navice, navi langauge

8/9/2019 navice, navi langauge

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Karyu Amawey

Version 3.4Last updated: 7 January 2010

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NaVi LanguagePhonology & Orthography 1Vowels 1Consonants 2Lenition 2Grammar 3Pronouns 3Nouns & Prepositions 3-6Plurals 3Gender 4Articles 4Case 4-5Adpositions 5-6Adjectives 6Numbers 6Verbs 7Questions & Demonstratives 9

Changing Parts of Speech 10Phrases 10Lexicon 11http://www.learnnavi.org/
http://www.learnnavi.org/http://www.learnnavi.org/http://www.learnnavi.org/


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Phonology and orthographyNavi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereuponmemories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for thepurpose of humans learning Navi, a standardized form was developed using Roman letterscoupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.

Phonology:***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.

Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been madeupon them.

Vowels:There are seven simple vowels:

Front Central Back

Close [i]i[]

[u]u

Close-Mid [o]oOpen-Mid [e]

[]

Open [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].

These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within aword. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables[m.u.i.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll[l ] and rr [r ] behave as vowels, as in pllte [pl .t]"to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ ]. Thesemay occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr .ap] "dangerous".

Navi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress:tte[tu.t]"person", tut [tu.t] "female person". Although stress may move withderivation, as here, it isnot affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "tobe" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays onthat vowel: lol [lo.lu] "was" (lolu), lolng [lo.lng. u] "was (ugh!)" (lolngu), etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill


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ConsonantsThere are twenty one consonants in Navi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are writtenwith digraphs inx,a convention that appears to be unique to Navi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px]p [tx]t [kx]kPlosive [p]p [t]t [k]k []Affricate [ts]Fricative [f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z [h] hNasal [m]m [n] n [ng] Flap [r] Trill [rr]rLiquid/glide [w]w [l] l or [ll] l [y]j

The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; theother consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final positionare considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed byanother final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing beforevowels, (f ts s)may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (thestops and liquids/glides) apart from() making for 39 clusters.

Lenition:

For some NaVi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural

marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought

to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds whenfound consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:

Before plural marker After plural marker

px, tx, kx p, t, k

p, t/ts, k f, s, h

(deletion)

Examples:tsmuk sibling kelku homeaysmuk/smuk siblings mehelku/helku homespxun arm

mepun/pun arms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant


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GrammarPronounsNavi pronouns encodeclusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending onwhether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two ofus" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural

Exclusive oe moe ayoe

Inclusive oeng ayoeng

2nd person nga aynga

3rd person po mefo ayfo

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He"and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and po.

These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what theymean.

me- dual marker oe 1st.singularay- plural marker ng(a) 2nd.singular

po(an/) 3rd.singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into two mes (meaning myself

and someone else) and me and you, respectively.

Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)Nouns and prepositionsNouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, theynot only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are notuncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are onlyfound with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only

occasionally (and optionally) marked.

Plurals:

The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenitionin Navi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may bedropped, so the plural oftokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity


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Gender:

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -, which is stressed:tsmuk or tsmktu "sibling", tsmkan "brother", tsmuk "sister".

Articles:

There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely ondemonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).

Case:

Case Vowel Final Marker Consonant Final Marker

Intransitive N/A N/AErgative (Transitive Agent) -l -l

Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i) -itDative -ru -ruGenitive -y - eyTopical -ri -ri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languagesspoken by humans, Navi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the objectof the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent withthe ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kameie

I-ERGyou-ACCSeeLAUD"I See you" (a greeting)

For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminologyused for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.

Genitive (-y)

The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. InEnglish, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (s):

E.g.Johns

cheese.Charlottes book.

In the case of NaVi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun toshow possession over another noun.

E.g. Oe-y tmuntxa.I-GEN mateMy mate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case


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Ayoeng-ey KelutrelPl.Incl.-GEN HometreeOur Hometree

Dative (-ru)

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whomsomething is given, or in other words, the recipient of something.

E.g. John gave Mary the book.Mary was given the book from John.

NaVi: Amhul-1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tngAmhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC giveAmhul gives Ralu the treebranch

Topic Marker (-ri)The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent

to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is,when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix.***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from alarger clause onto a single entity.

E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone.As for John, the play was not enjoyable.

NaVi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu tengkrr oe taronspear-TOP dangerous be while I huntThe spear is dangerous while/when I hunt

Adpositions:

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adpositionmay occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greaterdegree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga

or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarianand Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain ofthem trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is m "in", as in m sokx "in the body".This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: m sokx could also be short for m aysokx"in the bodies".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition


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em "over, above" m "behind, in back"eo "before, in front of" fa "per" (with, by means of)fpi "for the sake of" ftu "from" (direction)hu "with, together with" (accompaniment)Eywa ngahu Eywa (Na'vi god) (be) with you

l "via, along, by"

ka "across" ne "to" (direction) Terran ayoe ayngane weare walking your way

kip "among" ta "from" (generic)m "in"

AdjectivesNaviadjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel a-,which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressedeither as,

ngim-a kilvan

long-ATTRriver

or as,

kilvan a-ngim

river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can

also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedomof expression.

The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectivesinstead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu

river long be

"The river is long"

NumbersAs the Navi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a fewnumbers are attested:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective


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aw 1mune 2tsng 4onmrr (?) 5vofu 16

tsvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is ts, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as awpo "one" (an individual), (n)awve"first", awsitng "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"(not-one-time), naw "only", and nawtu "alone" from "one"; also nmun "again" andperhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

VerbsVerbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, Iwas, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" istolaron, with the infix ol.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, andafter the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Navi verbs have two syllables, thesecommonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic wordslike lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relativeorder, as in tsun[tsolngun] "was able to (ugh!)".

The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes fortense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense andaspect when they co-occur.

Tense:

Future (FUT) Immediate Future (IMM) Present (PRES) N/A (unmarked)Recent Past (REC) Past (PST)

taron taron taron taron taronhunted just hunted hunts about to hunt will hunt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense


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Aspect/Mood:

Perfective (PFV) Imperfective (IMFV)

Subjunctive (SJV)

taron taron taronhas hunted was hunting hunts?

The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished,ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentiallyexpresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past

Subjunctive of the verb to be:PAST: I was a teacher.

Lu karyu.

PAST SJV: If I had been a teacher.Txo lu karyu.

Participle/Reflexive:

Participle

Reflexive ?

The participial infix is found in forms such as krusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "tolive" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand"(that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group ofinfixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable.

The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive ornegative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in thegreeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See"is inflected positively as kameie to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting.

In the subsequent sentence,Oeri ontu teya lngu

"My nose is full (of his smell)",however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya lngu to indicatethe speaker's distaste at the experience.

Laudative Pejorative Evidential ?Deferential ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affect_%28linguistics%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affect_%28linguistics%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect


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tmareion[huntRECLAUD] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whetherdue to success or just the pleasure of the hunt.tayarngon[huntFUTPEJ] "will hunt": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, ornot impressed.

The copular be vs. the locational be:

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used withadjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb ofexistence).

Negation:

Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as

conjunctionsjoin phrases and clauses:na

"like, as",to

"(more, less) than",sk

(unquote),s,

lte "and", fu "or", sl "but".

Questions and demonstrativesYes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak?

Question marker Demonstrative markerspe- what? f- this

fay thesetsa- that

pe, pe "what? which

thing?"

fu "this, this

thing"

tsau "that, that thing"

pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"

pefya, fyape "how?" ffya "like this"

pehem, kempe "what? which

action?"

fkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"

pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"

pelun, lumpe "why?"

peseng,tsengpe

"where?" ftseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"

These are merely the more common forms that pe, f, fay and tsa combine with. However,they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsanarngthat forest). Likewise, other words maycombine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while"('same time'), and ku "nothing".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula


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Changing parts of speechAdjectives may be derived from nouns with le-: hrrap "danger", lehrrap "dangerous".Verbs may be made from nouns with the generic action verb si "to make, to do": kelku "home",kelku si "to live (dwell)". Adverbs are formed in n-: fte "easy", nfte "easily".Abstract nouns may be derived from verbs and adjectives with the prefix t-: rey "to live",trey "life"; ngay "true", tngay, "truth". People associated with a verb are indicated bycompounding with -tu: spe "to capture", spetu "a captive". A person who specializesin a verb (English -er) is indicated with -yu: tron "to hunt", tronyu "hunter".

Phrases"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltx. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kalt ngaru lu fpom srak ]Greetings. You-DATbe well.beingQUESTION

"Its a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Navi"

Tsun oe nga-hu n-Navi pivngkxo a f-u oe-ru prrte lu

be.able I you-withADV-Navi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9] be

"I apologise for this moron"

F-skxawng-ri tsapxalute sengi oe

this-moron-TOP apology make? I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep f-tsenge lu kxan

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta pey fahew a-kewong ontu teya lngu

me-TOPfrom his smell ATTR-alien nose full bePEJ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case


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LexiconNaVi - English English NaVi

A

'ampi v/am.pi/

touch

'aw n/aw/

one number

'awpo pn/aw.po/

one one (person)

'awsiteng adv/aw.si.t/

together

'awve adj/aw.v/

first

'e'al adj/.al/

worst

'eko n/.ko/

attack

'ekong n/.ko/

beat (rhythmic)

'engeng n/./

level

'eveng n/.v/

child

'evi n/.vi/ kid (affectionate form of"child")

''awn v/.awn/

remain,stay

'heyu n/.h.ju/

spiral

'ngls n/.l.s/

English language

'it n/it/

bit a small amount

'itan n/i.tan/

son

'ite n/i.t/

daughter

'ok n/ok/

remembrance

'ong v/o/

unfold,blossom

across ka pr

again nmun adv

agree mllte v

alarm cry rawke n

alien ketuwong n

alien kewong n

Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)

faketuan n

all all (of),in to,to,completely

nwotx pr

allow tung v

almost stum adv

alone alone (as one

person)

n'awtu adj

among kip pr

ancestor pizayu n

and s conj

and ulte conj

animal,beast ioang n

apology tsap'alute n

arm pxun n

arrive phem v

arrow swizaw n

art tseo n


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'upe n/u.p/

what (thing)

'upxare n/u.pa./

Message

A

a adj/a/

which, that

ie n/.i./

vision

alaks adj/al.ak.s/

ready

alm adj/al.m/

far far away,at adistance

Amhul n/am.hul/

child's name

nst n/n.st/ child's name

apxa adj/apa/

large

atan adj, n/a.tan/

light

atokirina' n/a.to.ki.i.na/

Seeds of the great tree

txle n/t..l/

request

atxkxe n

/atk./

land

au n/au/

drum (made of skin)

aungia n/au.i.a/

sign,omen

ayfo pn/aj.fo/

they

aylaru conj/aj.la.u/

to the others(contraction of aylaberu)

aynga pn

/aj.a/

you

ayoe pn/aj.o./

we (exclusive)

ayoeng pn/aj.o./

we (inclusive)

Eean adj/.an/

blue

as as (= same wayas)

tengfya adj, conj

ask pawm v

attack 'eko n

avatar; dreamwalkerbody

uniltrantokx n

awake txen adj

away (direction) neto pr

away (position) mso pr

B

baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di n

back (direction) ne'm pr

bad,evil kawng adj

badge pts n

be at,occupy a space tok v

be be (am,is,are) lu v

be responsible kllfriyo' v, c

beat (rhythmic) 'ekong n

become slu v

beetle larva(e) teylu n

before, in front of eo pr

begin,start sng'i v

beginning,start time sng'ikrr n

big big (in stature) tsawl adj

bind ym v

bit a small amount 'it n

bit a small amount n'it n


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eltu n/l.tu/

brain

eltu si v, c/l.tu si/

listen pay attention,quitgoofing off

eltungawng n/l.tu.aw/

brainworm

emza'u v/m.za.u/

pass (a test)

eo pr/o/

before, in front of

Eyaye n/.ja.je/

Plant species(Warbonnet)

eyk v/jk/

lead

eyktan n/jk.tan/

leader

Eywa n/j.wa/

World spirit guidingforce and deity(equivalent to Gaia);Eywa PN

Eywa ngahu int/j.wa a.hu/

good-bye,Eywa (be withyou)

Ffa pr

/fa/

with with (by means of)

faheu v/fa.h.u/

smell

faketuan n/fa.k.tu.an/

Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)

ffya pn/ff.ja/

this this way,like this

fkem pn/f.km/

this this (action)

fpo pn/f.po/

this this one (person orthing)

ftseng(e) pn/f.()/

this, here here,this place

f'u pn/f.u/

this this (thing)

fkarut v/fka.ut/

peel

blue ean adj

blue flower seze n

Blue Flute Clan Omatikaya n

body tokx n

bond bond (neuralconnection)

Tsaheylu n

boom kxangangang n

bow and arrow tsko swizaw n

bow bow (weapon) tsko n

brain eltu n

brainworm eltungawng n

branch branch (of atree)

vul n

brave tsteu adj

bring zamunge v

brother tsmukan n

burn,consume nekx v

but sl conj

butt,rear end txm n

by,via,following l (also: l) pr

C

call syaw v

calm mawey adj

can,be able tsun v

captive spe'etu n

capture spe'e v

center (or place in kxamtseng n


15/34

14

fkeu adj/fku/

mighty

fko adj/fko/

one

fmawn n

/fmawn/

news news,something to

reportfmetok n/fm.tok/

test

fmi v/fmi/

try

fnu v, c/fnu/

quiet quiet ("be quiet!")

fo pn/fo/

they

fpak v

/fpak/

hold off,suspend action

fpe' v/fp/

send

fpeio v/fp.i.o/

challenge challenge(ceremonial)

fpi i/fpi/

for the sake of

fpom n/fpom/

well-being, peace

fpxafaw n/fpa.faw/

medusa (animal)

fpxkm v/fp.km/

enter

frapo pn/fapo/

everyone

fra'u pn/fau/

everything

ftang v/fta/

stop

fte conj/ft/

so that

fteke conj/ft.k/ so that not,lest

ftia v/fti.a/

study

ftu pr/ftu/

from from (direction)

ftue adj/ftu./

easy

the middle)

challenge challenge(ceremonial)

fpeio v

change latem v

child 'eveng n

child's name Amhul n

child's name nst n

child's name Ralu n

choose ftxey v

clan olo' n

clan leader olo'eyktan n

clear,certain law adj

clever clever (thing) slronsem adj

close close to lok adj

colleague lertu n

come za'u v

continually ntut adv

cord telem n

create ngop v

creature swir n

cut mun'i v

D

daddy sempu ndance sreu v

danger hrrap n

dangerous lehrrap adj


16/34

15

ftxey v/ftj/

choose

fu conj/fu/

or

fya'o n

/fja.o/

path, way

fyape conj/fja.p/

how

fyawntxu n/fjawn.tu/

guide

Hha conj/ha/

so so (or "in that case")

hapx n/ha.p/

part

hasey adj

/ha.sj/

done, finished

hawnu v/haw.nu/

protect,shelter

h'i adj/h.i/

small

hiyk adj/hi.jk/

funny, strange

hrrap n/hrap/

danger

hu adj/hu/

with with(accompaniment)

hufwe n/huf.w/

wind

hum v/hum/

leave, depart

Ii'en n/i.n/

stringed instrument

Iknimaya n/ik.ni.ma.ja/

Thunderingrocks,Stairway toHeaven (floating

mountains)

ikran n/ik.an/

mountain banshee

l (also: l) pr/.l/ or /l./

by,via,following

ioang n/i.o.a/

animal,beast

daughter 'ite n

day trr n

dead kerusey adj

demon vrrtep n

destroy ska'a v

die terkup v

dig up kllkulat v

dim dim (of aperson)

snumna adj

dinner dinner,served

meal

wutso n

Direhorse pa'li n

dive tawng v

do not negative (donot)

r' v

do,make si v

doctor toktor n

done, finished hasey adj

dream unil n

Dream Hunt Uniltaron n

dreamwalker uniltranyu n

drive out kurakx v

drum (made of skin) au n

duck tawng n

E

ear mikyun n

easily nftue adv


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16

irayo n, i/i.a.jo/

thank you

iveh k'nivi s'di n/i.vh kni.visdi/

baby carrier/sling

Kka pr/ka/

across

k v/k/

go

kaltx n/kal.t/

hello

kmakto v/k.mak.to/

ride out

kame v/ka.m/

See (spiritual sense)

kangay adj/ka.aj/

valid

karyu n/ka.ju/

teacher

kato n/ka.to/

rhythm

kawkrr adv/kaw.kr/

never

kawng adj/kaw/

bad,evil

kawtu pn/kaw.tu/

no one

ke adv/k/

not

kea adj/k.a/

no no (before a noun)

kehe adv/k.h/

no

kelku n/kl.ku/

home

kelku si v/kl.ku si/

live,dwell

Kelutrel n/kl.u.tl/

Hometree Hometree(tree for living in)

kempe pn/km.p/

what what (action)

kenong v/k.no/

model,represent,exemplify

easy ftue adj

eat yom v

elbow pxuntil n

English language 'ngls n

enough ntam adj

enter fpxkm v

everyone frapo pn

everything fra'u pn

evil tkawng adj

examine steftxaw v

example tkenong n

eye nari n

eyes (two) menari n

F

false tsleng adj

far far away,at a

distance

alm adj

fast nwin adj

father sempul n

fear txopu n

feed yomtng v

female female(person)

tutee n, adj

finger zekw n

fire txep n

first 'awve adj

first n'awve adj


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kerusey adj/k.u.sj/

dead

ketuwong n/k.tu.wo/

alien

ke'u n

/k.u/

nothing

kewong n/k.wo/

alien

keye'ung n/k.j.u/

insanity

kifkey n/kif.kj/

world world(physical,solid)

km v/km/

spin

kin v

/kin/

need

kin n, adj/ki.n/

seven

kinam n/ki.nam/

leg

kinamtil n/ki.nam.til/

knee

kng n/k/

thread

k'ong n/k.o/

species of fruit orvegetable

kip pr/kip/

among

kte'e n/k.t./

service

kyevame n/k.j.va.m/

good-bye good-bye,seeyou again soon

kllfriyo' v, c/kl:.fri.jo/

be responsible

kllkulat v/kl:.ku.lat/

dig up

kllkxem v/kl:.km/

stand

kllpxltu n/kl:.pl.tu/

territory

kllte n/kl:.t/

Ground

fly tswayon v

for the sake of fpi i

forbidden kxan adj

forest na'rng n

forgiveness txoa n

four tsng n, adj

freshfresh,appealing asfood

pxasul adj

from above ta'em pr

from from(direction) ftu pr

from from (varioususes)

ta pr

full teya adj

funny, strange hiyk adj

G

get down get down!(literally,"to theground!")

ne kllte! i

give tng v

go k v

good sltsan adj

good-bye good-bye,see you again

soon

kyevame n

good-bye,Eywa (bewith you)

Eywa ngahu int

Got it. I understand. tslolam i

grab ni v


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18

krr n/kr/

time

krrnekx v/kr.nk/

take/consume time

krrpe adv

/kr.p/

when

kunsp n/kun.sp/

gunship

kurakx v/ku.ak/

drive out

Kxkxam n/kam/

middle,midpoint

kxamtseng n/kam./

center (or place in themiddle)

kxangangang n/ka.a.a/ boom

kxan adj/kan/

forbidden

kxawm adv/kawm/

perhaps,maybe

kxener n/k.n/


kxetse n/k./

tail

Llahe adj, pn/la.h/

other

lam v/lam/

seem,appear

lapo pn/la.po/

other other one (personor thing)

latem v/la.tm/

change

law adj

/law/

clear,certain

lehrrap adj/l.hrap/

dangerous

Lenay'ga n/l.naj.ga/

Slinger Slinger(predatory creature)

lertu n/l.tu/

colleague

grant teswotng v

great leonopteryxlast shadow (greatleonopteryx)

toruk n

great,much,manygreat (in quantity);much

txan adj

great,noble nawm adj

ground kllte n

group ofpeople,party

pongu pn

guide fyawntxu n

gunship kunsp n

H

halt txey v

he poan pn

he,she po pn

heart txe'lan n

hello kaltx n

help help,assistance srung n

hexapede,hexapod Yerik n

hold off,suspendaction

fpak v

home kelku n

Hometree Hometree(tree for living in)

Kelutrel n

honor meuia n

hot som adj

how fyape conj


20/34

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l'u n/l.u/

word

lok adj/lok/

close close to

lonu v

/lo.nu/

release,let go

lrrtok v/lr.tok/

smile

lu v/lu/

be be (am,is,are)

lumpe adv/lum.p/

why

Mmakto v/mak.to/

ride

mawey adj

/ma.wj/

calm

mefo pn/m.fo/

they (those two)

menari n/m.na.i/

eyes (two)

meuia n/m.u.i.a/

honor

meyp adj/mjp/

weak

m pr/m/

in

mikyun n/mik.jun/

ear

mn adj/mn/

turn

mso pr/m.so/

away (position)

mllte v/ml:.t/

agree

moe pn/mo./

we we two (exclusive)

mokri n/mok.i/

voice

mui adj/mu.i./

proper,fair,right

mune n, adj/mu.n/

two

munge v/mu./

take,bring

how pefya adv

hunt taron v

hunter taronyu n

I

I oe pn

I I (deferential orceremonial form)

ohe pn

if txo conj

if not if not,or else txokefyaw conj

in m pr

insanity keye'ung n

interpret ralpeng v

J

joint,hinge til n

K

kid (affectionate

form of "child")

'evi n

kill tspang v

knee kinamtil n

know omum v

L

land atxkxe n

large apxa adj

lead eyk v

leader eyktan n

learn nume v

leave, depart hum v


21/34

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mun'i v/mun.i/

cut

muntxa adj/mun.ta/

mated

N

na conj/na/

like,as

nang i/na/

particle for surprise orexclamation

nantang n/nan.ta/

viperwolf Caniferratuscostatus or striped

armored wolf.

nari n/na.i/

eye

nari si c, v/na.i si/

watch out,be careful

na'rng n/na../

forest

Na'vi n/na.vi/

the People the People(name for themselves)

nawm adj/nawm/

great,noble

ne kllte! i/n kl:.t/

get down get down!(literally,"to theground!")

ne pr/n/

to (direction)

ne'm pr/nm/

back (direction)

nekx v/nk/

burn,consume

neto pr/n.to/

away (direction)

neu v/n.u/

want

ni v/ni./

grab

n'aw adj/n.aw./

only

n'awtu adj/n.aw.tu/

alone alone (as oneperson)

leave,abandon txng v

leg kinam n

level 'engeng n

life trey n

light atan adj, n

like us Nayoeg adj, i

like,as na conj

like,as pxel pr

lip seyri n

listen tng mikyun v

listen payattention,quitgoofing off

eltu si v, c

live rey v

live,dwell kelku si v

long (period oftime)

yol adj

longer longer (time) nulkrr adj

look tng nari v

look look (at) nn v

M

male male (person) tutean n, adj

many pxay adj, pn

marker for yes-noquestions srak(e)

mated muntxa adj

matriarch Tsahk n

matter matter txele v


22/34

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n'awve adj/n.aw.v/

first

nayoeg adj, i/n.aj.o.g/

like us

nftue adv

/n.ftu./

easily

nftxavang adv/n.fta.va/

passionately,with allheart

nhawng adv/n.haw/

too too,excessively

n'it n/n.it/

bit a small amount

nltsan adv/nl.an/

well

nmun adv

/n.mun/

again

nn v/nn/

look look (at)

nngay adv/n.aj/

truly

ntam adj/n.tam/

enough

ntut adv/n.tut/

continually

ntxan adj/n.tan/

much

n'ul adj/n.ul/ more

nwin adj/n.win/

fast

nwotx pr/n.wot/

all all (of),in to,to,completely

nulkrr adj/nul.kr/

longer longer (time)

nume v/nu.m/

learn

Ngnga pn/a/

you

ngawng n/aw/

worm

ngay adj/aj/

true

(subject)

matter matter,be ofimportance

tsranten v

meaning ral n

medusa (animal) fpxafaw n

meeting ultxa n

message 'upxare n

middle,midpoint kxam n

mighty fkeu adj

mind ronsem n

model,represent,exemplify

kenong v

moment swaw n

mommy sa'nu n

more n'ul adj

moron skxawng n

mother sa'nok n

mountain banshee ikran n

move,shift position rikx v

much ntxan adj

music pamtseo n

must zene v

N

need kin v

need tkin v

never kawkrr adv

newsnews,something to

fmawn n


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ngenga pn/.a/

you you (honorificform)

ngop v/op/

Create

Ooe pr/o./

I

oeng pr/o./

We two (you and I)

ohe pr/o.h/

I (deferential orceremonial form)

olo n/o.lo/

clan

olo'eyktan n/ol.o.jk.tan/

clan leader

Omatikaya n/om.a.ti.kaj.a/

Blue Flute Clan

omum v/o.mum/

know

ontu n/on.tu/

nose

Pphem v/p.hm/

arrive

pak i/pak/

particle for surprise orexclamation

pa'li n/pa.li/

Direhorse

palulukan n/pa.lu.lu.kan/

Thanator Dry MouthBringer of Fear(Thanator)

pam n/pam/

sound

pamtseo n/pam..o/ music

pnutng v/p.nu.t/

promise (a thing tosomeone) promise (athing to someone)

pts n/p./

badge

report

night txon n

no kehe adv

no no (before anoun)

kea adj

no one kawtu pn

nose ontu n

not ke adv

nothing ke'u n

now set adv

O

offence,insult zoplo n

one fko adj

one number 'aw n

one one (person) 'awpo pn

only n'aw adj

or fu conj

other lahe adj, pn

other other one(person or thing)

lapo pn

outside wrrpa adj

P

part hapx n

particle for surpriseor exclamation

nang i

particle for surpriseor exclamation

pak i

particle used in full te pa


24/34

23

pawm v/pawm/

ask

pe pn, adv/p/

what what (before anoun)

pehem pn, adv/p.hm/

what what (action)

pehrr adv/p.hr/

when

pelun adv/p.lun/

why

peng v/p/

tell

peseng adv/p.s/

where

pesu pn

/p.su/

who

peu pn, adv/p.u/

what what (thing)

pey c, v/pj/

wait

pefya adv/pf.ja/

how

pizayu n/pi.za.ju/

ancestor

plltxe v/pl:.t/

speak

po pn/po/ he,she

poan pn/po.an/

he

poe pn/po./

she

pongu pn/pou/

group of people,party

Pxpxan adj/pan/

worthy

pxasul adj/pa.sul/

fresh fresh,appealing asfood

pxay adj, pn/paj/

many

pxel pr/pl/

like,as

names

pass (a test) emza'u v

passionately,with allheart

nftxavang adv

path, way fya'o n

pattern renu n

peel fkarut v

People the People(name forthemselves)

Na'vi n

perhaps,maybe kxawm adv

person tute n

place tseng(e) n

Plant species(Warbonnet)

Eyaye n

please rutxe v

poison txum n

pretty sevin adj

promise (a thing tosomeone) promise(a thing to someone)

pnutng v

proper,fair,right mui adj

protect,shelter hawnu v

protection thawnu n

pull za'rp v

Q

quiet quiet ("bequiet!")

fnu v, c


25/34

24

pxi adj/pi/

sharp

pxun n/pun/

arm

pxuntil n

/pun.til/

Elbow

Rr' v/./

do not negative (do not)

ral n/al/

meaning

ralpeng v/al.p/

interpret

Ralu n/a.lu/

child's name

rawke n

/aw.k/

alarm cry

renu n/.nu/

pattern

rey v/j/

live

rikx v/ik/

move,shift position

rim adj/im/

yellow

rina' n/i.na/

seed

riti n/iti/

stingbat

rol v/ol/

sing

ronsem n/on.sm/

mind

rutxe v/u.t/

please

Ssan n/san/

saying; quote

sa'nok n/sa.nok/

mother

sa'nu n/sa.nu/

mommy

snume n/s.nu.m/

teaching,instruction

R

rain tompa n

ready alaks adj

release,let go lonu v

remain,stay ''awn v

remembrance 'ok n

request txle n

rhythm kato n

ride makto v

ride out kmakto vrock,stone tskxe n

run tul v

S

sacred swok n

sacred place swotu n

safe place,refuge zongtseng n

save zong v

saying; quote san n

see (physical sense) tse'a v

See (spiritual sense) kame v

seed rina' n

Seeds of the great

tree

atokirina' n

seem,appear lam v

send fpe' v

service kte'e n


26/34

25

sat pn/sat/

that that (after ftu only)

sempu n/sm.pu/

daddy

sempul n

/sm.pul/

father

set adv/st/

now

sevin adj/svin/

pretty

seyri n/sji/

lip

seze n/s.z/

blue flower

s conj/s/

and

si v/si/

do,make

sk v/sk/

unquote

slronsem adj/sl.on.sm/

clever clever (thing)

sltsan adj/sl.an/

good

ska'a v/ska.a/

destroy

skxawng n

/skaw/

moron

sl conj/sl/

but

slu v/slu/

become

sng'i v/s.i/

begin,start

sng'ikrr n/s.i.kr/

beginning,start time

snumna adj/snu.m.na/

dim dim (of a person)

som adj/som/

hot

spe'e v/sp./

capture

spe'etu n/sp..tu/

captive

srak(e)/sak()/

marker for yes-no

seven kin n, adj

sharp pxi adj

she poe pn

show wintxu v

sibling tsmuk,tsmuktu n

sign,omen aungia n

sing rol v

sister tsmuke n

sixteen vofu n, adj

sky taw n

Sky Person Tawtute n

Slinger Slinger(predatory creature)

Lenay'ga n

small h'i adj

smell faheu v

smile lrrtok v

so so (or "in thatcase")

ha conj

so that fte conj

so that not,lest fteke conj

son 'itan n

song trol n

song way n

songchord waytelem n

soon ye'rn adv

sound pam n

speak plltxe v


27/34

26

questions

srane adv/sa.n/

yes

sreu v/s.u/

dance

srung n/su/

help help,assistance

steftxaw v/stf.taw/

examine

stum adv/stum/

almost

sutx v/sut/

track,lock up

swaw n/swaw/

moment

swir n/swi./ creature

swizaw n/swi.zaw/

arrow

swok n/swok/

sacred

swotu n/swo.tu/

sacred place

syaw v/sjaw/

call

T

ta pr/ta/

from from (various uses)

ta'em pr/ta.m/

from above

tftxu v/t.ftu/

weave

tftxuyu n/t.ftu.ju/

weaver

takuk v/ta.kuk/

strike

talioang n

/tal.i.o.a/

sturmbeest

tam v/tam/

suffice suffice,"do"

tangek n/ta.k/

trunk trunk (of a tree)

tanh n/tan.h/

star

spear tukru n


k'ong n

species of fruit or

vegetable

kxener n

spin km v

spiral 'heyu n

spirit tirea n

spirit animal tireaioang n

spirit path tireafya'o n

spread,proliferate vir vstand kllkxem v

star tanh n

stingbat riti n

stop ftang v

stopping tftang n

straight yey adj

strength ttxur n

strike takuk v

stringed instrument i'en n

strong txur adj

study ftia v

sturmbeest talioang n

suffice suffice,"do" tam v

sun tsawke n

T

tail kxetse n


28/34

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taron v/ta.on/

hunt

taronyu n/ta.on.ju/

hunter

taw n

/taw/

sky

tawng n/taw/

duck

tawng v/taw/

dive

Tawtute n/taw.tu.t/

Sky Person

te pa/t/

particle used in fullnames

telem n

/t.lm/

cord

tengfya adj, conj/t.fja/

as as (= same way as)

tengkrr conj, pr/t.kr/

while (= same time as)

terkup v/t.kup/

die

teswotng v/t.swo.t/

grant

teya adj/tja/

full

teylu n/tj.lu/ beetle larva(e)

tfmetok n/tf.m.tok/

test

tftang n/t.fta/

stopping

thawnu n/t.haw.nu/

protection

tkawng adj/t.kaw/

evil

tkenong n

/t.k.no/

example

tkin adj/t.kin/

necessary

til n/til/

joint,hinge

tng mikyun v/tmik.jun/

listen

take,bring munge v

take/consume time krrnekx v

teacher karyu n

teaching,instruction snume n

tell peng v

territory kllpxltu n

test fmetok n

test tfmetok n

than; comparativemark

to conj

Thanator DryMouth Bringer ofFear (Thanator)

palulukan n

thank you irayo n, i

that tsn pn

that that (action) tsakem pn

that that (after ftuonly)

sat pn

that that (as object) tsat pn

that that (thing tsa'u pn

that that person tsatu pn

then then,at thattime

tsakrr pn

there there,thatplace

tsatseng adv

they ayfo pn

they fo pn

they (those two) mefo pn

thirty-two thirty-two tsvol n, adj


29/34

28

tng nari v/tna.i/

look

tng v/t/

give

tngay n

/t.aj/

truth

tran v/t.an/

walk

tirea n/ti.a/

spirit

tireafya'o n/ti..a.fja.o/

spirit path

tireaioang n/ti..a.i.o.a/

spirit animal

trey n/t.j/

life

trol n/t.ol/

song

ttxur n/t.tu/

strength

to conj/to/

than; comparative mark

tok v/tok/

be at,occupy a space

toktor n/tok.tor/

doctor

tokx n

/tok/

body

tompa n/tom.pa/

rain

toruk n/to.uk/

great leonopteryx lastshadow (greatleonopteryx)

trr n/tr/

day

tukru n/tuk.u/

spear

tul v/tul/ run

tung v/tu/

allow

tupe adv/tu.p/

who

tute n/tu.t/

person

(octal: 40)

this this (action) fkem pn

this this (thing) f'u pn

this this one (personor thing)

fpo pn

this this way,likethis

ffya pn

this, here here,thisplace

ftseng(e) pn

thread kng n

Thundering

rocks,Stairway toHeaven (floatingmountains)

Iknimaya n

time krr n

to (direction) ne pr

to the others(contraction ofaylaberu)

aylaru conj

together 'awsiteng adv

too too,excessively nhawng adv

touch 'ampi v

track,lock up sutx v

training,exercise tskxekeng n

tree utral n

Tree of Voices Utral Aymokriyn

true ngay adj

truly nngay adv

trunk trunk (of a tangek n


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29

tutean n, adj/tu.t.an/

male male (person)

tutee n, adj/tu.t./

female female (person)

Ts

tsaheylu n/a.hj.lu/

bond (neuralconnection)

tsahk n/a.hk/

matriarch

tsakem pn/a.km/

that (action)

tsakrr conj/a.kr/

then, at that time

tsam n/am/

war

tsampongu n/am.po.u/ war party

tsamsiyu n/am.si.ju/

warrior

tsap'alute n/a.pa.lu.t/

apology

tsat pn/at/

that that (as object)

tsatseng adv/a./

there there,that place

tsatu pn

/at.u/

that that person

tsa'u pn/a.u/

that that (thing

tsawke n/aw.k/

sun

tsawl adj/awl/

big big (in stature)

tse'a v/.a/

see (physical sense)

tseng(e) n/()/

place

tsengpe conj/.p/

where

tseo n/.o/

art

tsng n, adj//

four

tsvol n, adj/.vol/

thirty-two thirty-two

tree)

truth tngay n

try fmi v

turn mn adj

two mune n, adj

U

understand tslam v

unfold,blossom 'ong v

unquote sk v

V

valid kangay adj

viperwolfCaniferratuscostatus or striped

armored wolf.

nantang n

vision ie n

voice mokri n

W

wait pey c, v

walk tran v

want neu v

war tsam n

war party tsampongu n

warrior tsamsiyu n

wash yur v

watch out,be careful nari si c, v

we (exclusive) ayoe pn


31/34

30

(octal: 40)

tsko n/ko/

bow bow (weapon)

tsko swizaw n/koswi.zaw/

bow and arrow

tskxe n/k/

rock,stone

tskxekeng n/k.k/

training,exercise

tslam v/lam/

understand

tsleng adj/l/

false

tslolam i/lo.lam/

Got it. I understand.

tsmuk,tsmuktu n/muk//muk.tu/ sibling

tsmukan n/muk.an/

brother

tsmuke n/muk./

sister

tsn pn/n/

that

tspang v/pa/

kill

tsranten v

/an.tn/

matter matter,be of

importancetsteu adj/t.u/

brave

tsun v/un/

can,be able

tswayon v/waj.on/

fly

tsyal n/jal/

wing

Tx

txan adj/tan/ great,much,many great(in quantity); much

txantslusam adj/tan.lu.sam/

wise wise,much-knowing

txe'lan n/t.lan/

heart

we (inclusive) ayoeng pn

we we two(exclusive)

moe pn

we we two (you and

I)

oeng pn

weak meyp adj

weave tftxu v

weaver tftxuyu n

well nltsan adv

well-being, peace fpom n

what (thing) 'upe nwhat what (action) kempe pn

what what (action) pehem pn, adv

what what (before anoun)

pe pn, adv

what what (thing) peu pn, adv

when krrpe adv

when pehrr adv

where peseng adv

where tsengpe conj

which, that a adj

while (= same timeas)

tengkrr conj, pr

who pesu pn

who tupe adv

why lumpe adv

why pelun adv

wind hufwe n


32/34

31

txele v/t.l/

matter matter (subject)

txen adj/tn/

awake

txep n

/tp/

fire

txey v/tj/

halt

txm n/tm/

butt,rear end

txng v/t/

leave,abandon

txo conj/to/

if

txoa n/to.a/

forgiveness

txokefyaw conj/to.k.fjaw/

if not if not,or else

txon n/ton/

night

txopu n/to.pu/

fear

txum n/tum/

poison

txur adj/tu/

strong

U

ulte conj/ul.t/

and

ultxa n/ul.ta/

meeting

unil n/un.il/

dream

Uniltaron n/un.il.ta.on/

Dream Hunt

uniltrantokx n/un.il.t.an.tok/

avatar; dreamwalkerbody

uniltranyu n/un.il.t.an.ju/

dreamwalker

Utral Aymokriy n/u.talaj.mok.i.j/

Tree of Voices

utral n/u.tal/

tree

wing tsyal n

wise wise,much-knowing

txantslusam adj

with with

(accompaniment)

hu adj

with with (by meansof)

fa pr

word l'u n

World spirit guidingforce and deity(equivalent toGaia); Eywa PN

Eywa n

world world(physical,solid)

kifkey n

worm ngawng n

worst 'e'al adj

worthy pxan adj

Y

year zst n

yellow rim adj

yes srane adv

you aynga pn

you nga pn

you you (honorificform)

ngenga pn


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Vvir v/vi./

spread,proliferate

vofu n, adj/vo.fu/

sixteen

vrrtep n/vr.tp/

demon

vul n/vul/

branch branch (of a tree)

Wway n/waj/

song

waytelem n/waj.t.lm/

songchord

wintxu v/win.tu/

show

wrrpa adj/wr.pa/

outside

wutso n/wut.so/

dinner dinner,servedmeal

YYerik n/j.ik/

hexapede,hexapod

ye'rn adv/j.n/

soon

yey adj/jj/

straight

ym v/jm/

bind

yol adj/jol/

long (period of time)

yom v/jom/

eat

yomtng v/jom.t/

feed

yur v/ju/

wash

Zza'rp v/za..p/

pull

zamunge v/za.mu./

bring

za'u v/za.u/

come


34/34

zekw n/zk.w/

finger

zene v/z.n/

must

zst n

/z.st/

year

zong v/zo/

save

zongtseng n/zo./

safe place,refuge

zoplo n/zo.plo/

offence,insult

navice, navi langauge

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