described with Figure 2. For example, line 6 is given a 30-s error value for the entire line even though whole minute logging occurred only in the first half of the line. Line 7, one of the long tie lines across the Selenga Delta, contains whole-minute logging for only about 25 % of the line (600 shots from about SP 1000 - 1600), but is also assigned a 30-s error for the whole line. The portions of lines which had whole-minute logging are clearly marked in Appendix 2, and should be inspected to clarify how much of any line is affected by the whole-minute logging.
The shot-time calibration error was combined with the measurement error using a root- square sum to yield total error for each line. Figure 4B shows the total error (i.e., for both measurement and shot-calibration errors). A comparison of this figure with the measurement error (Figure 4A) reveals the large contribution of the shot-time calibration error due to the whole-minute logging (30-s error). For example, line 4, which has a measurement error of 8.89 m, has a combined total error of about 74 m when the shot-time calibration is added. The difference between the measurement error and the total error for lines with a 1-s shot-time calibration error is generally negligible.
Quality of the Distance Between ShotsThe quality of both the raw navigation and the calibration files affects the calculations of
distances between shots. These distances are shown in two forms in Appendix 2 (lower two plots): as relative distance between shots along each line (third plot down) and a histogram of distances (lowest plot). The plot of distance between shots gives a good representation of the magnitude of the scatter along the line; the histogram illustrates the spread of the scatter. All plots are at the same scale for easy comparison. The standard deviations given on the plots are based on the relative distances between shots, rather than the uncertainty associated with the absolute position of the shot.
The scatter recorded for distances between shots essentially mirrors that of the raw navigation plots (compare plots for each line in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2). The distances between shots are important for evaluating the assumption of 50-m shots used to process the multichannel data. Figure 5 shows the mean distance between shots (X) together with the standard deviation (error bar) for each line. The ideal shot distance of 50 m is also shown as a horizontal line.
Except for line 30, the error bars encompass the 50-m ideal shot spacing. Hence the assumption of 50-m shots is valid for processing the data. Line 30 has a mean shot spacing of 57-m, but is a very short line (174 shots) and therefore is a very small element of the entire data set.
16
A.
ME
AS
UR
EM
EN
T E
RR
OR
100
80 60
o> g
40CO
20
x- A
bsol
ute
Mea
sure
men
t E
rror
O
- E
rror
Mea
sure
d by
Sca
tter
O
O
1 2
3 4
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 20
21
22 23 24 25
26
28
30 32
34 36
38
0
42 44 46
48
50
52
54
56 58
60
61
62 63
64 65
Line
num
ber
10
0r
80 60 40 20
B. T
OT
AL
ER
RO
R
I f
X
1 2
3
xx
x
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 20
21
22
23 24 25
26
28 30 32
34
36
38
40
42 44
46 48
50
52
54
56 58
60
61
62 63
64
65
Line
num
ber
Figu
re 4
. Pl
ots5
of e
rror
. (A
) M
easu
rem
ent e
rror
for
eac
h lin
e (X
) pl
otte
d w
ith s
tand
ard
devi
atio
n (s
how
n as
the
err
or b
ar).
The
se m
easu
rem
ent e
rror
s ar
e al
so
tabu
late
d in
Tab
le 4
. Th
e st
anda
rd d
evia
tion
is pr
imar
ily a
ref
lect
ion
of th
e sc
atte
r in
the
HD
OP
valu
es.
The
sca
tter
in t
he d
ista
nce
betw
een
10-s
pos
ition
s (U
) is
also
plo
tted
for
each
lin
e an
d is
gene
rally
con
sist
ent
with
the
mea
sure
men
t er
ror.
A l
ight
dot
ted
line
is sh
own
alon
g th
e ze
ro v
alue
(B
) To
tal
erro
r gi
ven
as t
he e
rror
due
to b
oth
the
mea
sure
men
t and
sho
t-tim
e ca
libra
tion
valu
es.
The
dif
fere
nce
betw
een
the
mea
sure
men
t err
or (
show
n in
the
uppe
r pl
ot)
and
the
tota
l er
ror
(sho
wn
in t
he lo
wer
plo
t) is
due
to
the
cont
ribut
ion
of th
e la
rge
shot
-tim
e ca
libra
tion
erro
r fo
r 13
lin
es
TABLE 4: NAVIGATION ERROR AND DATA QUALITY
LINE NUMBER
I
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
30
32
34
MEAN SHOT DISTANCE1
52.84
54.47
49.47
54.83
50.59
50.74
53.02
49.95
55.33
50.03
47.86
51.71
45.37
51.06
46.74
49.22
49.45
52.21
50.76
55.93
52.49
52.21
50.87
51.57
53.26
47.06
57.32
51.35
50.98
MEASUREMENT
ERROR2
7.98
9.17
8.68
8.89
8.33
10.15
8.05
9.38
7.70
9.10
10.43
8.89
7.63
7.77
7.84
9.31
12.25
11.27
9.31
12.46
9.31
6.93
8.68
9.80
11.13
12.95
12.04
9.17
8.12
SHOT-TIME CALIB.
Factor3
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
1
30
1
1
1
1
1
30
1
1
1
30
1
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Error4
60.51
64.14
58.50
73.68
64.83
61.50
69.84
2.01
70.71
2.23
1.99
2.15
1.85
2.20
56.40
2.28
2.02
2.27
61.53
2.37
64.89
2.09
2.04
2.27
2.31
1.93
2.22
2.19
2.33
TOTAL ERROR5
61.03
64.79
59.14
74.21
65.36
62.33
70.30
9.59
71.13
9.37
10.62
9.15
7.85
8.07
56.94
9.58
12.41
11.50
62.23
12.68
65.55
7.24
8.92
10.06
11.37
13.09
12.24
9.43
8.45
RATING6
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Excellent
Poor
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Poor
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Poor
Good
Poor
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Good
Excellent
Excellent
18
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
61/10A
62/3A
63/40A
64/50A
65/50B
66/1 7 A
53.18
50.97
56.18
52.74
51.08
51.93
54.45
54.27
50.81
50.49
50.16
51.16
52.66
49.49
53.33
52.46
50.51
50.15
257.15
17.08
7.70
22.75
7.49
8.96
7.84
8.33
12.67
7.49
7.84
8.19
9.17
7.84
10.01
8.75
8.68
6.37
8.12
8.61
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
30
1
1
1
1
2.39
2.06
2.28
2.22
2.08
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.19
2.20
2.18
2.14
2.22
60.90
65.52
2.20
2.02
2.17
2.19
17.25
7.97
22.86
7.81
9.20
8.14
8.62
12.86
7.80
8.14
8.47
9.42
8.15
61.72
66.10
8.95
6.68
8.40
8.88
Good
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Poor
Poor
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
'Mean Shot Distance - Mean distance between successive firings of the airgun array after taking into account allmissing shots. This same number is given in Appendix 2 on the top plot for each line.
:Measurment Error - Error due to inherent limitations of the satellite-receiver system. This number is taken to be7 times mean HDOP, as discussed in the text.
3Shot-Time Calibration Factor - This is the factor assigned to each line based on the quality of the shot-timecalibrations. 1 refers to times recorded to whole seconds; 30 is for times recorded to nearest whole minute.
4Shot-Time Calibration Error - This error is given as the average distance between 10-s navigation locations (top plotof Appendix 1) multiplied by .1 (1-s factor) or 3 (30-s factor).
5Total Error - Taken as the root-square sum of the measurement and shot-calibration errors. 6Rating - Excellent is for error of 6-12 m; Good is for errors of 12-24 m; Poor is for errors > 50 m.
19
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ary
of th
e to
tal e
rror
and
nav
igat
ion
qual
ity a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith e
ach
line.
(A
) To
tal e
rror
plo
tted
as a
n er
ror
bar
arou
nd th
e m
ean
dist
ance
bet
wee
n sh
ots
(X).
The
50-m
ide
al s
hot s
paci
ng is
sho
wn
as a
hor
izon
tal
line
for
refe
renc
e.
Erro
r va
lues
are
list
ed in
Tab
le 4
. (B
) Es
timat
e of
nav
igat
ion
qual
ity u
sing
ra
tings
of
Exce
llent
(fo
r er
rors
of
6-12
m),
Goo
d (f
or e
rror
s of
12-
24 m
), an
d Po
or (
for
erro
rs >
50
m)
Quality of Shot LocationsFor the purposes of this report, an error estimate is assigned to each line based on the
mean characteristics of the line (e.g., mean HDOP), rather than assigning an error estimate to each individual shot. This gives a general guide for interpreting the navigation quality for each multichannel profile.
Figure 6A gives the total position uncertainty for each line plotted as an error bar around the mean shot distance. The value of the error bar is taken as the total error (X) shown on Figure 4B and tabulated in Table 4. The lines with whole-minute logging of the shot-time calibration points are ovvious because of their large error bars (e.g., lines 1-8).
A quality rating has been assigned to each line based on the size of the total error and is illustrated in Figure 6B. The lines have been arranged in order of increasing error-bar size. Lines with error bars of 6-12 m are considered to have excellent navigation; those with error bars of 12-24 m (i.e., up to half a shot interval) are considered to have good navigation; and those with error bars in excess of 50 m (i.e., one shot interval) are considered to have poor navigation.
Line CrossingsLine crossing information has been compiled from the processed navigation locations for
each multichannel line and is given in Appendix 3.
DISCUSSION
A map of the navigation quality rating of each line (Figure 7) shows that lines on the southern side of the Selenga Delta have the worst ("Poor") navigation whereas those around Academician Ridge have the best ("Excellent") navigation. The reason for this geographic distribution can be explained because the Selenga Delta survey was completed first, when the most communication problems and human error occured in logging.
In as much as the purpose of the cruise was to collect multichannel seismic data, a relevant issue is how the quality of the navigation data affects the multichannel data, specifically the multichannel geometry. The marine multichannel technique is based on repetition of regular geometries that allow sorting and reconstruction of common depth point seismic gathers for velocity analysis and stack (e.g., Yilmaz, 1987). Perturbations of this geometry, such as that which occurs when shots are not at the target 50-m spacing, introduce artifacts and complications in processing the data.
For the Baikal data, the shots were ideally 50-m apart to preserve the optimum geometry for recovering 24-fold data (Agena et al., 1994). The actual mean distance between shots ranged from 45 m (line 14) to 57 m (line 30). For all lines except line 30, the uncertainty (i.e., the scatter around the mean shot spacing) includes 50 m, and the assumption of 50-m firing intervals for processing the data is therefore within the estimated navigational uncertainty.
Because of the low frequencies used in the multichannel seismic survey (less than 60 Hz), velocity estimations will not be affected by using a geometry of 50-m firing intervals instead of the actual mean intervals of between 45 and 57 m. The region insonified on the lake floor by
22
NO°E 56°N
DfiTfl QUflLITV
EKCELLENTGOODPOOR
150 ACADEMICIAN RIDGE
LAKE BAIKAL '92 MCS TRACKS
MERCATOR PROJECTION
Figure 7. Map showing the distribution of the navigation quality for the lines in Lake Baikal. The lines with the lowest "Poor" rating are generally in the region of the south Selenga Delta, where shot-time calibration logging was poorest at the beginning of the cruise.
23
to
20 10 0 0
20 10 0 0
20 10 0 0
A. B
AIK
AL
GE
OM
ET
RY
: 45
-m s
hots
max
fold
=6
cdp
spac
ing
= 2
5 m
£
^^i^
»
1000
2000
3000
40
00
di
stan
ce a
long
line
(m
)
B. B
AIK
AL
GE
OM
ET
RY
: 50
-m s
hots
50
00
6000
max
fold
= 2
4cd
p sp
acin
g =
12 5
m
1000
20
00
3000
40
00
di
stan
ce a
long
line
(m
)
C.
BA
IKA
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TR
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ts
50
00
6000
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ure
8.
The
eff
ect
of n
ot m
aint
aini
ng a
50-
m s
hot
inte
rval
on
the
mul
ticha
nnel
sei
smic
pro
cess
ing
geom
etry
. T
he e
xpec
ted
fold
co
vera
ge f
or t
he r
ecei
ver
geom
etry
use
d in
the
199
2 L
ake
Bai
kal
crui
se i
s in
dica
ted
for
45-m
sho
ts (
uppe
r),
50-m
sho
ts (
mid
dle)
and
55
-m s
hots
(lo
wer
). D
evia
tions
fro
m t
he 5
0-m
ide
al s
hot
spac
ing
caus
e sp
atia
l sm
eari
ng o
f th
e da
ta,
as i
ndic
ated
by
the
low
er f
old
cove
rage
for
the
45-m
and
55-
m c
ases
, bu
t th
ese
vari
atio
ns a
re n
ot l
ikel
y to
sig
nifi
cant
ly i
mpa
ct t
he v
eloc
ity e
stim
ates
bec
ause
of
the
low
fre
quen
cies
use
d in
the
sur
vey.
N
ote
how
the
dev
iatio
ns f
rom
act
ual
50-m
spa
cing
cha
nge
estim
ates
of
line
leng
th,
and
thes
e di
ffer
ence
s ne
ed t
o be
acc
ount
ed f
or i
n es
timat
ing
dist
ance
s du
ring
int
erpr
etat
ion
of t
he m
ultic
hann
el p
rofi
les.
the seismic signal, i.e., the fresnel zone, at these frequencies is on the order of tens of meters. Shot intervals up to 7 m different than the ideal interval (i.e., 57-m shot intervals) would be inconsequential in velocity calculations.
A consequence of the navigational uncertainties is that some horizontal smearing of the data will occur, particlulary for lines where the mean firing rate differs from 50 m by more than 5 m. Figure 8 shows the fold coverage calculated using the Baikal multichannel source-receiver configuration (Agena et al., 1994) for 100 shots at 3 firing intervals: 45 m (top), 50 m (middle), and 55 m (bottom). In the ideal case (50 m), the fold coverage increases from 0 to 24 over common depth point (cdp) intervals of 12.5 m. For the 45-m case, the fold increases in a jerky pattern up to 6, and fluctuates between 4 and 6 for the bulk of the line with a cdp interval of 2.5 m. Similarly, the 55-m case only reaches maximum fold of 5 and fluctuates between 3 and 5, also with a cdp interval of 2.5 m. Merging 4 adjacent cdps from the 45-m and 55-m cases would produce 12.5-m binned cdps containing 24 traces, similar to the ideal 50-m case. The result is spatial smearing of the data horizontally. The low frequencies and size of the fresnel zone render most of this smearing inconsequential. However, the effect will be most pronounced in regions of steep relief, which are common in Lake Baikal along Academician Ridge and at the sides of the lake.
Another consequence of the navigational uncertainty is miscalculation of total line length and distances between cdps on the multichannel profiles. Figure 5 shows that the total line length for the line shot with 45-m intervals is 5645 m, whereas it is 6150 m and 6635 m for the 50-m and 55-m cases respectively. Distances measured off the seismic profiles should be corrected for the mean shot interval. Table 1 gives the best estimates of mean shot interval and line lengths for each line in Baikal.
The two missed shots associated with each tape change during the second half of the cruise require a small geometry correction in sorting and stacking the multichannel data. A comparison between a part of line 13 processed with and without the missed shots (Figure 9) shows that the character of the seismic data is essentially unchanged, but that certain details of the profile, for example, offset and overlap along a fault surface (arrow), differ. The fault trace that lines up with the arrow is sharper and more distinct on the profile with the corrections (Figure 9B). This emphasizes the importance of accurate navigation for processing of the multichannel data, particularly in structurally complex regions.
25
to
A. N
OT
CO
RR
ECTE
DS
P15
50
1500
2
LIN
E
92-1
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C
OR
REC
TED
1450
15
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50
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Figu
re 9
: C
ompa
rison
of
mig
rate
d ve
rsio
ns o
f a
part
of
line
13 i
n th
e C
entra
l B
asin
with
no
corr
ectio
ns f
or m
issi
ng s
hots
(A
) an
d pr
oper
geo
met
ry i
nclu
ding
mis
sing
sho
ts (
B).
The
prof
iles
are
near
ly i
dent
ical
, bu
t det
ails
of
pinc
hout
and
ove
rlap
at a
fau
lt of
fset
(a
rrow
) di
ffer
slig
htly
.
CONCLUSIONS
The navigation data collected on the 1992 Lake Baikal multichannel seismic reflection cruise posed a challenge to processing because of difficulties in assigning times to shot points. The salient conclusions that have resulted from this study are:
(1) Three sources contributed to uncertainty in navigation: inherent measurement limitations, poor logging of the shot-time calibration points, and missing shots. The measurement error varies from 6 - 22 m. The error associated with shot-time logging ranges from about 2 m (whole second logging) to 70 m (whole minute logging). Error associated with the missing shots is greatest at the position of the missed shots and decreases toward the shot- time calibration points.
(2) The scatter associated with the raw GPS data varies between lines and can be very noisy (>10 m per each 10-s interval) or very quiet (<2 m per each 10-s interval). Most of the scatter in the raw navigation is a function of variations in HDOP value and reflects uncertainty introduced by changing satellite geometries used to compute successive locations.
(3) After careful editing and processing of the raw navigation and calibration files, the quality of each line was assigned a rating of:
Excellent: 28 lines 6-12 m uncertainty Good: 7 lines 12-24 m uncertainty Poor: 13 lines >50 m uncertainty
(4) The lines rated "Poor" generally occur in the southern Selenga Delta area. This is because the southern Selenga Delta was the first region profiled and includes the largest shot-time calibration errors.
(5) The assumption of a 50-m firing interval used to process the multichannel seismic data is valid and within the navigational uncertainty associated with shot locations. Actual deviations from 50 m are not likely to affect velocity estimates, but will cause some spatial smearing of the data, particularly in regions of steep relief. Distances measured off the seismic profiles should be corrected for actual shot distances of each line, rather than the assumed distance of 50 m.
27
REFERENCES CITED
Agena, W.F., Lee, M.W., Miller, J.J., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1994, Lake Baikal - 1992 - Processing of Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF-94-263, 44 pp.
Hum, J., 1989, GPS - A guide to the next utility: Trimble Navigation, Sunnyvale, California, p. 1-47.
Klitgord, K.D., Golmshtok, A. Ja, Scholz, C.A., Akentiev, L., Nichols, D., Schneider, C, McGill, J., Foster, D., and Unger, D., 1993, Seismic Survey of Lake Baikal, Siberia - Cruise Report: RV Balkhash 25 August to 25 September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report OF-93-201, 25 pp.
Milliken, R.J., and Zoller, C.J., 1980, Principle of operation of NAVSTAR (GPS) and system characteristics, in Janiczek, P.M., ed., Global Positioning System: The Institute of Navigation, Washington, D.C., p. 3-14.
Nichols, D.R., Miller, G., and Akentiev, L., 1992, Seismic survey of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Operational technical summary for the RV Balkhash and RV Titov 15 August to 30 September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF-92-693, 21 pp.
ten Brink, U.S., Badardinov, A., Miller, G.K., and Coleman, D.F., 1993, Ocean Bottom Seismometers operation during the seismic survey of Lake Baikal, Siberia, Autumn, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF-93-7, 24 pp.
Yilmaz, O., 1987, Seismic data processing: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Investigations in Geophysics No. 2, 526 pp.
28
APPENDIX 1:
PLOTS OF RAW GPS NAVIGATION
29
DESCRIPTION OF PLOTS OF RAW NAVIGATION DATA
This appendix contains plots of raw navigation from all of the Lake Baikal 1992 multichannel lines, organized by increasing line number. All of the data are plotted against number of hours from the start of the line; because all lines are plotted at the same horizontal scale (7 hours), some lines are plotted on more than one page. The GMT start of each line is labelled for each line.
GPS - Distance Between FixesThe top plot shows the estimated distance between adjacent (10-second) navigation
locations calculated using geodetic inverse formula based on geodesy by A.R. Clarke. Ideally, these plots of distance between fixes should be a flat line (assuming a constant or near constant speed of the ship). Examples of nearly flat plots are line 1, hours 2-3, line 13, hours 9-11). Several reasons can explain spikes on these plots:
(1) data gaps in the 10-second positions will cause abnormally large estimates of distance between fixes; these can be identified by coincident spikes on the plots of time between fixes plotted beneath the distance plots (e.g., line 7, 3.75 hours after the start of the line).
(2) variations in the speed of the ship will cause distance estimates to vary. These kinds of variations should be relatively smooth and of fairly long wavelength (i.e., changes occur over periods of a few minutes and are constant until the next speed adjustment). Changes in the speed of the ship were very small and are not likely to be resolvable on lines where large spikes contaminate the data.
(3) uncertainty in the absolute GPS locations will cause short-wavelength spikes. Most of the spikes seen on the data are due to this uncertainty (e.g., line 1, 0-2 hours, 3-4 hours) and are directly related to the Horizontal Dilution Of Precision (HDOP) value shown in the third plot.
GPS - Time Between FixesThe second plot shows the actual time between 10-second positions; spikes on this plot
indicate data gaps. Generally, data gaps less than 1 minute (6 fixes) are considered negligible. The positions of data gaps of one minute or more are given in Table 3 of the main paper.
GPS - DOPsThe third plot show the Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP) value, which refers to
the horizontal error associated with the geometry of the satellites used to compute a fix. Each change in HDOP value indicates a different satellite geometry or different set of satellites used to compute a location. These changes in HDOP generally coincide with large scatter in the estimates of "Distance between fixes" (top plot for each line).
GPS - AltitudeThe bottom plot for each line shows ellipsoidal altitude associated with each position.
For some lines, altitude was calculated automatically as part of the GPS solution; these lines, at the beginning of the cruise, show large altitude fluctuations (e.g., line 6). For most of the cruise, ellipsoidal altitude was set to 455 m, so that 3-satellite solutions could be used when 4-satellite
30
solutions were not available. (Full GPS capability was not implemented in 1992, and therefore 3-satellite solutions were usually required for one or more time intervals each day). The ellipsoidal altitude is a mathematical surface defined as the sum of the geoid (in m) and the height above sea level (also in m):
Ellipsoidal altitude = Geoid + Height above Sea Level
Because the lake surface is essentially a constant height (455 m), and the geoid for the lake is also approximately constant (-24 m, C. Bowin, personal communication), the ellipsoidal altitude should have been specified as -24 + 455 =431 m. This difference (24 m) should not have affected the accuracy or quality of the resultant GPS location (B. Irwin, personal communication).
Statistics about time and distance between fixes, HDOP value, and ellipsoidal altitude are plotted at the end of each plot (mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values). Note that the standard deviations include the data gaps and may not be representative of the overall smoothness of the line (e.g., line 13). Line statistics are shown at the end of each line (i.e., on the final page for multiple page plots).
31
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26:
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26:
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26:
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28:
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APPENDIX 2
PLOTS OF SHOT-TIME CALIBRATION AND SHOT-DISTANCE INFORMATION
101
DESCRIPTION OF SHOT-TIME CALIBRATION AND SHOT-DISTANCE PLOTS
This appendix gives four plots for each multichannel line from the 1992 Lake Baikal cruise. All plots utilize the same scales, except line 66/17A, which was shot with a different firing rate. Statistics (means and standard deviations) resulting from each step are plotted on each plot, together with a summary of the total shots per line (listed on the histogram plot). Some of the plots are continued on more than one page (lines 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 25).
Initial Shot-Time CalibrationThese plots show calculated firing rate versus shot point number. Shot-time calibration
was made at 15-minute intervals (about 35 shots) by logging shot number and a corresponding time. The firing rate was calculated by dividing the number of shots by the time. The locations of the calibration/control points are not labelled but can be extracted from most of the plots at the positions where the calculated firing rate changes, causing the boxy appearance of the plots. Initial shot time plots do not account for edits due to logging errors and missed shots. Logging of time to whole minutes is noted on the appropriate plots (Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16, 20, 22, 61/10A, 62/3A).
Final Shot-Time CalibrationThese plots are identical to initial shot-time calibration plots, except that edits for
incorrect logging and missed shots are included in the firing rate calculations. The positions of whole-minute logging are noted the same as for the initial shot-time calibration plots. Ideally, the plots of firing rate should be flat, because the airgun array was fired on even increments of time. Examples of reasonably flat final curves are lines 9, 11, 12, 13 (SP 1500 - 2500), 19, 25, 26, 32, 34, 52, 54, 56, 58, and 63. Examples of lines where editing provided major improvement in the calculated firing rate are lines 2, 11, 13, 19, 25, 34, 52, 54, 56, 58, and 66/17A. The boxiness of many of the "final" plots indicates poor final control on the firing rate (e.g., lines 4, 15, 17, 21, 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50).
Distance Between ShotsThese plots show the calculated distance between shots estimated after merging the raw
navigation with the final shot-time calibration files to produce an interpolated position and time for each shot point. Missing shots (i.e., pops) are included in this plot so that spikes that would otherwise be caused by missing shots do not show up. Pops are also included in the statistics (means and standard deviations).
Histogram of Distance Between ShotsThis plot shows the distribution of the scatter associated with the distance between shots.
The mean distance is plotted as a * on this plot. For lines that plot on multiple pages, the histogram plot is plotted only once, on the first page.
102
Initi
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hot-T
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Cal
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Num
ber
Dis
tanc
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etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
im
ean
= 52
84
m
std.
dev
= 6
002
m
U
I
500
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
I I
I I
I
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l sho
ts =
559
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mea
n _
40
50
60
70
80
90
met
ers
frequency ^ meters ^ Firing Rate (s) Firing Rate (s)
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al S
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ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
3-~
. oo
§30
QC ^2
0
3
5 2
,<p
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0
(
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u
200
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200
o § 1
00
a~
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who
le m
inu
tejo
gg
ing
'
' m
ean ,
25 9
2 s
__
std
dev
= 1
83 s
I I
050
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
ES
_
who
le m
inute
joggin
g
' '
mea
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25 4
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__
std
dev
= 1
141
s ~~
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| 1
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j
1
500
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
i i
mea
n =
49.4
7 m
std.
dev
= 5
229
m
l/-v
~/-v^V
-J'W
v/Vv
/
I I
500
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
1 1
1 1
1 1
*to
tal
shot
s =
363
_
* =
mea
n _
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
4
nn 30
DC
20
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggjn
gm
ean
= 25
39
s
std
dev
- 1
141
s
353
30
cc
20
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
4
1500
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
gm
ean
= 25
32
s
std
dev
= 1
206
s
200
|10
0E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
1500
mea
n =
54 8
3 m
std.
dev
=
1 3 9
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
£U
U
^^ o Sio
os
I I
I I
I*
-
_ I ii
ii ||
|i i|
|| ii 1| ii i
0
10
20
30
40
50
60m
eter
s
I
-li-ir-,
m
I 70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 7
87
* =
mea
n
fl-
80
9
,35
o QC 0)
c
20
s35
§3
0
or o>
25
.c
^
3
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
61
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
g
^r-
J-
J1i
ist
d. d
ev.
= 2703s
~
\
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
1500
who
le m
inut
ejpg
ginc
|m
ean
= 25
03
s
std
dev
= 0
451
s
200
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
1500
^^^
mea
n ~
50 5
9 m
std
dev
=97
41 m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
£U
U
100 0 1
I 4,
0 20
I I
I I
*
30
40
50
60
met
ers
I i
tota
l sho
ts =
102
2
* =
mea
n
4.
rf,
70
80
- g
o
oo
13 3
0DC
20 35
CO
ou
DC g>
25 20
200
§1
00
E
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
7
500
1000
Shot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
7
500
1000
Shot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 7
500
1000
Shot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
g
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
g n
1500
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
7£U
U
0 c 3
10
0
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243
0
I
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mea
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II II
II II
II I Irn
mni ir i
_
. 1
. ....
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rh0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
1500
^35
o> c
20 1500
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
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alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 7
s CD n
r\to
30
oc 0>25
c *
°
£
on
who
le m
inut
e lo
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91
1 m
ean
= 25
22s
std.
dev
= 1
37
s
I I
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
7
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
gI
I m
ean
= 25
15s
std
dev
= 1
017s
I I
3000
200
CO 1100
E
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 7
o 1500
mea
n =
50.7
4 m
std.
dev
= 7
746
m
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
on
frequency meters _. . D . , . ._. . _ . , . _* M _. ro Finn9 Rate (s) Firing Rate (s)oo oo ro ro GO GO ro ro GO GO
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Initi
al S
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ratio
n:
LIN
E 9
to1
*30
Q>
CO
"""^
QC
<?25
£
on
I i
mea
n =
25 1
5 s
std.
dev
. =
0.38
4 s
I I
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
9
1500
30
QC
<?25
^20
mea
n =
25 1
5 s
std.
dev
=
0.38
4 s
200
Shoo
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 9
1500
mea
n =
49 9
5 m
std
dev.
=4
118
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
9£\
J\J
o 3 10
0£
I I
I I
-
mn
nn
^nm
nr^
I I
tota
l sh
ots
= 20
8
* =
mea
n _
I I
o -
---- -
--
---
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9l
met
ers
35
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
10
r- .
GO
w §3
0or c
"
L1-
on
who
le m
inut
e lo
ggin
g _
.
. _
.
~
std
dev
= 0
7866
s
~~
l~J
' '
' '
11
1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
0
1500
^25 20
who
le jr
iinut
ejog
gjng
mea
n =
24 9
4 s
std
dev
= 0
7866
s
200
100
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 10
1500
^U
^4
^^
mea
n =
55 3
3 m
std.
dev
=
10
26
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
01 1
0 20
III
1*
30
40
50
60
7
0
met
ers
1to
tal s
hots
= 6
12
* =
mea
n
rti 80
- 9
$35
§3
0
IT
20
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
11
1500
0>
nr\
15 3
0 IT
20
200
§100
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
1
1500
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
5T
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
11
£U
U
100 0 1
I I
I
r±r
rfi\
"I I
_I
I I
tota
l sho
ts =
219
5
~~|
* =
mea
n _
tin
nn
n^ _
,._
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
135
o> 3
0CO <r
<?25 20
mea
n =
23 8
5 s
std
dev
= 0
7339
s
1500
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
135
3000
P2
5 20
mea
n =
23 2
s
std
dev
= 0
3958
s
1500
20
00
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
120
0
I
100
E^\^^jr^^^llfk^^^
-v-~
~-^f^--J^^^4^
mea
n =
50 0
3 m
std
dev
= 5
838
m
1500
20
00
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
35In
itial
Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
12
on 30
DC 0)
c
20
mea
n =
24 9
6 s
std.
dev
=0.
1751
s
35
2 i
nCO
J
U
QC <?25
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
12
1500
20
mea
n =
24 9
6 s
std
dev
=0
175
1 s
200
§100
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
2
1500
mea
n =
47 8
6 m
std
dev
= 8
627
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
12
£U
U
v^ o § 1
00
S"~
I I
I I
I I
I*
tota
l sho
ts =
389
_
* =
mea
n _
i x
^nrn
nnnn
nnnm
nnrin
i
i _L
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
3
I 3
0DC
2050
010
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
13
1500
* DC
2050
010
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
3
1500
I
100
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
3n
uu
o
§
100
0>
0 1
! I
I
^ .
, ,
__
jflrn
I I
*
i-i
i 1
tota
l sh
ots
= 26
59
* =
mea
n _
II II 1
h-L
i
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
3"tn
1 3
0DC ^20
15
I
U I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I ' L_
_l I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
Im
ean
= 25
26
s
std
dev.
= 1
659
s
~
1-rl
00
2000
25
00
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
w 3
5
0>
O
Q
cb
DC ^20
15
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
3i i
mea
n =
24 6
s
std
dev
= 1
51 7
s
L
00
2000
25
00
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
200
CO E
0 15(
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
3i
i
i i
mea
n =
51 7
1 m
std
dev.
= 2
581
m
DO
20
00
2500
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
oo
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
4"S
T
8 3
0DC o>
25
U-
on
1 1
mea
n =
24 6
1 s
~~
std
dev
= 1
203
s
L-
i I
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
435
re o
w
DC ?2
5 2050
010
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
420
0
f
100
E^-^^^A
^T
^--^^-^^/^^^^
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
24 6
1 s
std
dev
= 1
203
s
mea
n =
45 3
7 m
std
dev
= 5
764
m
1500
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
4<
£U
U
1
100
CT
0 1
II
III
* to
tal
shot
s =
445
_
* =
mea
n _
! i
inni
II II
II II
II II
II I
mnn
, i,-,
i
i0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9 m
eter
s
s35
£3
0DC |>
25
^20
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
5
0
35
£3
0DC
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
15
1500
20
200
I 1
00E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
5
1500
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
ff
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
5£U
U
100 0 1
I I
I
nfT_
, _Jill
I I
'~I
I I
tota
l sho
ts =
211
8
* =
mea
n _
nnlln
rk ,
,0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
5-jj
. 35
(n T33
0 oc
20 1500
mea
n =
24 0
7 s
std.
dev
. =
1 08
2 s
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
15
1500
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
-5T00
Sl *
3 i
n
75 J
Ucr £
or.
i i
mea
n =
23.4
1 s
~
std
dev
= 1
37 s
~
r
| ___
p1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
|| |
(
3000
K)
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
520
0
100
E
1500
2000
2500
Shot
Poi
nt Num
ber
mea
n =
51 0
6 m
std
dev.
= 4
011
m
3000
35
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
6"uf 5
30
DC c»2
5
c. *
**
U-
on
_
_
_
who
lejn
inut
elog
aing
_
_
' '
mea
n, 2
4 98
s
~
std
dev
= 0
4605
s
~
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
16
1500
20
_
_
_
who
lejri
inut
e lo
ggin
g _
_
mea
n =
24 9
8 s
std.
dev
=
0 46
05 s
200
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
6
1500
100
mea
n =
46 7
4 m
std
dev
= 3.
94 m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
16
£.\J
\J
>,
0 §1
00
§f
0 1
I I
I I
IA
i i
^_L^
nnnn
nnnn
mn^_
_ i
0 20
30
40
50
60
m
eter
s
I I 70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 3
75
* =
mea
n _
I 80
9
to
to
s35
*30
DC |>2
5
^20
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
7
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
17
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
7
500
1000
Shot Poi
nt Num
ber
1500
1500
<1U
U
£100
E
r\
I I
_
.*,<
-,
._
,
,_
Ji_1
.I
I
1500
CT
CD
100
-
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
17
i i
i
fill I
i 4,
nil
p.
1 1
-_
I I
I to
tal s
hots
= 34
36
I*
= m
ean
_
nnrr
u
i _L
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
7
DC >2
5 1500
2000
2500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
17
35
DC >2
5
3000
1500
2000
25
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
3000
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
7JU 30 0 15
I I
I I
00
2000
2500
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
7
to
"tn §30
o: <?25
^2
0
3C
- 00
S35
§3
0
cc <?25
"-2
0
30
'
I
00
200
to f 1
00E
0 30(-
_
30
I I
mea
n =
23 7
9 s
std
dev
= 1
884
s
I 1
3500
40
00
4500
~~
l
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
17
! I
mea
n =
22 9
6 s
std
dev
= 2
144
s ~~
I I
35
00
40
00
4500
4f
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
7i
im
ean
= 49
22
m
std.
dev
= 6
979
m
H~
i
i35
00
4000
45
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
18
^->
GO
CO
OC ^2
0
^ » oo
® o
n
CO
QC o>
25
c "
^20
(
en lioo
E
C
or\
r>
frequency- rv
D S
£ u 1(
- 0 - 3 ^x/V
WN
^V
^
3
Im
ean
= 24.7
2s
std
dev
= 1
033
s
I
500
1000
1£
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
8i
mea
n =
24 7
2 s
std
dev
= 1
033
s
I
500
1000
15
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
8i
im
ean
= 49
45
m
Std
dev
=
9.85
7 m
A/yi -^
^0^4
500
1000
15
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
8i
i i
i i
i i
*to
tal s
hots
= 4
19
* =
mea
n _
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9(
met
ers
00 00 00 3
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
19
K>
DC '^2
0
^35
42.
® on
(0
QC ^2
0
(
200
CO |100
E
0 C
or\
n
frequency
-* IN
3
O
C
I I0
500 Fi
nal
im
ean
= 23
65
s
std
dev
= 0
5305
s
1_
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 1
9i
mea
n =
23 0
9 s
~
std
dev
= 0
2349
s
I
) 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
um
be
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 1
9i i
500
His
togr
ami
i i
i i
i ,10
20
30
40
im
ean
= 52
.21
m
std
dev
= 5.
89 m
W^
1
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
of D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
19
i i
i i
*to
tal
shot
s =
630
* =
mea
n _
50
60
70
80
90
met
ers
to
200
§100
E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
0-~
« »3
O«
0)
nn
15 3
0DC L*
- o
n
1 1
_ .
w
hole
mm
ute
logg
,ng_
m
ean
= ^
$
""
std
dev
= 0.
703
s ~
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
20
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
0
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
50 7
6 m
std
dev.
=4
923
m
1500
S -2 q
n <o
JU
DC o>25
c ^
°
il
on
_.
who
lem
inut
?lo
ggin
g_
' '
mea
n =
24 9
2s
~
std
dev
= 0
703
s ~
I I
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
20
£\J\
J
o § 1
00
2
I I
-
I I
0
10
20
30
I I m
r
40
I I
n-in
nnfT
inl In
nnr-.
,-,
a.50
60
met
ers
I I
tota
l sho
ts =
41
2
* =
mea
n _
I I
70
80
9
K)
OO
35 OA 30
g>25
^20
200
f
100
E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
21
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
24 6
2 s
std
dev
= 1
268
s
mea
n =
55 9
3 m
std
dev
= 1 0
2 m
1500
s o O
Q
OC
g>
25
£
or\
I I
mea
n =
24 6
2 s
"~
std
dev
= 1
268
s ~~
I I
| I
I 1
1 I
I |
1 1
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
1£\J
\J
| I
100
p1
-I
II
I I
*to
tal s
hots
= 8
39
* =
mea
n _
~rin I irin
m^nn
n i
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
to
o
DC c
20
-
JSfh
otem
muL
eloa
sinj
L
200
I
100
E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
2
^ {J
rjj^
r^^^
*w
%
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
25 0
2 s
std
dev
=03686s
mea
n =
52 4
9 m
std.
dev
=
8 33
m
1500
s°°
$30
DC <?25
£
on
_
jyh
ole
min
ute
toggin
g
mea
n =
25 0
2s
~~
std
dev
= 0
3686
s
~
, |
. ,
i
1 1
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
2£U
U
o
I
100
CT
CD
01
I I
I I
0 20
30
I I
I*
40
50
60
me
ters
I J, 70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 4
41
* =
mea
n _
80
9
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
3
s 1 3
0 cc c "
^20
s35
|30
cc
°>
25
^20 (
200
CO |100
E
0c
200
o
§ 1
00c? .*=
0
I I
I m
ean
= 25
s
std
dev
=0
42
85
s
I
0 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
23
i i)
500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
tsi i
500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n
I m
ean
= 25
s
std.
dev
=
0 42
85 s
~
I
1000
15
00
: LIN
E 2
3i
mea
n =
52 2
1 m
std.
dev
=
3 59
m
I
1000
15
00
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
3i
i i
i i
i i
tota
l sho
ts =
21
4
_
* =
mea
n _
I I
I r^
nn4^nnnr-
ir-ir-
-,r-
|i--
i I
I '
I
10
20
30
40
50
met
ers
60
70
80
90
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
4'w
wv3
3 3
0DC <
?25
U-
on
1 !
mea
n =
25 2
9 s
~
std
dev
r 0
9245
S
~
, 1
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
24
1500
33
0DC g>
25 20
mea
n =
25 2
9 s
std
dev
= 0
9245
s
200
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
4
1500
100
mea
n =
50.8
7 m
std
dev
= 5
644
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
24
£U
U
o c S 10
0f
I I
I I
I
-r-|
i i
i
nnnn
nl ii
lnnn
nnnr
-ir-H
-u.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
met
ers
i i 70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 4
63
* =
mea
n _
I 80
9
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
25
S3
0oc g>
25 35 30
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
5
1500
ta **.-
«'
CD
OJ DC
g>25 20
200
ioo
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
5
1500
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
200
o §1
00
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
5
,J,n
nn
ll.
tota
l sho
ts =
155
6
* =
mea
n
1020
3040
50
met
ers
6070
8090
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
25
O cc ^2
0
15
I I
Im
ean
= 23
81
s
sld.
dev
= 1
12s
I
00
2000
25
00
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
-ft35
O oc i>2
5
^2
0
15
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
5i i
mea
n =
23 1
1 s
std.
dev
= 0
769
6 s
00
2000
25
00
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
200
|io
oE
0 15(
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
5i
i
i i
mea
n =
51 5
7 m
std
dev
= 8
749
m
DO
2000
25
00
3000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
6'S
) °
|30
DC ^20 oc
® 3
0CO cc ^20
(
200
C/J §100
E
0c
200
|ioo 0 1(
- 0 - ) a
_
3
I I
mea
n =
25 0
6 s
std
dev
=01644s
I I
500
1000
15
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
6i
im
ean
= 25
06
s
std
dev
=0 1
644s
~
I I
500
1000
15
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
6
I '
'm
ean
= 53
26
m
II
i st
d de
v =
1978m
||A
/x^l
|j||y^
1
1 '1
"
1 1
500
1000
15
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
6i
i i
i i
i i
*to
tal
shot
s =
682
* =
mea
n _
nfin
nn M
n
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9(
met
ers
>00
00 DO )
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
28
e §3
0a: c
^-
on
mea
n =
24 9
9 s
~
std
dev
= 0
51
88
s
( __
_
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 2
8
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
820
0
§1
00
E
1500
In ® 30
cfl
DC £?25
M-
on
1 1
mea
n =
24 9
9 s
std
dev
=05
1 88
s
I I
1500
.'iI
^/y
/WV
^/\
/vdv^^
-l~
mea
n =
47.0
6 m
std
dev.
= 6
.443
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 2
8
frequency
- l\
_0
S
g
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 *
tota
l sho
ts =
422
_
* =
mea
n _
i i
^nn
nfln
nl
1 II
lmn,
-,r-,r
-, ,-,
i
i j_
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9
met
ers
ON
O
nr\
15 3
0QC
.35 20
§1
00
E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
0
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
0
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
0
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
24 8
9 s
std
dev
= 2
294
s
mea
n =
24.8
9 s
std
dev
= 2
294
s
mea
n =
57 3
2 m
std.
dev
=5311 m
1500
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
0£
UU
o 1 1
00 0 1
i I
I I
0 20
30
I I
I*
40
50
60
met
ers
I _L 70
I
tota
l sho
ts =
174
* =
mea
n _
_L 80
9
U)
-« 35
I 3
0GC
20 35
|30
GC
20
200
1 10
0E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
32
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Nu
mb
er
mea
n =
24 2
s
std
dev
= 0712s
mea
n =
23 8
9 s
std
dev
=04
931
s
mea
n =
51 3
5 m
std
dev
= 5
784
m
1500
1500
1500
8"
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
2I
I
J_
I0
20
30
I I
*
40
50
me
ters
I
ifln
i-i
L 60
I I 70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 5
27
* =
mea
n _
J_ 80
9
00
s35
§30
DC
20
200
§100
E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
4T
n-0
0C
fl^ * 1 3
0DC O
) 2
5
c "
£
or>
1 1
mea
n =
23 7
3 s
~~
std
dev
= 0
904
s
-
[ |
__
1 |
___
__
__
__
-
__
__
__
__
__
| [
| |^
J
1 __
__
__
f |
| |
| |
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
34
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
4
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
23 0
7 s
sld
dev
=03
761
s
mea
n =
50 9
8 m
sld
dev
= 8
473
m
1500
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
4£
UU
O 1
100 0 1
I I
I i
i
| |
^rhr^r-,r-in
nnnl
II
11
1
II
II II
Hrin^
_L
r-,
0 20
30
40
50
.
60m
eter
s
1 1
tota
l sho
ts =
698
* -
mea
n _
70
80
9(
u>
£ 3
5
£30
tr |>2
5
^20
2 3
5<D a: |>25
^2
0
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
36
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
6
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
6
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
23 5
8 s
std
dev
= 0
6408
s
mea
n =
23 0
2 s
std
dev
= 0
1833
s
1500
1500
£U
U
2 I 1
00E
n
I I
mea
n =
53 1
8m
, st
d de
v =
8 1
89m
iiJ
^H
l r4
tot
E
ili
1
1 I
1500
I
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
61
I
1 I-
- .
0 2
0
30
1 1 nfl
_L
^r-in
nn
il
II
40
50
met
ers
1* II
1 In
nn
L
60
1 1 _.
70
1to
tal s
hots
= 5
39
* =
mea
n _
80
9(
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 3
8
cc
g>25
^20
mea
n =
25 3
4 s
std
dev
= 0
96
18
s
s35
I 3
0 CC
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
38
1500
20
mea
n =
25 1
2 s
std
dev
r 0
51
94
s
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 3
8
1500
f 1
00
mea
n -
50 9
7 m
std
dev
= 2
088
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
38
£.\JV
>. o §100
S
0
I I
-
I I
10
20
30
I I
Iit
1 1
n Fin
11 n
1 _nnfll
II ill
II
1 II L
1
I i
tota
l sho
ts =
731
* =
mea
n _
1
40
50
60
70
80
9(m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
40
§30
GC
°>2
5
^2
0
- 0
<D CO
*"*w
GC O>
PS
C
"
^2
0 (_J
_ l
D
200
en E
00-J __
__
rT
lprW
ffn
200
-
o
1
100
-
o -
1C
1 1 20
,
1 1
mea
n =
26 5
9 s
std
dev
= 3
447
s
1 1
500
1000
15
00Sh
ot P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
0i
im
ean
= 26
38
s
Bid
dev
=
3 42
2 s
I I
500
1000
15
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
0i
im
ean
= 56
18
m
std
dev
= 1 1
54
m
~*
I I
500
1000
15
00Sh
ot P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
0iii iii
*to
tal
shot
s -
288
* =
mea
n _
I I
rhfll
hnr-
,1-,
1
rhF
U
4,
30
40
50
60
70
80
90m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
42
§30
CC.
20
mea
n =
24 5
3 s
std
dev
=1
153
s
200
I 1
00E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
2
1500
s°J
§3
0
QC £ on
I I
mea
n =
24 2
2 s
~~
std
dev
= 1
037
s
1 _
__
__
| '
1 1
'
| _
__
__
_ t
1 1
. __
__
__
1 1
__
__
_ (
_J
I
' '
1 1
1500
mea
n =
52 7
4 m
std
dev
= 4
272
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
2<
1U
U
100 0 1
I
-
I0
20
I I
I
rim_
.1 -
_~nn
nl 1,1
1
*r-
I 1
1to
tal s
hots
= 1
341
]*
= m
ean
_
Uln
ru^
_ ,
30
40
50
60
7
0
80
9(m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
44
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
4
1500
§30
oc
20
mea
n =
24 8
6 s
std
dev
= 1
361
s
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
4
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
£U
U
|io
oE
r»
I I
mea
n =
51 0
8m
std
dev
= 4
835
m
»* v*h
W. V
^-*
«*
, f*
-*^ -t
-tfl |rtilr^--
4^H
h-^
~i . i ~
u_
__
.k..
...(
,4t|l |L
-- .j -.
.-
i in
r ir
r T
» >
jy ^^p
Ip
1 1
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
4
y100
lnnnr
+1.
tota
l sho
ts =
123
6
* -
mea
n
1020
3040
50
met
ers
607
080
90
35In
itial
Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
6
30<D
OJ
QC <?
25 20
mea
n =
23 9
6 s
std
dev
= 06319s
s35
I 3
0
QC
20
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
6
1500
mea
n =
23 9
6 s
std
dev
= 0
63
19
s
200
I
100
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
6
1500
mea
n =
51 9
3 m
std
dev
= 2
668
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
61
1 1
1 1
1 .^
r-JT
Ii1
1 1
1 to
tal s
hots
= 1
180
* -
mea
n _
In.
.0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9(
met
ers
ft
§3
0
CC
20
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
48
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 4
8
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
8
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
24 8
5 s
std
dev
= 1
43 s
mea
n =
54 4
5 m
std.
dev
=
5 1
95m
1500
"a?
"~*
£3
0QC
0 2
5
L1-
on
1 1
mea
n =
24 8
5 s
nst
d de
v =
1 43
s
~l i i
r i
, ,
, r~
i , , , ,
I ._
.....
! ___ !
, ,
1 1
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 4
8£U
U
1 1
00
!0 1
I I
I I
rI
i ,
, ~ ^
M0
20
30
40
50
met
ers
I I
*
I |l
II II
II ln
rtir-irir-
,,-,
nr-
i r-
irfi^
60
70
Ito
tal s
hots
= 1
109
* =
mea
n _
80
9(
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
0
I 3
0 <r
20
mea
n =
24 8
4 s
std
dev
=1 1
67 s
35
-2 3
0 co
JU
OC
<?25 20
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
50
1500
mea
n =
24 8
4 6
std
dev
= 1
167
s
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
0
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
£U
U
(A H
100
E
n
I I
mea
n =
54 2
7 m
std
dev
= 5
607
m
I I
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
0<
1U
U
^-»
Q c i 1
00«T I
0
I I
-
I I
10
20
30
I I
i*
nFin
n
fl n
i ,-
,! Hi
ll II
i In
In
Irir-i
rnrir
-irir-
n
I i
1ota
l sho
ts =
680
* =
mea
n _
-L
40
50
60
70
80
9(m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
2
§3
0 20
mea
n =
24 2
8 s
sld
dev
= 1
609
s
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
"ta *~*
*3
0DC
^-
on
1 1
mea
n =
23 7
1 s
~
sld
dev
= 0
405
s
-
I I
1500
<iU
U
CO £ 10
0E
n
I I
mea
n =
50 8
1 m
std
dev
= 6
898
m
^^^4
jt|V
^A
~^^'V
-T^/^^
V
/v-~
I I
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
2£
UU
o
1 1
00 0 1
I I
I I
I I
*to
tal s
hots
= 5
07
_
* =
mea
n _
I r4,
r-
innnnrinnfn
nl H
Inflr
-i
mo,
I
_L0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9<
met
ers
200
fio
oE
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
54
3"»
"~*
§30
QC g
£.D
£
or>
1 1
mea
n =
23 4
7 s
~
std
dev
= 0
6453
s
~~
1 L
__
l 1 _
__
__
_ 1 L__l I _
__
__
1 L J
1 _
____ 1 L_
_J L
1 I
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
4
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
4
1500
-st
" *'
§30
QC c £
or>
I I
mea
n =
23 s
~
std
dev
= 0
0694
7 s
~
I I
1500
mea
n =
50 4
9 m
std
dev
=3
716
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
4<
£U
U
O I
100
I
I I
I
-
I I
I r-,^
,11U,,
1 1
tota
l sho
ts =
796
* =
mea
n _
II
If li
>
- _
, ,
,*
-J-i
- i.
.. I
10
20
30
4
0
50
60
70
80
9(m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
6 to
a
a »
|30
DC ^20
I
- i i
, i i
i0
500
i i i10
00
mea
n -
23 7
2 s
std
dev
= 0
9576
s
-
| L
1500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
6S
35
33
0DC c C
20
I-
...
...j i .... ,
I0
500
I
( _ ,
I10
00
mea
n -
23 2
8 s
std
dev
= 0
5283
s
~ 1500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
620
0
§100
E-
J i
UW
, *
j*-
^
TT
-^*
' f| "
" 1
0 0
500
I 110
00
mea
n =
50 1
6 m
std
dev
- 3
342
m
* **
1500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
6
o 3 1
00 -
4=
1 1
1
II
n,
. ji i ,
I1
1
1 L,
i10
20
30
40
50
60
I I
tota
l sho
ts =
116
7
* =
mea
n _
I -L
70
80
90m
eter
s
35
2 3
0CO
o
u
DC
20
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
58
"a? §
30
<r g25
£ o
n
1 1
mea
n =
24 4
7 s
~~
std
dev
= 0
7546
s
1 1 1
1 1
' 1
1 1
1 '
' 1
1 1
1 '
1 1
1 '
' '
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 5
8
1500
mea
n =
23 9
4 s
std
dev
=02212s
200
£1
00
E
500
1000
Shot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
8
1500
mea
n =
51
16m
std
dev
= 3
334
m
500
1000
Shot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r15
00
200
jr § 1
00
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 5
8
nlU
ni-im
fl
tota
l sho
ts =
1 1
62
* =
mea
n
1020
3040
50
met
ers
6070
8090
Initi
al S
hot-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
60
1 3
0 QC "C 11
20
3
5
1 3
0
CL
^ 2
5jtZ
Z"
20
(
200
£
1
I i
I m
ean
= 24
51
s
std
dev
= 1
967
s ~
I
0 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
0
1 -_
___
D 50
0 S
hot
Poi
nt
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
i i
rm
ean
= 24
01
s
std
dev
= 2
025
s ~
1
1000
15
00
Num
ber
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
0i
mea
n =
52 6
6 m
std
dev
- 3
623
m
Io-
_
_._
.__._
.
_
.
0 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
0
o
§
100
-
f
i i
i i r
I I
I nil 1
1
I I
I
tota
l sho
ts =
557
I *
= m
ean
_
ihnru
i
r-,n
i i
10
20
30
40
50
60
7
0
80
90
m
ete
rs
U)
K>
CO
QC
O)
20
200
|10
0E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
1"to |3
0QC c
£
on
who
le m
inut
e to
ggin
g
~
sld
dev
=09188s
1 1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
61
jvhole
jnin
uie
tog
jjmg_
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
1
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
24 8
3 s
std
dev
=09188s
mea
n =
49 4
9 m
std
dev
= 8
445
m
1500
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
61
£U
U
o
1 1
00 0 1
l I
I I
i i
*
0 2
0
30
4
0
50
60
70m
eter
s
Ito
tal s
hots
= 8
15
* =
mea
n _
80
9(
U)
s35
£3
0
DC
20
who
le rn
mul
e_lo
ggin
g
35
DC
200
I 1
00E
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
62
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
2
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
mea
n =
25 1
4s
std
dev
= 1
025
s
mea
n =
53 3
3 m
sld
dev
= 108m
1500
who
lem
.nut
e.lo
ggin
g '
' m
ean
= 25
14s
~~
std.
dev
=
1 02
5 s
~
n i
i |
i _ i
I I
1500
1500
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
62
*uu III
0 § 1
00 - n
I I
I _
10
20
30
40
I I
*I
tota
l sho
ts =
495
* =
mea
n _
4,
50
60
70
80
9(
met
ers
35In
itial
Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
63
o> C ' 20
mea
n =
24 0
5 s
sid
dev
= 1
252
s
200
100
E
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Fina
l Sho
t-Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
3
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
3
1500
'M 0 CO
**
DC |25
£ o
n
\m
ean
= 23
99
s
I st
d de
v =
0241
s
1
1500
mea
n =
52 4
6 m
std
dev
= 2
682
m
500
1000
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
1500
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
3£U
U
§
100
cr 0)
0 1
I I
I I
I*
, _
_._n
ifllll
n_
,0
20
30
40
50
60
met
ers
I i
tota
l sho
ts =
620
* =
mea
n _
I I
70
80
9(
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
4
s S3C
a: O
) 05
c ^
a
^2
0
3
5 Q 2
^n
to J
U
a: g>25
^2
0 (
200
g |100
E
I-
I
im
ean
= 25
03
s
std
dev
= 0
8488
s
I
0 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
64
i i3
500
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
tsi i
0
0 50
0S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n20
0
>>
o § 1
00
-
?
i i
i i *
I I
I _
nn
fHn
rin
.10
20
30
40
50
m
eter
s
rm
ean
= 25
03
s
std
dev
= 0
8488
s
~~
I
1000
15
00
: LIN
E 6
4i
mea
n =
50 5
1 m
std
dev
= 1
885
m
I
1000
15
00
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
4i
i i
tota
l sho
ts =
1 4
8
* =
mea
n _
1 1
1
60
70
80
90
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
5
u\
"u
f^
-2 i
c]CO
d
ljcc
^2
Q
s35
§30
QC c
^20
(
20
0
</> f 1
00E
I
i n
im
ean
= 23
32
s
sld
dev
= 0
765
s
I
0 50
0 10
00
1500
S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
65
-
i
Im
ean
= 23
22
s
std
dev
= 0
5546
s
~~
I
D 50
0 10
00
1500
S
ho
t P
oint
Num
ber
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
5i i
Im
ean
= 50
1 5
m
sld
dev
= 3
096
m
10
_..
_-_
- 0
500
1000
15
00
Sho
t P
oint
Num
ber
His
togr
am o
f D
ista
nce
Bet
wee
n S
hots
: LI
NE
65
nnn
frequency
, § i
i i
i
.
-L _ nn
nl
1 1
* n
to
tal s
hots
= 6
35
Jl
* =
mea
n _
ill 1 Ir
iru
i
_L i
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
m
eter
s
Initi
al S
hot-
Tim
e C
alib
ratio
n:
LIN
E 6
6
1 1
25
cc g»12
0
"
115
I0
S13
0
IS 1
25
tr g>12
0
£
115
(
11
1I
r , L
500
Im
ean
= 13
1 4
s
"I sl
d de
v =
87 5
8 s
1
1000
15
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Fina
l Sho
t-T
ime
Cal
ibra
tion:
LI
NE
66
II
mea
n= 1
227s
std
dev
= 19
22s
i i
)
400
£2
1 3
00E
200
0
500
1000
15
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
6
I-n J^
-JL s
^W
^
1
/V^^^V
^^
i50
0
Im
ean
= 25
7 1
m
std
dev
= 25
73
m
VvV
L-
I
1000
15
00S
hot
Poi
nt N
umbe
r
His
togr
am o
f Dis
tanc
e B
etw
een
Sho
ts:
LIN
E 6
6
CT |io
o- o -
21D
220
1 1
1 1
1 1
*to
tal s
hots
- 6
4 1
* =
mea
n _
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
met
ers
APPENDIX 3
LINE CROSSING INFORMATION
158
TABLE Al: LINE CROSSINGS
Line No.
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Shot No.
199
462
166
345
96
271
539
540
80
231
280
814
822
946
45
147
321
453
639
763
901
995
1141
1200
1291
1337
1525
1552
1777
1899
2042
Line No.
3
7
2
4
7
26
3
62/3A
25
62/3A
26
28
7
L ll
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
25
61/10A
30
11
8
6
28
4
26
2
Shot No.
166
2042
199
539
1777
445
345
77
1329
238
189
161
1525
2137
40
378
17
354
39
367
89
154
897
108
1974
104
822
144
96
569
462
159
Line No.
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
Shot No.
80
104
256
611
818
929
127
607
170
388
546
745
905
1034
1209
1373
1535
1638
1826
1879
1882
1974
2008
2137
15
89
292
282
411
668
883
Line No.
11
7
28
25
62/3A
26
61/10A
25
34
32
52
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
25
61/10A
30
7
8
6
25
7
11
65/50B
48
46
44
Shot No.
2008
1337
291
947
363
8
1070
486
183
370
133
281
153
259
105
299
99
292
317
815
63
1291
80
946
13
901
1638
409
136
208
907
160
Line No.
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
Shot No.
1078
1234
1413
2541
99
367
41
43
235
447
708
1002
1307
1743
1938
39
299
313
496
550
702
971
1278
1568
1871
2076
2245
105
354
63
328
Line No.
42
63/40A
38
36
11
7
21
42
44
46
48
50
54
56
58
7
11
42
44
21
46
48
50
54
56
58
60
11
7
32
34
Shot No.
460
334
561
59
1535
763
635
800
520
679
654
354
476
581
565
639
1373
1240
101
135
1068
990
58
226
793
389
64
1209
453
33
399
161
Line No.
19
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
28
Shot No.
566
17
259
133
135
248
631
635
153
378
103
40
281
13
154
317
376
486
490
563
947
1171
1185
1329
8
124
137
189
445
569
144
Line No.
36
7
11
66/1 7 A
17
44
42
15
11
7
40
7
11
12
7
11
30
10
61/1 OA
28
8
62/3A
26
6
8
25
62/3A
6
4
7
7
Shot No.
225
321
1034
550
550
202
804
41
905
147
102
45
745
15
995
1826
18
607
657
408
611
289
124
80
929
1185
276
280
271
1899
1552
162
Line No.
28
28
28
30
30
30
30
32
32
34
34
36
36
38
40
42
42
42
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
46
46
46
46
48
48
Shot No.
161
291
408
18
60
63
108
33
370
183
399
59
225
561
102
460
800
804
1240
1240
99
101
202
520
907
208
679
1068
1069
136
654
Line No.
6
8
25
25
61/10A
11
7
19
11
11
19
13
19
13
23
13
15
21
17
66/17 A
66/17A
17
21
15
13
13
15
17
66/1 7 A
13
15
Shot No.
814
256
563
376
811
1882
1200
63
388
170
328
2541
566
1413
103
1078
43
631
313
599
561
496
248
235
883
668
447
702
517
411
708
163
Line No.
48
48
50
50
50
52
54
54
54
56
56
56
58
58
58
60
60
61/10A
61/10A
61/10A
61/10A
61/10A
62/3A
62/3A
62/3A
62/3A
62/3A
63/40A
65/50B
66/1 7 A
66/17A
Shot No.
990
992
58
58
354
133
226
226
476
581
791
793
389
390
565
64
65
657
811
815
897
1070
77
238
276
289
363
334
409
207
242
Line No.
17
66/17A
17
66/1 7 A
15
11
17
66/1 7 A
15
15
66/1 7 A
17
17
66/17A
15
17
66/17A
25
30
11
7
9
4
6
26
25
8
13
13
60
58
Shot No.
971
460
1278
401
1002
546
1568
343
1307
1743
285
1871
2076
242
1938
2245
207
490
60
1879
1141
127
540
231
137
1171
818
1234
282
65
390
164
Line No.
66/1 7 A
66/17A
66/17A
66/17A
66/17A
66/17A
66/17A
66/17A
Shot No.
285
343
401
460
517
550
561
599
Line No.
56
54
50
48
46
21
44
42
Shot No.
791
226
58
992
1069
133
99
1240
165
