Nationalism: Italy and Germany

Ch.8/24 section3

Positive Results● People within a nation overcoming differences for a common

good● The overthrow of colonial rule.● Democratic governments in nations throughout the world.● Competition among nations spurring scientific and

technological advances.

Negative Results● Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation’s majority

culture.● Ethnic cleansing.● The rise of extreme nationalistic movements.● Competition between nations leading to warfare.

Break up of the Austrian Empire

● Had many different ethnic groups.● Prussia defeated Austria and took over all its German states.● Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria split his empire in half creating

the Austro-Hungarian Empire.● Uprisings weakened the empire until 1918 when it was officially

disbanded.

Russian Empire Crumbles● Had many different ethnic groups.● A policy called Russification forced Russian culture on all

minorities.● This caused feelings of nationalism within each group.● By 1917 the empire had collapsed.

Ottoman Empire Weakens● Had many different ethnic groups.● In 1856 all people under Ottoman rule were granted equal

citizenship rights.● The Turkish Ottoman’s began a backlash against minority

groups● They targeted the Armenians, forcibly deporting them and

killing them if they did not leave. ● By 1918 the Ottoman Empire was disbanded.

Unification in Italy● The Italian kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led

unification in Italy● Prime minister Camilio di Cavour used diplomacy,

alliances and war to gain territory and unite all of northern Italy.

● Cavour supported nationalist rebels in southern Italy.

● Northern and Southern Italy were united under King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1870.

Prussia Leads German Unification

● Prussia was the second largest German state.● It had a mostly German population● It had the most powerful army in central Europe.● A liberal constitution was written in 1848.

Bismarck Takes Control● King Wilhelm I chose Otto von Bismarck to be the prime minister

of Prussia.● Bismarck was chosen because he was a conservative and

would overrule the opinions of the parliament.● Bismarck used realpolitik to bully political opponents, enemy

nations, and even allies.

Uniting Germany● 1864- Prussia and Austria joined to fight Denmark and each won

territory.● 1866- Bismarck intentionally stirred up tension between Austria and

Prussia and provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia.● 1870- Bismarck edited a telegram to make it appear the French

ambassador had insulted King Wilhelm I.● France declared war on Prussia and Prussia won the war● Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (emperor) of Germany.

Shift in Power● The Congress of Vienna had ensured that Britain, France,

Austria, Prussia and Russia had equal power in Europe.● By 1871, Germany and Britain were the most powerful

countries in Europe militarily and economically.● This shift in power would eventually lead to a major world war.