Natu ral ventilation strategies for cooling purposes in...
Transcript of Natu ral ventilation strategies for cooling purposes in...
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1 Texseconuhithveon
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Abstract. Thpproach, not ons opposed to thehe passive biocesult in better inergy consumptrategies for coxclusively the tf the presentffectiveness ofaytime ventilaentilation, in thramework, a epresentative tr
Nicosia, in ordtrategies duringight ventilationn traditional dwo the two othevidence that nigonsequently, imollowing day.
Key words atural ventilaentilation, Me
. Introduc
The vernaculaxample of bioeries of envomfort duringumber of pasigh thermal bhe appropriateentilation andne of the mos
ral ventil
Department o
cturer, Depart
3Assistant Pr
he reuse of vernly because it lee construction oclimatic designindoor thermal
ption. This studooling purposeechnique of crot paper is tof various nattion, full-day
he rural vernacufield research
raditional dwelder to assess g the hot, summ is the most eff
wellings during er ventilation sght ventilation
mproves the in
ation strategediterranean c
ction
ar architecturoclimatic archvironmental fg the summessive cooling building matee shading of d proper vegetst important c
International C
e
ation stra
D. D
f Civil and En
tment of Arch
rofessor, Depa
rnacular dwellineaves a small eof new building
n features of vel comfort and idy investigates es in traditionaoss ventilation. o quantitativeltural ventilatio(24-hour) ven
ular architectureh study was lling in the vi
the aforemenmer season. Thfective strategy the hot summestrategies. Thereduces indoor
ndoor thermal e
gies, thermal limate, vernac
e of Cyprus hitecture sincefeatures [1]. er season is design princ
erials, the arcthe building ation [2]. Nat
cooling strateg
Conference on RenMadrid
exÇxãtuÄx XÇxÜzçISSN 21
ategies forarchite
Demosthenou
nvironmental Edemosth
hitecture, Facu
artment of Arphilokyp
ngs is a sustainecological footpgs, but also becernacular buildin the reductionatural ventila
al buildings, uThe main objec
ly investigate on strategies, ntilation and ne of Cyprus. In
conducted iillage of Kapentioned ventila
he results show for passive coo
er period, compe analysis provr temperatures environment of
comfort, ccular architect
is an excele it incorporat
Indoor therthe result o
iples such aschitectural layenvelope, nat
tural ventilatiogies of vernac
newable Energies(Spain), 4th to 6th
ç tÇw cÉãxÜ dât172-038 X, No.14
r cooling ecture of C
us1, A. Micha
Engineering, Fhenous.d@gm
ulty of Engine
chitecture, Faprou.maria@u
nable print, cause dings on of ation using ctive
the i.e.,
night n this in a edes, ation
that oling pared vides and,
f the
cross ture
llent tes a rmal of a the
yout, tural on is cular
arocopdawencltethveofen Thenofwspardeteenexthacdetece Thdidafinpeloqufo
s and Power QuaMay, 2016
tÄ|àç ]ÉâÜÇtÄ(RE&4 May 2016
purposesCyprus
ael2, M. Philo
Faculty of Enmail.com
ering, Univers
aculty of Enginucy.ac.cy
rchitecture in ccupants’ habpening behavaytime ventilahere air tem
nvironment faimates, night chnique that i
he following entilation depf the locationnvelope [5].
he effectivenenvelope in stabf outdoor temell document
pecifically, thrchitecture of elays the apmperature in
nvironment. Hxamined quanhe building elchieved by esefined as themperature an
ertain period o
he present stifferent ventilaay (24-hours)ndings of a fieriod of 2015ocated in a seuantitative assor cooling in
ality (ICREPQ’16
&PQJ)
in the ru
okyprou3
ngineering, Un
sity of Cyprus
neering, Univ
Cyprus. Its bits and, morvioural patternation is most amperature andall within comventilation is
improves indoday [4]. T
pends upon thn and the the
ess of the thebilizing the in
mperature flucted in other fhe studies co
Cyprus [1, 3ppearance of n relation
However, thentitatively thelements, e.g. stablishing thee time delay nd the peak iof time [7].
tudy evaluateation cooling ) and night
field study un5 in a represeemi-mountainsessment of nn residential
6)
ural verna
niversity of Cy
s, aimilios@u
versity of Cypr
efficiency dre specificallyns [3]. Geneappropriate fod humidity omfort limits. H recommende
oor thermal coThe effectivehe diurnal temermal mass o
ermal inertia ndoor temperactuations durifield studies [onducted on 3] indicate tha
the maximuto that of studies in qu heat storagethe walls. T
e time lag(φ)between the
inside temper
s the effectivstrategies, i.eventilation,
ndertaken durientative vernanous region onatural ventil
vernacular
acular
yprus,
cy.ac.cy
rus,
depends on ty, on window
erally speakinr mild climate
of the externHowever, in hed as an indireonditions durineness of nigmperature ranof the buildin
of the buildinature, regardleing the day, [1, 3, 6]. Mothe vernacul
at thermal maum indoor a
the externuestion have ne capabilities This analysis factor which e peak outsirature, within
veness of thre., daytime, fu
based on ting the summacular dwellinof Cyprus. Tlation strategiarchitecture
the w-ng, es, nal hot ect ng
ght ge ng
ng ess
is ore lar ass air nal not of is is
de n a
ree ull-he
mer ng, he ies of
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https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 526 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016
Caite 2
Tcesenamoffoofarqu
Tseenstdile
Tlogyabrobyorch
Cyprus is carriir temperatureemperature).
. Research
The building uentre of Kapemi-mountainarrow streets
majority of thef the buildingorm. The tradf the envirrchitecture ofualitative and
Fig. 1. Exte
The dwelling iemi-open spantrance, as wetreet and the ichoro (Fig. evel and two b
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. In
The walls of thocal stone anypsum plasterbout 40-45 cmoofs are madey tiles. The riginal formharacteristics.
ied out througe, time lag an
h methodo
under investigpedes village, nous region) s and a conte traditional dg under study ditional buildironmental cf Cyprus whiquantitative a
erior view of the
is a two storeace called iliaell as of an inhouse, a larg2b), other au
bedrooms on t
nterior views of
he building arnd adobes ar. They are 50m thick on thee of timber, re
house has rm, preserving
gh a comparatind thermal co
logy
gation (Fig. 1)Nicosia (cliwhich is c
tinuous builddwellings in th
are conserveding selected icharacteristics ch facilitates assessment.
e building unde
y building whakos (Fig. 2antermediate spge double spuxiliary roomthe second lev
f (a)iliakos and
re load bearinand plastered0 cm thick at e first floor leeeds and clayrecently beeng almost al
ive assessmenomfort (opera
) is located atimatic zone 0characterized
ding system.he neighbourhd to their origincorporates m
of vernaca more accu
er investigation
hich consists a), serving aspace between
pace room, cams on the grovel.
(b)dichoro
ng, constructed internally w
ground level evel. The incliy and are coven restored toll its authe
nt of ative
t the 03 -
by The
hood ginal most cular urate
of a s an n the alled ound
d of with and
ined ered
o its entic
Thpeveexenscvetatrathcl
Inforevebeenroveapcoveverefrowclstropitsdabeve ThfotemeqanWabsawwenincove
he field monieriod of 201entilation for xamined. Dunvironmental cientifically doernacular archaken in dichoaditional dwe
he door betweosed in order
Fi
nitially, the corm of ventilateference valueentilation straetween the 25t
nsure high rateoom remainedentilation strpplied sequenonsecutive daentilation, fuentilation. Duemained open om 21:00h to indows remaiosed from 07rategy, a meapenings were s initial theraytime and fuetween full-entilation.
he indoor envollowing: air mperature. T
minute intervquipment, i.e.nd a Vaisala
WMT700. The bove floor levame time, a was installed hich recorded
nvironment. Tndoor and oomparative eventilation stra
toring was ca15. Thereforecooling purpo
uring the inparameters w
ocument the ehitecture of Coro, which coellings in Cypeen the dichoto create a co
ig. 3. Plan view
case study wation between
es could be recategies were th of July and e of air exchan
d wide open drategies. Thentially (each says) in the
ull-day (24-houring daytime
from 07:00h07:00h, while
ined open from7:00h to 21:00antime period
closed in ordrmal conditioull-day (24-hoday (24-hou
vironmental patemperature
The measuremvals, using . ELR610M -a WINDCAP®
equipment wvel, at a centrawireless weathe
on the roof d the climatic The recordedoutdoor envivaluation of thategy. Furthe
arried out durie, the potenoses was the
nvestigated pwere recorde
effect of naturCyprus. Measomprises the prus. During oro and the ilntrolled indoo
w of the case stu
as investigatethe 7th and 9th
corded. Afterwexamined durthe 2nd of Augnge, all three
during field me different sstrategy inves
following oour) ventilate ventilation
h to 21:00h ae, during nighm 21:00h to 00h. Between eintervened, du
der for the spon, i.e. 34 our) ventilatiour) ventilatio
arameters meae, air velociments were
appropriate - Heat Shield® Ultrasonicas placed at a
al point of the er station Vanof the traditconditions of
d temperatureironment arehe cooling po
ermore, temp
ing the summntial of natur
only parametperiod, specifed in order ral ventilation surements wemain room
the field studliakos remainor environmen
udy
ed without anh of July, so thwards, the thrring the periogust. In order windows of t
measurementsstrategies westigated for tworder: daytimion and nig, the window
and were closht ventilation t07:00h and weeach ventilatiouring which tace to return hours betwe
on and 38 houon and nig
asured were tity and glotaken at fiv
measuremed Base Moduc Wind Sensa height of 75c
dichoro. At tntage Pro 2 Pltional dwellinf the immediaes of both te used for otential of eaerature senso
mer ral ter fic to in
ere of
dy, ned nt.
ny hat ree od to
the of
ere wo me ght ws ed
the ere on the to en
urs ght
he be
ve-ent ule sor cm he lus ng ate the
a ach ors
4/27
https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 527 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016
wsola
wthte TSTocexsucoderetevaTdecatereteverene 3 A TdorequTdepocoshrew Inwda
were installed outh façade ofag factor using
where τ(Tsi_max
he inner surfemperature of
Thermal comfotandard (ACS
The principle ccupants of xpectations ofupported indoonditions. Teveloped by desearch studemperature, inalue of air te
The acceptabetermined usialculated as aemperature, uefers to the semperature. Ielocity, whichelatively smaegligible.
. Results an
. Contribution
The cooling efocumented begistered induestion, was
This may be atense fabric oositive contribomparing indhown in figuepresents the
with an annotat
n the beginniwithout any na
ays of lack
on the insidf the case studg the followin
x) is the exacface and τ(T
f the external w
fort is assessedS) which is incof the ACS naturally venf thermal com
oor spaces, dueThe Adaptivde Dear & Braies at a g
n the present emperature anble indoor ing the 80%
a moving averusing a sevenstandard, i.e. It is worth h is a cruciaall in all ca
nd discussi
n of ventilatio
ffect providedby air temp
door air velorather low inttributed to thof the traditiobution of natu
door and outdures 4 and 5period when tion of the coo
ing, the spacatural ventilatik of ventila
de and outsiddy in order to ng equation:
t time of peaTse_max) is thwall for a part
d using the Acorporated in is based on
ntilated spacemfort than thoe to their adap
ve Comfort ager [9], after global scale. study, is takend mean radoperative teand 90% acc
rage of mean n–day movinthe prevailinmentioning
al parameter ases and wa
ion
n as a cooling
d through venperature andocity, in then all cases, ofhe narrow streonal core of ural ventilatiodoor air temp. The shadedthe windows oling strategy
ce under studion (Fig 4.). Dation, the p
Fig. 5. Air
de surface of calculate the t
(1)
ak temperaturhe time of picular day [7]
Adaptive ComASHRAE 55 the fact that
es have diffeose of technicptation to outd
Standard a number of f
The operaen to be the mdiant temperatemperatures ceptability limdaily outdoor
ng average. Tng mean outdthat, indoor for cooling,
as thus, deem
g strategy
ntilation is mad velocity. e monitoringf about 0.01 mets and the rathe village.
on is evaluatedperaturesand id area in Figwere open alapplied.
dy was examiDuring those thpeak indoor
r temperatures r
f the time
re of peak .
mfort [8]. the
erent cally door was
field ative mean ture.
are mits, r air This door
air was med
ainly The
g in m/s.
ather The
d by it is g. 5 long
ined hree
air
tethinthtestaexcoenes
IninenreteA5.enobboeninlo Inteteni0.aiaibestrvestrteve
recorded in diff
mperatures whe respective ondoor air temphermal mass omperature fluable, i.e. 1.2xternal enviroontribution onvelope in stastablished.
Fig. 4. Air tem
n the case ofndoor air tempnvironment, wetains high valmperature isdditionally, m8oC above
nvironment. Tbserved whenoth to the heatnvelope durinn the interior ower ambient t
n the case mperature omperature pright. In partic4oC lower thar temperaturer temperatureetween dichorrategy of full-entilation strarategy of full-mperatures dentilation.
ferent ventilatio
were recorded outdoor ones. perature is dueof the buildinguctuation in d2oC, regardlesonment i.e. 9.of the thermabilizing the in
mperatures for t
f daytime venperature followwhile nocturnlues. More spes 0.6oC lowmean nocturn
the respectivThe rapid inthe windows
t stored in the g daytime, asof dichoro d
temperature is
of full-dayof the indoorofile of outdcular, the peaan the outdoo
e during night-e. The differenro and externa-day (24-hourategy. Thus, i-day (24-hourduring the n
on strategies
approximatelThe particula
e to the thermag envelope. Fdichoro was ss of the flu.7oC. Therefo
mal inertia ofnternal tempe
the period with
ntilation (Figws the patternnal indoor aecifically, the
wer than the al indoor air ve mean ofncrease of aclosed (21:00thermal mass
s well as to thduring the nis registered.
(24-hour) vor space fodoors, during ak indoor air or one, while, -time is 2.7oCnce of the noal environmenr) ventilation tit has been p) ventilation i
night compar
ly 5 hours aftar time delay al storage in t
Furthermore, trecorded to ctuation in t
ore, the positif the buildin
erature has be
hout ventilation
g. 5), the dain of the externair temperatupeak indoor aoutdoor on
temperature f the externair temperatu0h), is attributs of the buildinhe heat retainight-time, wh
ventilation, tollows the a both day antemperature average indo
C above outdoocturnal averant is lower in tthan in daytimproven that tmproves indoed to daytim
ter of
the the be
the ve ng en
ily nal ure air ne.
is nal ure ted ng ed en
he air nd is
oor oor ge
the me the oor me
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https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 528 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016
Tinstduthteenwthvetetoveexen Ffofa
Ineafractevecoduinex4tico5peextrbeadin B
Tth7 fo80pebo23frfowan
The strategy ofndoor air temtrategies. Mouring night fohe outdoor emperature benvironment. T
which is much he applicatioentilation straemperature deo the peak tementilation hasxtracts heat nvelope.
urthermore, thor each ventiactor of time l
Table I. –
Strategy of VNo ventil
DaytimFull-day (24
Night-t
n particular, tiach strategy. rom daytime ccordance wemperature. entilation, theompared to thue to the posincorporated inxhibits, as exp:40h compareme ventilatioomparison wi:20h. The moeriod of no xternal enviroransfer in the ieen made edvantage of thn relation to th
B. Evaluation o
Thermal comfohe three ventil
respectively.or thermal env0% and 90% eriod of no voth 80% and3.6oC respectrom 29.3oC toor 90%.The sh
which the windn annotation o
f night ventilamperature comore specificaollow closely
environmenteing 0.7oC loThe peak indolower than th
on of daytimategies. Addielays approximmperature of th
a positive imfrom the th
he thermal inilation strateglag (Table I).
Mean time lag
Ventilation lation me 4-hours) time
ime lag is calcIt is observed
to night-timwith the prIn the stra
e indoor peak he peak tempitive contributn the full-dapected, signified to all the oton has slightlith the periodost protected i
ventilation, onmental condinterior of theevident that he thermal in
he two other v
of thermal com
fort for the pelation strategie The comfortvironmental cof the occupaentilation, the
d 90% are betively. The coo 29.6oC for 8haded area ofdows were opof the strategy
ation providesmpared to thlly, indoor the respectivet, with me
ower than thaoor air tempehe temperatureme and fulitionally, the mately 6 houhe external en
mpact on the ihermal mass
nertia of the bgy is determi
for each ventila
Mean t5124
culated as an d that, mean tme ventilatiorevious asse
ategy of fultemperature oerature of daytion of night vay strategy. Nficantly wider ther strategiesy narrower m
d with no venindoor enviroi.e. no inter
ditions, led to e building. Co
night ventilnertia of the bventilation stra
mfort
eriod of no vees is evaluatedt zone for botonditions acc
ants within dice lower accepetween 22.3-2orresponding u0% and from
f Fig.7 represepen for each cy applied. The
s lower noctuhe two prevair temperate temperatureean indoor at of the outderature is 29.7e recorded dull-day (24-hpeak indoor
urs in comparnvironment. Nindoor space aof the build
building envelined through
ation strategy
ime lag (h) 5:20 1:50 2:20 4:40
average valueime lag incre
on, which isessment of ll-day (24-hoccurs 0.30h lytime ventilatventilation thNight ventilamean time la. However, ni
mean time lagntilation, whicnment duringraction with the delay of
onsequently, itlation takes building envelategies.
entilation andd in figures 6 th graphs waseptable to at lchoro. During
ptability limits22.6oC and 2upper limits v28.3oC to 28
ents the periocase, followedthermal comf
urnal vious tures es of
air door 7oC,
uring hour) r air rison
Night as it ding
lope the
e for ases s in
air hour) later tion, at is
ation ag of ight-g in ch is g the
the heat t has full
lope
d for and
s set least g the s for 23.3-vary .6oC
od in d by fort
zo80fo InteThenenHduSpby
Fi Intewlim1.te12vethbeshopth Aveaptecoexwoplimfu90ofreteefveapnototenove
one in Fig. 7 r0% acceptabilor 90% accepta
n the case mperatures fherefore, thenvelope (Tablenvironment wowever, opeuring the thpecifically, thy 1.1oC from 7
ig. 6. Operative
n the case omperatures ehereas nocturmit. The peak7oC above themperatures e2% of the timentilation, in the case of 90%egin to fall wihortly after perative tempehe correspondi
s shown in fientilation exhpproximately mperatures
onditions. Suxceeds the upithin the limperative tempmits of 80% ull-day (24-ho0% acceptabilf full-day (24-espective onesmperatures at
ffect. Duringentilation, pproximately 2octurnal operao daytime vemperatures arocturnal operentilation peri
ranges from 22lity and from ability.
of no natfall within the high therme I), ensures t
without the aperative temphree days ofhe peak opera7th to 9th of Ju
temperatures f
f daytime veexceed the rnal ones rem
k operative teme limit of 90%
exceed the upme of the expthe case of 80
% acceptabilityithin the com18:00h. The erature after 2ing increase o
igure 7, the sthibits high di5oC. This is rfollow close
ubsequently, pper limits du
mits during niperatures excfor 27% of thour) ventilatiolity. It is note-hour) ventilats in daytime vet that particug the periopeak oper2oC above theative temperatentilation as re 1.4oC lowrative temperod.
2.4-23.1oC to 23.4-24.1oC t
tural ventilathe required
mal mass ofthermal comfopplication of aeratures incrf the periodative temperaly.
for the period w
entilation, diuupper accep
main below tmperatures are%. Additionallpper acceptabperimental per0% acceptabiliy. The operativfort zone in a
rapid incre21:00h is in af relative air t
trategy of fuliurnal temperrelated to the ely the outhe operativ
uring daytimeght-time. Moeed the uppehe time durinon and 44% ed that the exction are muchentilation. Hig
ular period cood of full-rative tempe limit of 90%tures are impr
mean noctuer than the rratures durin
29.4-30.1oC fto 28.4-29.10o
tion, operaticomfort zon
f the buildinort in the indoany ventilatioreased slight
d under studatures increas
without ventilati
urnal operatiptability limithe 90% uppe approximately, the operatibility limits friod of daytimity, and, 31% ve temperatur
afternoon hourease of indoaccordance witemperature.
ll-day (24-hourature range fact that indo
utdoor weathve temperatue, while it faore specificaller acceptabili
ng the period in the case
ceeding perioh higher than tgher outdoor a
ontribute to thday (24-houperatures a%. Neverthelesroved in relatiournal operatirespective meg the daytim
for oC
ve ne. ng
oor on. tly dy. ed
ion
ve ts,
per ely ve for me in
res rs,
oor ith
ur) of
oor her ure lls ly, ity of of
ods the air his ur) are ss, on ve an
me
4/27
https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 529 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016
InnocoHrecoteonverecostvetemvesi5 4 Tveofsu80Ttethstveinveliitmcomveanbeth Thasp
n the case oocturnal opeorresponding
However, in emains belowomfort duringemperatures enly for 11%entilation. Fuecorded at 19orresponding trategies. Thentilation semperatures th
morning hoursentilation, ensignificantly h.0oC at that pa
. Conclusio
The present sentilation has f indoor spaceummer period0% acceptabi
The findings alemperatures dhe morning antudy providesentilation strandoor enviroentilation excmits, thus cre
t is noted that mean time laontributing po
midday hours. ery low indoond night hourse safely asseshe effectivene
The present stas a positive paces during t
of night venterative temp
ones of futhis case, d
w the upper lig hot midday
exceed the upp of the time
urthermore, pe9:00 which is
peaks of therefore, it bsignificantly hrough the das in comparisuring better
higher outdooarticular time.
ons
study has qua positive co
es of the tradd, ensuring theility limits of lso show that
during the nexnd hot middays evidence thategies fail to onment. Bo
ceed, to some eating discomfnight ventilati
ag compared ositively to thConcerning t
or air velocitys in all cases assed. The incoss of natural v
tudy has estacontribution t
the hot summe
tilation, the merature are
ull-day (24-hdiurnal operamit of 80%, y hours. Morper acceptabie during the eak operative approximatel
the two prevbecomes evi
reduces pay and, in partison to full-dthermal cond
or air temper
ualitatively shontribution to titional dwellin
ermal levels wf indoor opera
night ventilatxt day and, in y hours. On that both day-tensure therm
oth day-timeextent, the up
fort to the resiion exhibits si
to all the he thermal cothe air velocit
y was recordedand thus its coorporation of fventilation.
ablished that to the coolinger period and
Fig. 7. Ther
measurementssimilar to
hour) ventilatative tempera
ensuring therreover, operaility limit of 9
period of ntemperatures
ly 3:30h aftervious ventilaident that npeak operaticular, duringday and daytditions, even wratures of 2.5
hown that nthe cooling efng during the
within the rangative temperattion reduces pparticular, du
he other hand,time and full-
mal comfort ine and full-pper acceptabidents. Moreoignificantly wother strateg
omfort during ty measuremed during both ontribution canfans will impr
night ventilag effect of indhas revealed t
rmal comfort ev
s of the
tion. ature rmal ative 90% night s are r the ation night ative g the time with 5 to
night ffect e hot ge of ture. peak uring , the -day
n the -day
bility over, wider gies,
hot ents, day
nnot rove
ation door that
thhuaboftraar 5. [1EnCa34[2“AALePr[3“DCoVEu[4CoTh24[5mstr[6veinhu20[7deBu[8CoThO[9naSt54
valuation for di
he occupants ouman comfortbove underlinef the occupanaditional dwerchitecture to a
. Reference
] M. Philokynvironmental ase Study in 49-354. 2] M. PhiloAssessment ofrchitecture. Te Vies dei Meroceedings, 203] A. MichaDocumentatioontribution oernacular AuroMed 2014,
4] M. Santamooling: The She State of th45 5] E. Shaviv,
mass and nighrategy”, Rene
6] D. Toe andernacular pasndoor thermal umid climate 015, pp. 229-27] H. Asan, “ecrement facuilding and En
8] American Sonditioning hermal Envccupancy”, A
9] R. De Deaaturally ventitandard 55”, E49-561.
ifferent ventilat
of vernacular t by using paes the necessint’s role in
ellings as welladapt to the su
es
yprou and A.Features of
Cyprus”, Proc
okyprou, A. f the Bioclim
The Historic Cercanti XI For013, pp. 666-6ael, M. Philn and Evaof Natural
Architecture , pp. 310-320.mouris, “Ve
State of the Ahe Art, Londo
, A. Yezioroht ventilationewable Energyd T. Kubota, ssive coolingcomfort of mof Malaysia
258. “Numerical coctors for difnvironment, v
Society of HeEngineers,
vironmental Atlanta, Georgi
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https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.381 530 RE&PQJ, No.14, May 2016