Chapter 1, Boyer

Hiawathamember of Iroquois tribeEndless cycle of violenceFamily threatened, wanders

through forestHas visions, meets holy manIntroduces condolence of

peace to Iroquois tribesLeads to creation of the

League of the IroquoisRepresents a moment in

American History before ColumbusCultural diversity that

existed in Pre-Columbian America

Chapter Focus Questions

What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?

How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?

What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E.

Two TheoriesLand bridge

10,500 B.C.E. Last Ice Age Hunters From Siberia

Boat More recent

theory Dated 13,000

B.C.E. Evidence in Chile

10,500 B.C.E.

Paleo- Indians“earliest Americans”Foundation of Native

American lifeHunter/gathers Defined roles for men

and womenTrade/exchange of

ideasEnd of Ice Age =

change in way of lifeDramatic changes in

physical environment

Clovis Peoples

LocationNew Mexico to Nova

ScotiaCharacteristics

Sophisticated toolsMobile communities

Technology spread quickly

EndClimate differentiated

after ice ageFragmentation

occurred

Archaic SocietiesChanges in environment =

changes in lifestyleChanges in dietShift to year-round villages

More defined roles for men and women

5000 B.C.E. cultivation of AgricultureBegins in MesoamericaTehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.

Seed specialization Introduction of 1st maize crop

Spread by 2500 B.C.E.Still not significant part of daily

diet

Cultural DiversityMesoamerica and South

AmericaIncreased Crop ProductionMaize-based farming

spreadsSurplus leads to tradeDevelopment of

communities Olmec

Urban centers Hereditary rulers

(chiefdoms) Unequal society

Mesoamerica and South America Cont. Development of

Powerful StatesTeotihuacan (2nd-7th

cent.) Lead bloody wars Religious hierarchy Extensive trade

Dominated Modern-day Mexico

Strong political system Massive public works

projects Influences the Maya and

the Aztecs Declined 8th century

Mesoamerica and South America

Mayans Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th

centuries Developed:

Calendar Numerical system Hieroglyphic writing codices

Aztecs Overthrew rulers in 1428 Conquering campaign Religious rituals Massive public works projects Capital- Tenochtitlan Based writing and calendar on

Mayans Modified environment for food

production Large trading system

Mesoamerica and South AmericaIncas

AndesCapital- CuzcoDominate

around 1438 C.E.

Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion

Modified environment

Public works

Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions

What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?

How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?

What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

Rewind: 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North

America Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in

lifestyle for Paleo-Indians Consequences:

Hunting smaller animals Focus more on forging local resources

Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments

10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians Still migrated following food, few exceptions Difference:

Use of stone tools (food preparation) 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture

Major change to permanent settlements Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

Major Themes Chapter 1

Effects of Climate Shift Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic Experimentation with agriculture

Consequences of Farming Shift to year-round villages Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as

primary source of food Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands

Development of Native American culture See Chart / North America

Native American ties communal use and control of resources Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar

rituals for burial of dead Preference for independent, kin-based communities Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order Customs: used to reinforce conformity Respect came from providing for people not by force Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense Strong sense of interdependence

Mesoamerica/South America Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose

Mayans, Aztecs

Southwest Alaska California Eastern Woodlands

Farming- 400 B.C.E.-intro of drought resistant maize-increased population

No farming-fishing/ hunting/ gathering

No farming-salmon-acorns

Developed complex political organization before farming-on floodplains of Mississippi

Hohokam: 3rd c. B.C.E.Farmed ArizonaBuilt elaborate canals

Inuits and Aleuts:Adapted to environment and landscapes-bow/arrow-Ceramic pottery

Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization

Adena: 1200 B.C.E.-Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt-Ohio Valley-1st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell-Wider area, more complex centers, trade-Abandoned 5th c. C.E.

Anasazi: 10th-12th c. C.E.-built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry-drought= decline-25,000 sites-Irrigation-Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon

Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.-first full-time farmers-combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico-massive trade-huge urban centers (Cahokia)13th c. C.E. = decline*end of political centralization

Anasazi

Cahokia

Iroqouis

Europe on the Eve of Exploration 12th-15th centuries C.E.

Massive trade Mediterranean trade Europe/Asia/Africa

Competition between Land route to Asia blocked

by Ottoman Turks 1453 Bubonic plague

Reduced population and food supply

New ideology/ taking risks Scientific/technological

advances Printing press Maritime advances

Religion Spread of Christianity Catholic “reconquista” Protestant revolution

Renaissance Ancient Greek/ Romans Mapping Prince Henry the

Navigatorincrease in scientific knowledge

Little Ice Age Monarchs/Imperialism

New nation-states France, England, Spain,

Portugal Crave resources/wealth Solidify power

Beginnings of North American Exploration

Native Americans in 1490Population stats vary

1/3 lived in Mississippi valleyLow population densityAbundant resources (enough for everyone)

Major Differences b/w Indians and EuropeansIndians lacked

Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper

No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power

Belief in collective bargainingSelf- determinationRough equality (men/women, rich/poor)

No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies

Columbus