Edexcel GCE Geography - Pearson qualifications | Edexcel ...
Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)
-
Upload
wwwfixurscorecom -
Category
Education
-
view
434 -
download
2
Transcript of Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)
![Page 1: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nature of Light
Imath A.Latheef
![Page 2: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic waves have two components a) electric field b ) magnetic field Where both will oscillate perpendicular to each
other
![Page 3: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electromagnetic spectrum
• SpectrumThe ordered way a something arranged
(Ascending or descending)The EM waves which are arranged according to
wavelength of frequency is called EM Spectrum
![Page 4: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
EM Spectrum
![Page 5: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wave properties
• Reflection• Refraction• Diffraction• Interference • Polarization
![Page 6: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Planks Law
• Max Plank Stated that Electromagnetic waves can be represented as the Energy Packets .Each energy Packet is called “Photon”
Photon Photon
![Page 7: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plank stated that energy of a photonGiven by the Equation
• E=hf where h-Planks Constant (6.626 × 10-34 Js)• F –Frequency (S-1 or Hz)Example : Find the energy of a photon with a frequency of
2.5x1015 HzSolution E= hf E= 6.63x 10-34Jsx 2.5 x1015S-1
![Page 8: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Example 2:The energy of a wave is 20 J. if the frequency of the wave is
3.0 x 1014 S-1 ,find the total number of Photons present in the wave?
Solution:-Energy of one PhotonE=hf E= 6.63x 10-34Jsx 3.0x1014S-1
E= (……………….)Total Energy = N x Energy of a photon (N- Number of
photons)20= N x 6.63 x10-34Jsx3.0x1014S-1
N= 20/(6.63 x 10-34Js x 3.0 x 1014S-1)
![Page 9: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Speed of EM In free Space
• Speed of EM = 3.0 x 10 8 ms-1• The speed of EM wave in Air also considered as same as
free space • Example 3Find the energy of a photon with wave length of 400nm.Solution:-E=hf but C =fE= h x c/E=6.63 x 10-34 Js x 3.0 x108/(400 x 10-9) s-1
E= (………………………………..)
![Page 10: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electron Volts
• The electron volts (eV) is the equal to 1.6 x10-19J
• 2.3 ev = 2.3 x 1.6 x10-19J• 6.7 J = 6.7J/1.6 x10-19 eV• Note – Quantum physics calculation will be
deal with eV.
![Page 11: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Photo Electric effect (PEE)
• When a EM radiation introduced in to a metal surface it was found the electrons are emitted from the metal surface this effect is called PEE.(the emitted electron called photo electrons )
EM radiation
Photo Electrons
![Page 12: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Observations on PEE
• When the frequency of the incident radian increased the speeds of the photo electrons were high – high energy photons
• When the intensity of the radiation increased the number of ejected electrons increased –more photons more electrons
• It was found that the one photon is responsible for one electron ejection
![Page 13: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Definitions :-Work function Ø
• The energy required to overcome the attraction between an electron and a metal is called the work function of a metal .
(measured in eV) Example – work function of iron is 2.3eV Work function of Sodium 1.3 eV
![Page 14: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Photo Electric Equation
• Albert Einstein showed that the ejected electron and the photon related with the equation
h f = Ø + ½ MeV2
Where –h-Planks constant
F – frequency,
Ø-work function Me –Mass of electron V-Speed of electron
The photo electric equation is a form of conservation of energy that is energy of a photon equals to work function and the kinetic energy of a electron
![Page 15: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Example , A metal with work function 2.3 eV introduced
with a radiation with wavelength 200nm . Find the K.E. of an electron and the speed of the electron (Mass of electron 9.31 x10-31 Kg)
hf = ø + K.E6.63 x 10-34 x 3.0 x108 J = 2.3 x1.6 x10-19 +KE 200 x 10-9 KE= ½ MeV2 can fine the speed of electron
![Page 16: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stopping potential
the potential must be applied between a anode and the cathode to stop electron emissionDue to photo electric effect
The metal plate applied (+) potential to stop the photo electrons
![Page 17: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Threshold Frequency
• The energy of a photon required just to overcome the attraction between the metal and the electron called threshold Frequency
• Therefore energy required is equal to work function hfo = Ø fo = Ø/hExample : find the threshold frequency of a metal with
work function 1.9eV fo = 1.9 x 1.6 x 10 -19/(6.63 x10-34) S-1 0r Hz
![Page 18: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Therefore the photo electric equation can be denoted as
• h f = hf0 + ½ me V2
Work function
When the frequency increased the kinetic Energy of the electron will be increased therefore the stopping potential should be increased to stop the electron
h f = hf0 + ½ me V2
Rearranging equation
1/2 me v2 = hf - hf0
eVs = hf - hf0
y = mx + c
The stopping potential is equal to KEOf the electron ( stopping potential Represented by eVs)
The gradient is equal to planks constant
![Page 19: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The line for frequency Vs stopping potential If we do for the two types of metals(the gradient is constant so parallel lines )
![Page 20: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Example –Jan 2010
![Page 21: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy levels of an Atom
The cells of electrons levels is called as energy levels an atom,,
![Page 25: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Excitation of electrons
When the electrons from normal energy state jumps for higher energy stateIs called excitation of electrons . En external energy should be absorbed by the electrons to excite from lower to higher energy level
![Page 26: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
de excitation of electrons
The electrons from higher energy levels ( which excited ) coming to lower energy state ( emits radiation ) is called de excitation
![Page 27: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Atomic Spectra
• Continuous spectrum:- if the spectrum with all frequencies or wavelength with no gaps, then it is a continuous spectrum
400nm 700nmThe continuous spectrum of white light
An complete black body (fully black ) in higher temperature will emit continuous spectrum
![Page 28: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Black body radiation
Black body
Continuous spectrum which has all wave length emission by black body
![Page 29: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Absorption spectrum • When the continuous spectrum passed
through a gas it was found that the emerging radiation with missing frequencies or wavelength .the spectrum obtained is called absorption spectrum
![Page 30: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Missing frequencies /wave length
In abortion spectrum black lines in coloredBackground
What happened to formation of absorption spectrum : the missing wavelength energy photons are absorbed by the electron to make excitations Therefore wavelength missing in the spectrum
![Page 31: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Different excitation will make different frequencies disappear from Continuous spectrum
![Page 32: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• The excitation occurs if the energy of a photon is equal to the difference in energy levels an atom
If the excitation from n=1 to n=2 the energy of the photon E2- E1 =hf-3.39-(-13.6) eV = 6.63 x 10-34 x f (-3.39+ 13.6) x1.6 x 10-19 / 6.63 x 10-34 = f So frequency of the missing wave can be found if know the excitation stage
The excitation occurs only if difference equal to energy of the photon . Other photons energies will not give a rise to excitation . This shows the energy levels of electrons are quantized
![Page 33: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Absorption spectrum is a observation to prove that the energy levels of an atom is quantized
![Page 34: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Emission spectrum
• The excited atom must come back normal state when the electron de excited from higher to lower energy and spectrum is obtained this spectrum is called emission spectrum
Colored lines in dark background is due to emission spectrum . Not all the wavelength observed in an emission spectrum this also indicate that atoms Energy levels are Quantized
![Page 35: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The frequency of the emitted radiation
E2- E1 = h x f (E2-E1)/h = f
Applications of photo electric effect :Solar cells , Photo sensors ,radiation detectors ect
Applications of Line spectrum : CFL bulbs ,Laser lights production ,chemistry applications Such as NMR,IR ,UV, Visible spectrometers
Line spectrum : both abortion and emission Spectrums called Line Spectra
![Page 36: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Summary
![Page 37: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Particle nature of EM waves • Photo electric effect Threshold frequency,KE
of electrons ,Ect• Line spectrums (emission, absorption )
![Page 38: Nature of light (edexcel AS levels)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070522/58eeb5d71a28ab085b8b460d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Wave particle Duality • Louis de Broglie originated the idea that moving electrons may exhibit
both particle and wave nature. He proposed that, analogous to photons, the wavelength of the electron is given by:
• λ = h p = h/ m v• where h is Planck's constant • p = mv electron momentum.
This concluded that the particles has a wavelenght which is given as De Broglie Wave length