Nationalism

Nationalism Defined:“a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with

the belief that it is better and more important than other countries.”

Prior to the Civil War, people said:

“These United States”

After the Civil War, people said:

“The United States”

Significant Nationalistic Events

• Matthew Perry in Japan • The Greek Revolution• Egypt and Mohammed Ali• Indian Rebellion of 1857

Matthew Perry in Japan

Not“Matthew Perry”

from Friends

CommodoreMatthew Perry

US Navy

Matthew Perry (1794-1858)

CommodoreMatthew Perry

US Navy

Perry was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably

in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He

was sent to Japan to help open trade with Japan by U.S.

President Millard Fillmore

Matthew Perry in JapanBefore Perry’s arrival in Japan in 1853, Japan was ruled by the feudal Tokugawa Shogunate

(1600-1868) and had an isolationist policy toward other countries that had lasted almost

200 years.

In fact, the Tokugawas were hostile toward Christianity and made it punishable by death

for a Christian missionary to set foot on Japanese soil at one point.

The Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa Heirarchy

Emperor: The head of the empire. There is only one.Shogun: Although the emperor was head of the empire, this supreme military leader had the higher power.Daimyos: These men were the military lords. They are subjects to the shogun.Samurai: The warriors of the military they are highly respected.Farmers: They were highly respected in this society because they grew their own food.Artisans: Produced many necessary goods. they were still considered less important than the farmers.Peasants: At the bottom because they didn't contribute much to society.

Matthew Perry in Japan

In July 1853, Perry led four warships into the harbor at

Edo, Japan and he demanded – by way of a letter from U.S. President

Millard Fillmore and a show of military force – that Japan

open itself for trade.Japanese rendition of Perry’s “Black Ships”

Matthew Perry in Japan

By 1854, Japan was open to trade with the West and Tokugawa Shogunate was nearing its end. It fell in 1867 when the Meiji Era (Era of Enlightened Rule) began. This is seen as the birth of modern Japan.

The Greek RevolutionAfter 1453 when Constantinople fell to

the Ottomans, Greece became part of the Ottoman Empire.

After almost 400 years as part of the empire, the Greeks revolted from

1821-1832 with the support of Russia, England and France.

The Greek RevolutionThe Greeks gained independence in 1832 and their victory, though seemingly small at the

time, began the downfall of the Ottoman Empire.

The Greek Revolution was followed other successful revolutions within the Empire as Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Armenia all

fought for and eventually gained their independence.

Egypt and Mohammed Ali

Not“The Greatest”

Mohammed Ali of Egypt

Egypt and Mohammed AliMohammed Ali (1769 – 1849) is revered as the Father of Modern Egypt. He seized power in 1811 in the aftermath of a civil war involving the Ottomans, Egyptians and Albanians.

Ali, who was actually an Albanian commander, reformed Egypt by:• Modernizing the Army and the Navy• Sending Egyptian students to study in the European universities; when they returned they became professors• Introducing the best cotton type to Egypt, which became its No. 1 export• Maintaining good relations with European countries so as to be always aware and in contact with the modern world.

Egypt and Mohammed Ali

Though Egypt wouldn’t gain its independence until 1922, Ali is given

credit for the beginning of the Egyptian national identity in the modern world.

Like every other Mother Country that

ever established colonies anywhere in the world, the whole

point was to gain natural resources and

make money

Indian Rebellion of 1857The British East India Company gained a foothold in India in the 1600’s and began

expanding by playing one local ruler against another and picking up the pieces.

This was made possible by the fact that India was not and had never been a united country. There had been several empires, but never a

united India.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Using indirect rule, the British began taking over more territory and began using local

Indian soldiers (sepoys) as two-thirds of their military presence.

The majority of sepoys were either Hindu or Muslims, but also included other Indians of

various backgrounds and castes. The inclusion of these other soldiers became an issue.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

The rebellion began in May 1857. The major issue was that Indian soldiers were asked to bite off the paper cartridges for

their new Enfield rifles were greased with Tallow (animal fat, namely from beef and

pork.) This was, and is, against the religious beliefs of Hindus and Muslims,

respectively.

Indian Rebellion of 1857The British steadily regained control, mainly

because the rebellion took place in a relatively small area and not a nationwide rebellion

By June 1858, the rebellion was contained and many of the rebellion’s leaders were executed;

some were “blown from cannon.”

After the revolt, the British East India Company was disbanded by Parliament and India

became a British colony. It was at this point that the British Raj (rule) began, which lasted

from 1858-1947

Queen Victoria (1819-1901)

Queen of Great Britain whose reign saw the British Empire

reach its height of wealth and power. Her name defines The

Victorian Era of British domination of global imperialism. “The Sun Never Sets on the British

Empire.”

Technological Gains from Imperialism/Nationalism

The Suez Canal (1869)• Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Seas to expand international trade between European countries and their colonies in Asia and Africa• Enabled faster troop movement from Europe to control political rebellion• Modernized Egypt• Poor Egyptian financial management led to British oversight of the canal and eventual occupation of Egypt

The Panama Canal (1914)• Connects trade and colonial oversight between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans

• Latin America becomes a world trade crossroads

• The Industrial Revolution created a need for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.

• Colonialism filled this need.

• Colonialism led to imperialism.

• Imperialism is a feature of both mercantilism and capitalism.

Imperialism Review