Bicpresentation14jan2010 13129467760471-phpapp02-110809224528-phpapp02
Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02
-
Upload
aryan174 -
Category
Environment
-
view
33 -
download
0
Transcript of Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02
![Page 1: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biosphere
All living thing on earth together with
• ATMOSPHERE• HYDROSPHERE • LITHOSPHERE
![Page 3: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ATMOSPHERE • Multilayered gaseous
envelop surrounding the earth.
• No atmosphere no life
- e.g. other planets Venus, Mars
![Page 4: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
• Air is a bad conductor of heat - keeps the average temperature of the Earth fairly steady during the day and even during the course of the whole year.
• Prevents the sudden increase in temperature during the daylight hours. And during the night, it slows down the escape of heat into outer space.
• Think of the moon - about the same distance from the Sun - no atmosphere - the temperature ranges from –190º C to 110º C.
![Page 5: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Layers f Atmosphere (image)
• Troposphere• Stratosphere• Mesosphere• Ionosphere• Exosphere
![Page 6: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
COMPOSITION OF GASES IN AIR - Pi graph
![Page 7: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AIR POLLUTION • An increase in the content of harmful
substances (pollutants) in air is called air pollution. (image)
• Pollutants – e.g. CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, Oxides of nitrogen, dust particles, lead, asbestos etc.
![Page 8: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Air pollution can cause :• In humans – respiratory & renal problems, high
blood pressure, problems of nervous system, eye irritation, cancer
In plants – reduced growth, degeneration of chlorophyll, mottling (patches/ spots of color) of leaves etc
• Acid rain • Green house effect• Holes in ozone layers
![Page 9: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• CO2 keeps the earth warm much like glass which keeps the green house warm.
• Increase in CO2 – intensified green house effect – leads to global warming – increase in average temperature of the earth – may lead to melting of polar caps and ultimate rise in sea level – submerging number of costal cities.
Green house effect
Click here to view video
![Page 11: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Holes in ozone layer
Click here to view video
![Page 12: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Ozone O3 in stratosphere blocks ultraviolet radiation through it and protect biosphere.
• A hole in ozone layer was found over Antarctica caused due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• CFCs – compounds consists of Cl, Fl and C• CFCs use as coolant in refrigerators and air
conditioners, in aerosol sprays. • CFCs do not degrade easily.
![Page 13: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Rise into stratosphere and break down O3 to O2 and damage ozone layer.
• 1 molecule of Cl can damage 10,000 molecules of O3
• Increased ultraviolet radiation can lead to • In humans - increase incidents of skin cancer,
cataract, immune deficiency • In plants & aquatic life – decreased crop yields,
reduced population of phytoplankton's, zooplanktons and certain fish larvae.
![Page 14: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Biosphere – All living thing on earth together with
• ATMOSPHERE, • HYDROSPHERE, • LITHOSPHERE.
![Page 15: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
HYDROSPHERE
• Oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, pools, polar ice caps, etc. collectively form hydrosphere.
![Page 16: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why is water so necessary? And do all organisms require water?
• Water a medium for all the reactions that take place within our body and within the cells occur between substances that are dissolved in water.
• Transportation of substances from one part of the body to the other in a dissolved form.
• Terrestrial life-forms require fresh water for this because their bodies cannot tolerate or get rid of the high amounts of dissolved salts in saline water.
![Page 17: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Activity – Compare the number of plants and animals of each type in an area (say, 1 m2 ) in wet and dry regions.
![Page 18: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Activity – number of plants and animals of each type in an unused area (say, 1 m2 0 in different seasons.
![Page 19: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• There is any relationship between the amount of available water and the number and variety of plants and animals that can live in a given area.
![Page 20: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Include –
• map of rain fall pattern in India• Biodiversity in India • Compare both maps
![Page 21: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Water pollution – (image)
• Term water pollution covers following effects
![Page 22: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The addition of undesirablesubstances to water - bodies.
. e.g. : fertilisers and pesticides (farming), poisonous substances, like mercury salts
(paper-industries), disease-causing organisms, like the bacteria which cause cholera.
![Page 23: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The removal of desirable substances
from water-bodies. • Dissolved oxygenis used by the animals
and plants that live in water. Any change that reduces the amount of this dissolved oxygen would adversely affect these aquatic organisms.
• Other nutrients could also be depleted from the water bodies.
![Page 24: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A change in temperature : Aquatic
• organisms are used to a certain rangeof temperature in the water-body where they live, • a sudden marked change in this temperature
would be dangerous for them or affect their breeding.
• The eggs and larvae of various animals are particularly susceptible to temperature changes.
Youtube / animation
![Page 25: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Biosphere – All living thing on earth together with
• ATMOSPHERE, • HYDROSPHERE, • LITHOSPHERE.
![Page 26: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
lithosphere
• The lithosphere is the solid, rocky layer covering the entire surface of the planet, composed of the crust and the hard uppermost mantle.
![Page 27: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The tectonic plates of the lithosphere on Earth
![Page 28: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Overlong periods of time, thousands and millions of years, the rocks at or near the surface of the Earth are broken down by various physical, chemical and some biological processes. The end product of this breaking down is the fine particles of soil.
![Page 29: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What are the factors or processes that make soil?
![Page 30: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Sun: • The Sun heats up rocks
during the day so that they expand. At night, these rocks cool down and contract. Since all parts of the rock do not expand and contract at the same rate, this results in the
formation of cracks and ultimately the huge rocks break up into smaller pieces.
![Page 31: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Water:
• Water helps in the formation of soil in two ways. One, water could get into the cracks in the rocks formed due to uneven heating by the Sun. If this water later freezes, it would cause the cracks to widen. Can you think why this should be so? Two, flowing water wears away even hard rock over long periods of time. Fast flowing water often carries big and small particles of rock downstream. These rocks rub against other rocks and the resultant abrasion causes the rocks to wear down into smaller and smaller particles. The water then takes these particles along with it and deposits it further down its path. Soil is thus found in places far away from its parent-rock.
![Page 32: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wind:
• In a process similar to the way in which water rubs against rocks and wears them down, strong winds also erode rocks down. The wind also carries sand from one place to the other like water does. (image / animation)
![Page 33: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Living organisms also influence theformation of soil:
• The lichen that we read about earlier, also grows on the surface of rocks. While growing, they release certain substances that cause the rock surface to powder down and form a thin layer of soil. Other small plants like moss, are able to grow on this surface now and they cause the rock to break up further. The roots of big trees sometimes go into cracks in the rocks and as the roots grow bigger, the crack is forced bigger. (image / animation)
![Page 34: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Types of soil
• The type of soil is decided by the average size of particles found in it.
![Page 35: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Three main types are
• i) Sandy soil – contains large amount of sand particles & very small amount of silt & clay. Found in desert. Cannot hold much water
![Page 36: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• ii) Clayey soil – Mainly contains clay particles & small quantity of humus and silt. Compact and can hold water but can’t trap air.
![Page 37: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• iii) Loamy soil – Contains clay, silt, sand & humus. Good water holding capacity & porous to allow aeration of roots.
![Page 38: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Soil pollution – Removal of useful components from the soil and addition of other substances, which adversely affect the fertility of the soil and kill the diversity of organisms that live in it, is called soil pollution.
![Page 39: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Modern farming practices
Use of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. - Use over long periods of time can destroy the soil structure by killing the soil micro-organisms that recycle nutrients in the soil. image
• It also kills the Earthworms which are instrumental in
• making the rich humus.
![Page 40: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Fertile soil can quickly be turned barren if sustainable practices are not followed.
![Page 41: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Soil erosion –process of removal of fertile top layer of soil by rain water, floods or wind.
Click here to view video
![Page 42: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Addition of solid waste –
• Degradable pollutants – Domestic waste and sewage.
• No – degradable pollutants – plastics, pesticides, radioactive substances
![Page 43: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Biogeochemical cycle • A pathway by which a chemical element or
molecule moves through both biotic (plants & animals) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) componets of the environment.
![Page 44: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Include diagrams / animations / youtubes of
![Page 45: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Water cycle
![Page 46: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nitrogen cycle
![Page 47: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Carbon cycle
![Page 48: Naturalresources 130704042040-phpapp02](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062904/5874851c1a28abc62f8b4eb7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Oxygen cycle