NATIVES AND NATIVES AND EUROPEANSEUROPEANS

Unit IAUnit IA

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Big Picture: Development of Big Picture: Development of a New Nation 1450-1791a New Nation 1450-1791

►1. The two hemispheres of the world 1. The two hemispheres of the world were at last joined in sustained were at last joined in sustained contact, with the North American contact, with the North American colonies integral to the process. As a colonies integral to the process. As a result, world trade networks greatly result, world trade networks greatly enlarged, creating a wealth and power enlarged, creating a wealth and power base that the new Americans used to base that the new Americans used to forge a new identity.forge a new identity.

Development (Continued)Development (Continued)

►2. The natural environment of North 2. The natural environment of North America changed drastically, as imported America changed drastically, as imported domestic animals and European customs domestic animals and European customs altered native farming habits. altered native farming habits.

►Much land was cleared for farming, and Much land was cleared for farming, and population compositions changed as population compositions changed as disease spread to previously isolated disease spread to previously isolated people.people.

Development (Con’t)Development (Con’t)

►3. Economic changes in North America 3. Economic changes in North America were numerous, as slavery and other were numerous, as slavery and other forced labor systems expanded into forced labor systems expanded into the new world to become central to its the new world to become central to its economic activities.economic activities.

Development (Con’t) Development (Con’t)

►4. The new American identity was 4. The new American identity was based on a growing sense of separation based on a growing sense of separation from Europe, a process that created the from Europe, a process that created the unity necessary to become a nation. unity necessary to become a nation.

►However, that identity also developed However, that identity also developed with social, economic, and political with social, economic, and political divisions in place that later created divisions in place that later created serious issues that nearly ripped the serious issues that nearly ripped the country apart.country apart.

Development (Con’t)Development (Con’t)

►5. Political experiments created 5. Political experiments created political structures different from those political structures different from those in Europe, although the English in Europe, although the English influence on their formation was influence on their formation was profound.profound.

Pre-Columbian SocietiesPre-Columbian Societies

►Until the late 15Until the late 15thth Century C. E., Century C. E., developing civilizations in the Americas developing civilizations in the Americas were almost completely cut off from were almost completely cut off from those in the Eastern Hemisphere.those in the Eastern Hemisphere.

►Agriculture was independently invented Agriculture was independently invented ►Cultural contacts took place within the Cultural contacts took place within the

geographical boundaries of North and geographical boundaries of North and South America. South America.

Crossing the Land BridgeCrossing the Land Bridge

►The crossing of the land bridge from The crossing of the land bridge from Northern Asia to Alaska is widely Northern Asia to Alaska is widely accepted.accepted.

►Although estimates of when the first Although estimates of when the first migrations took place range from migrations took place range from 35,000 years ago to about 15,000 35,000 years ago to about 15,000 years ago.years ago.

Bering Sea Land Bridge Bering Sea Land Bridge MigrationMigration

The First AmericansThe First Americans

►The first Americans were nomadic The first Americans were nomadic hunters of gamehunters of game

►They were also gatherers of wild They were also gatherers of wild plantsplants

►They spread gradually throughout They spread gradually throughout North and South America.North and South America.

Native Map of North AmericaNative Map of North America

Native Culture and LifestyleNative Culture and Lifestyle►NomadicNomadic►SedentarySedentary

►Eastern WoodlandsEastern Woodlands HopewellHopewell IroquoisIroquois

►Mohawks, Oneidas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Onodagas, Cayugas, SenecasCayugas, Senecas

AlgonquianAlgonquian

►MississippianMississippian►Great PlainsGreat Plains

SiouxSioux

►SouthwestSouthwest Anasazi/PuebloAnasazi/PuebloCahokia, c. 1100 CE

Great Serpent Mount - Ohio

Great Plains native lifestyle

Cliff Palace – ColoradoKincaid - Illinois

The People of North AmericaThe People of North America

► In contrast to Mesoamerica and the In contrast to Mesoamerica and the Andes region in South America, no Andes region in South America, no major civilization controlled large major civilization controlled large amounts of land in North America. amounts of land in North America.

►There were a variety of different There were a variety of different languages and lifestyles.languages and lifestyles.

►Some were nomadic-hunting bison or Some were nomadic-hunting bison or deer. In the Arctic- hunted whale, seals, deer. In the Arctic- hunted whale, seals, and walruses.and walruses.

Hunters/GatherersHunters/Gatherers

►Some were gatherers of berries, roots, Some were gatherers of berries, roots, grasses to supplement fish or meat.grasses to supplement fish or meat.

►Anasazi people used river water to Anasazi people used river water to irrigate crops of maize, beans, squash, irrigate crops of maize, beans, squash, and sunflowers. and sunflowers.

CahokiaCahokia

►The largest and most important The largest and most important mound-builder settlement of this mound-builder settlement of this period was at Cahokia, located near period was at Cahokia, located near modern-day East St. Louis, Illinois and modern-day East St. Louis, Illinois and the Mississippi River Valley.the Mississippi River Valley.

►A number of different groups lived in A number of different groups lived in the area who built enormous earthen the area who built enormous earthen mounds for ceremonies and platforms mounds for ceremonies and platforms for dwellings and burial sites.for dwellings and burial sites.

1450-North and South 1450-North and South AmericaAmerica

►From Alaska to South America, nomadism From Alaska to South America, nomadism was common, as was subsistence was common, as was subsistence agriculture.agriculture.

►Diverse cultures developed as well as Diverse cultures developed as well as different language groups.different language groups.

►Extended families lived together in villages.Extended families lived together in villages.►Matrilineal descent-mothers, married Matrilineal descent-mothers, married

daughters, and daughters’ husbands lived daughters, and daughters’ husbands lived close by.close by.

1450 Continued1450 Continued

► In contrast, the nomadic people of the In contrast, the nomadic people of the Great Plains generally traced their Great Plains generally traced their lineage through patrilineal descent. lineage through patrilineal descent.

► In both types of society, however, men In both types of society, however, men had the power and authority. had the power and authority.

►Although equality appears to have Although equality appears to have existed in the hunting and gathering existed in the hunting and gathering societies.societies.

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

►The 16The 16thth Century North American group Century North American group that came closest to the Aztecs and Inca that came closest to the Aztecs and Inca was the Iroquois in the northeastern was the Iroquois in the northeastern woodlands.woodlands.

►MohawksMohawks►OneidasOneidas►OnondagasOnondagas►CayugasCayugas►And SenacasAnd Senacas

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

►The groups were bound together by a The groups were bound together by a common Iroquois language.common Iroquois language.

►Political and organizational skillsPolitical and organizational skills►Strong military allianceStrong military alliance

Europe Before ExplorationEurope Before Exploration►RenaissanceRenaissance

Technological innovationsTechnological innovations

►Growth of Nation-StatesGrowth of Nation-States England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland

(Netherlands)(Netherlands)

►Protestant Reformation and Religious WarsProtestant Reformation and Religious Wars LutheranismLutheranism CalvinismCalvinism

►PredestinationPredestination

Church of England aka Anglican ChurchChurch of England aka Anglican Church Catholic Counter-ReformationCatholic Counter-Reformation

Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish VoyagesVoyages

►First Europeans to take the long First Europeans to take the long voyages away from home were the voyages away from home were the Portuguese and Spanish.Portuguese and Spanish.

►Both had strong, consolidated Both had strong, consolidated governments and militaries.governments and militaries.

►Both were situated on the Atlantic Both were situated on the Atlantic Ocean, close to the Strait of Gibraltar Ocean, close to the Strait of Gibraltar that led to the Mediterranean Sea.that led to the Mediterranean Sea.

Trade dominated by…Trade dominated by…

►Two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal Two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal had to compete with Venice and Genoa had to compete with Venice and Genoa in the Mediterranean.in the Mediterranean.

►Venice and Genoa had forged alliances Venice and Genoa had forged alliances with Muslim states to continue lucrative with Muslim states to continue lucrative trade with the East that began with the trade with the East that began with the Crusades.Crusades.

►Had little interest in exploring possible Had little interest in exploring possible trade routes across the Atlantic.trade routes across the Atlantic.

Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

►Spain and Portugal were inspired by Spain and Portugal were inspired by new cultural and economic forces that new cultural and economic forces that were transforming Europe.were transforming Europe.

► Interested in finding new converts to Interested in finding new converts to Christianity. Christianity.

►Spain was united under Ferdinand and Spain was united under Ferdinand and Isabella (devout Catholics) who Isabella (devout Catholics) who defeated Granada, the last Muslim defeated Granada, the last Muslim kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula.kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula.

Spain Spain

►Ferdinand and Isabella also expelled Ferdinand and Isabella also expelled all Jews from Spain if they did not all Jews from Spain if they did not convert to Christianity. convert to Christianity.

►Their religious devotion Their religious devotion ►Coupled with newly political powerCoupled with newly political power►Provided incentive to spread Provided incentive to spread

Christianity to the new regions.Christianity to the new regions.

Portuguese ExplorationsPortuguese Explorations

►Portuguese began their explorations in Portuguese began their explorations in the early 15th Century when they the early 15th Century when they attacked the rich Muslim city of Ceutaattacked the rich Muslim city of Ceuta

►Situated across from Granada from the Situated across from Granada from the Strait of GibraltarStrait of Gibraltar

►Prince Henry, 3Prince Henry, 3rdrd Son of Portuguese King, Son of Portuguese King, was known as “Henry the Navigator.” was known as “Henry the Navigator.”

► Started the navigation school for Started the navigation school for cartographers.cartographers.

Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator

Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator

►His navigation school was a magnet His navigation school was a magnet for Jewish cartographers who were for Jewish cartographers who were familiar with Arab maps.familiar with Arab maps.

►They improved navigation technology:They improved navigation technology:►Magnetic compassMagnetic compass►AstrolabeAstrolabe►Design of new ships (Caravel)Design of new ships (Caravel)

CaravelCaravel

CaravelCaravel

► It allowed for navigation of shallow It allowed for navigation of shallow coastal rivers.coastal rivers.

► It was also strong enough to withstand It was also strong enough to withstand storms on the ocean.storms on the ocean.

► It had two sets of sails to catch ocean It had two sets of sails to catch ocean breezes for speed and the other set for breezes for speed and the other set for maneuverability for many years in the maneuverability for many years in the Indian Ocean.Indian Ocean.

Prince Henry’s Students Prince Henry’s Students

►Bartholomew Dias and Vasco da Gama Bartholomew Dias and Vasco da Gama set sail to find the tip of Africa and set sail to find the tip of Africa and connect to the Indian Ocean.connect to the Indian Ocean.

►Pedro Cabral by 1500 sailed too far Pedro Cabral by 1500 sailed too far west and reached South American west and reached South American coast by mistake.coast by mistake.

►Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal, its one possession in the New Portugal, its one possession in the New World.World.

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

►Genoese mariner, Christopher Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus, convinced Ferdinand and Columbus, convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to sponsor a voyage across the Isabella to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic . Atlantic .

►He was turned down by the Genoese He was turned down by the Genoese and Portuguese governments.and Portuguese governments.

►Arrived in the Americas in 1492.Arrived in the Americas in 1492.►Made three voyages between 1492 and Made three voyages between 1492 and

1498.1498.

ColumbusColumbus

►Although he reached the coast of Although he reached the coast of South America, he thought he had South America, he thought he had reached Asia.reached Asia.

►Would be named “America” after Would be named “America” after Amerigo Vespucci, a later explorer Amerigo Vespucci, a later explorer sponsored by Spain and Portugal.sponsored by Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

►Although both kingdoms of Portugal Although both kingdoms of Portugal and Spain sent explorations in and Spain sent explorations in different directions, they began after different directions, they began after Columbus’s first voyage.Columbus’s first voyage.

►Soon began to argue about who Soon began to argue about who controlled the newly discovered lands.controlled the newly discovered lands.

►Looked to Catholic Church for Looked to Catholic Church for guidance.guidance.

New Imaginary LineNew Imaginary Line

► In 1493, Pope Alexander VI endorsed an In 1493, Pope Alexander VI endorsed an imaginary line drawn through the Atlantic imaginary line drawn through the Atlantic from the North to South Pole.from the North to South Pole.

►Boundary for Spanish land claims west of the Boundary for Spanish land claims west of the line.line.

►1513 Ferdinand Magellan was commissioned 1513 Ferdinand Magellan was commissioned by Spain to set sail westward, through the by Spain to set sail westward, through the Americas, cross the Pacific and back home Americas, cross the Pacific and back home again.again.

►

European ColonizationEuropean Colonization► Columbus in 1492Columbus in 1492► Relations with Relations with

nativesnatives SpainSpain

► Encomienda Encomienda systemsystem

► Bartolome de las Bartolome de las CasasCasas

New LawsNew Laws

EnglandEngland FranceFrance

Encomienda System Encomienda System

►https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zh_syCs0Pz8

► 4:10 minutes4:10 minutes►Encomienda System: Licenses to exact Encomienda System: Licenses to exact

labor and tribute from the natives in labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas (Similar to feudalism)specific areas (Similar to feudalism)

►Bartolome de las Casas: Against Bartolome de las Casas: Against conditions of treatment of Native conditions of treatment of Native Americans.Americans.

Bartolome de las CasasBartolome de las Casas

►Spanish Friar who was opposed to Spanish Friar who was opposed to mistreatment of indigenous population mistreatment of indigenous population in the Americas. in the Americas.

►Wrote: A Short Account of the Wrote: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.Destruction of the Indies.

►He described extensive account of He described extensive account of torture, murder, and mutilation torture, murder, and mutilation against natives by the Spaniards.against natives by the Spaniards.

Asiento SystemAsiento System

►The Asiento, or license to sell slaves, The Asiento, or license to sell slaves, was often sold to foreign merchants was often sold to foreign merchants rather than Spanish. It went to rather than Spanish. It went to whoever was prepared to pay most whoever was prepared to pay most money to get the license. Often this money to get the license. Often this meant that Portuguese, Dutch, meant that Portuguese, Dutch, German, British or Genoese merchants German, British or Genoese merchants were supplying slaves to the Spanish were supplying slaves to the Spanish colonies. colonies.

Asiento System (con’t)Asiento System (con’t)

►From 1550 to 1595, the official records From 1550 to 1595, the official records show that 36,300 enslaved Africans show that 36,300 enslaved Africans were imported into the Spanish-owned were imported into the Spanish-owned parts of South America. The number parts of South America. The number was probably much higher, as more was probably much higher, as more were smuggled in by slave traders who were smuggled in by slave traders who did not hold a license to supply slaves.did not hold a license to supply slaves.

1492 Discussion1492 Discussion

►Watch a short clip of 1492 (summer Watch a short clip of 1492 (summer assignment)assignment)

►Discussion of movieDiscussion of movie

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

European ColoniesEuropean Colonies

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Global ExchangesGlobal Exchanges

►Once European ships were regularly Once European ships were regularly crossing the Atlantic and into the Pacific crossing the Atlantic and into the Pacific Ocean, sustained contact had profound Ocean, sustained contact had profound implications. implications.

►The Columbian Exchange was global The Columbian Exchange was global diffusion of crops, other plants, human diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals and diseases that took beings, animals and diseases that took place after exploratory voyages place after exploratory voyages between the late 15between the late 15thth and 16 and 16thth Centuries. Centuries.

Diseases Diseases

►High death rates of the Amerindians as High death rates of the Amerindians as a result of contact with Europeans.a result of contact with Europeans. Small poxSmall pox InfluenzaInfluenza TyphusTyphus MeaslesMeasles DiphtheriaDiphtheria

Death RatesDeath Rates

►Death rates were highest in densely Death rates were highest in densely populated areas:populated areas: Aztec and Inca EmpiresAztec and Inca Empires

►Europeans were also dying of malaria, Europeans were also dying of malaria, found in the Caribbean islands.found in the Caribbean islands.

Positive Consequences of Positive Consequences of Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

► Increased population overall:Increased population overall: Supplies of food increasedSupplies of food increased Wider access of an assortment of Wider access of an assortment of

nutrientsnutrients

New animals were domesticated from New animals were domesticated from Europe:Europe:

Pigs, horses, cattle and sheep multiplied. Pigs, horses, cattle and sheep multiplied.

Smallpox and NativesSmallpox and Natives

c. 1575-1580

SmallpoxSmallpox