LINGUISTIC AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN

AND ADOLSCENTS

What is linguistic?

• The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.

What is literacy

• literacy includes the capacity to read, understand and critically appreciate various forms of communication including spoken language, printed text, broadcast media, and digital media. (DES, 2011, p. 8)

Natural history of Language

Development

History of language development

• Traditionally, language development depends upon the principle of reinforcement.

• Principles of reinforcement is psychological concept based on the idea that the consequences of an action will influence future behavior.

• Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

Operant conditioning

Positive Reinforcement

strengthens a behavior by providing a

consequence an individual

finds rewarding.

Negative Reinforcement

strengthens behavior

because it stops or

removes an unpleasant experience.

Punishment

the opposite of

reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response

rather than increase it.

Example Positive reinforcement

Giving a child a compliment or candy for a job well done. Watching your favorite TV show after doing all your homework.

Negative reinforcement ~Daydreaming or doodling in boring class (reinforces

daydreaming behavior by removing boredom). ~Watching TV when you worry about a test (procrastination or giving up on it) (reinforces TV

watching behavior by removing worry)

Punishment Teen is grounded for misbehavior. Yelling “No!” at a dog jumping up on a person (adds

scold to reduce behavior)

• Reinforcers: is a response from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated.

• Punishers: is a response from environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Weakens behavior.

• In the process of language acquisition: the caregiver is the stimulus given to the child who babbles and coos as a response. Thus reinforcement occurs and the child is patted or caressed when he speak, then he forms language producing habits.

• Other learning theorist viewed that language primarily learned through imitation.

Nativist theory• Human are born with

certain capacities to perceive the world in particular way. These capacities are often immature or incomplete at birth but develop gradually.

• Noam Chomsky proposed that language is learned based on the Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition.

• He suggests that children are born with an innate capacity to acquire language and are equipped with a ‘LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE’ and ‘UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR’ that helps them acquire the complexities of language very easily and smoothly.

Interaction theory

The interaction theory recognizes that both environmental and biological factors are important in language development.

all interactionists believe that language acquisition occurs as a result of the natural interaction between children and their environment, more specifically, their parents or caregivers.

Language Acquisition Support

System• It refers to the family and the social

environment of the children which interact and acquire language.

Parents communicate in ritualistic scenarios.

Easy comprehensible and predictable language.

Emotionally charge situation.

Repetition of acts and language.

THE ANTECEDENTS OF LANGUAGE

Antecedents mean?• precedes or goes before. So

therefore, antecedents of the language development talks about the ways or means which help the child to prepare him/her in learning the language.

Psuedodialogues

• this is one of the early training devices characterized by the give and take conversation between the child and the mother or other person. Adult maintains the flow of conversation.

Protodeclaratives

• an infant uses gestures to make some sort of statement about an object. (the child want to share with you what he experience. He want you to know what he experience and he want you to experience it too)

Protoimparatives

• gestures of an infant or young child may use to get someone to do something he or she wants. Children can make statement about things and get other people to do things for them. (commanding or requesting)

References• http://

www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

• https://www.academia.edu/8182327/Theories_of_Language_Acquisition

• http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7995280/slides/slide_11.jpg

• http://www.slideshare.net/varshatul/developmental-assessment-for-residents-and-mrcpch-exams