Nationalism & Democracy Around the World

Nationalism & Democracy Around the WorldUnit 3Chapters 19 & 20

Background Information

• Time Period 1800-1914• This unit covers the time from Napoleon’s rule to the

beginning of World War I• As our European nations spread their influence, so too do

the ideas of the Enlightenment and French Revolution spread as well

Dominant Political Beliefs

• Three main beliefs dominated Europe from 1800 – 1914•Conservatism• Liberalism•Nationalism

Conservatism

• Who belonged to the group called conservatives?• Absolute monarchs & their governments• Noble landowners• Church leaders• Peasants

Conservatism

ThroneLand

Altar

Conservatism

• What were the goals of conservatives?• Turn back the clock to pre-1789• Restore all monarchs to their thrones• Maintain the privileged social classes• Keep peace & stability through tradition• Maintain state run religion• Maintain obedience to political authority

Conservatism

• Conservatives fought against• Constitutional governments• The notion of natural rights (Locke)• Freedom of the press• Nationalist protests

Liberalism

• Who belonged to the group called liberals?• Business owners• Bankers• Lawyers• Newspaper editors• writers

Liberalism

• What were the goals of liberals?• To achieve Enlightenment ideas• To have natural rights• To have written constitutions• To give increased power to the middle class• To hold elections• To have religious toleration• To have separation of powers

Liberalism

Liberalism

• Liberals fought against• Divine right monarchs• The privileged upper classes• The established church• Universal suffrage (until much later in time!)• They believed it would lead to mob rule!

Nationalism

• Who belonged to the group called nationalists?• Anyone who believed that each

nationality should have their own nation-state

Nationalism

• What were the goals of nationalists?• To unite people with common language,

customs & institutions into a nation-state.• Each nation-state would have its own leader/government and

defined borders • Example: In the 1700’s Hungarians were ruled by the Austrians

as part of the Austrian Empire. Hungarians wanted their own country and government.

Nationalism

• Nationalists fought against• The current political order• Conservatism• But…. nationalists and liberals often

“combined forces” if it could lead to both groups achieving their goals.

Nationalism

• Other important information to remember• Nationalism becomes THE MOST dominant force of the

19th & 20th centuries• Nationalism is usually positive• Nationalism in its extreme form can become negative and

lead to disruption/destruction of a society• Pride ≠ Justification of all actions

Europe 1815 - 1850

• “In the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna, the great powers sought to silence liberal and nationalist demands. But simmering discontent erupted in three major revolutionary outbreaks- in the 1820’s, 1830’s and 1848”

• Quote from the old global book, p. 110

Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

• “When France Sneezes, Europe Catches a Cold”

France 1830

• The French monarch Charles X was overthrown by liberals

• A constitutional monarchy was established• The new French king was Louis-Philipe • Louis-Philippe was supported by the upper-middle class

Belgium 1830

• Belgium had been made part of the Dutch Republic in 1815 as part of the Congress of Vienna

• Belgians and Dutch speak different languages, practice different religions & in general have different customs

• Belgium revolted and created their own independent state• One of the few successes!

Poland 1830

• Poland had been “wiped off the map” by Austria, Prussia & Russia in the 1700’s

• Most Poles lived in the Russian Empire• The Poles revolted against Russia in an attempt to form

their own nation (like they had before)• Russia, under Czar Nicholas I, crushed the revolt

Italian States 1830

• The northern Italian States had been placed under Austrian control at the Congress of Vienna

• The Italian states revolted against Austria• The Austrian Empire invaded and ended the revolts

France 1848

• Economic problems were (again) a trigger for revolution• Lower-middle class, workers, and peasants were hardest hit

• Louis-Philippe refused to make all reforms the upper-middle class liberals wanted

• Opposition to his rule grows• Then…..

France 1848

• Radicals overthrow the monarchy in 1848• Radicals create a temporary government• A new constitution was written (again)• Universal male suffrage was adopted• The Second Republic was created• Violence continued ….

France 1848

• In December 1848, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon was elected President• What happened the last time a Bonaparte ruled?• What do you think will happen this time?

France 1848

• Louis-Napoleon will become Napoleon III

• He will end the Second Republic in 1852 and begin the Second Empire with much public approval!

The German States 1848

• Austria and Prussia dominated the Confederation of the Rhine since the Congress of Vienna

• Many of the other German states were pressured by liberals and nationalists to make changes

• The idea of a united Germany begins to take hold…but….

The German States 1848

• The ruler of Prussia, Frederick William IV refuses to take part in a liberal government where his powers will be limited

• The push for unification and a constitutional monarchy fails (for now)

Austrian Empire 1848

• The Austrian Empire had many ethnic groups (see map on p. 628) under the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty

• In 1848 many groups rebelled including: • Hungarians• Czechs• Italians• Slovaks

Austrian Empire 1848

• With the help of the Russians, Austria suppressed all of the ethnic groups who rebelled

Italian Unification

Italian Unification

• In the 1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society to help free Italy from Austria’s control.• Mazzini is considered the soul of Italian unification for his

commitment to unifying Italy throughout his life

Italian Unification

• In 1849, Mazzini set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but it was toppled by the French (they had troops in city protecting the Vatican)

• In 1852, Victor Emmanuel (King of Piedmont-Sardinia) appointed Count Camilio Cavour as his Prime Minister• Where Mazzini is the soul, Cavour is considered the mind

behind unification.

Italian Unification

• Cavour’s changes and goals:• Improve agriculture• Build railroads• Support free trade• Get rid of Austrian power in Italy• Add Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia

Italian Unification

• In 1858, Cavour makes an alliance with Napoleon III of France in order to make Sardinia-Piedmont strong enough to go to war against Austria • By 1859, Sardinia waged war against

Austria and received help from France

Italian Unification

• Results:• Sardinia defeated Austria• Sardinia annexed Lombardy• Nationalist revolutions took place in

northern Italian states and joined with Sardinia

Italian Unification

• In 1860, nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi recruited a force of over 1,000 men called the Red Shirts• Garibaldi and his Red Shirts won control of Sicily & took

control of Naples on the mainland of Italy

Italian Unification

• In 1861, in a patriotic move, Garibaldi gave Naples and Sicily to Sardinia-Piedmont and crowned Victor Emmanuel I the King of Italy!• Garibaldi is considered the heart of the unification movement

Italian Unification

• Cavour dies, but unification continues….• In 1866, after the Austro-Prussian war Italy got

Venetia from a deal with Bismark (the German Chancellor) –and-

• In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian war Italian troops entered Rome and took the city

• Unification is complete!!

Italian Unification

• Would not have occurred without the heart, mind and soul of Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi!

German Unification

German Unification

• “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power….The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions- that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron”• “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by

the strong”• Otto von Bismark

German Unification

• During the rule of Napoleon from 1807 – 1812, Napoleon makes changes in German speaking lands including:• He dissolves the Holy Roman Empire• He organizes a number of German states into a

French controlled Rhine Confederation• He enforces the Napoleonic Code• And when the Germans fought together to get rid of

Napoleon they felt unified!

German Unification

• At the 1815 Congress of Vienna the conservative leaders set up a German Confederation• By 1834, Prussia creates and economic

union called the Zollverein which got rid of tariffs between the German states (and as a result increased cooperation!)

German Unification

• During the 1848 time of revolts, the Frankfurt Assembly tried to unite the German states under the Prussian King Frederick William IV. • He refuses the offer because it is from the “gutter” or

the common people. • Even though he refuses the offer, the stage is set for

Prussian leadership and German unification.

German Unification

• In 1862, Otto von Bismarck becomes Chancellor of Prussia. • He begins his theory of “blood and iron”

and “realpolitik” to unify the German states under Prussian rule.

German Unification

• Between 1862-1864 Bismarck diverts funds ($) to build a strong military (iron) and starts to push faster for the unification of Prussia (blood). He uses brutal political maneuvers, going against the wishes of the liberal legislature to get what he wants done (realpolitik)!

German Unification

The 3 wars of German unification:

• 1864 Prussia vs Denmark

• 1866 Prussia vs Austria

• 1870 Prussia vs France

German Unification

German Unification

• #1 Prussia vs. Denmark (1864)• Bismarck makes a military alliance with Austria

and convinces them to declare war on Denmark to “liberate” the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein which were inhabited by Germans.

• Prussia and Austria win• Austria took Holstein and Prussia took Schleswig

German Unification

• #2 Prussia v. Austria (1866)• Bismarck made up an excuse to attack Austria and

convinces King William I to do it. • The war lasted 7 weeks and Prussia won. • Prussia then takes Holstein from Austria along with

several other north German states• Bismarck then created a Prussian dominated, North

German Confederation, but allows Austria to keep its independence.

German Unification

• #3 Prussia v. France (1870)• France, worried about Prussian domination, protested when

the Spanish throne was offered to a relative of the Prussian King.

• Bismarck used this as a rallying cry for all Germans to go after France. Then, he rewrote a telegram known as the Ems Dispatch that made it look like King William had offended the French.

• The French panicked and Napoleon III declares war….just like Bismarck had hoped!

German Unification

German Unification

• In 1871, the French were defeated and Bismarck forced the French to accept a humiliating peace treaty which would result in the end of Napoleon’s Second Empire.

• Following this, princes from the North German Confederation and the Southern German States convince King William I to take the title of kaiser of a unified Germany, just as Bismarck had wanted!

• This marked the birth of the Second Reich. The first was the Holy Roman Empire that had been defeated by Napoleon in 1806.

German Unification

•German Unification is now complete!• It was accomplished through military and

might…not liberalism…and power remains in the hands of the kaiser (and his trusted chancellor!)

Unification

• German & Italian Unification shared many similarities• Leadership (Cavour & Bismarck)• Use of war & diplomacy• Role of France & Austria

Nationalism as a dividing force

• While, nationalism helped unify Germany and Italy into their present day nations…it will divide the peoples living in the Austrian, Russian and Ottoman Empires• Austria will face trouble in 1848 and 1866• Russia will face problems in 1830, 1856, and 1881• The Ottomans will face revolts in 1817, 1820 and 1830

Nationalism & Austria

• The Austrian Empire in 1850 had approximately 50 million people• Less than 25% were German-speaking Austrians• The rest were a variety of Slavic groups, Hungarians, and

Italians


By 1865, Austria has lost territory to France & Italy but briefly gained territory from Denmark


By 1867, Austria lost more territory to Prussia and Italy.

Now, they face major problems at home!

The Hungarians force a compromise


• The 1867 Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created.• Each had their own capital (Vienna, Budapest)• Each had their own legislature & constitution• Both were ruled under Emperor Franz Joseph I (also known as

Francis Joseph)• Both had a common army, money & foreign policy


• Is the nationalist problem fixed?

Nationalism & Russia

Despite its size, Russia was always considered “backwards” by most of Europe.

When Europe was industrializing, Russia was still rural & agricultural

Under the Romanov czars, Russia was autocratic


The Romanov czars ruled from 1614 – 1917.

Each czar added more territory.

Attempts to add more territory in 1856 around the Crimea failed.


• After their loss in the 1856 Crimean War, Czar Alexander II tries to reform Russia to prevent it from falling further behind the rest of Europe.• March 3rd 1861, the serfs are emancipated! • Serfs could now legally own land but none could afford it• So, now the serfs were still poor and had no land • Radicals assassinate Alexander II in 1881


• Czar Alexander III takes over and returns to the “old ways” to prevent any more radical behavior…• Repression• Secret Police• Censorship

Nationalism & the Ottoman Empire


Background: The Ottomans had taken over the Old Eastern Roman Empire (The Byzantine Empire) in 1453 AD. [Chapter 15 Section 1 p. 484]

They were predominantly Muslim but all religions were tolerated.

Their empire will last until the end of World War I ~ 1919.


As the Ottoman Empire “aged” it became weaker.

It becomes known as the “Sick Man of Europe”. Other nations begin to pick away at it, taking chunks of land here & there.

Nationalities within it begin to want independence.


• In 1817, the Serbs (Serbia) revolt and gain autonomy.• In 1820, the Greeks revolt and receive help from Britain

& France (why?).• In 1830, the Greeks are recognized as independent.• Austria-Hungary takes over Bosnia-Herzegovina, Russia

wants land along the Black Sea, Britain & France want the Holy Lands.


• By 1914, this region will look very different.

Art, Science & Literature 1800-1914

•Many new styles emerged during this time including Romanticism, Realism, Modernism•Advances were made in science

Romanticism

• Intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotion, imagination & nature• Eugene Delacroix (painter)• Ludwig Beethoven (musician)• William Wordsworth (poet)• Mary Shelley (writer)

Wandering above the Sea of Fog

by Caspar Friedrich

1818

RomanticismSalisbury Cathedral from the Meadows by John Constable 1831

Romanticism

Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi

By:Eugene Delacroix

1827

Romanticism

Science

• Considered a “new age” of science• The Industrial Revolution created new interests

for science• Louis Pasteur identified the germ theory of disease

Science

• Charles Darwin organic evolution & natural selection• Challenge to the Church !!

Science

• The new era of science also challenged Isaac Newton’s mechanical conception of the universe• Albert Einstein theory of relativity• Marie Curie radium & radiation• Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis, memory & dreams

Science

Realism

• The belief that the world should be viewed as it is, not as one would want it to be. A focus upon the everyday life, social issues, and the ordinary• Charles Dickens (writer)• Gustave Courbet (artist)

Realism

Realism

Gustave Courbet’s

The Stone Breakers

Realism

Modernism

Between 1870 – 1914, modernism was a

“rebellion” of artists and writers against

traditional styles. It was inspired by the work of

Sigmund Freud.

Edvard Munch: The Scream (1893)

Modernism

• Modernism would include a variety of artists and styles including:• Impressionism the capture of light/water/sky• Expressionism (or Post-Impressionism) the use of color to

evoke mood• Cubism the use of shapes to recreate an image

Overall: these styles aimed to create reality based upon the individual consciousness!

ModernismPicasso: Studio with Plaster Head

(1925)

Cubism

ModernismVincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night Over the Rhone, 1888

Modernism

Vincent Van Gogh’s

Branches of Almond

1890

Modernism

An example of Impressionism…

Claude Monet’s

La Promenade

1875

Britain and the growth of democracy

The area known as Great Britain includes the countries of Wales, Scotland, England and Ireland.

Britain and the growth of Democracy

• In 1815, the aristocratic [noble/upper class] landowning classes, which dominated both houses of Parliament, governed Great Britain.


• In 1832, Parliament passes a reform act that increased the number of male voters.• Most of these new voters were in the industrial

middle class


• 1837 begins the reign of Queen Victoria who stays in power until 1901.


• Great Britain would avoid revolution in 1848 by giving the industrial middle class an interest in ruling.

• By 1850, industrialization brought prosperity to the British middle class.

• After 1850, real wages of workers rose a great deal, allowing the working class to share in prosperity.


• In the 1850’s and 1860’s, Parliament continued to make social and political reforms that helped the country remain stable.• The moral of the story: Happy People Do Not Revolt!


• Before 1871, Great Britain had 2 political parties: Liberals and Conservatives• 1867 – more men are given the right to vote• 1884 – even more men are given the right to vote• Britain is becoming more democratic!


• In 1900, the Labour Party was created. It dedicated itself to the interest of the workers.• More reforms like unemployment benefits, old age pensions

are made into law.• Britain becomes the 2nd industrial nation to take these steps

after Germany (one of Bismarck’s ideas).

Britain and the growth of democracy

• One area that will become an increasing problem for Britain Ireland.• The Irish want home rule • There will be an uprising in 1916 and

fighting until 1996!• It is still an issue today

The Irish Potato Famine

The Rise of Anti-Semitism between 1800-1914

The Rise of Anti-Semitism & the Call for Zionism

Zionism

• Theodor Herzl wrote The Jewish State (1896) in which he called for Jews to have their own state to escape persecution.• Zionism is the movement for this Jewish state.

• As a result of the Dreyfus Affair, pogroms, and massacres many Jews emigrated elsewhere.

• 25, 000 European Jews went to Palestine (the birthplace of Judaism)

Unit Review

Nationalism & Democracy Around the World

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