Nationalism

Congress of Vienna

• After Napoleon’s dream of a French empire was vanquished, the “Great Powers” met at the Congress of Vienna in 1814

• They stressed the principle of legitimacy, which meant that old monarchs should be restored to their thrones.

• Also sought to ensure that France did not become too powerful again.

Principle of Intervention

• The Great Powers (Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, & Austria) formed an alliance.

• They adopted a principle of intervention, which held that the Great Powers had the right to wage war against countries that overthrew monarchies

• Both the Congress of Vienna and the great intervention were reactions against the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire.

Conservatism• The Great Powers adhered to

the philosophy of conservatism.

• This philosophy is characterized by tradition, social stability, and obedience to political authority.

• Most of these governments were against more individual rights and representative governments.

New Movements

• While conservatism held the old order together between 1815 – 1830, the movements of liberalism and nationalism began to sweep through Europe

Liberalism

• Philosophy that grew out of the Enlightenment• Held that people should be as free as possible

from government and that basic civil liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press should be protected

• Also believed in religious toleration and the separation of church and state.

Nationalism

• An ideology in which people began to identify themselves as part of a community defined by a distinctive language, religion, and customs.

Map of Europe 1815

Austrian Empire• Major power in Europe that

had influence over both the Germanic states and Northern Italy

• Multinational Empire, meaning it was made up of a variety of different ethnicities and cultures

• Nationalism diminished the power of the Austrian empire and ethnic minorities were often agitating for independence

The Development of Nation States

• France underwent another revolution and ratified a new constitution in 1848.– Universal Suffrage – the right of every man to vote

regardless of property rights• Germany was divided between a variety of small

states, Prussia which was the most dominant. – Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck of Prussia is

credited with unifying the German states into what we know was Germany

Romantic Movement

• Often seen as a reaction against the Age of Reason

• Romantics believed the arts should express feeling, emotion, and imagination.

• Romantics artists included– Edgar Allan Poe– Mary Shelley– Ludwig van Beethoven

Realists

• Charles Dickens– Famous British author – Wrote the novel Oliver Twist– Orphans and child labor

Scientific Advances

• Louis Pasteur – Germ theory of disease• Charles Darwin – Evolution• Dmitry Mendeleyev – The Periodic Table