NATIONALISM:REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN

AMERICAWhy were nationalistic revolutions occurring throughout Latin America?

Mexico

Spanish South America

Latin American Class System

The successes of the American & French Revolutions along with the Enlightenment began to spread into Spain & Portugal’s colonies

In Latin America, there was a strong class system set up by the people who were from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)

Your rights depended where you were in this system

Peninsulares

Creoles (Criollo)

Mestizos

Slaves

Indians

Europeans born in Spain/Portugal

Mixed Indian & European

Mixed African & European

Indigenous People

Europeans born in Latin America

Mulattos

African Slaves

HAITI (Saint Domingue)1791: First Latin American revolution (Caribbean Islands)

100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti)

The slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture

Napoleon sends troops to retake the island

French trick & capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps

Slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines

1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas

Significance: First totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves

SPANISH SOUTH AMERICASouth America’s wars of independence are led by two brilliant Creole Generals named Simon Bolívar & Jose de San Martín

Neither support Spain’s king Joseph Bonaparte

Simon Bolívar

Jose de San Martín

Venezuela declares independence from Spain in 1811 – Bolivar’s volunteer army suffers many defeats

•1821-23 – Bolívar wins, has liberated Venezuela & Colombia (Gran Colombia), he heads to Ecuador & Peru

•From Argentina (Rio De La Plata), San Martín starts an independence movement in 1816

•Spanish have a strong army in nearby Chile

• 1817: San Martín teams up w/ a Irish-Peruvian named Bernardo O’Higgins

Bernardo O’Higgins

• Together they crossed in the Andes Mountains into Chile

• Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile• San Martín heads north to Peru

• Bolivar leads combined armies. December 9, 1824 the final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru

•Peru independent, Bolivia created

MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA (New Spain)

1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a rebellion against Spain

To symbolize the start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church- El Grito de Dolores

Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 strong

The Spanish Army led by Creoles would defeat Hidalgo’s army in 1811

Hidalgo will be executed by the Spanish Authorities

Padre Miguel Hidalgo

Padre Jose Maria Morelos would continue the fight for independence but the Spaniards defeat his army

Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians calling for Independence from Spain

Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence in 1821

1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America

Central America wants independence from Mexico

Iturbide is overthrown and Central American states get independence in 1823

Five independent countries form United Provinces of Central America

Jose Maria Morelos

Agustin Iturbide

BRAZIL

After Napoleon invades Portugal, the King of Portugal moves his family and government to the colony of Brazil

King João (John VI) declares Brazil the Kingdom of Portugal & Brazil

After Napoleon’s defeat King João and his royal court returned to Portugal (Legitimacy)

João’s son Pedro stays behind in Brazil

Brazilian Creoles demanded independence from Portugal

8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking for independence & to allow João’s son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil

In 1822, King João agrees and grants Brazil independence

Brazil’s independence was a bloodless revolution

Dom Pedro I