Nativist Responses to Imperialism India, China, the Congo, the Sudan, and Ethiopia.

Nativist Responses to Nativist Responses to ImperialismImperialism

India, China, the Congo, the India, China, the Congo, the Sudan, and Ethiopia Sudan, and Ethiopia

The Sepoy Rebellion The Sepoy Rebellion ((or the First War of Indian Independenceor the First War of Indian Independence))

Starting in the late 1600’s and going for over Starting in the late 1600’s and going for over 150 years, 150 years, the British East India Company the British East India Company (BEIC) was the driving force behind the (BEIC) was the driving force behind the colonization of Indiacolonization of India.. By the late 1840’s-early 1850’s, the BEIC By the late 1840’s-early 1850’s, the BEIC had major financial problems. The British had major financial problems. The British government stepped in and began to forcibly government stepped in and began to forcibly take over independent Indian Raj’s take over independent Indian Raj’s (kingdoms). By 1857, the last of the (kingdoms). By 1857, the last of the independent Indian kingdoms was gone.independent Indian kingdoms was gone.

The Sepoy Rebellion The Sepoy Rebellion (or the First War of Indian Independence)(or the First War of Indian Independence)

In order to In order to consolidate and consolidate and control these control these holdings, 200,000 holdings, 200,000 Indian soldiers (Indian soldiers (the the SepoysSepoys) were led by ) were led by 40,000 British 40,000 British officers/soldiers. The officers/soldiers. The Sepoy were Hindus, Sepoy were Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. Muslims, and Sikhs.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion(or the First War of Indian Independence)(or the First War of Indian Independence)

In India, soldiers In India, soldiers used a new Lee-used a new Lee-Enfield rifle that had Enfield rifle that had to be manually to be manually loaded. A soldier loaded. A soldier had to bite off the had to bite off the end of the bullet end of the bullet cartridge, which was cartridge, which was greased in either pig greased in either pig fat or beef fat.fat or beef fat.


Pig fat is Pig fat is haraamharaam (a forbidden substance) to (a forbidden substance) to Muslims and beef fat was a similar problem Muslims and beef fat was a similar problem for Hindus. Soldiers refused to put the for Hindus. Soldiers refused to put the cartridges in their mouths.cartridges in their mouths.

This has often been seen as the “last straw” This has often been seen as the “last straw” for for Indians who had been the victims of Indians who had been the victims of British cultural and class based oppression British cultural and class based oppression and antagonism.and antagonism.

The Sepoy Rebellion The Sepoy Rebellion

The growing intrusion of Western culture The growing intrusion of Western culture became the impetus for rebellious became the impetus for rebellious soldierssoldiers, fearful that their culture was , fearful that their culture was being annihilated. (Christianity, suttee, being annihilated. (Christianity, suttee, infanticide, etc)infanticide, etc)

At the Cavalry headquarters in Meerut, At the Cavalry headquarters in Meerut, many of the Sepoy refused to use the many of the Sepoy refused to use the bullets they had been issued. bullets they had been issued.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion

(or the First War of Indian Independence)(or the First War of Indian Independence)

As a result, the British put these soldiers in As a result, the British put these soldiers in chains, imprisoned them, sentenced them chains, imprisoned them, sentenced them to ten years hard labor, and stripped them to ten years hard labor, and stripped them of their uniforms in public.of their uniforms in public.The Rebellion began as comrades of the The Rebellion began as comrades of the jailed Sepoy, who thought the punishment jailed Sepoy, who thought the punishment excessively harsh, came to their rescue and excessively harsh, came to their rescue and killed several British soldiers in the process.killed several British soldiers in the process.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy RebellionMany Sepoy went on a rampage, killing any Many Sepoy went on a rampage, killing any European they could find (including women European they could find (including women and children) and burnt down their houses.and children) and burnt down their houses.

Sepoy hanged at Meerut.Sepoy hanged at Meerut.

The Sepoy Rebellion The Sepoy Rebellion (or the First War of Indian Independence) (or the First War of Indian Independence)

Muslims called for Muslims called for jihadjihad, , and wanted the Mughal and wanted the Mughal emperor of Delhi emperor of Delhi (Bahadur Shah) (Bahadur Shah) reinstated as the ruler of reinstated as the ruler of all India.all India.Bahadur Shah had little Bahadur Shah had little authority, but since he authority, but since he was descended from the was descended from the great Mughals, he was great Mughals, he was respected.respected.

The Sepoy Rebellion The Sepoy Rebellion

The Rebellion spread beyond the army but it The Rebellion spread beyond the army but it was disorganized. The Sepoy had no central was disorganized. The Sepoy had no central command. command.

The Sepoy storm Delhi.The Sepoy storm Delhi.


The Sikhs sided with the British because The Sikhs sided with the British because they hated the Muslims and didn’t want they hated the Muslims and didn’t want Mughal rule.Mughal rule.

As the British recaptured areas taken by As the British recaptured areas taken by the Sepoy, they were extremely harsh, the Sepoy, they were extremely harsh, murdering many Indian civilians in murdering many Indian civilians in retaliation for the losses of British retaliation for the losses of British soldiers/civilians.soldiers/civilians.


The British captured and The British captured and arrested Bahadur Shah, arrested Bahadur Shah, executed his three sons executed his three sons (two grandsons are (two grandsons are shown here), and shown here), and presented their heads to presented their heads to their father the next day.their father the next day.

British “justice” was swift British “justice” was swift and extremely brutal. and extremely brutal.


This was soon followed by the This was soon followed by the Siege of Siege of CawnporeCawnpore, where Sepoy soldiers rebelled , where Sepoy soldiers rebelled and attacked British soldiers/families. and attacked British soldiers/families.

The British were able to hold out for three The British were able to hold out for three weeks with little food or water. They weeks with little food or water. They waited for help that never arrived.waited for help that never arrived.


The British surrendered when they were The British surrendered when they were told by the Sepoy leader they would be told by the Sepoy leader they would be given safe passage out.given safe passage out.

While boarding riverboats, the Sepoy While boarding riverboats, the Sepoy opened fire on the British soldiers, killing opened fire on the British soldiers, killing all but four (who escaped).all but four (who escaped).

The surviving women and children were The surviving women and children were led back to Cawnpore, to the Bibi-Ghar led back to Cawnpore, to the Bibi-Ghar (the House of the Ladies).(the House of the Ladies).


The siege at Cawnpore (from a British print).The siege at Cawnpore (from a British print).

The Siege of CawnpourThe Siege of Cawnpour

Believing that the advancing British forces Believing that the advancing British forces would stop if there were no hostages, the would stop if there were no hostages, the Sepoy hired four butchers from the local Sepoy hired four butchers from the local market to go into the house where they market to go into the house where they hacked apart the women and children with hacked apart the women and children with cleavers and hatchets. cleavers and hatchets. The victims, some still living, were then The victims, some still living, were then thrown down a well. thrown down a well. British reinforcements finally arrived, but it British reinforcements finally arrived, but it was too late.was too late.


The Bibi-Ghar (House of the Ladies) where The Bibi-Ghar (House of the Ladies) where the massacre took place.the massacre took place.


When the British retook the city, they took When the British retook the city, they took their Sepoy captives into the Bibi-Ghar their Sepoy captives into the Bibi-Ghar and and forced them to lick the bloodstains off forced them to lick the bloodstains off of the walls and floor of the walls and floor (each Sepoy had to (each Sepoy had to lick at least 1 square foot).lick at least 1 square foot).The British then hanged the Sepoys at The British then hanged the Sepoys at Cawnpore. Cawnpore. Other rebellions broke out throughout the Other rebellions broke out throughout the country but were eventually put down by country but were eventually put down by the British.the British.The Rebellion ended in July 1858. The Rebellion ended in July 1858.


For those that For those that were not hanged, were not hanged, the British used the British used an old Mughal an old Mughal form of execution form of execution for mutineers. for mutineers. These Sepoy These Sepoy were strapped to were strapped to the mouths of the mouths of cannons and cannons and blown to bits.blown to bits.


The end of the rebellion was followed by The end of the rebellion was followed by the executions of nearly every Indian the executions of nearly every Indian combatant and several thousand civilians combatant and several thousand civilians believed to be supporters of the Sepoy.believed to be supporters of the Sepoy.

Whole villages were wiped out for having Whole villages were wiped out for having pro-rebel sympathies. The Indians called pro-rebel sympathies. The Indians called this retaliation “this retaliation “The Devil’s WindThe Devil’s Wind.”.”


The rebellion caused the British The rebellion caused the British government to remove the BEIC from government to remove the BEIC from control of India (known as the control of India (known as the India ActIndia Act) ) and power was transferred to the British and power was transferred to the British Crown.Crown.

The British government directly controlled The British government directly controlled India until after WWII (1947).India until after WWII (1947).

China and ImperialismChina and Imperialism

In Asia, the powers of the world nibble In Asia, the powers of the world nibble away at China’s edges.away at China’s edges.

From the late 1850’s through WWI, From the late 1850’s through WWI, French power was concentrated on French power was concentrated on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos (collectively known as French Indochina).(collectively known as French Indochina).


Britain took Burma (to protect its interests Britain took Burma (to protect its interests in India).in India).

Russia moved on northern China Russia moved on northern China (Manchuria).(Manchuria).

Japan emerged as the only non-European Japan emerged as the only non-European power as it took the Korean peninsula power as it took the Korean peninsula away from China (1894-95) and later away from China (1894-95) and later Manchuria.Manchuria.


China remained politically and socially China remained politically and socially independent as it was not directly ruled by independent as it was not directly ruled by Europeans.Europeans.

But China, like so many others, lost its But China, like so many others, lost its economic independence as it was drawn economic independence as it was drawn into the European dominated world into the European dominated world economy.economy.


Further away and stronger than Africa or Further away and stronger than Africa or India, China was able to keep the West at India, China was able to keep the West at bay until the late 1830’s.bay until the late 1830’s.

By the 1830’s, Europe’s desire to get into By the 1830’s, Europe’s desire to get into China was unstoppable…especially the China was unstoppable…especially the British who were too strong to be kept British who were too strong to be kept out…they wanted new markets and more out…they wanted new markets and more Chinese products.Chinese products.


The British wanted The British wanted Chinese tea, silk, Chinese tea, silk, and porcelains. and porcelains. They tried to use They tried to use raw Indian cotton raw Indian cotton as payment but as payment but the Chinese the Chinese refuse…they want refuse…they want cash (silver).cash (silver).


As the demand for As the demand for Chinese tea skyrocketed Chinese tea skyrocketed in Britain, more and more in Britain, more and more British sterling (silver) British sterling (silver) headed to China.headed to China.

The British were The British were extremely unhappy with extremely unhappy with this unbalanced trade this unbalanced trade situation so they looked situation so they looked to reverse it.to reverse it.


The Qing (Ching) The Qing (Ching) maintained the Ming maintained the Ming policy of restricting policy of restricting foreign trade.foreign trade.

In 1792, the British sent a In 1792, the British sent a diplomatic delegation led diplomatic delegation led by Lord Macartney to by Lord Macartney to establish better trade establish better trade relations with the relations with the Chinese.Chinese.


Lord Macartney left Britain in September 1792 Lord Macartney left Britain in September 1792 with an entourage of scientists, servants, with an entourage of scientists, servants, artists, guards, and translators on a heavily artists, guards, and translators on a heavily armed man-o-war accompanied by two armed man-o-war accompanied by two support ships.support ships.

The support ships were loaded with 600 boxes The support ships were loaded with 600 boxes of gifts for the 82 year old emperor and high of gifts for the 82 year old emperor and high Chinese officials, designed to impress and Chinese officials, designed to impress and show the sophistication and quality of British show the sophistication and quality of British manufacturing.manufacturing.


The British arrived in June 1793.The British arrived in June 1793.

The Chinese thought these goods were crude The Chinese thought these goods were crude products and merely gifts of tribute to the products and merely gifts of tribute to the emperor.emperor.

Macartney insisted on an audience with the Macartney insisted on an audience with the emperor and was told he would have to perform emperor and was told he would have to perform the traditional the traditional kowtow kowtow (touching his head to the (touching his head to the ground to show respect for the emperor).ground to show respect for the emperor).


Macartney refused, and further insulted the Chinese Macartney refused, and further insulted the Chinese by speaking of the “natural” superiority of the British.by speaking of the “natural” superiority of the British.

The negotiations went nowhere and Lord Macartney The negotiations went nowhere and Lord Macartney returned to Britain without a deal.returned to Britain without a deal.

Emperor Qianlong wrote a letter to King George III Emperor Qianlong wrote a letter to King George III denying Britain’s request for more trading rights and denying Britain’s request for more trading rights and permanent ambassadors. How does his language permanent ambassadors. How does his language express his view that China is superior to Britain?express his view that China is superior to Britain?

China and ImperialismChina and Imperialism““As to what you have requested in your As to what you have requested in your message, O King…this does not conform to message, O King…this does not conform to the Celestial Empire’s ceremonial system, the Celestial Empire’s ceremonial system, and definitely cannot be done…How can and definitely cannot be done…How can we go so far to change the regulations of we go so far to change the regulations of the Celestial Empire…because of the the Celestial Empire…because of the request of one man—of you, O King?request of one man—of you, O King?

We have never valued clever articles, We have never valued clever articles, nor do we have the slightest need of your nor do we have the slightest need of your country’s manufactures…You, O King country’s manufactures…You, O King should simply act in conformity with our should simply act in conformity with our wishes by strengthening your loyalty and wishes by strengthening your loyalty and swearing perpetual obedience so as to swearing perpetual obedience so as to ensure that your country may share the ensure that your country may share the blessings of peace.”blessings of peace.”


Macartney’s mission failed and Sino-Macartney’s mission failed and Sino-British relations continued to deteriorate British relations continued to deteriorate until the Opium War of 1839-42.until the Opium War of 1839-42.

The “The “Opium WarOpium War” will be the first clash ” will be the first clash between China and the West.between China and the West.

The Opium WarsThe Opium Wars

Opium, a drug with a long Opium, a drug with a long history as a pain killer, history as a pain killer, became popular for became popular for another reason. The another reason. The British found in opium British found in opium something the Chinese something the Chinese wanted-- more like craved wanted-- more like craved –and it was grown in their –and it was grown in their colony of India. colony of India.


The British began selling The British began selling opium to the Chinese in opium to the Chinese in exchange for silver and exchange for silver and goods in the late 1700’sgoods in the late 1700’s (about 1000 chests a year). (about 1000 chests a year).

By 1838, Britain shipped By 1838, Britain shipped over 40,000 chests of over 40,000 chests of opium to China a year (over opium to China a year (over 2 million pounds!).2 million pounds!).

The Opium WarsThe Opium WarsLevels of addiction grew so large, China created laws Levels of addiction grew so large, China created laws banning the importation, sale, and use of the drug.banning the importation, sale, and use of the drug. Chinese drug dealers were executed. Addiction was Chinese drug dealers were executed. Addiction was so rampant that it began to affect the ability of the so rampant that it began to affect the ability of the military and government to conduct daily business.military and government to conduct daily business.

As China became addicted to opium, the Chinese As China became addicted to opium, the Chinese bought more and more until they practically ran out of bought more and more until they practically ran out of the silver to pay for it (the flow of silver went back to the silver to pay for it (the flow of silver went back to Britain).Britain).


The Chinese government wanted to stop The Chinese government wanted to stop the opium trade but the British refused. the opium trade but the British refused. The British insisted on the right of “free The British insisted on the right of “free trade.”trade.”


In 1839, the Chinese In 1839, the Chinese government blockaded government blockaded the port of Canton hoping the port of Canton hoping to force the British opium to force the British opium traders to hand over their traders to hand over their opium.opium.The leading English The leading English opium trader was opium trader was arrested and 20,000 arrested and 20,000 chests of opium were chests of opium were confiscated.confiscated.


A group of Chinese men were able to A group of Chinese men were able to board a British ship and toss its opium into board a British ship and toss its opium into the harbor (sound familiar?)the harbor (sound familiar?)

Confiscated opium was mixed with salt, Confiscated opium was mixed with salt, lime, and water and flushed into the sea.lime, and water and flushed into the sea.

What do you think the British response What do you think the British response was?was?


The British responded with force The British responded with force by declaring war on the Chinese by declaring war on the Chinese (to protect British “interests”). (to protect British “interests”). China was no match for British China was no match for British firepower as Britain flexed its firepower as Britain flexed its new industrial might. new industrial might. Outdated Chinese weapons Outdated Chinese weapons were quickly rendered useless. were quickly rendered useless. British troops landed in southern British troops landed in southern China and quickly captured five China and quickly captured five key port cities and destroyed key port cities and destroyed several Chinese forts.several Chinese forts.

The Opium WarsThe Opium WarsIn 1842 the British make the Chinese accept the In 1842 the British make the Chinese accept the Treaty Treaty of Nanjingof Nanjing which forced China to open its markets to which forced China to open its markets to European commerce. Christian missionaries were now European commerce. Christian missionaries were now also permitted to preach in China.also permitted to preach in China.The treaty also gave the British five coastal ports (the The treaty also gave the British five coastal ports (the most famous was most famous was Hong KongHong Kong).).The flow of opium to China continued. The Chinese even The flow of opium to China continued. The Chinese even had to pay the British a huge had to pay the British a huge indemnityindemnity (payment for (payment for losses in the war).losses in the war).Europeans lived in their own separate sections of these Europeans lived in their own separate sections of these five port cities and were not subject to Chinese law five port cities and were not subject to Chinese law ((extraterritorialityextraterritoriality). ).

China under the ManchuChina under the Manchu

After their crushing After their crushing defeat to the British in defeat to the British in the Opium War, the the Opium War, the Manchu’s (or Qing) Manchu’s (or Qing) tried to westernize by tried to westernize by trying to modernize trying to modernize their army and by their army and by trying to develop an trying to develop an industrial base industrial base (railroads, armaments, (railroads, armaments, shipbuilding, etc).shipbuilding, etc).


The Manchu were weak and getting weaker.The Manchu were weak and getting weaker.

European traders and missionaries made European traders and missionaries made inroads for the West.inroads for the West.

This interaction with the West, creating both This interaction with the West, creating both major economic and cultural pressure on major economic and cultural pressure on China, helped create a mass movement China, helped create a mass movement called the called the Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion (“Heavenly (“Heavenly Kingdom of Peace”) 1850-1864.Kingdom of Peace”) 1850-1864.

China under the ManchuChina under the ManchuThis pressure was compounded by This pressure was compounded by widespread poverty, an extravagant royal widespread poverty, an extravagant royal court, widespread official corruption, and court, widespread official corruption, and tax evasion of the rich. tax evasion of the rich.


The leaders of the The leaders of the rebellion promoted rebellion promoted “radical” ideas like “radical” ideas like community property community property and the equality of and the equality of women.women.They also wanted They also wanted to end the Manchu to end the Manchu dynasty.dynasty.

China under the ManchuChina under the ManchuBy the mid-1850’s the By the mid-1850’s the Taiping controlled Taiping controlled half of China.half of China.

The Manchu asked The Manchu asked the British and the British and French militaries for French militaries for aid in exchange for aid in exchange for greater influence.greater influence.

Hong Xiuquan, leader Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping.of the Taiping.


The The Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion (actually it was a (actually it was a civil war) became the most devastating civil war) became the most devastating peasant revolt in history.peasant revolt in history.It has been estimated that between 20-30 It has been estimated that between 20-30 million died (compared to 600,000 in the million died (compared to 600,000 in the American Civil War).American Civil War).When the rebellion was finally crushed, When the rebellion was finally crushed, the Manchu were still weak and Western the Manchu were still weak and Western powers had virtually unlimited access to powers had virtually unlimited access to China. China.


Several nations developed Several nations developed spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence (exclusive trading or mineral (exclusive trading or mineral rights to a region) in China.rights to a region) in China.

Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan all had Japan all had spheres of influence spheres of influence in in China, where they paid a regional warlord China, where they paid a regional warlord for the rights to his province.for the rights to his province.


China was even forced to lease these China was even forced to lease these powers land to build naval bases to protect powers land to build naval bases to protect their “spheres.”their “spheres.”

In 1894, the Chinese were crushed by the In 1894, the Chinese were crushed by the Japanese in the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese WarSino-Japanese War. . Japan now controlled the Korean Japan now controlled the Korean Peninsula and the Island of Taiwan.Peninsula and the Island of Taiwan.


This war, and the This war, and the European European spheres of spheres of influence, has influence, has often been often been referred to referred to “carving up the “carving up the Chinese melon.”Chinese melon.”


These spheres of interest involved holding These spheres of interest involved holding leases for all railway and commercial leases for all railway and commercial privileges in various regions. privileges in various regions. The Russians got Port Arthur, the British got The Russians got Port Arthur, the British got the New Territories around Hong Kong, the the New Territories around Hong Kong, the Germans got a leasehold in Shantung, and Germans got a leasehold in Shantung, and the Americans got nothing. the Americans got nothing. Concentrating largely on the Philippines and Concentrating largely on the Philippines and Guam, the Americans had missed the Guam, the Americans had missed the Chinese boat and so insisted on an "open Chinese boat and so insisted on an "open door" policy in Chinadoor" policy in China


The American response to The American response to spheres of influence was spheres of influence was Secretary of State John Secretary of State John Hay’s “Hay’s “Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy” ” (1899). (1899).

Hay, who began his career Hay, who began his career as Lincoln’s personal as Lincoln’s personal secretary, insisted that the secretary, insisted that the United States receive the United States receive the same commercial rights as same commercial rights as the other foreign powers. It the other foreign powers. It demanded equal access for demanded equal access for all nations to trade in Chinaall nations to trade in China..

China under the ManchuChina under the ManchuThe “The “Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy” was meant to ” was meant to prevent foreign powers from carving China prevent foreign powers from carving China into colonies.into colonies.

The “Policy” was sent to the diplomatic The “Policy” was sent to the diplomatic missions of Britain, France, Germany, missions of Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan but Secretary Hay never Russia, and Japan but Secretary Hay never received a formal response. received a formal response.

He took that to mean that everyone accepted He took that to mean that everyone accepted his proposal. his proposal.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion

In reality, the In reality, the Open Door Policy Open Door Policy was an was an attempt by the United States to get in on attempt by the United States to get in on the Chinese market before it was totally the Chinese market before it was totally used up by the European powers. used up by the European powers.

Chinese frustration with the West Chinese frustration with the West exploded in 1900 in what became known exploded in 1900 in what became known as the as the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion..

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionThe influx of foreigners and The influx of foreigners and foreign ways gave rise to a foreign ways gave rise to a nativist group called the nativist group called the Society of the Righteous Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists… and Harmonious Fists… they were commonly called they were commonly called the the BoxersBoxers. . The boxing The boxing stance was thought to stance was thought to protect them from Western protect them from Western bullets.bullets.


A Boxer, ca.1900A Boxer, ca.1900 Yu-Hsien, the Yu-Hsien, the Viceroy for the Province of Viceroy for the Province of Shansi (known as the Shansi (known as the

“Butcher of Shansi”)“Butcher of Shansi”)


The The BoxersBoxers looked to kill all foreigners looked to kill all foreigners and Chinese Christians.and Chinese Christians.

The goal of the The goal of the BoxerBoxerss was to rid China of was to rid China of the “foreign devils” who were polluting the the “foreign devils” who were polluting the land with their un-Chinese ways (clothes, land with their un-Chinese ways (clothes, hairstyles, food, etc), strange buildings, hairstyles, food, etc), strange buildings, machines (like the railroad), and telegraph machines (like the railroad), and telegraph lines.lines.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionThis is an orthodox This is an orthodox icon of Chinese icon of Chinese Christian martyrs from Christian martyrs from the Boxer Rebellion.the Boxer Rebellion.

These are examples of These are examples of traditional weapons used traditional weapons used by the Boxers.by the Boxers.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionThis English Baptist missionary and his family This English Baptist missionary and his family were killed by the Boxers in 1900.were killed by the Boxers in 1900.


The home of an English missionary destroyed The home of an English missionary destroyed by the Boxers in 1900.by the Boxers in 1900.


The The Boxers Boxers were aided were aided by a group of young by a group of young women known as the women known as the Red LanternRed Lantern,, so so called because they called because they carried red carried red handkerchiefs and handkerchiefs and lanterns and were lanterns and were believed to have believed to have supernatural powers to supernatural powers to stop foreign bullets.stop foreign bullets.


The Boxers were The Boxers were secretly favored by secretly favored by Manchu officials and Manchu officials and the court of the the court of the Empress Cixi who Empress Cixi who hoped to use them to hoped to use them to rid the country of rid the country of foreigners. The foreigners. The Empress even Empress even declared war on the declared war on the foreign powers. foreign powers.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionThe The BoxersBoxers moved through north-eastern China, moved through north-eastern China, attacking foreigners and killing more than 250 attacking foreigners and killing more than 250 missionaries, thousands of Chinese Christians, missionaries, thousands of Chinese Christians, and a German embassy official. and a German embassy official.

The The BoxersBoxers derailed railroads, cut telegraph derailed railroads, cut telegraph lines, and attacked anything foreign.lines, and attacked anything foreign.

They then besieged foreign diplomats and their They then besieged foreign diplomats and their families living in the diplomatic compound of families living in the diplomatic compound of Peking (Beijing). After several weeks of siege Peking (Beijing). After several weeks of siege the diplomats were nearly out of food and on the the diplomats were nearly out of food and on the verge of annihilation. verge of annihilation.

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionThe “Foreign Pig is Put to Death”The “Foreign Pig is Put to Death”

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionAn international military force of 50,000 troops An international military force of 50,000 troops (led by Japan) came in and crushed the (led by Japan) came in and crushed the BoxersBoxers..

They got pwnd like n00bs/newbs (or nub nubs).They got pwnd like n00bs/newbs (or nub nubs).

The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer RebellionHumiliated, the Chinese government was Humiliated, the Chinese government was forced to pay the western powers for all forced to pay the western powers for all damages. The Manchu government became damages. The Manchu government became even shakier and revolution was in the air.even shakier and revolution was in the air.

The multinational force that put down the The multinational force that put down the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion was composed of troops from was composed of troops from Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Japan, and the United Hungary, Russia, Japan, and the United States. The indemnity the Chinese were States. The indemnity the Chinese were forced to pay these nations amounted to forced to pay these nations amounted to $333.0 million (paid over 39 years). $333.0 million (paid over 39 years).


Of that sum, $24.5 million was to go to Of that sum, $24.5 million was to go to United States. United States. When the U.S. government realized that When the U.S. government realized that this was far more than the expense for its this was far more than the expense for its troops and the damages caused from the troops and the damages caused from the fighting, it fighting, it reimbursed the Chinese reimbursed the Chinese government government $18.0 million.$18.0 million.The Chinese government was so grateful, The Chinese government was so grateful, Sino-American relations became very Sino-American relations became very close. close.


The money was set aside to build a The money was set aside to build a university in Peking (Beijing) and to send university in Peking (Beijing) and to send students to study in the United States. students to study in the United States. These students would eventually help to These students would eventually help to bring Western ideas to China.bring Western ideas to China.


As a result of the Boxer Rebellion, China As a result of the Boxer Rebellion, China was was forced to allow foreign troops to be forced to allow foreign troops to be stationed on her soilstationed on her soil and to allow foreign and to allow foreign naval vessels to patrol Chinese rivers and naval vessels to patrol Chinese rivers and coastal waters.coastal waters.Before the Before the Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion, the Empress , the Empress Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) had resisted Western Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) had resisted Western influences and change. influences and change. Now China was forced to change. Now China was forced to change.


Changes came in education, government Changes came in education, government administration, and the lawadministration, and the law..

An education system, based on the An education system, based on the Western model was established. Western model was established.

Even a regional, ELECTED assembly was Even a regional, ELECTED assembly was established in 1905. Elections for a established in 1905. Elections for a national assembly took place in 1910.national assembly took place in 1910.

The Collapse of the Old OrderThe Collapse of the Old OrderThese reforms were not enough These reforms were not enough to stem the mounting to stem the mounting discontentment with the Manchu discontentment with the Manchu dynasty. Its days were dynasty. Its days were numbered.numbered.

When the Empress Cixi (Tz’u-When the Empress Cixi (Tz’u-hsi) died in 1908, she had hsi) died in 1908, she had named a two year-old prince to named a two year-old prince to become emperor. Henry Puyi become emperor. Henry Puyi (P’u-yi) became known as the (P’u-yi) became known as the “last emperor.” “last emperor.”

A New ChinaA New China

In 1911, revolutionaries led In 1911, revolutionaries led by American educated by American educated Dr. Sun Yat-sen overthrew Dr. Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Manchu and declared the Manchu and declared China to be a republic. China to be a republic.

Over 2,000 years of Over 2,000 years of dynastic rule in China was dynastic rule in China was over.over.


Unfortunately, Sun Yat-sen did not have Unfortunately, Sun Yat-sen did not have the backing of the army and a civil war the backing of the army and a civil war ensued. ensued.

Sun Yat-sen fled the country but returned Sun Yat-sen fled the country but returned seven years later as the leader of the seven years later as the leader of the “new” China.“new” China.


Dr. Yat-sen promoted the ideas Dr. Yat-sen promoted the ideas of of liberalismliberalism, and pushed for a , and pushed for a nationally elected president, a nationally elected president, a publicly elected parliament, and publicly elected parliament, and a constitution.a constitution.

These ideas were new to China.These ideas were new to China.

He also promoted equalizing He also promoted equalizing land ownership (something not land ownership (something not done until the Communists done until the Communists much later).much later).

A New ChinaA New ChinaFrom before WWI and into the 1920’s, From before WWI and into the 1920’s, there was a growing acceptance of there was a growing acceptance of Western culture, especially among the Western culture, especially among the growing urban (and increasingly educated) growing urban (and increasingly educated) middle class.middle class.


Western hairstyles, western clothes, Western hairstyles, western clothes, western novels, western art, western western novels, western art, western music, etc all became very popular with music, etc all became very popular with the growing middle class.the growing middle class.


Traditional Confucian ideals declined in Traditional Confucian ideals declined in influence throughout the first quarter of influence throughout the first quarter of the 20the 20thth century. century.

But China remained relatively weak until But China remained relatively weak until after World War II. after World War II.


Westernization positively affected the Chinese economy Westernization positively affected the Chinese economy in three waysin three ways::

1). The West introduced modern production methods 1). The West introduced modern production methods (the factory system), transportation, and (the factory system), transportation, and communications.communications.

2). The West created an expanded Chinese export 2). The West created an expanded Chinese export economy.economy.

3). The West re-integrated China into the world economic 3). The West re-integrated China into the world economic system.system.

Unfortunately, the downside was local Chinese industry Unfortunately, the downside was local Chinese industry was often destroyed and most profits went overseas.was often destroyed and most profits went overseas.

The CongoThe Congo

The CongoThe Congo

The “The “Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa” began with ” began with Belgium’s King Leopold II arranging Belgium’s King Leopold II arranging treaties with African leaders along the treaties with African leaders along the Congo River basin.Congo River basin.

Publicly Leopold spoke of a “Publicly Leopold spoke of a “civilizing civilizing missionmission” to carry the light “that for millions ” to carry the light “that for millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be of men still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era.”the dawn of a better era.”

The CongoThe Congo

Privately, Privately, he wanted he wanted conquest and profitconquest and profit..

Soon, Britain, France, Soon, Britain, France, and Germany were and Germany were pressing rival claims to pressing rival claims to the region. the region.

This was the backdrop This was the backdrop to the to the Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference (1884).(1884).

The CongoThe Congo•Not one African nation was asked to Not one African nation was asked to participate in the Conference.participate in the Conference.•The European rush to carve up Africa was The European rush to carve up Africa was on, and by World War I (30 years later), nearly on, and by World War I (30 years later), nearly the entire continent was under European the entire continent was under European control.control.

The CongoThe CongoLeopold and other wealthy Belgians Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the natural wealth of the regionexploited the natural wealth of the region, , especially copper, rubber, and ivory.especially copper, rubber, and ivory.Head and hut taxes were imposed that could Head and hut taxes were imposed that could be paid only in ivory, palm nuts, or wages be paid only in ivory, palm nuts, or wages earned working on European estates.earned working on European estates.Forced to work for almost nothing, laborers Forced to work for almost nothing, laborers were savagely beaten or mutilated for were savagely beaten or mutilated for disobeying.disobeying.

The CongoThe Congo

The rubber came from wild vines in the The rubber came from wild vines in the jungle, unlike the rubber from Brazil, which jungle, unlike the rubber from Brazil, which was tapped from trees. was tapped from trees.

To extract the rubber, instead of tapping To extract the rubber, instead of tapping the vines, the natives would slash them the vines, the natives would slash them and lather their bodies with the rubber and lather their bodies with the rubber latex. When the latex hardened, it would latex. When the latex hardened, it would be scraped off the skin in a painful be scraped off the skin in a painful manner, as it took off the natives' hair with manner, as it took off the natives' hair with it. (Ouch!)it. (Ouch!)

The CongoThe CongoThe The Force PubliqueForce Publique (FP) was called in to (FP) was called in to enforce the rubber quotas. The FP was an enforce the rubber quotas. The FP was an army, but its aim was not to defend the army, but its aim was not to defend the country, but to terrorize the local population. country, but to terrorize the local population.

Armed with modern weapons and the Armed with modern weapons and the chicotte— a bull whip made of chicotte— a bull whip made of hippopotamus hide — the hippopotamus hide — the Force PubliqueForce Publique routinely took and tortured hostages (mostly routinely took and tortured hostages (mostly women), flogged, and raped the natives.women), flogged, and raped the natives.

The CongoThe CongoThe The Force Publique Force Publique also burned villages, also burned villages, and above all, took and above all, took human hands as human hands as trophies on the orders trophies on the orders of Belgian officers to of Belgian officers to show that bullets hadn't show that bullets hadn't been wasted.been wasted.

A typical punishment A typical punishment for the Africans was for the Africans was mutilation.mutilation.

Belgian soldiers and sentries Belgian soldiers and sentries often chopped off the hands often chopped off the hands and feet of men, women and and feet of men, women and children as warnings and children as warnings and reminders to others. Pictured reminders to others. Pictured here is a young girl mutilated here is a young girl mutilated by Belgian sentries. by Belgian sentries.

Punishing one's loved ones Punishing one's loved ones was a common Belgian was a common Belgian practice. practice. Thus the price of not Thus the price of not "working rubber" may be the "working rubber" may be the life or safety of one's relatives, life or safety of one's relatives, spouse, or children. spouse, or children.

The CongoThe Congo

Native workers Native workers (or family (or family members of members of workers) who workers) who failed to meet failed to meet the rubber the rubber quotas.quotas.

The CongoThe Congo

““In the Rubber In the Rubber Coils” is a famous Coils” is a famous political cartoon political cartoon about what was about what was happening in the happening in the Congo. Congo.

What message What message does the cartoon does the cartoon convey to you?convey to you?

The CongoThe Congo

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit.balance to their credit.

Belgian Official Belgian Official

The CongoThe Congo

Stories (and pictures) of atrocities Stories (and pictures) of atrocities forced Leopold to turn over his forced Leopold to turn over his personal colony to the Belgian personal colony to the Belgian government (becoming the Belgian government (becoming the Belgian Congo in 1908).Congo in 1908).Even though the worst abuses were Even though the worst abuses were stopped, the Congo continued to be stopped, the Congo continued to be considered a possession of Belgium, considered a possession of Belgium, to be exploited.to be exploited.

The CongoThe Congo

Africans were given little or no role in Africans were given little or no role in their government, and the wealth of their government, and the wealth of their country went to Europe.their country went to Europe.It is believed that more than half of all It is believed that more than half of all natives of the Congo died natives of the Congo died under the under the rule of the “civilized” Europeans.rule of the “civilized” Europeans.The Belgian Congo didn’t gain The Belgian Congo didn’t gain independence until1960.independence until1960.

The SudanAs Egypt fell under As Egypt fell under British control during British control during the latter part of the the latter part of the 1919thth century, they (the century, they (the British) were drawn British) were drawn into conflicts with into conflicts with Egypt’s southern Egypt’s southern neighbor, Sudan.neighbor, Sudan.Egypt had tried to Egypt had tried to control Sudan since control Sudan since the 1820’s, and the the 1820’s, and the Sudanese resisted Sudanese resisted fiercely.fiercely.

The SudanBy the late 1870’s, By the late 1870’s, Egyptian oppression and Egyptian oppression and British intervention had British intervention had aroused deep resentment aroused deep resentment and hostility in Sudan.and hostility in Sudan.

A Sudanese leader arose, A Sudanese leader arose, known as the known as the MahdiMahdi, who , who claimed to be a claimed to be a descendant of descendant of the the Muhammad (he even had Muhammad (he even had a mole on his right cheek a mole on his right cheek and a cleft between his and a cleft between his teeth). teeth).

The SudanThe Mahdi called for The Mahdi called for jihadjihad as he promised to as he promised to rid the land of the Egyptian heretics and the rid the land of the Egyptian heretics and the British infidels.British infidels.

He led his followers on violent assaults He led his followers on violent assaults (usually using guerrilla tactics) on the (usually using guerrilla tactics) on the Egyptians and British.Egyptians and British.

Within a few years, his forces controlled most Within a few years, his forces controlled most of Sudan.of Sudan.

But at the peak of his power, he caught But at the peak of his power, he caught typhus and died.typhus and died.

The Sudan

But rather than collapse after his death, But rather than collapse after his death, his followers continued to build a strong his followers continued to build a strong Islamic state.Islamic state.

They outlawed smoking, alcoholic drink, They outlawed smoking, alcoholic drink, dancing, prostitution, theft and adultery.dancing, prostitution, theft and adultery.

Islamic religious and ritual practices were Islamic religious and ritual practices were strictly enforced.strictly enforced.

The SudanIn late 1896, the British, tired of this activity, In late 1896, the British, tired of this activity, sent an expeditionary force into Sudan to do sent an expeditionary force into Sudan to do battle with the battle with the MahdisMahdis and to end the most and to end the most serious threat to European domination of serious threat to European domination of Africa.Africa.

The SudanAt the At the Battle of Battle of OmdurmanOmdurman (1898), the (1898), the spears and magic spears and magic garments of the Mahdis garments of the Mahdis were no match for the were no match for the artillery and Maxim artillery and Maxim guns of the British.guns of the British.

More than 11,000 More than 11,000 Sudanese Mahdis were Sudanese Mahdis were killed compared to less killed compared to less than 40 British soldiers. than 40 British soldiers. Sudan fell.Sudan fell.

EthiopiaEthiopia

EthiopiaEthiopia

Ethiopia was one of two Ethiopia was one of two African states able to African states able to resist colonization.resist colonization.

Surrounded by French, Surrounded by French, British, and Italian British, and Italian colonies, the Ethiopian colonies, the Ethiopian emperor Menelik II emperor Menelik II attempted to play off all attempted to play off all the European states the European states against one another. against one another.

EthiopiaEthiopia

He offered territorial concessions to each He offered territorial concessions to each in return for modern weapons. in return for modern weapons. In 1896 Italy launched an invasion of In 1896 Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia.Ethiopia.Outnumbered and facing an African army Outnumbered and facing an African army equipped with modern arms, the Italians equipped with modern arms, the Italians were defeated and forced to recognize were defeated and forced to recognize Ethiopia as a sovereign state. Ethiopia as a sovereign state. Ethiopia was the only African state to Ethiopia was the only African state to successfully defend itself against successfully defend itself against European colonizers. European colonizers.

Nativist Responses to Imperialism India, China, the Congo, the Sudan, and Ethiopia.

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Transcript of Nativist Responses to Imperialism India, China, the Congo, the Sudan, and Ethiopia.