Natural Selection Depending on what environment & conditions the organism is located, the following...
-
Upload
justina-white -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
5
Transcript of Natural Selection Depending on what environment & conditions the organism is located, the following...
Natural Selection
• Depending on what environment & conditions the organism is located, the following types of natural selection can occur:– Disruptive Selection– Stabilizing Selection– Directional Selection
Selection that favors both extremes over intermediates is called ____________ selection.14. disruptive
Selection that favors the intermediate phenotype over the extremes is called _______________ selection.Stabilizing
Types of SelectionSelection that favors individuals of one extreme phenotype usually during environmental change is called ______________ selection.
12. directionalANTIBIOTICS
Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies• A population– Is a localized group of individuals that are capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile offspringMAPAREA
ALAS
KA
CAN
A DA
Beaufort Sea
Porcupineherd range
• Fairbanks
• Whitehorse
Fortymileherd range
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIESAL
ASKA
YUKO
N
Figure 23.3
Let’s Go Swimmin’
• The gene pool– Is the total amount of genes in a population at
any one time– Consists of all gene loci in all individuals of the
population
The total amount of genes within a population is called the
________ ________.1. gene pool
Eye color
Blood type
intelligenceDiabetes
Cysic fibrosis
Caucasians
• Two processes:– mutation and sexual recombination
– Produce the variation in gene pools that contributes to differences among individuals
Mutation• Mutations
– Are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA– Cause new genes and alleles to arise
Figure 23.6
Sexual Recombination • In sexually reproducing populations, sexual
recombination– Is far more important than mutation in producing
the genetic differences that make adaptation possible
A. How variations provide material for natural selection
• Natural selection– Accumulates and maintains favorable genotypes in
a population
Of all the agents that lead to microevolution the one that best adapts a gene pool to a changing environment is ______________ ______________.11. natural selection
Genetic Variation
• Genetic variation– Occurs in individuals in populations of all species– Is not always heritable
Figure 23.9 A, B
(a) Map butterflies thatemerge in spring:orange and brown
(b) Map butterflies thatemerge in late summer:black and white
• Three major factors that cause genetic variation and bring about most evolutionary change– Natural selection– Genetic drift– Gene flow
Genetic Drift• Statistically, the smaller a sample– The greater the chance of deviation from a predicted
result– Describes how allele frequencies can fluctuate
unpredictably from one generation to the next– Tends to reduce genetic variation
Figure 23.7
CRCR
CRCW
CRCR
CWCW CRCR
CRCW
CRCW
CRCWCRCR
CRCR
Only 5 of10 plantsleaveoffspring
CWCW CRCR
CRCW
CRCR CWCW
CRCW
CWCW CRCR
CRCW CRCW
Only 2 of10 plantsleaveoffspring
CRCR
CRCR CRCR
CRCRCRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCRCRCR
Generation 2p = 0.5q = 0.5
Generation 3p = 1.0q = 0.0
Generation 1p (frequency of CR) = 0.7q (frequency of CW) = 0.3
If a group of organisms within a large population become isolated, they may not represent the entire gene pool, thus leading to changes or
______________ __________________.15. GENETIC DRIFT
The Bottleneck Effect• In the bottleneck effect– A sudden change in the environment may
drastically reduce the size of a population– The gene pool may no longer be reflective of the
original population’s gene pool
Originalpopulation
Bottleneckingevent
Survivingpopulation
Figure 23.8 A
(a) Shaking just a few marbles through the narrow neck of a bottle is analogous to a drastic reduction in the size of a population after some environmental disaster. By chance, blue marbles are over-represented in the new population and gold marbles are absent.
• Understanding the bottleneck effect– Can increase understanding of how human
activity affects other species
Figure 23.8 B
(b) Similarly, bottlenecking a population of organisms tends to reduce genetic variation, as in these northern elephant seals in California that were once hunted nearly to extinction.
The Founder Effect• The founder effect– Occurs when a few individuals become isolated
from a larger population– Can affect allele frequencies in a population
ISOLATING MECHANISMS
21. BEHAVORIAL ISOLATION
• Some examples of geographic variation occur as a cline, which is a graded change in a trait along a geographic axis
Figure 23.11
EXPERIMENT Researchers observed that the average sizeof yarrow plants (Achillea) growing on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains gradually decreases with increasing elevation. To eliminate the effect of environmental differences at different elevations, researchers collected seeds from various altitudes and planted them in a common garden. They then measured the heights of theresulting plants.
RESULTS The average plant sizes in the commongarden were inversely correlated with the altitudes at which the seeds were collected, although the height differences were less than in the plants’ natural environments.
CONCLUSION The lesser but still measurable clinal variationin yarrow plants grown at a common elevation demonstrates therole of genetic as well as environmental differences.
Mea
n he
ight
(cm
)Ati
tude
(m)
Heights of yarrow plants grown in common garden
Seed collection sites
Sierra NevadaRange
Great BasinPlateau
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Summary
• In allopatric speciation– A new species forms while geographically isolated
from its parent population• In sympatric speciation– The emergence of a reproductive barrier isolates a
subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species
C. The importance of the environment in selecting adaptations
• Organisms must adapt to their environment to survive. This has led toward the following types of evolution:
• Convergent Evolution• Divergent Evolution• Adaptive Radiation
Sugarglider
AUSTRALIA
NORTHAMERICA
Flyingsquirrel
Figure 22.17
• Some similar mammals that have adapted to similar environments– Have evolved independently from different ancestors
1 2.4 3.14 5.18 6 7.15
XX1913.1710.169.128.11
1 2.19 3.8 4.16 5.14 6.7
XX15.1813.1711.129.10Figure 23.10
When different species began to look alike because they develop similar adaptations this is called _______________ ___________________24. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
When a species moves into new environment and becomes less similar to the original species this is called _______ evolution.
25. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
Adaptive Radiation• Adaptive radiation– Is the evolution of diversely adapted species from
a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities
Figure 24.11
• The Hawaiian archipelago– Is one of the world’s great showcases of adaptive
radiation
Figure 24.12
Dubautia laxa
Dubautia waialealae
KAUA'I5.1
millionyears O'AHU
3.7millionyears
LANAI
MOLOKA'I
1.3 million years
MAUI
HAWAI'I0.4
millionyears
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis
N
V. APPLICATIONS (PESTICIDE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE)
Evolution can be seen today :
In Disease Resistance
In Pesticide Resistance
A. Discuss the evolutionary selection of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides in various species.
• The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV– In humans, the use of drug selects for pathogens
that through chance mutations are resistant to the drugs’ effects
– Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution-the HIV adapts to the drugs.
– Researchers have developed numerous drugs to combat HIV
– But using these medications selects for viruses resistant to the drugs
So What!
• The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly– Poses a challenge to our society– Puts us at risk of contracting a disease that can no
longer be cured.
Artificial Selection• In the process of artificial selection– Humans have modified other species over many
generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
Figure 22.10
Terminalbud
Lateralbuds
Brussels sproutsCabbage
Flowercluster
Leaves
Cauliflower
Flowerandstems
Broccoli Wild mustard Kohlrabi
Stem
Kale