Naval Architecture

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Naval Architecture

Boats have played an integral role in the development of commerce and recreation on the Bay. The challenge for today’s designers is to develop more efficient recreational and fishing boats and a ferry system that can compete with our overtaxed highway system.

Basic naval architecture principles are explored, along with a history of boats on the Bay. Students will be introduced to careers in designing, building, operating and maintaining boats and ships.

Naval Architecture

Two-SailBateauE.C.COLLIER,ChesapeakeBayMari=meMuseum,SaintMichaels,MD[h#ps://www.loc.gov/item/md1203/]

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Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks

Theskipjackisauniquetypeofcommercialwoodensailingvessel,usedformorethan100yearstodredgeoystersfromtheChesapeakeBay.

Attheheightoftheoysterharvestperiodinthelate1800s,theregrewaneedforshallow-draJsailingvesselsfordredging,thathadalowfreeboard(deckclosetothewaterline)toeasehaulinginthedredges,thatwereeasiertobuildandcrewthanschooners.SkipjacksdredgingundersailontheChoptankRiverin1989.DaveHarp

[h#p://www.firstlightworkshop.com/previous-workshops/chesapeake-bay-2005/]

Skipjacksgenerallyrangedfrom30to60feetondeckandcouldcarry100to500bushelsofoysters.

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks

CrewmemberspullanoysterdredgeinTangierSoundoftheChesapeakeBaynearDealIsland,Md.,in2013.PatrickSemansky/AP

[h#p://theRmes-tribune.com/polopoly_fs/1.2065126!/image/image.jpg_gen/derivaRves/landscape_700/image.jpg]

Skipjackshaveasharpchineandshallow,dead-risehullwithacenterboard.Thelargemainsailprovidesenoughpowertohaulthebigoysterdredges.Aself-tendingjiballowsthecrewtoconcentrateondredging.

Theskipjackwassosimpletobuildthatevenhousecarpenterscouldconstructone.Asaresult,hundredsofskipjackswerebuiltinthe1890sandduringtheirheydaytherewereasmanyas2000skipjacksontheBay.

The117-year-oldRebeccaT.RuarkistheoldestvesselintheChesapeake

BaySkipjackFleet.CraigCaldwell

[h#p://fineartamerica.com/featured/skipjack-rebecca-t-ruark-

craig-caldwell.html]

TheskipjackbecametheMarylndStateBoatin1985.[h#p://www.mdsg.umd.edu/topics/skipjacks/skipjacks]

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks

• AdaFears.Ridge,MD.BuiltinOxford,Marylandin1968.• CalebW.Jones.Builtin1953.• CityofCrisfield.DealIsland,Maryland.BuiltinReedville,

Virginiain1949.• CityofNorfolk.Norfolk,Virginia.BuiltinDeale,Marylandin

1900.• ClaudM.Somers.Reedville,VA.BuiltinAccomackCounty,VA

in1911.• DeeofSt.Mary’s.St.GeorgeIsland,MD.BuiltinPineyPoint,

Marylandin1979.• E.C.Collier.St.Michaels,MD.BuiltinDealIslandin1910.• Elsworth.Worton,MD.Builtin1901.• FannyL.Daugherty.DealIsland,MD.BuiltinCrisfield,

Marylandin1904.• F.C.Lewis,Jr.WestDenton,MD.• FloraA.Price.WestDenton,MD.Builtin1910.• HelenVirginia.BuiltinCrisfield,Marylandin1948.• HildaM.Willing.TilghmanIsland,Maryland.BuiltinOriole,

Marylandin1905.• H.M.Krentz.TilghmanIsland,MD.BuiltinHarryhogan,

Virginiain1955.• IdaMay.DealIsland,MD.BuiltinUrbanna,Virginiain1906.• JoyParks.St.Mary’sCountyPineyPointMuseum.Builtin

1936inParksley,Virginia.

• Kathryn.TilghmanIsland,Maryland.BuiltinCrisfield,Marylandin1901.

• LadyKaKe.Cambridge,MD.BuiltinWingate,Marylandin1956.

• MaggieLee.WestDenton,MD.BuiltinPocomokeCity,Marylandin1908.

• MamieA.Mister.TilghmanIsland,MD.BuiltinDealIsland,Marylandin1911.

• MarthaLewis.HavredeGrace,MD.BuiltinWingate,Marylandin1955.

• MinnieV.BalRmore,MD.BuiltinWenonah,Marylandin1906.• Nathan.Cambridge,MD.BuiltCambridge,Marylandin1992.• NellieL.Byrd.TilghmanIsland,MD.BuiltinOriole,Marylandin

1911.• RebeccaT.Ruark.TilghmanIsland,MD.BuiltinTaylorsIsland,

Marylandin1886.• RosieParks.St.Michaels,MD.BuiltinWingate,Marylandin

1955.• Sigsbee.BalRmore,MD.BuiltinOriole,Marylandin1901.• StanleyNorman.Annapolis,MD.Builtin1902.• Somerset.DealIsland,MD.BuiltinReedville,Virginiain1949.• ThomasClyde.TilghmanIsland,MD.BuiltinOriole,MDin

1911.• VirginiaW.PortKinsale,VA.BuiltinGuilford,Virginiain1904.• WilmaLee.Kinsale,VA.BuiltinWingate,MDin1940.

h#p://oystercatcher.com/skipjack-history/

RemainingSkipjacks

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Deadrise Workboats

Thedeadrisedesignwasdevelopedaroundthe1880s.DeadrisereferstotheV-shapedbo#omatthebowandmoregenerallytheangleformedbetweenthekeelandthethewaterline.

AV-bo#omiseasiertobuildthanaroundbo#om.TheseboatshaveadraJoftwotothreefeet,makingthemidealfortheshallowsoftheBay.Theaveragedeadriseworkboatis35to45feetlongwithabeamof9to12feet.

TypicalDeadriseHullForm[h#p://blog-imgs-54.fc2.com/b/o/a/boat262/Deadrise-Boat-

Plans-2.jpg]

Genera=onsofindependentfishermenhaveworkedthewatersoftheChesapeakeBayondeadriseboats.[h#p://www.mdsg.umd.edu/topics/watermen/watermen]

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Deadrise Workboats

SomedeadriseboatsoftheBay[h#p://www.deadrise4sale.com/]

ThedeadriseworkboatisusedbymostwatermenontheChesapeakeBay.Theseboatsaccommodatetheheavy,bulkyequipmentusedforharvesRngavarietyofcatches.

Thedeadrise'ssizeandcapacityallowthewatermantotravelfartheracrosstheBayandcarrymoreseafoodbacktomarket.

VirginiadesignatedtheclassicChesapeakeBaydeadriseworkboatastheofficialstateboatin1988.

Naval Architecture

Typicalsailinglogcanoesailplan[h#p://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/029800/029843/pdf/

msa_se5_29843.pdf]

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Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes

OriginallybuiltbythenaRvePowhatantribesfromasinglelog,theseboatswereadoptedbyearlyEnglishse#lerswhodiscoveredthatthesturdycraJcouldhandletheroughwatersoftheBayandcarryaheavyload.

TheEnglishse#lersaddedasailtoincreaseitsspeed.ThecanoewasthestandardworkboatontheBayunRlthe1900s.

Duringthesummermonthsmanywatermenturnedtheirsailingcanoesintoracingboats.Theracingcanoehaslargersailsandhikingboards,allowingthecrewtokeeptheboatupright.

photobyBillKepner[h#p://www.logcanoegallery.com/fleet.html]

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes

LogcanoeracinghasbecomeatradiRonontheBay.TheracestakeplaceontheMilesRiver,theTredAvonandtheChesterRiveronMaryland'sEasternShore.

AccordingtotherulesoftheChesapeakeBayLogSailingCanoeAssociaRon,theonlypenaltyforsailareaisaninabilitytokeeptheboatupright.

h#p://www.sailmagazine.com/racing/rega#as/an-adventure-with-chesapeake-bay-log-canoe-sailors/

h#p://cbmm.org/tags/log-canoe/

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes

Fewerthantwodozenlogcanoesremain,mostofthembuiltinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.AllhavereRredfromtheirworkingcareers.AbouthalfsRllacRvelyrace.

ListoflogcanoesontheNaBonalRegisterofHistoricPlaces

• BillieP.Hall,TalbotCounty,Maryland• EdmeeS.,TalbotCounty,Maryland• FlyingCloud,TalbotCounty,Maryland• IslandBird,TalbotCounty,Maryland• IslandBlossom,TalbotCounty,Maryland• IslandImage,KentCounty,Maryland• IslandLark,TalbotCounty,Maryland• JayDee,TalbotCounty,Maryland• Magic,TalbotCounty,Maryland

• Mystery,QueenAnne'sCounty,Maryland• Noddy,TalbotCounty,Maryland• Oliver'sGiS,AnneArundelCounty,Maryland• Patricia,DorchesterCounty,Maryland• Persistence,TalbotCounty,Maryland• Rover,TalbotCounty,Maryland• Sandy,TalbotCounty,Maryland• S.C.Dobson(MaryJuliaHall),KentCounty,Maryland

• SilverHeel,KentCounty,Marylandh#ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_canoe

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Ferries

Therewereferryboatsonthebayaslongagoasthe17thcentury,withoneoftheoldestandmostheavilytraveledroutesrunningthe25milesbetweenRockHallandAnnapolis.

In1919,ferriesbegantransporRngautomobiles,freightandpassengersbetweenClaiborneandAnnapolis.

h#p://fineartamerica.com/featured/old-bay-line-of-balRmore-1877-daniel-hagerman.html

TheFloridawasbuiltfortheBalRmoreSteamPacketCompany,whichstarRngin1839operatedfor122yearsontheBay.ItranthelastsurvivingovernightsteamshippassengerserviceintheUnitedStates.

TheOldBayLineshipthePresidentWarfieldranbetweenBal=moreandNorfolk[h#p://darkroom.balRmoresun.com/2015/03/from-the-vault-175th-anniversary-of-the-old-bay-line/#16]

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Ferries

h#p://www.stardem.com/news/arRcle_c1275235-b86f-51f5-aa78-8cf4dbb0b6e7.html

DespitecompeRRonfromthenewlyopenedBayBridge,unRl1952,ferriessRllmanagedtotransportmorethanamillionpassengersayear.Theboatsran46roundtripsaday.

h#p://www.stmichaelsmd.org/list/member/oxford-bellevue-ferry-384

Establishedin1683,theOxford-BellevueFerry,believedtobethenaRon'soldestprivatelyoperatedferryservice.

Newpassengerhydrofoildesignsthata#ainspeedsof35-50knotshavebeenproposedforcommutersandtourists.

h#p://www.foils.org/01_Mtg_Pres%20dnloads/100311%20IHS%20diner%20mtg/100311MarkRiceMAPPIHS.pdf

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Commercial Ships

Virginiaishometo"America'sFirstPort,"establishedatJamestownin1607andalsohostedtheeraofthegreatclipperships.

Inthe17thcentury,thePortofBalRmoresupportedtobaccotradewithEngland,butsoonothercommodiResshippedthroughitsnaturalharbor.BothoftheseportsontheChesapeakeBayhaveevolvedintomajorshippingterminals.h#p://www.virginiaplaces.org/transportaRon/graphics/eastcoastports.png

AbulkcarrieratanchoroffAnnapoliswai=ngtoloadcargoinBal=more

MarylandandVirginiapilotshelpvesselsincludingcargoships,tankers,andcruiseshipsreachtheirdes=na=onssafelybyboardingthoseshipsfromasmallerboatandthennaviga=ngthemintoport.[h#p://buoybay.noaa.gov/featured-users/ben-schill]

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Commercial Ships

h#p://boards.cruisecriRc.com/showthread.php?t=203217

In2015,morethan90cruisescarrying193,709passengersdepartedfromBalRmore,whichrankedsixthinEastCoastports,eleventhinU.S.ports,andtwenRethinworldports.

h#p://www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/keepclear.pdf

TheChesapeakeBaysupportsahealthytugandbargecommodi=estransporta=onindustry

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Coast Guard and Navy Shipyards

TheaircraJcarrierhasplayedasignificantroleinAmerica'snaRonaldefenseforover80years,extendingourmilitaryreachbeyondwhatwaspreviouslypossible.

NewportNewsShipbuildingisacommercialshipyardthathasbeeninvolvedintheevoluRonofU.S.aircraJcarriersandsubmarines.

TheCurRsBayCoastGuardYardwasestablishedin1899asaCoastGuardtrainingacademyandboatrepairstaRon.By1910,theCGYwasanoperaRonalshipbuildingandrepairfacility.

TheyardreacheditspeakemploymentduringWorldWarII(1941-45),withaworkforceofover3,000.

Naval Architecture

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Boats of the Chesapeake Recreational Boats

Thereareapproximately212,000registeredboatsinMarylandand238,000inVirginia.ThemajorityoftheseboatsoperateontheChesapeakeBayoritstributaries.AccordingtotheChesapeakeBayPowerBoatAssociaRon,over80percentofallboatsregisteredontheBayarepowerboats.

Hydroplanesraceatthe106thrunningoftheCambridgeClassicontheChoptankRiver[h#p://www.proptalk.com/the-cambridge-classic/]

Ara\-upontheMagothyRivershowsanicemixofpowerandsail.[h#p://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/June/a-burgee-and-an-idea.asp]

J/70sarepartofthe200boatsintheAnnapolisNOODrega`a[h#p://www.sailfeed.com/2015/05/annapolis-nood-preview-2/]

Naval Architecture

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Why Do Boats Float?

Archimedes,wholivedfrom287BC-212BC,discoveredthat“abodyimmersedinaliquidoragashasabuoyantforceequaltotheweightoftheliquidorgasthatitdisplaces”whenheenteredabathtub.Excitedabouthisdiscovery,heranthroughthestreetsofSyracuseyelling“Eureka”

h#p://www.kusadasi.tv/archimedes.html

AshipthatislaunchedsinksintotheoceanunRltheweightofthewateritdisplacesisjustequaltoitsownweight.Astheshipisloaded,itsinksdeeper,displacingmorewater,andsothemagnitudeofthebuoyantforceconRnuouslymatchestheweightoftheshipanditscargo.

h#ps://www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle

h#ps://dbf-blockii-boatbuilding.wikispaces.com/Archimedes

+Principle

Naval Architecture

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Why Don’t Boats Tip Over?

SailboatheelingoverinaHiker-YachtRaceontheDelawareRiver,1870s

AnyfloaRngbodyissubjectedbytwoopposingverRcalforces.Oneisthebody'sweightW,whichisdownward,andtheotheristhebuoyantforceBF,whichisupward.TheweightisacRngatthecenterofgravityGandthebuoyantforceisacRngatthecenterofbuoyancyBO.

Boatstragicallyoverloadedwithrefugeesareunstablebecausethecenterofgravityistoohigh.[h#p://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/

2016/5/26/8bd4ec05e6ea41de98d4e73cde827eb4_18.jpg]

Naval Architecture

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Why Don’t Boats Tip Over?

Asashipheelsoverthecenterofbuoyancy,BOisshiJedbecauseawedgeofwaterisimmersedononesideandemersedontheother.

TheshipmayRltfrommanycauses,likewindorwaveacRoncausingthecenterofbuoyancytoshiJtoanewposiRonBO'asshownbelow. TheCougarAce=ppeda\erherballastwasadjusted

intheopensea[U.S.CoastGuard]

TheKoreanferryMVSewolcapsizedin2014,killing304people.Anunreasonablysuddenturnand

overloadingcausedthecapsizing.[SouthKoreanCoastGuard]

Naval Architecture

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What Makes a Powerboat Move?

Energysourcesusedtopropelboatsare:•  Fossilfuels(gasoline,diesel,naturalgas)•  Renewableenergy(wind,solar)•  Humanpower-rowing

Thecurrentpowerboatspeedrecordof318mphwassetin1978byAustralianKenWarby,inawoodenhebuiltinhisbackyard[h#p://

www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/fastest-boat-in-the-world/]

Weighinginat131tons,thispropellerdrivestheEmmaMaersk,acontainershipwithaloadcapacityofupto14,770twenty-footcontainers,alengthof397m.[h#p://www.marineinsight.com/

tech/8-biggest-ship-propellers-in-the-world/]

Avessel'spropellerworksbythrusRngacolumnofwaterawayfromthehull,producingareacRveforcethatmovestheboatforward.

h#p://www.pointwise.com/theconnector/May-2014/Propeller-Blade-Loads-with-

OpenFOAM.shtml

Naval Architecture

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What Makes a Sailboat Move?

In2012,theVestasSailrocketIIachievedaspeedofover65knots(75+MPH)[h#p://www.sailrocket.com/]h#ps://astarmathsandphysics.com/a-level-physics-notes/173-forces-and-

moRon/2788-how-sails-work.html

AccordingtoBernoulli’sPrinciple,whenwindcomesincontactwiththefrontofsail,theairsplitsupandsomeairtravelsoverthesailandsometravelsunderthesail.Airtravellingoverthesailhasafurtherdistancetogosoinordertomeetbackupwiththesameairatthetrailingend,itmusttravelfaster.ThiscreatesalowpressureareaoraliJforce.

Naval Architecture

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What Makes a Human-Powered Boat Move?

h#ps://www.britannica.com/topic/rowing-boat-propulsion-and-sport

h#p://www.seabreeze.com.au/ArRcles/Stand%20Up%20Paddle/Beginners-guide-to-improving-your-SUP-paddling_5591958.aspx

•  Eight-personrowingshellscanobtainspeedsof18mph.

•  OnDecember26,2015,JohnBeeden,53,becamethefirstpersontosuccessfullyrownon-stop,unassistedfromNorthAmericatoAustraliacovering7400nauRcalmilesin209days.

•  In1896,FrankSamuelsenandGeorgeHarborowedfromManha#antoEnglandin55daysand13hours,covering3,250miles.

h#p://oarnorthwest.com/2013/02/daily-educaRon-update-2-1-harbo-and-samuelsson/

Naval Architecture

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What Slows a Boat Down?

ComponentsofTotalHullResistance

Theresidualresistanceisduetopressuresdevelopedinpushingthewateraside,andarisesfromtheformofthehull.

Theairresistanceofashipalsoslowsitdown.

h#p://www.humphree.com/learn-more/how-it-works/

Theresistanceofferedbyashiptomovementthroughwatermayberesolvedintotwoprincipalcomponents:fricRonal(viscous)resistanceandresidual(wavemaking)resistance.

ThefricRonalresistancearisesfromfricRonalforcessetupbytheflowofwateralongthesurfaceofthehull,andisconsequentlyinfluencedbyfouling(barnacles).

Naval Architecture

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What Slows a Boat Down?

W.Froude'ssketchofcharacteris=cbowwavetrain[h#p://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAg1k0AL/principles-of-naval-

architecture-vol-ii-resistance-propulsion-and-vibraRon?part=6]

WilliamFroudeshowedthatthewaveeffectsofscaleshipmodelstowedinatankwouldresembleactualshipsifthevelocitywasreducedinproporRontothesquarerootofthelength. WilliamFroude(1810-1879)

Computa=onalFluidDynamics(CFD)isnowusedtopredicttheresistanceofshiphulls[h#p://cflymarine.com/services/]

BoatinUSNATowingTank[h#ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXCU_mCuI8g]

Naval Architecture

Length-to-Beamra=oofsomesailboats[h#p://sailingmagazine.net/arRcle-1218-comparing-boats.html]

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Efficient Boats

AccordingtonavalarchitectDaveGerr,thethreebasicthingsthatmakepowerboatsmoreefficientare:

1. Long,slenderhulls2. Goingslower3.  Anefficientpropulsionpackage

WecanaddlightweightconstrucRontothatlist.

Limitedstabilityreducestheviabilityofverylong,narrowboathulls.Catarmaransandtrimarans(mulRhulls)overcomethischallengeandareeasilymovedthroughthewater.

SincemulRhullsareverynarrow,theyareveryweightsensiRvesoaretypicallybuiltusinglightweightmaterials.ThedisplacementcatamaranHoloHolois62’long,weighsabout25,000lbs,hasa

pairof440hpenginesandoperatesinsomeofthemostseverewatersintheUS.[h#p://www.mulRhulldesigns.com/pdf/powercatslt.pdf]

Naval Architecture

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Efficient Boats

Shu`leworthDesigns"Adastra"is42.5meterslongandhasatopspeedof23.2knots[h#p://www.shu#leworthdesign.com/adastra-arRcle-part1.html]

Thecenterhulloftrimaranshavenoinherentstability-allthestabilityiscreatedbytheoutriggers.ThesevesselscanachievelengthtobeamraRosinexcessof17,whichhasbeenshowntosignificantlyincreasefuelefficiency

TuranorPlanetSolaristheworld'slargestsolar-poweredboat[h#p://www.bbc.com/news/business-23936775]

TodemonstratethepotenRalofsolarpower,thePlanetSolarcircumnavigatedtheglobe(60,000kmor37,000miles)usingenergyharnessedfrommorethan500squaremetersofsolarpanelstodrivetwo60kWelectricengines.

Naval Architecture

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Efficient Boats Electric Propulsion

TheAmpereisthefirstall-electricba`ery-poweredcarandpassengerferryintheworldandcarries120carsand360passengersatabout10knots

[h#p://cleantechnica.com/2015/06/13/worlds-first-electric-ba#ery-powered-ferry/]

Elcoelectricmotorandba`eries[h#p://www.elcomotoryachts.com/elco-ep-motor-benefits.shtml]

Elco’shistorydatesbacktothe1893ChicagoWorld’sColumbianExposiRon,whereitintroduced55electriclaunches.Todaythecompanyoffersbothinboardandoutboardelectricmotors.

Benefitsofelectricpowerinclude:• Noexhaustfumesproduced• SilentmotoroperaRon• Cruisealldayandchargetheba#eriesovernight

Naval Architecture

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Boat Design Questions

•  Whydoesapieceofsteelsinkinwaterandmeanwhileaboatmadeoutofsteelcanfloat?

•  Whydoesn’tasailboatRpoverwhenwindblowsagainstthesail?

•  Howdoesasailboatsailintothewind?

•  Whichtypeofboatmoveseasierthroughthewater,anarrowboatorawideboat?

•  Whichtypeofboatismorestable,anarrowboatorawideboat?

•  Whattypesofenergysourcescanbeusedtomoveboats?

•  Ifyoucouldgoanywhereintheworldinaboat,wherewouldyougo?Whattypeofboatwouldyouuse?

Naval Architecture

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Bay Challenges

•  WhatwouldaworkboatfortheBaythatuseslessenergythantradiRonaldeadriseboatslooklike?

•  ArepassengerferryroutesthatexistedontheBay100yearsagoviabletoday?Whatwouldtheseferrieslooklike?

•  HowcanwereducethecarbonfootprintfromcommercialshippingontheBay?

•  WhattypesofrecreaRonalboatsaremoreefficientthanspeedboatsandcabincruisersthatarepopularonthebay?

•  Howcanweaccommodatemorehuman-poweredboatsontheBay?

•  WhattypesofjobsrelatedtoboatsandshipsontheBaylookliketheywouldbefunandagoodwaytomakealiving?