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Organised 6y
" " (A unit of
CSR TI,
Mysore) . ' t : .
" REGIONAL
SERICULTURAL RESEARCH
STATION
(®
.
Central
Silk Board, Govt. of India,
Kodathi,
Bangalore 560 035 ~
in association with
NASSI, AME
EEF,
Bangalore
Co-sponsored
by:
SMOI, Canara Bank, NABARD Ministry of Water Resource
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National Seminar on
SOIL HEALTH AND WATER MANAGEMENT A'
FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE "0,",0'-'
U rj-J'
27tt1 and 28
111
September 2006 V
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LEAD PAPERS
&
ABSTRACTS
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Orga1lizi
1lK
Comflliftee:
Co-sponsored by:
Dr.ll.Basker, lAS, CEO & Member Secre/w :v, CSB, Banga/ore
Prof
.R.Dwarakinath,
Form er
Vc.,
VAS,
Bal1
ga/ore
Prof.S.Jayaraj, Former Vc. ,
TNA
U. Coimba/ore
Prof.M.Mahadcvappa, Form er
VC
. UAS, DhQlwad
Prof.G. K.Vecresh , Fonn
er Vc., VAS, Banga /ore
Dr.C.S.Ramasesha, C o m m i s s i o I J e l
M i l l i s t I
uI
Water Resollrces,
New
De/hi
Prof.K.Shivashallkar,
Professor (Re/d.),UAS, Banga/ore
Dr.R.K.Datta ,
Direc/or (Re/d.),CSB, Mysore
Dr.B.Saratcbandra ,
Direc/or(Tech), CSB, Ban
g%re
Dr.S.B.Dandin,
Direc
/or,
CSR& Tl, My
sor
e
Dr. T.M.Vecraiab ,
JD, RSRS. (Orgalli:::i llg Secretary), Ballga/ore
""'"
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,
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.
li ~ a ~
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CANARABANK MINISTRY OF
WATER RESOURCES
NATIONAL BANK FOR
AGRlCULTURE AND RURAL
NABARD DEVELOPMENT
M i4','aa
SILK MARK
ORGANISATION OF INDIA
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Published
by:
Dr. T.M.Veeraiah,
Orgallizillg Secre
ta
ry a/ld Joint Direc/or, RSRS, Ballga/ure
Scientific/Editorial Committee:
Prill ted at:
Prof. S Jayaraj , Former Vc., TNA U
Dr. T.M.Veeraiah, JD
Mr. Jaisbankar, DD
Mr.
J>
Ja yarama Raju , SRO .1 If
Mr. N. .
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ESSION I : SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Page
1-
36
Lead Paper 1
Lead Paper 2
SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE
la
ya raj. S . Dalldin. S. B
.
Vccraiah. T
M..
Qadri.
S.M.H
alld Krishlla Ra
o../.
V
ASSESSMENT O
.F
LAND RESOURCES FOR MULBERRY CULTIVATION
IN KRISHNAGIRl AND DIIARMAPURl D1STlUCTS OF TAMIL NADU
Vadil'e
/u
.S . Thayalall .
S.
. Ram
e.l'
h. M alld Nafarajall. A
ORAL PRESENTATION
SHMlO-J
SHM
/ O-2
SHM/O-3
SHM/O-4
SlIM
0-5
SliM
0-6
SHM
0-7
SHM 0-8
STUDIES ON IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL HEALTH AND MULBERRY ROOT
SYSTEM
FOR
SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURAL PRODUCTION
.Jayaraj.S . Dalldill.S. B ., Veeraiah. T. M.. Qadri.
SMJ
alld
Krishna Rao
,J
.V
CORRELATION STUDIES
BETWEEN SOIL
TEXTURE AND
DISTRIBUTION OF MULBERRY ROOTS IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS OFSOIL
IN S. INDIA
.Ja
ya
raj.S..
Qadri.
S.
M.
I f
. Vecraiah. T M
..
KrisllllaRao ,
.J.
v.. Masilamalli.S .
Srinivasa Rao, T VS , Rajadurai. S . Subramalliall . K and DUlldin,S.B
PHYSIC AL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MULBERRY SOILS IN
TAMIL
NADU: A
CONSTRAINT
ANALYSIS AND
SUGGESTED
STRATEGIES
Qadri
,S.M .
H.
la
ya
raj.S
.,
Samllfhirave/II.P.. MlIllltllakshmi,M
.
Ral'iklll11ar.
1
.
Masi/amalli.S . Dhahira Bcc
vi
.
N.
Sh erief.H . Se/l'Grajll.N. . Thinlllavllkkara.l'II .T. Mary
Flora .
CA .
Guha.A
..
R emallfh/...1Jmar.AnilkllmarandDandin .S B
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON THE WATER RELATION
AND GAS EXCHANGE TRAITS OF MULBERRY
Kodandaramaiah. 1. , lhansi Lakshmi. K
.
Sahitha. M.G
and
Mala V Rajall
INFLUENCE OF DlFFERENT MULCHES ON CHEMICALPROPERTlES OF
SOIL AND LEAF YIELD OF RAINFED M ~ MULBERRY
Bhaskar; R.
N.
, Shasllidlwr.
KR .
Challdrash ekar;
S.
Chillnaswamy. K.P. Andalligowda.
Radimani
.
D.K
and Savitha, B.G
MANAGEMENT
OF
ALKALINE SOILS
OF MULBERIW
CULTIVATION
UN
DER RAINFED CONDITIONS OFCHAMARAJANAGAR (KARNATAKA)
THROUGH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS
Sundareswaran , P . Gunasekhar. V. Magadum.SB and Dandill.
SB
MANAGING SALINE AND ALKALINE SOILS TO UTILIZE WATER WASTE
USER LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
OF
SEIUCULTURE
Rajat Mohan. Pratap Narayan. Kamallaiswa/. Chakrabarti.
S
and Khan. MA
SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT
THROUGH ORGANIC
FARMING
SYSTEMS
Singh, PK . Chakrabarti. S and
Tom
eI: SS
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SHM/0-9
SHMJ 0 10
SHM/O ll
SHM/O 12
SHM 0-13
SHMJ
0 14
SHM/O-IS
SHM 0-16
SUM 0-17
SHMJ
0-18
SHM 0-19
i i
SUSTENANCE OF SOIL HEALTH THROUGH INTEGRATED
TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE IN MULBERRY CULTIVATION
Thippeswamy. T . Das.
PK
and Subbaswamy, M. R
STUDIES ON INFILTRATION AND MECHANICAL FRACTIONS OF SOIL
FOR IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN
MULBERRY
THROUGH INM
PRACTICES
Srinivasa Rao, T V.S., Rajeswara Rao. N . LavClflyalatha. K. , Lakfhminarayana. B.,
Krishna Rao,
1. V.
and Jayaraj, S
STUDIES ON MECHANICAL FRACTIONS
OF
SOILS
AND
THEIR
INFLUENCE
ON
ROOTING OF MULBERRY
IN SALEM
AND
DHARMAPURI DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU
Masilamani, S, Jayaraj, S Dhahira Bee
vi
, N. , Gulla,A ., Qadri.
SM.H.
. and Dandin.
SB
ESTIMATES OF ORGANIC MATTERAND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOIL
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PARAMETERS AND ROOT GROWTH OF
MULBERRY
SMasi/amulli.
SJayaraj. SM .H.Qadri, N.Dhahira Bce l'i . Allirban Gllhu . and
SB.Dandin
OBSERVATIONS
ON SOIL MECHANICAL FRACTIONS, ROOT
DISTRIBUTION AND LEAClIING LOSS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN
IN
MULBERRY SOILS IN THENl AND DINDUGAL DISTRICTS, TAMIL NADU
Shyam Sundar. P . Jayaraj . S .
Sh
erief Y.
H..
MaiJima Shanthi .Qadri. SM.H . Mani.
S .
Jam es Pi/ellai,
G
and Dandin .
S.
B
INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
ON MULBERRY ROOT
DEVELOPMENT IN
UDUMALPET AREA,
COIMBATORE DT., TAMILNADU
Se/vara}, N G. , Ani/f..
.
unla'; T R . Punilhavalhy. G. Qadri.
SM.H
and Jayaraj . S
INTEGRATED APPROACH OF ORGANIC FARMING AND
WATER
MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH IN MULBERRY GARDENS
Srinivasulu Reddy. P . Kisllor
e.
S. Krishna Ra
o. 1.
V and Dandin.
S.
B
IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH ORGANIC FARMING
FOR MULBERRY CULTIVATION AND SEED CROP REARING
Phi/omelia.
KL.
, Pratheesh
Kumar.
PM. . Jayappa, T and Kamble. CX
PERCEPTION LEVELS OF SOIL HEALTH AMONG SEED FARMERS
Ramanjaneyulu, Y.
v.
.
Doddanarasaiah . Bhargava,SK. Kambl
e.
CX . Sindagi.S.S alld
Ish war
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL MULCHES ON MULBERRY LEAF YIELD
AND LEAF MOISTURE CONTENT
Jaiswal.
K.
Gael, R
. Kumar; Rand
Gangwar;
SK
STATUS OF SOIL HEALTH AND ITS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR
RAlNFED
SERICULTURE
IN
KORAPUT DlSTlUCT OF ORISSA
Dikshit, B.K . Pllrohit. K.M and Sarkar. A.
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RWHlO-2
RWH
/O-3
RWH/0-4
RWH/O-5
RWH/0-6
RWB/O-7
RWH/O-8
RWH/O-9
IMPACT
OF
UAS
SERI
SUVARNA
TECHNOLOGY (TRENCHING,
BIOMASSING AND MULCHING) IN SOIL FERTILITY BUILDING AND
RAINWATER HARVESTING UNDER RAINFED MULBERRY
Chinnaswamy, K.P , Gajamma.
GN
,
Arunkumar.
YS
.,
S
ee
nappa. K
and
Bhagyaraj. D.l
WATER USE STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES
FOR
SUSTAINED WATER
MANAGEMENT IN MULBERRY CULTIVATION
Ramo Kant and Chakrabarti. S
REPLENISHMENT OF GROUND WATER TABLE
BY
ARTIFICIAL
RECHARGE
AND ITS IMPACT ON
COCOON PRODUCTlVITY
IN
DRY BELT
OF
KOLAR DISTRICT
Christiana
S.
T. . Veeraiah TM. Allgadi B.S alld Shivashankar. K
CONCEPT OF
PRACTICING
POLYTHENE
SHEET - A
RESCUE
TO
RAINWATER HARVEST
FOR
SEED
CROP
MULBERRY CULTIVATION
Dutla R.N. Kamble C.K and Jayappa.T
RESPONSE
OF
TASAR FOOD PLANT, TERMINALIA ARJUNA
TO
RAIN
WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
Shankar Rao
K. v.
.Mahobia
GP
and Saxena
NN
WATER
MANAGEMENT:
SOME
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINING
LIVELIHOOD
IN SERICULTURE
Venkatesh Kumar R and More.
NK.S
COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
OF
IRRIGATION METHODS
FOn
SUSTAINABLE QUALITY MULBERRY LEAF
PRODUCTION
Murthuza Khan. Somashckar H
.
Ramalo'ishna Naika. Fatima
S.
and Bhaskar R. N
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
OF
MULTIPLE
DATA FOR
MAPPING
OF
GROUND
WATER
POTENTIAL IN
DROUGHT AFFECTED TlPTUR TALUK, TUMKUR
DISTRICT
, KARNATAKA
HUlIse .
TM
., Md.Najeeb. K and K.Rajarajan
SESSION III: RECYCLING OF SERI-FARM RESIDUE FOR PROLIFIC
LEAD PAPER
COMPOSTING Page 45 -
65
RECYCLING OF
SERICULTURAL FARM RESIDUE FOR
SUSTAINABLE MULBERRY PRODUCTION
Dandin. S.B., Das, PK and Bhogesha. K
ORAL PRESENTATION
RSRlO-1
RSRJO-2
iv
:
PRODUCTION
OF
VERMICOMPOST
IN INTEGRATED MULBERRY
/ CULTIVATION APPROACH
Veeraiah.
™
nd Subrahmanyam, M.R
USE OF
FORTIFIED VERMICOMPOST FOR IMPROVEMENT
OF
SOIL
,I
HEALTH AND
FERTILITY OF
MULBERRY GARDEN
Bhogesha. K., Das. PK., Chowdary.
NB
and Vedavysa, K
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RSRlO-3
RSRlO-4
RSRlO-5
RSRlO-6
RSRJO-7
RSIVO-8
RSR/O-9
VERMTCULTURE FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
OF SERICULTURAL
INCOME
/
AND SOIL FERTILITY - A STUDY IN TilE SEMI ARID
CONDITIONS
OF
CHITTOOR
DISTRICT IN
ANDHRA
PRADESH.
Daepa. p . Vallkala Reddy. V and Sujalhamma. P
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF VERMI-COMPOST USING COW DUNG
AND
FYM
FROM
A DAIRY FARM
Vellkalesh. GK. 0 . Samulhirave/II. P and Qadri. SM.H
ROLE
OF
RECYCLED SEIU-FARM WASTE COMPOST ON GROWTH,
YIELD AND
QUALITY OF MULBERRY
UNDER RAINFED CONDITION
Selua. G C . Balla/jee. N.D . SenguPla . T alld Saralc/wlldra . B
COMPOSTlNG METHODOLOGY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
TilE
QUALITY AND ECONOMICS
Subl'ahll/allyalll. M. R . AlI(llIlha Ruman. K. Sud/wkw; P alld J('eraiah. 7:M
COMPOSTING OF SERI-FARM RESIDUE
BY
USING DECOMPOSER
MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM
ell/allfhkIlIllCII
: Ran·kllmar;.I . Vijayaklllllat; R . Ja
.l'
uraj. S. Ma.l'i/all/ani .
S .
Qadri.
S.M.H . Cholldmy. N.B ond Mlilliral/mam Redd\'
EFFECTIVE RECYCLING OF SILKWORM LITTER FOR GENERATION
OF
BIOGAS
AND
NIITRIENT ENIUCHED COMPOST
8rilliv(l.\·
11
Ruu. T I'S . Harihara R({jll . A . Lal'Clllya /(lI/w. K . C/wlldl'(Iseklwl'(J Reddy.
D
.
Krishlla Rao. .J. V (lnd Iaya l'
oj.
S
EN IU CHMENT OF SOIL THROUGH
VERMICOMPOSTING
Shamd
Pai
I'OSTER PRESENTATION
RSWP-1
RSRJP-2
RSR/P-3
'"
RSRJP-4
/'
RSRlP-5
/
RSWP-6
WINDROW
METHOD
OF
COMPOSTlNG
- AN APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE SCALE FARMING SYSTEM
Vc( raiah. T.M and
S(lhrahmall)'GIIl
.M.R
IMPACT
OF USE OF VERMICOMPOST
ON
MULBERRY LEAF
AND
COCOON YTELD IN CHAMARA.lANAGARAGROCLlMATIC CONDITIONS
IN KARNATAKA
GllrL/raj.
RoO
Magadlllll . S.B (Ind Dundin.S.B
RECYCLING OF SU U ORGANIC WASTE THROUCH
VERMICOMPOSTING
IN SUBTROPICS
II/y(l/. A.C . Chukrobarli . S alld Rqjal Mohall
INTRODUCTION AND
POPULARIZATION
OF VERMICOMPOSTING
TECHNOLOGY IN TilE EASTERN GHAT TRIBAL AREAS OF ORISSA
Sa/lIl.
Ro Brallllla, K.CoO Rao. K. Saxenu . N.N alld SUl'k(JJ: A
INFLUENCE OF
VERMIWASH
ON
MULBERRY
PROD
UC
TIVITY
AND
SILKWORM REARING
Sudhakar. P , Subrahmanyam. M.R and
Vceraiah
.TM
QUANTIFICATION AND USE
PATTERN
OF SERI-FARM WASTE
IN
IRRIGATED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN SIDLAGIIATTA - KOLAR
DISTRICT
Jagadish. N
o
Chinnaswamy. K.P . Fatima. S ond Rashmi. K
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RSRIP-7
RSRlP-8
RSRlP-9
ROLE OF TRANSITION PHASE IN RECYCLING OF SERICULTURE WASTE
Dutta, R.N., Kamble,
ex,
Jayappa. T and Philomena. K.L
A SAGA
OF
VERMICOMPOSTING IN MULBERRY GARDENS
OF
WEST
GODAVARI, ANDHRA PRADESH
Malakonda Reddy, B., Damodara Naidu. w.. Anand, B.V.V and Sharma, V. L.N
UTILIZATION OF MUGA SILKWORM PUPAE FOR COMPOSTING
Geetishree Saikia
SESSION IV: INTEGRATED NUTRIENT, PEST
AND
FARMING SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURE Page 67-132
LEAD PAPER : INTEGRATED NUTRIENT
AND
PEST MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE
SERICULTURE
Jaya raj,
S
ORAL PRESENTATION
INM/O-J
INM10-2
INM/O-3
INMJO-4
INM/O-S
INMJO-6
INMJO-7
INMJO-8
INMJO-9
IMPACT OF SOIL TYPES IN RELATION TO COCOON PRODUCTIVITY
WITH
SERICULTURISTS OF KATOL TALUKA UNDER RAIN FED
CONDITIONS
Kalantri. L.B
.
Hajare, TN., . adhal' A.D
and
Unda/e, l.P
IMPACT OF SOIL-TEST BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SOIL
HEALTH AND
FOR
QUALITY MULBERRY YIELDS
Vedavyasa,K., Subbaswamy,M. R . Munirathnam Reddy,M alld Thippeswamy. T
FERTI-DRIP IRRIGATION TO OPTIMIZE TilE FERTILIZER USE IN
MULBERRY
Shivakumar.H Rand Shivashankar.K
EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON
UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS, QUALITY
AND
YIELD OF MULBERRY
MUllirathnam Reddy,M., Subbaswamy.M. R and Vedavyasa,K
PERFORMANCE
OF
GREEN MANURE LEGUMES IN
IRRIGATED
MULBERRY GARDEN
Jaishankar. Veeraiah, TM., Shanthala. Rand Jaya raj. S
NITROGEN
FIXING BACTERIA
IN
THE RHIZOSPHERE SOIL
OF
MULBERRY GARDEN
AS
INFLUENCED
BY
APPLICATION OF ORGANIC
MANURES
Krishna Naik. L, Ramakrishna Naika, Narayana reddy, R alld Andani Gowda
INFLUENCE
OF
BIOFERTILISERS ON GROWTH
OF
MULBERRY
Baqual,
M.
F and Das, P K
EFFECT OF
BlOiNOCULANTS AND ORGANIC MANURES ON SOIL
MICROFLORA AND FERTILITY STATUS OF
SJ6
MULBERRY GARDEN
Murali.
C. Sreeramulu, KR
.
Narayanaswamy.
TK, Shankar, M.A
and Sreekantaiah. M
EFFECT
OF INTEGRATED
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
ON
RHIZOSPHERE MICRO FLORA AND SUSTAINED SOIL HEALTH AND
FERTILITY OF MULBERRY
Das, P K , Nandi, S , Katiyar. R.S and Bhogesha , K
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------------------------------------------------------------------
- - -
INMIO-lO
INM/
O-IJ
INMlO-12
INMlO-13
INM/O-14
INM/O-lS
INM
/O-
16
INM/O-17
INM/O-18
INM/O-J9
INMJO-20
INM/O-21
INMlO-22
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN
MULBERRY
Prakash. H. R alld Shil'a.l'ilallkw: }\
INTEGRATEDAPPROACll OF
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
IN
MULBERHY
UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITION
Shi\' Nalh. Sudhakw: P. Chattcl,ice. S . Gho sh
.IX .
Ghosh. A alld Sarkw; A
MANAGEMENT OF MULBERIW UNDER
LOW INPUT
CONDITIONS TO
HASTEN SOILS HEALTH AND QUALITY LEAF
PRODUCTION
Javaram. H. . Ur.l'. M.K.P . }\aliya : R.S . Bhugcsha. }\ alld Dundill. S.B
ENRICHED
PRESSMUD AS A SOURCE OF
ORGANIC
MANURE
TO
SUSTAIN PRODUCTIVITY
OF
Ml
JLBERRY GROWN IN AN ALPHISOL
IN
EASTERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA
Sara/akllll/ari. Narayalla Reddy. R . Ramukrisllllil N(IIka alld Alldalli GOll'cJa
IMPACT
OF
INM
PRACTICES
ON
SOIL HEALTH
AND
MULBERRY
LEAF
AND
COCOON
PRODUCTIVITY
Sa/1lwhira\ 'chlP'. HCIlalllh
KIII1IW;
L . Qadri.S. Ai. II and .Iayaroj.
S
THE
IMPACT
OF INM-IPM
ON SERICULTURAL I'RODU
CTIVITY
IN
DINDIGULAND THENI DISTRICTS, TAMIl, NADU
Sherie/ YI . . Allilklllllar.TR . Jayaraj. S alld Qildri. S.M.ff
COMBINATION OF LEISA PRACTICE
S
FOR S{]STAINABLE
SER1CUL.:rURE
Ka/{illla lli. C.S and
RGl
,illd"allath Redd)'
EFFECT OF
FOLIAR
NUTlUENTS
ON
THE GROWTH, QUALITY
AND
YIELD
OF
MULBERRY
ChikkaJwam.1'
. B.K. . Paramallik. R.C . Gopilla/h. 5.M and Shil'ashallkm; of
INJ<
-
LVENCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC
MANURES
ON
GROWTH AND
ROOTING
OF
M5 AND VI MULBERRY SAPLINGS
Ashoka . Malljllllalh Guwda. SlIdhakara.S.N alld Bhaskw; R.N
EFFECT OF N AND KlSO, FERTILIZATION ON S36 MULBERRY AND ITS
INFLUENCE
ON DISEASE
INCIDENCE
AND SURVIVAL RATE
OF
SILKWORM
Raje Gowda. Sha/1kQ/:M.A ., Narayanaswamy.
TK
and Hadil1lalli.D.K
COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE QUALITY MULBERRY
LEAF PRODUCTION UNDER VARIED SOURCES
AND
LEVELS
O f
NITROGEN
Rapi KUfllw:A
..
Shubha,K.. Mul1uzo Khan . BhaskOl; R,N. . N a m y a n a . \ w a / 1 l . l IK
GRAINAGE PARAMETERS OF SILKWORM
AS
INFLUENCED
BY
FEEDING
SCHEDULES OF MULBERRY LEAVES RAISED THROUGH
NITROGEN
SUPPLEMENTATION
Sudll{Jkara ,S.N . Narayalla.nvamy. TK alld Ashoka, .I
BIOASSAY
RESPONSE
OF
SOME
GOOD ROOTING
MULBERRY
VARIETIES RAISED AS
TREES UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
IN
KASHMIR
Bahh
, S .
Dal'Zi. GM
alld Khall.M.A
V l1
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INMlO-23
INMlO-24
INMlO-2S
INM/O 26
INM/O 27
INM/O-28
INMlO-29
INMlO-30
IN M /O 31
INM /O 32
INM/O 33
INM/O-34
PROSPECTS OF
ORGANIC FARMING AND
SUSTAINABILITY
IN
TROPICAL TASAR
Muhohia,GP,
Shallkar Rao, K V
and
Suryanarayanu, N
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE
S Jayaraj
PROMOTION OF BIO-CONTROLAGENTS FOR MANAGEMENT OF UZI
FLY
EXORISTA BOMBye S
(LOUIS)
ShekhGl;M.A ., Vinod Kumar, Salhyaprasad,K
GIld
Kariappa,B.K
FILED EVALUATION OF IPM AGAINST LEAF ROLLER, D1APHANIA
PUIYERULENTALIS H.
(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDlAE)
Sathyaprasad.K., Shekhar. M.A
.
Villod Kllmar alld Kariappa,B.K
EFFECT OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
IN
THE CONTROL
OF
MULBERRY MEALY BUGS
Govindaiah , M. C. Gayathri and Nagavelli,V
IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT MODULES IN
MULBERRY CROP SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE
Rajadurai.S.. Veeraialt .TM. Narendra KlIl1wr,J.B . llarihurarajll.A and Jayaraj, S
EFFICACY OF CERTAIN BOTANICAL AND ORGANIC FORMULATIONS
IN
CONTROLLING THE ROOT-ROT DISEASE
IN
MULBERRY
P Venkataramana , B Narasimha Murthy, Krishna Ran. J. V and Dalldill.
S.
B
STUDIES ON IMPROVING FERTILIZER NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY,
IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF TUKRA
Rm'I'kllmar,J.. Henwll/hkllmal:
L.
. Vijayalwmar,R., MuthlilakslImi,M,
,
Samuthira\·"'".l'. .
Jayaraj,s. Gild Qadri,SM.H
SERICULTURE CENTRIC INTEGRATED FARMING - SOME ISSUES
Shh
'asliankar.K.. Ragltunatha
,G
alld Vellkata Rao, B.V
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT FOR
S\
JSTAll'OABLE
SERJCULTURE- A CASE STUDY IN KOLAR DISTRICT
Ve
eraiah. TM . Rajadllrai.S
. Ralllumo/lGllU
Ra().? Harihararajll ,A. alld
./ayal'(Jj. S
SERICULTURE BASED FARMING SYSTEMS
BhaskGl:S . Shivashankar,K. Narayuna,Vlt '
amy.KC
alld Vrjayakrislllla.N
USE
OF
SILKWORM
LITTER
AS
CATTLE
FEED
IN
DAIRY PRODUCTION
IN IRRIGATED SERl-ECOSYSTEM:
STATUS AND
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
.Iagudish. N.. Chillllaswumy. KP , Fa/illla.
S,
Rashmi,K and Gcctha Dcvi,T
POSTER PRESENTATION
INM/P-l
INMlP-2
EFFECT
OF
VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOIL POTASSIUM
ON
THE UPTAKE
OF PHOSPHORUS, QUALITY AND YIELD OF MULBERRY
SlIbba.nval7ly.M.R . Vedavyasa.K.. Reddy.M.M alld DUlldill.SB
IMPACT OF GREEN MANURING CROPS ON WEED SUPPRESSION AND
MULBERRY
LEAF YIELD IMPROVEMENT FOR
SUSTAINABLE
SERJCULTURE
Rajadllrai.
S.
, Veeraiah,
TM .
Jaishallkar. Harihararajll.A
and
./ayaraj.S
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INMlP-lS
INM/P-16
INMlP-17
INMlP-
18
INMlP-19
INMlP-20
INM/P-21
INMlP-22
INMlP-23
INM/P-24
INMlP-25
INMiP-26
INMlP-27
x
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES
ON
NITROGEN-FIXING
BACTERIA
AZOSI'IRILLUM AND AZOTOBACTER ON MULBERRY LEAF
PRODUCTION
Hemanthll.1lnJar.L., Ra l'ikumar.J. , Vljayal.:1IfIlar.R., Mlllhlllakshmi,M. , Samlltlliravelll,P.
./ayaraj.S alld Qadri, SM.H
ORGANIC MANURING
FOR
SUSTAINING MULBERRY LEAF
PRODUCTION IN
THE
EASTERN DRY ZONE
OF
KARNATAKA
Saralakumari, Narayana Reddy, R., Ramakrishlla Naika alld Alldalli Gowda
EFFECT
OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON QUALITY
AND
PRODUCTIVITY OF
MULBERRY
Vljaya Naidll. B., Reddy,M.P, Rau. D.M.R
..
Re
ddy,
D.C alld Krishlla Rau.
./. V
IMPACT OF
INM-IPM MODULE AND SERICULTURE
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MULBERRY LEAF AND COCOON YIELDS -
FARMERS' PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
Kasi Reddy, B.,
SrinivasCi
Rao, TVS . Reddy.D.C and Krishlla Rao. .J. V
IMPACT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL HEALTH
RClvikllmcJ/
; J. , fJenwnlhklllllw:L. , Vijayakufllm: R
.
Ja)'Clraj.Sol/d Qadri. S.M.H
IMPACT OF INM-IPM MODULE
ON
MULBERRY ECO-SYSTEM
AND
COCOON PRODUCTION
Ral'ikumar. J ., Hefllalllhkllmw:L. , Vijayaktill/(//; R., Jayaraj.S al/d Qadri. S.M.f1
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS
SOURCES
AND SOLUBILIZING
MICROORGANISMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD
OF
MULBERRY
Raje GOIl'da. Shankar. M.A alld fJadimal/i. D.K
STUDIES ON
THE
EFFECT
OF
CERTAIN
COMMERCIALFOLIAR
SPRAYS
ON
MULBERIW
Chikkaswamy. B. K
EFECT OF FOLIAR
SPRAY
OF
NAVARAS ON
GROWT
H AND
LEAF
PRODUCTION
OF MULBERRY
ChikkaswafllY, B. K
EFFECT OFBIOINOCULANTS AND ORGANIC MANURES ON THE YIELD
AND QUALITY
OF
SI6
MULBERRY
Murali. C .
SrccrC//IlIIIIl.
KR . NaIVyalla.l'wall/Y,
TK..
Shankal: MA C//ld Amal7lalha. N
IMPACT OF
ORGANICS, BIOINOCULANTS
ON
NITROGEN
AND
PHOSPHORUS
UPTAKE IN
S3f1
MULBERRY GARDEN
Murali.
C,
SrccrQlllu/lI. K.R .
N ( m ~ v a l l a s w a m y T.K
. Shankar, MA alld AII/antallta. N
I'ERFORMANCE
OF LATE AGE
SILKWORM
REARING
AS
INFLUENCED
BY
FEEDING SCHEDULES
OF
MULBERRY
LEAF
RAISED
TlIROUGH
NITROGEN
SUPPLEMENTATION
SlIdhakara. S N.. NarayanaswafllY, T K and Ashoka .I
IMPACT
OF
VAlUED SOURCES AND LEVELS
OF
NITROGEN ON
SILK
COCOON PRODUCTION: AN
ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS
Rav;
Klimat:
A . SIII/bha, K.. MlIrltt:a Kllall, Bhaskar. R.N.. NarayaIlGs\\Iamy. TK
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INMlP-28
INMlP-29
INM/P-30
INM/P-31
INMlP-32
INMlP-33
INM/P-34
INM/P-35
INM/P-36
INMlP-37
INM/P-38
INM/P-39
INM/ J>-40
DISSEMINATION OF DRY LAND FARMING TECHNIQUES
IN
M ULBEIWY
THROUGH
FARMER
l'ARTICIPATORY PROGRAMME
Jayarall/,
H.,
Srika
ll t.l'lVamy, K"
Bhof ,c.I'ha,
K alld
Naf ,araj, B
EFFECT
OF
SOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES AND
FERTILITY STATUS IN MULBERRY
IMPROVEMENT
UNDER RAINFED
CONDITION
SrikulltwwG/IIy. A'"
Mala V Rajall and
Vijaya prakasli
USE
OF LIQUID BI()FERTlLlZER
FOR
MULBERRY PRODUCTION
AND
SUSTAINABLE SOIL HEALTH.
SlIkall/(/ laha "
Dus
,
PK
., Kari.1'(// : R.S IIlId Redd l
',
AUf
IMPACT OF
INM I
IPM
I
IFSM PACKAGES
IN
INCREA
S ING
PRODUCTIVITY AND SEIUCULTURE INCOME
R l l j e ~ ' \ I ' u r u
Rao.N., Roo,
TI
:s.s.
Krislilla
Rao.}.) and .la.l'a/'(/j,S
FERTI-DRIP IRIUGATION IN
MULBERRY
WITII
REFERENCE TO
LEAF
YIELD AND COCOON I)RODUCTION
Shil'aklll/l(//:H.R
alld
S/tiI'ashallkm:K
CHANGES IN
SOIL PROPERTIES
DUE TO TilE APPLICATION
OF
DISTILLERY SPENTWASII IN AN IRRIGATED MULBERRY GARDEN
Madhu,we/holla,G. Srini 'u.\·olll/wrhy.CA ., Bhoskl1l:S
alld
Narayallasl\'tllll_l',K.C
YIELD AND QUALITY
OF
MULBERRY AS
TNFLl
JENCED BY TilE
APPLICATION
OF DISTILLERY SPENTWASH
AfaJllIIsudlwllu
.G
Blwskw :S.
Na/'ayallaslI'am) , j.,·.C
alld
S/'illil'aslllII/lrrliy,Cll
SILKWORM
PRODUCTIVITY
(P l
JRE MYSORE)
AS
INFL UENCED
BY
THE
APPLICATION OF DISTILLERY SPENTWASH
Afadhllsudhalla.
G
Bhaskw:S. Nara.l'alla,\·\\'Uml
', K. C alld
Srill i l 'o.wlIIll11h.l', C.A
INFLUENCE
OF DIFFERENT I,EVELS OFN AND K
WITII
Zn ON GRO\VTH
PARAMETERS
OFV-I MULBERRYVARlETYAND
COCOON
YIELD
Sr(,l'rama.N., Narayolla.nI'G11I.1',
TK., Allirlia
Pcrel: , Sliasliidl/(II:K.R alld SI/(/lIk(//:
A1.A
TUKRA MEALY BUG (II1ACONELLICOCCUS IIIRS UTUS GREEN) OF
MULBERRY
(M01WSAI.RA
L.)-TACKI.lI'IGTHIWUGIl ECO- FlUE
' ()LY
STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE
Nurc'lIc/ra
K/IIllw
:.I.B
.
I'c:craiah,
TAt alld
)a.l'(1raj,S
IMPACT
OF
INM-IPM
PACKAGE ON
PEST
AND
WEED
]\lANAGEMENT
AND
MULBERRY
LEAF YIELD IN lIDUMALPET AREA, COIMBATORE
DISTRICT
Selval'qj,N.
G, Allilklllllal:
T R . . Pllllirhul'u/Ii.l'
.G Qadl i.S.U
.H
alld
)a_1"lIraj,S
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NEEM
FORMUI
,ATlONS AGAINST \\ lASP
MOTH
CATERPILLAR,
AMATA PASSALIS
)Oi.l'IVO/,I\.., GallgwUt:
s.1\. .
K11I1I1I1 : Rand Goel. R
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN TWO ERI
SILKWORM
HOST
PLANTS IN SOUTH INDIA
Alllrurlwll lurti
gall,D., SuhramalliClII.
1\.
.
Mali es
hk/llll
W;
T,
Dirt/I ialll..l..
Sokllli\'( /.N..
)ayaraj.s.
and Qae/ri,S. M H
Xl
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INM/P-4J
INM/P 42
INM /
P-43
INM/P-44
AUTHOR INDEX
MANAGEMENT
OF SOIL HEALTH AND PESTS OF
A CHAWKI GARDEN
FOR REARING
TASAR
SILKWORM
Dikshil.B.K. . Mallrya.K.R GIld Khana.R.P
ON
SUITABILITY
OF FODDER GRASSES AND
FODDER
LEGUMES
FOR
SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURAL
FARMING
SYSTEM
R a j a d r ~ r a i , S . ,
Ramamohana Rao,
P.
Veeraialr. TM alld Ja
yaraj,S
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURE
FOR ADDITIONAL
INCOME
Hemanthkumar;L., Ravikumar; J.,
Vlja
yakumar.R. , Mulfwiakshmi,M. , Samtllhiravelu,
P.
.
Jayaraj, S. and Qadri, S.M.H
REARING PERFORMANCE OF
ERI
SILKWoRM
PHILOSAMIA RlCINI
HUTT, [N BLACK SOILS OF VIDARBIIA - A NEWLY EXPLORED AREA
IN MAHARASHTRA.
Jadhav, A.D. , Kalantri , L.B ., Hajare', T.N., Undale, J.P. and Sathe2,T. V
LIST
OF
ORGANISING COMMITTEE
xii
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SESSION I
SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Chairman
Co-Chairpersons
Dr.
S. Vadivelu
Principal Scientist
&
Head
NBSS &LUP
Regional Centre, ICAR, Bangalore
Dr. U. D. Bongale
Divisional Chief,
KSSRDI, Bangalore
Dr.
P.
K. Das
Senior Research Officer
CSRTI, Mysore
Oral Session
SHM/O-l
-
SHM/O-20
Poster session
SHM/P- - SHMIP-8
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/ 1
{J.\ t rLlC t .\
Lead
Paper
1
SOIL HEAL1H
MANAGEMENT
FOR
SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE
Jayaraj, S'., Dandin, S.
B2
, Yceraiah, T. M-'. ,
Qadri,
S.M.JP and
Krishna
Rao,J. Y ~
'Sustainable Farm & Rural
Development Centre, S. J.R. foundation, Chennai
2Ce
ntr
al Serieultural Research
& Training
Institute, Mysore
JRegional Sericultural Research Station,
Kodathi
/
Salem
/ Anantapur
Abstract
Soil is the basis for sustainab le ~ l r m i n g , and
it
is often over-exploited and abused.
Mulberry is one of
the
few crops, which
cons
umes very high quantities of chemical fertilizers ,
especia ll y nitrogcn,
leading
to marked reduction in crop
productivity
and quality, and also
environmental degradation. In
many
l1lulbelry soi l ' the organic carbon content is unimaginahly
very
low
and the co
lon y-f'orming
units (CFUs)
of'
beneficial microbes, particularly
actinomycetes,
and beneficial micro-fauna are mostly destroyed. Hence , soil health
care
management assumes very grcat significancc.
The urgent need for improving soils physical,
chemical
and hiological properties for
sustainable sericulture is emphasized. The nonmIl and problem soils under mulberry cultivation
are highlighted in (erms of' thcir productivity. The
physical
properties, hithcrto not studied
adequately, arc
stressed
with thc
ohjective of'developing
better mulberry root systcm so as to
enable
the
plant to take up thc moisture and nutrients from the sub-soil
zone
bctter. Water
ancl
nutrient use efficiellcy by the mulberry plant has to be considerably enhanced.
]. Introduction
Optima I util ization of natural resources such as soi I, water,
biodiversity
and atmosphere
is basic to promote sustainability
in
any I'amling activity. Improvement
in
soil chemical,
physical and biological properties is possible through organic fmming. and IntegTated Nutrient
Management (fNM) systcms in mulberry crop production, and not through chc::mical f'amling.
The important chemical properties arc the ll1acrol1utrients (N, P, K), secondary nutrients (Ca,
S), micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn , etc .), pJ1,
OC,
etc. Soil chcmical
propertie
s are also influenced
by qual ity of irrigat ion water like plI ,
hardne
ss, etc. F1 ul)rioc content is also alarm ing
in
certain areas.
Biological
properties
include
thc
below ground biodiversity
especially
beneficial
microorganisms (CFUs
of
bacteria , fungi and actinol11ycctcs) Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB,
VAM, Trichoclem1a,
Pleurotus
, etc.),
and.
oil fauna (microcrustacea , collel11hola, earthwonns,
etc.) in the soil.
2. Soil Classification System
The following are the typcs of soils commonly
met
with:
i) Loose, deep well-drained soi ls
ii) Shallow so il s over rock
iii)
lntennediate
loamy soils
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Naliollal
Seminar
Oil
Sail /-/('01111
and
Waler Managemelll for Suslainohlc Sel'icullurc
iv) lmpervious sub-soi ls
v) Soils with moisture retaining upper horizons
vi) Soils with wet lower hori.zons
vii) Organic rich soils (peat soils of varying type and origin)
3. Problem soils: Physical and chemical problems
An optimum physical and chemical environment
of
soils is essential for better growth of
plants, consequently for bettcr yields.
Based on these propcrties, the problem soi ls are identificd as below, which would limit
productivity and quality of mulberry:
i) Low soil fertility
ii) Slow penneable soils (Heavy clay 1loam)
iii) Excessively pemlcable so ils (Sandy)
iv) Subsoil hardening
v) Surface crusting
vi) Shallow soils
vii) Salinc Soils
viii) Sodic Soils
ix) Saline - Sodic Soils
x) Acid Soils
4.
Soil
Physical
Properties
Improvements in soil physical properties are measured in
ten11S
of bulk density, texturc
(mechanical fraction), aggregates or crumbs, pcrmeability to water and air, infiltration ratc.
water-holding capacity, wilting coefficient, hard pan, surfacc crusting, clcctric conductivity,
exchange of ions, etc.
4.1. Bulk
density
is weight of oven-dry soi l 1 unit vo lume, and is the resultant of the
relationship bctween specific gravity and porosity of the soil. Specific gravity of most soil
particles is within the narrow limits of2.6-2.7. Hence, bulk density is closely correlated with
porosity, and, in tum, with thc infiltration capacity and degree of soil aeration.
If
a soi l has
0.
2%
of
total N, it has no meaning unless the weight/unit volume
of
the soil
in
its natural state
is known.
4.2. Particle size analysis is to evaluate the soil texture
. Destruction or dispersion ofsoi l aggregates into discrete units by chemical / mechanical
means and separation of particles according to size limits by sieving and
sed
imentation is
adopted. Nonnally,
30%
hydrogen peroxide treatment till effervescence ceases is followed.
Soil aggregates are not readily dispersed, as the soi l contains organic matter, iron oxides and
carbonate coating.
Extreme size ran
ge
is seen in particle size analysis: Stones and rocks (> 0.25 m); pebbles
(0.5-2 cm), coarse sand (2-5
mm)
to sub-micron clays
«
1
1m).
Particles smaller than 2 mm
size are divided into: fine sand < 2 mm - 50 1m; silt < 50 - 2 1m; and clay < 21m .
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A >.\
·rr(/ c· /,\
4.3. Soil texture is decided by the relative percent or coarse and fine soil particil:s .
Stones, gravel and sand provide physical supp0l1
to
plants, and play only minor role
in
water
retention and plant nutrients. Fine soil made up of silt and clay particles
«
0.05 111m diameter),
on the other hand
playa
major ro le in water holding capacity, soil aeration and supply or
available nutrients. The following
is
the classification
of
soi ls based
on
silt and clay percent,
and
li gh
t loam is ideal for mulberry cu lti vation. The other types
of
soils have
to
be corrected.
SOIL CLASS
SILT
&
CLAY %
SAND < 7
LOAMY SAND
7-15
SANDY LOAM
16-25
LIGIJTLOAM
26-40
llE
AVY
LOAM
>
40
4.4.
Porosity
or
soils is the ratio between
vo lu me of
inter-spaces and volume of
the
solid
soil body. Pore volume nonnally varies from 30
to 70%.
Coarse textured soils have less total
pore space becau e of the smaller s u r l ~ l c e area of their particl
es.
fine textured soils have
greater total pore space due \0 larger surface area of their particles.
(cc.
surface area
of
ground
nut
and ragi seeds per litre) .
However, some compacted fine textured soi Is have lower amount of pore space than do
coarsc sandy soils .
(cc.
drip-line and un-irrigated line). Soils
of
low porosity resist thc
infiltration
of
water and penetration of root. (e.g., heavy clay soil) . Water content of such
soils w
ill
always be at field capacity in drip irriga ti on system. It reduces soil air content
affecti ng growth of roots and plants.
% Pore Space = Specific Gravity of Soi l - Bulk Density x 100
Specific Gravity of So
il
r
Specilic Gravity of Soil
= 2.60
approximately, and
Bulk Density (BD) :::
1.38
approximately,
th
e porosity
of
the
so
il
=
(2
.60 - 1.38)
x
100
=
46.9
%.
2.60
The e
n-or
will be less than 5%;
for
farner Participatory Research and comparative studies,
this method
is
quite adeq uate. More accurate va
lu
es can be obtained
by
pycnometric
determination of specific gravity of
th
e soil sample, w
hi
ch
wo
uld req uire costly equipments .
4.5. Water holding capacity (WIlC) ofso ils depends
on
so
il
tex ture, nature
of
mineral
co lloid
s,
content
of
soil organic matter, and structural characteri stics
of
the soil profile. Plants
growing
in
soils with low WHC are exposed to drought / moisture stress considerably. Plants
growing
in
so
il
s of high
WH
C may sufTer
from in
adequate aeration causcd by water-logging.
WHC is
detemlined after the saturated
soi
l
is
allowed to drain for 24
hr,
whcn soil attains
' field capacity' .
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4.6. Field
Capacity of
surface soil layer can be determined directly in the field by
saturating the soil and analysing soil samples 24
br
later. This should be done after a prolonged
rain-free period
or
after many days
of
previous irrigation.
Weight
of
drained 100
cc sample=
Wt.
of
oven-dry soil
=
Content
of
water (157-122 g)
:::
Field Capacity
of
the soil =
4.7. Air
Content of
Soils
Weight
of
drained 100
cc
sample=
Weight
of
oven-dry soil =
Content
of
water (157-122 g)
=
Field Capacity
of
the soil =
4.8.
Electrical Conductivity
(EC),
157 g
122 g
35 g
35% by volume
157 g
122 g
35 g
35%
is to determine concentration
of
salts. It is especially important in heavily fertilizer
applied soils (as in mulberry), which may accumulate salts in high quantities detrimental to
plants.
4.9. Exchange Properties
of
Soils: Clay and humus have ability to retain and exchange
ions
in
soils like those
of
AI, Ca,
Mg
, K, Na, and NH4; this ability
of
mineral and organic
colloids is termed "exchange capacity" of soils. Colloidal fraction acts as storehouse in which
nutrient ions are preserved and made available to plants, and are not readily leached.
"T
he magnitude
of
exchange capacity determines the soil fertility. It regulates rate
of
application
of
fertilizers. On fine textured soils with high organic matter, possessing
an
exchange capacity
of
about 20 m.e.
per
100 g,
it is
possible to apply high doses
of
highly
concentrated, readily soluble fertilizers. But
on
sandy soils poor
in
humus, with a base exchange
capacity
of
about 5 m.e. per 100 g, it would be unwise to apply heavy doses".
4.10. Soil Aggregates: An aggregate is a group of primary soil particles that cohere to
each other more strongly than to other surrounding soil particles. The disintegrating forces
are: cultivation practices; erosion (wind and water); and wetting of soils. Dry aggregates and
wet aggregates are measured by sieving and sedimentation techniques.
The
dispersing action
ofNa+
on clay and organic matter reduces soil aggregation, permeability to air and water,
and root growth.
Large pores in soil fav-our high infiltration rates, good tilth, and adequate aeration for
plant growth. Abundance oflarge pores is seen immediately after cultivation. Their continued
existence
in
soil depends on stability
of
aggregates.
Erodibility
of
soils decreases as aggregate stability increases.
4.11. Slow
permeable
soils: Heavy clay
I
loam is se in
many
places. Low InfLltration
rates are due to high clay content
of
the soil
The
amount
of
water percolating into the soil is
reduced; leading to increased run-off, erosion
of
surface soil and nutrient loss.
The
high
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Abstracts
capillary
porosity
as well as impeded drainage would increase some soil elements to the level
of toxicity to plants. Nutrient flXation (like P)
in
the clay complex is very common making
nutrients unavailable.
4.12. Measurement of Permeability of Soils to Water:
A steel cylinder
of
] 00 sq. em cross-sectional area and about 25 em height is inserted
into soil to 10 em depth. 1 litre
of
water is poured into the cylinder and the time required for
the water to pass into the soil
is recorded. In permeable soils the period of infiltration is < 2
min. and in compacted soils it may be >
1
hr. Data should be collected
in
large number
of
replicates taken on the same day.
High permeability
of
surface layers leads to seepage loss
of
water and nutrients below
root zone. Low permeability might lead to high evaporation and run-offloss
of
both. Surface
soil crusting was noticed
in
certain parts ofAndhra Pradesh and soil hardpan in many places
in S.lndia.
4.13. Management
Qf
Slow Permeable Soils
~
Provision
of
drainage facilities either through open or closed sub-surface drains.
~ FOIming contour
&
compartmental bunding to increase the infiltration rates of soils.
~
Application
of
huge quantities
of
river sand
or
red soil
of
coarser texture to reduce
heaviness
of
soil.
~ Application of liberal doses
of
organic manures like FYM, Compost, Green manure,
Compostcd coir pith, sewage waste, press mud, etc.
~ Adopting ridges
&
furrows, raised beds, and broad bed and furrow systems.
4.14. Excessively Permeable Soils
~ High amount
of sand>
70%.
~ The soils are inert and unable to retain nutrients and water.
~ Devoid
of
finer particles and organic matter; the aggregates arc weakly formed .
~ The non-capillalY pores are dominating with very poor soil structure.
~ Fertilizer nutrients are lost in seepage / drainage water.
~ Compacting the field with tar drum filled with 400 kg
of
sand or stones 8-10 times at
optimum moisture.
~ Intercropping with green manure crops like sunnhemp, sesbania, daincha, horsegram,
Tephrosia, etc.
4.15. Sub-Soil Hardening / Hard Pan
~ Compaction
of
clay in the sub-soil horizon, coupled with cementing action of oxides
of Fe, Al and CaC03, which increases bulk density to more than 1.8 mega-gram / m-3.
~ Cultivation
of
crops using heavy implements up to certain depth constantly leads to
hard pan.
~ Higher exchangeable sodium content.
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» Lowered infiltration and percolation rates, nutrient movement and free air transport.
» Prevents root proliferation and limits volume
of
soils available for nutrient uptake
resulting in depleted and less fertile surface soil.
» The contribution of sub-soil fertility to crop growth is hampered.
4.16. Management of Soil Hard Pan
»
Ploughing the soil with chisel plough at 0.5 m interval cris-cross at 0.5 m depth once
in 3 years.
» Application
of
organics to improve soil aggregation and structure to prevent further
movement
of
clay to the lower layers.
» Deep ploughing
of
the field during summer season to open up the sub-soils.
»
Cultivating deep-rooted crops like redgram or Indigofera or Tephrosia so
as to
encourage natural breaking
of
the hard pan.
4.17. Surface
Crusting
» Presence
of
colloidal oxides
of
Fe and AI in Alfisols (red soils)
»
Binds soil particles under wet regimes.
» On drying, it forms a hard mass on the soil surface.
The
following effects
are
seen:
a. Prevents seed germination (like intercrops/green manure cover crops)
b. Retards root growth.
c. Results in poor infiltration.
d. Accelerates surface run-off.
e. Creates poor aeration in the rhizosphere.
f.
Affects nodule formation in leguminous crops .
4.18. Mana ement
of
Surface Crustin
» Ploughing the field when soil moisture is optimum.
» Lime application at 2 t / ha uniformly and ploughing for blending the amendment with
the surface soil.
»
FYM at
lOt /
ha or composted coir pith at 12.5 t / ha or other organic manure.
»
Scraping the surface soil by tooth harrow. (Penukunta Gorru model)
» Resistant crops like cowpea can be grown.
4.19. Sba)Jow Soils
» Presence
of
the parent rock immediately below the soil surface at about 15-20 cm
depth. (Common in Deccan Plateau)
»
Restricts the root elongation and spreading.
»
Exhaustion of the soil within 2-3 seasons.
» Frequent renewal of soil fertility is a must.
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Abstracl.l
5. Chemical Problems:
Salt
Affected Soils:
);>
Parent Material: Soils formed from rocks having high proportion
of
bases become
saline/sodic
in
nature (basalt, sand stone)
);> Low Rainfall : Insufticicnt to leach the bases from soil; accumulation
of
salts in soil.
More common in semi-arid and arid Deccan Plateau regions .
);> High Evaporation: More capillary movement of water from sub-surface to surface.
Water evaporates leaving the salt to accumulate on soil surface.
);> Poor Drainage: Water-logged salinity / sodicity
in
low lying areas in high clay soils .
Improper drainage leads to accumulation of salts on the surface and entry
of
sodium
in to c
la
y complex.
);> Poor Quality Irrigation Waters : Continuous use
of
poor
quality
saline / sodie water for
cultivation accumulates sa
lt
s / sodium in the soils.
);> High Water Table : Alluvial plains & other areas due to improper drainage.
);>
Base Forming Fertilizers (Ammonium chloride)
5.1. Saline Soils
);> High soluble salts affect adversely plant growth.
);> Salt level more than
4.0
dSm-l. Mostly chlorides and sulphates.
);> These are
neutral
salts and hence pH may not go above 8.5 .
);> Salinization: accumulation
of
soluble salts in the surface soil.
5.2. Effects of Soil Salinity
);>
White encrustation on soil surface.
);> Alteration
of
osmotic potential of the soil solution.
);>
Water intake and nutricnt uptake by plants
is
restricted .
);> Reduced microbial activity; slow decomposition of organic matter.
);> Impaired supply ofN and S.
);> Water from plant cells moves to soil, & hence plants are dehydrated .
);> Finally death
of
plants is secn.
5.3. Management
of
Saline Soils
);>
Planting on sloppy ridges decreases accumulation
of
salts around root zone.
);>
Mulching soil prevents evaporation, which reduces accumulation
of
salts due to
capillary rise
of
water at the surface
of
soils.
);> Providing drainage reduces salt accumulation.
5.4. Sodic / Alkaline Soils
);> High proportion
of
sodium at exchange complex; usually more than 15%.
);> High proportion
of
carbonates
&
bicarbonates; hence the pH is always more than 8.5.
);> Precipitated CaC03 is present; insoluble in nature .
);> Dispersing action
of
Na+
on
clay and organic matter reduces soil aggregation,
permeability to air & water, and root growth.
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5.5.
Effect
of
oil Sodicity
};>
Carbonate, bicarbonate and
OH
(hydroxyl) ion injuries on plants.
};>
High Na in clay becomes dispersed in clay under wet regimes .
};>
Sodium carbonate with water releases Na+,
HC03
& OH- ions, which are harmful
to
growing plants in these soils:
};>
2
Na
+ +
C02
+ +
H20
'
2 Na+ + HC03- + OH-
};>
Dispersed nature
of
clay leads to soapy feeling
of
soils, stagnation
of
water, poor
infiltration / percolation, and poor aeration.
};>
These soils become hard mass during dry periods. Soil Crusting
};>
High pH is un-favourable for growth
of
soil microorganisms.;
};>
Low microbial activity causes slow decomposition
of
organic matter.
};>
Nutrient deficiency is caused, specifically
Nand
S.
};>
High pH leads to non-availability
of
Fe and Zn
to
plants.
};>
P availability is less due to conversion
of
P into insoluble calcium and magnesium
phosphates.
White Alkali:
Soils with high amount of soluble salts having EC more than
4.0
dsm-I
and white encrustations are seen on the surface.
Brown alkali:
Sodic soils with high proportion of nitrate salts.
Black alkali:
Dispersed clay with decomposed organic mater (humus) give black colour.
Degraded Alkali:
Surface horizon acidic and there is no precipitate CaC03 . However,
the sub-surface horizon may have
pH
more than 8.S. In the absence
ofCaC03
and soluble
salts,
the sodic clay with water degrades and hydrogen clay is formed in the surface.
8
5.6.
Reclamation:
5.6.1.
Physical
};>
Improve physical condition
of
soil through improvement
in
infiltration and aeration .
};>
Deep ploughing to break the hardpan developed due to
Na
and improving free
movement
of
water
&
soil aeration.
};> Providing drainage to improve aeration and to avoid further accumulation
of
salts at
root zone.
};>
Sand filling
of
heavy clay soil; increase capillary action
of
water.
5.6.2.
Biological
};>
FYM, compost, pressmud, green manures, oilcakes, etc. improve biological and
physical conditions of these soils.
};>
Decomposition of organic matter releases organic acids, which mitigate the ill effects
of
high
pH of
soils.
5.6.3.
Chemical Reclamation
This aims at removal
of
sodium from exchange complex by introducing calcium.
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Ahstracts
Materials
Gypsum (calcium sulphate), calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, etc. are used for
reclamation, which directly supply calcium. Among them gypsum is most commonly used .
To reduce one unit
of
pH, about one tonne
of
gypsum would be required. Ca and S are needed
for quality.
Reclamation
of
sodic soils requires good quality water to leach Na salts that are released
during reclamation process. In the absence
of
good quality water these soils can be managed
by following physical and biological methods.
6.
Root
Turnover
Root turnover is an important component of local and global carbon balance, and
measuring root development and turnover with soil depth is quitc vital. This has
to
bc related
to changing soil properties including nitrogen mineralization, soil moisture and temperature.
Root activity and positioning in the soil can be predicted based on resource use efficiency.
The barrier laycr that essentially stops the downward growth
of
plant roots may be rock,
sand, gravel, heavy clay,
or
a cemented layer (e.g. caliche).
To compensate for surface soil loss :
~ Incrcasing the organic matter content of an eroded soil, which often improves its
tillage characteristics, as well as its water and nutrient holding capacity.
~ Generous use of soil amendmcnts, organic materials and neecssary fertilizers can
help spced the conversion
of
poor quality subsoil into high quality
lOp
soil.
~ Tn sandy soil, organic material occupies some
of
the space between the sand grains,
thus binding these together and increasing watcr-holding capacity. In a finely textured
or clay soil, organic material on and around soil particles creates aggregates of the
fine soil particles , allowing water to move more rapidly around these larger particles.
~ This grouping of the soil particles into aggregates or peds makes soil mellow and
easier to work.
6.1. Soil
properties
& Root System
While there are species-specific rooting characteristics, significant innuences on rooting
habit are silvieultural and environmental, i.e. silvicultural practice and soil conditions. These
environmental constraints are classified into four groups :
(i) Mechanical resistance: high bulk density; layers
of
bedrock, excessively stony soils
Dr
fine sands, iron pans and many clays that may become compacted.
(ii) Fertility: Infertilc soils produce root systems with long, poorly branched surface roots,
whereas fertile ones produce more vigorous well-branched roots that may descend
deeper into the soil. While roots are unable to actively grow towards a source
of
nutrients, they will proliferate when in contact with areas that are especially rich in
nitrogen and phosphorus.
(iii)Aeration: When the oxygen falls below
10
-
15
% in a soil, root growth is inhibitcd
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and it stops completely
at 3-5%.
Such conditions occur when airspaces in the soil are
replaced
by
more soil (compaction), water or gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide
or
methane.
(iv)Moisture:
Waterlogged soils result in poor gas exchange which depletes the soil
of
oxygen
and
leads to anaerobic conditions and subsequent root death. Soils with
permanently high water tables typically cause trees to develop very shallow, widespread
rooting systems.
Drought conditions also cause some trees to produce a shallow root system to maximise
rainfall interception near the soil surface. If there is a deeper subsurface supply of water,
roots may well exploit it, providing that the soil conditions are suitable at that depth for root
penetration and respiration. The mineral and organic composition of a soil will determine the
relative quantity
of
water that can
be
held within it. Soils with a large clay content are renowned
for their ability to shrink. and crack whereas the structure of free draining sands and gravels
will be comparatively unaffected by prolonged drying.
When water is removed from between soil particles by roots
or
a falling water table, a
vacuum is created. This may result in the shrinkage
of
some clay soils, but is usually associated
with an increase in the air content between the particles.
Such differences in particle size, air and water content
play
a significant role in
determining the soil's susceptibility to root penetration.
Soils with a moisture retaining clay content can reduce the need for roots to extend far
in search
of
water. Conversely, a loose, well drained soil may promote a more extensive and
potentially deeper root system.
6.2. Root Depth:
Typically between 90 and 99 %
of
a tree's total root length occurs in the upper 1 m
of
soil. Soil properties are most variable vertically and thus have the greatest impact
on
rooting
depth.
The
nutrients and moisture content influence the need for roots to descend to greater
depths, while physical properties and aeration may restrict the ability to grow deeper.
6.3
. Lateral Root Spread:
During wind throw, many of a tree's lateral roots will snap. The diameter of the root
plate is therefore not a true measure
of
the total lateral spread. However, root studies in
forests and orchards involving excavations and soil coring have shown that the lateral growth
of
some tree roots can extend well beyond the canopy perimeter.
That
the maximum extent
of
the tree roots is reached before the canopy has completed
expanding,
and
thus the ratio
of
root
may
change as trees
become
older.
Asymmetrical root systems are not uncommon and may result from variations in the
soil environment
or topographical features such as slopes .
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Abs tracts
7. Research on Soil Improvement
and
Developing Better Mulberry Root System
As a part
of
the CSB-supported Farmer Participatory INM - IPM and IFSM projects
in
S. lndia, research on soil improvement and developing bettcr mulberry root system was initiatcd
in: eight directs in Tamil Nadu state, two districts
in
Kamataka, and
one
district
in
Andhra
Pradesh through three RSRSs and eight REC's
in
the three states.
Baseline data were collected on soil chemical properties (N .P.K. micro nutricnts , plI ,
EC and OC) , physical properties (soil particle size and distribution, bulk density, soil
permeability to water, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, etc), and biological
properties (earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, colony forming uinits (CFU 's) of bacteria,
fungi and Actinomycetes.
On the basis
of
the preliminary data obtained on soi l and irrigation water, the following
constraints were noticed in varying degrees in diffcrent districts, where mulberry sericulture
is
intensively adopted:
a. Low fertility
of
the soil
b. Nutrient loss below the root system
c. Soil salinity
d. Soil alkalinity / sodicity
e. Impermeability of the soil to water
f. High permeability
of
the soil
g. Subsoil hard pan
h. Poor watcr stable soil aggregation
Brackish irrigation
water
The mulberry leaves were looking more pale green due to the above soil and irrigation
water problems . The silkworm was not getting the maximum quantity
of
nutrients in spite
of
the application
of
heavy doses
of
chemical fertilizers.
It is
quite possible to amend the soil
and provide favourable conditions for developing the root system, which
is
current very
shallow with a view to enhance the utilization
of
soil, water and nutrients to promote sustainable
production
of
quality mulberry leaves. It
is
expected that the batch size from \ nit area
of
mulberry crop can be considerably increased without increasing the area under the crop. The
weight
of the cocoons and shell would be considerably improved and similarly the silk
properties
The earlier literature was perused and it was observed that there was no study on
improving the soil productivity overcoming the above maladies to improve the mulberry
productivity and quality.
Studies made on similar horticultural crops indicate that pruning
of
fibrous surface
feeder roots at a particular length away from the base of the plant would enable the root
system to penetrate to some-death, though the pattern of root system
is
largely a species
specific
With the above objectives, a study was initiated in various districts
in
S. India with the
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following treatments:
1.
T
J
-
Cutting trenches one foot away from the base
of
mulberry plant to a depth
of
one
foot and breadth
of
one foot, and filling the trench with the green leaves
of
Pongamia,
neem,
subabul, rain tree, Morinda
(Nuna),
Ipomea, Cassia, Delonix
alata
(Vadanarayanan), etc. (without sticks), farmyard manure or compost and covering
with thin layer
of
soil (2-3
")
and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya and water.
Turning the compost after
3SAO
days and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya
and water. Irrigation on the trench for 6 months; Cutting trench on the other side
of
mulberry row after six months and irrigation, so that sufficient aeration and nutrients
will
be
available to mulberry plants from both the sides.
2.
T2- Iron plough, 1 foot away from the mulberry row, two times to the depth
of
8-9
inches. Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space as usual.
3.
T
J
-
Hand spade (90 degrees to the handle) to the depth
of
S to
6
inches. Sowing
daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium
in
the available space.
4.
T4
- Shovel with flattened blade to the depth
of
S to 6 inches. Sowing daincha secds
treated with Rhizobium in the available space.
S.
Ts
- Crow bar with 4 inches breadth sharp blade on side to the depth
of
8 inches.
Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space.
6.
T6 - Biological methods - sowing red gram seeds one foot away from mulberry row
with a spacing
of 1.S
feet from seed to seed after treating with Rhizobium, Trichoderma
and Pseudomonas within 3-4 days after pruning and another row Hibiscus cannabinus
(pulichai or gongru) on foot away from the red gram row before the next row
of
the
mulberry. Allowing the plants to grow for 6-8 months and pulling out to disturb the
sub-soil to allow aeration and penetration
of
mulberry roots.
7. T
7
•
Control (none
of
the above treatments - fa
nner
's practice).
NPK
as usual in the first crop; Reduction in N fertilizer
by 2S% in
the remaining four
crops in the first year, and
by SO% from second year onwards.
12
Observations to be recorded:
~ Mulberry shoot yield in S sq. m. micro-plots in S places in the 1 cent area
of
the plot
in each crop.
~ Improvement in soil physical, chemical and biological properties once a year.
~ Root penetration, spread, weight, length, volume, thickness, colour, incidence
of
root
knot or root rot, etc. once in alternate mulberry crop after pruning.
~ Mobility
of
nutrients to sub-soi1layers
(6,
12 & 18") at monthly interval from the
second mulberry crop, and in ground water.
~ Weed suppression.
);;>
Biodiversity
of
beneficial micro-fauna and flora once a year in different soil layers (6,
12&18").
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Abslracls
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful
to
the Chief Executive Officer
&
Member Secretary, Central
Silk Board for the help and support provided
to
initiate soil improvement research for
sustainable sericultural productivity in the country.
We
wish to thank our colleagues in
th
e
CSB system and State Departments
of
Sericulture and farmers for their cooperation .
Selected References
Dandin, S.B . (2003). New Approaches for organic inputs for sustainable sericul
ture. Workshop on Organic Farming and Rainwater Harvesting/or Sustain
able Sericultur
e.
RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalore.
Jayaraj , S. (2003). Organic fanning in mulberry sericulture: Non-chemical methods
of pest management. Workshop on Olganic Farming and Rainwater Har
vesting/or Sustainable Sericultur
e. RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalorc.
Klute, A. (cd) (1986)
Methods a/Soil i s .
Part
1.
Physical and Mineralogical
Methods.
Veeraiah, T. M (2003) Role
of
green manure crops for soil health and fertility.
Workshop on Organic Farming and Rainwater Harvesting/or Sustainable
Sericultur
e.
RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalore.
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Nafional Seminar on Soil Health and Wafer Management for SUSfainable Sericulturc
'Lead Paper 2
ASSESSMENT OF LAND RESOURCES F
OR
MULBERRY CULTI
VA
TION IN
KRI
SBNAG
IRI AND
DH
ARMA
P
URI
DI
STRICTS OF TAMIL
NADU
Va
divelu,S., Thayalan,S., Ram esh, M and Natarajan, A
National Bureau
of
Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore
Extended Summary
Sericulture is a labour intensive agro industry with huge potentials for expansion in our
country in the future. At present, India produces about
15
per cent
of
the raw silk from all the
four types
of
silk, namely mulberry, muga, tasar and eri. Among the sill varieties, only mulberry
is grown extensively, particularly
in
the southern states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu, which accounts for about
82
per cent
of
the total area in the country. Because
of
the increasing domestic and global demand, the area under mulberry cultivation is increasing
steadily
in
the southern states and particularly in the southern districts of Karnataka and
adjoining areas in Tamil Nadu . Since Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts lie adjacent
to
the
mulberry belt
of
Karnataka and there is huge potential for Mulberry cultivation in these
areas, an assessment
of
the existing soil and other land resources
of
the two districts was
carried out
to
find out the suitability
of
the area for mulberry cultivation .
The National Bureau
of
Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore
is the repository
of
information pertaining
to
the land resources
of
all the southern states of
our country. For finding out the suitability ofKrishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts for mulberry
cultivation the land resource database generated during the period from 1987
to
1993 under
the Soil Resource Mapping work was used. The database along with soil maps
of th
e two
districts at
1:
250000 scale provides information pertaining to the distribution
of
different
soils, site characteristics like slope, drainage etc., climatic parameters like rainfall, humidity
and sunshine hours, land use details and other particulars
of
the area.
To assess the suitability, the requirements of the mulberry crop is essential and the same
was collected and compiled from different sources. As per thi s, deep to very deep, fertile ,
well drained and well aerated, loamy to clayey soils with good water holding capacity is ide
al
for the crop. Apart from this, good sunshine (9
to 13
hours), temperatures ranging from 20
to
30°C and 65 to 80 per cent relative humidity favours the growth
of
this crop.
The suitability evaluation, carried out by adopting the FAO guidelines, showed that in
the entire Dharmapuri district only 6 per cent of the area is highly suitable for mulberry
cultivation without any soil or climatic limitations. Moderately suitable lands for the crop
occur in about 31 per cent of the area and marginally suitable lands occur in about 30 per cent
of the area. About 31 per cent of the land area in the district is found to be not suitable for
mulberry cultivation.
In
Krishnagiri district, about
11
per cent
of
the area is highly suitable,
44 per cent moderately suitable and
17
per cent marginally suitable for mulberry cultivation.
About 30 per cent
of
the area is found to be not suitable for this crop in Krishnagiri district.
Shallow depth, higher slope percent, severe erosion and low moisture storage are the major
soil limitations for growing mulberry in the districts of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri.
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Abstracts
SlIM/O-l
STUDIES ON lMPROVEMENT
OF
SOILHEALTR AND MULBERRY ROOT
SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURALPRODUCTlON
Jayaraj.Sl., Dandin,S. B2, Vccraiah,T. M3,
Qadri
, S.M.H3
and
Krishna Rao, J.V3
I
Sustainable Farm and Rural Development Centre, S J R Foundation, Chennai
2Cenlral Sericultural Research
&
Training Institute, Mysore
JRegional Sericultural Research Station, Kodathi I Salcm I Anantapur
As a part of the CSB supported INM - IPM and IFSM projccts, research on soil
improvement and developing better mulberry root system was initiated in eight districts in
Tamil Nadu state through the RSRS, Salem and RECs, Bosur, Krishnagiri, Gobi, Udumalpet
and Samayanallur, two districts in Kamataka through the RSRS, Kodathi and RECs, Madivala
and Kanakapura, and one district in Andhra Pradesh through the RSRS, Anantapur and REC,
Madakasira.
Baseline data on soil chemical properties
(N
, P, K, micronutrients, pH, EC and OC),
physical properties (soil particle size and distribution, bulk density, soil permeabi lity
to
water,
water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, etc .) and biological properties (carthworms,
colony forming uinits (CFU 's)
of
bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) wcre ob erved.
On the basis of the preliminary data obtained on soil and irrigation water, the following
constraints were noticed in varying degrees
in
different districts, where mulberry sericulture
is intensively adopted :
a. Low ferti lity of the soil
b.
Nutrient loss below the root system
c. Soil salinity
d. Soil alkalinity I sodicity
e. Impermeability
of
th e soil to water and air
f. High permeability
of
the soil
g. Subsoil hard pan
h.
Brackish irrigatiol'l water
The mulberry leaves were looking more pale green due to the above soil and irrigation
water problems.
The
silkworm was obviously not getting the maximum quantity
of
nutrients
in
spite
of
the app lication
of
heavy doses
of
chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen . It is
quite possible to amend the soil and provide favourable conditions for developing the root
system, which is currently very shallow and duck-footed with a view to enhance the utilization
of
soil, water and nutrients to promote sustainable production
of
quality mulberry leaves. It
is expected that the batch size from unit area
of
mulberry crop can be considerably increased
without increasing the area under the crop. The weight
of
the cocoons and shell would be
considerably improved and similarly the silk properties. The perusal
of
ear
li
er literature
indicated that there was no study on improving the soil productivity overcoming the above
maladies to improve
the mulberry
productivity and quality. Studies made on similar
horticultural crops indicate that pruning
of
fibrous surface feeder roots at a particular length
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National Seminar on Soil Health and Water Management
for
Sustainable Sericulture
away from the base
of
the plant
would
enable the root system
to
penetrate to some depth,
though the pattern of root system is largely a species-specific character. With the above
objectives, a study was initiated in various districts in S. India with the following treatments:
Tl
- Cutting trenches one foot away from the base
of
mulberry plant to a depth of one
foot and breadth of one foot, and filling the trench with the green leaves
of
Pong amia, neem,
subabul, rain tree,
Morinda tinctoria
(Nuna),
Ipomea carnea, Cassia unguistifolia
, D e I O f ~ i x
alala
(Vadanarayanan), etc., (without sticks), farmyard manure and covering with thin layer
ofsoil (2-3") and sprinkling cow dung slurry or pancha gavya and water. Turning the compost
after
3S-40
days and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya and water. irrigation on the
trench for 6 months; Cutting trench on the other side
of
mulberry
r ~ w
after six months and
irrigation, so that there will be sufficient soil aeration for roots and beneficial microbes, and
nutrients will be available to mulberry plants from both the sides.
T2 - Iron plough, one foot away from the mulberry row, two times to the depth of 8-9
inches. Sowing daincha (Sesbania aculeate) seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available
space as usual.
T3 - Hand spade (90 degrees
to
the handle
&
sharpened blade)
to
the depth
of
5 to 6
inches. Sowing daincha seeds treated with
Rhizobium
in the available space.
T4 - Showel with flattened & sharpened blade
to
the depth
of
5 to 6 inches . Sowing
daincha seeds treated with
Rhizobium
in the available space.
TS
- Crow bar with 4 inches breadth sharp blade on side to the depth
of
8 inches.
Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space.
T6 - Biological methods - sowing redgrarn / wild indigo
(Tephrosia purpurea)
seeds
one foot away from mulberry row with a spacing of 1.5 feet from seed to seed after treating
with
Rhizobium, Trichoderma
and
Pseudomonas
within 3-4 days after pruning and another
row
of
Hibiscus cannabinus (pulichai or gongru) one foot away from the redgram row before
the next row
of
the mulberry. Allowing the plants to grow for 6-8 months and pulling out
to
disturb the sub-soil to allow soil aeration and penetration
of
mulberry roots.
T7 - Control (none
of
the above treatments - fanners' practice). NPK will be applied as
usual in the first crop. There will be reduction in N fertilizer by 25% in the remaining four
crops in the first year, and by 50% from second year onwards. Mulberry shoot yield in 5
sq.m. micro-plots in 5 places in the one cent area
of
the plot in each crop will be observed.
Improvement in soil physical, chemical and biological properties will be recorded once a
year, and root penetration, spread, weight, length, volume, thickness and colour, and incidence
of
root knot or root rot, etc., once in alternate mulberry crop after pruning. The mobility
of
nutrients
to
sub-soil layers (6, 12 & 18") will be observed at monthly interval from the second
mulberry crop, and in ground water. Besides, weed suppression and biodiversity
of
beneficial
micro-fauna and flora will be noted in every crop in different soil layers (6, 12 & 18").
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Abstracts
SHM/O-2
CORRELATION STUDIES BETWEEN SOIL TEXTURE AND DISTRffiUTJON OF
MULBERRY ROOTS IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS
OF
SOIL IN SOUTH INDIA
Jayaraj,S I.,
Qadri
, S.M.H
2.,
Veeraiah, T.M 3., KrishnaRao,
J. V4.,
Masilamani,
S2.,
Srinivasa Rao
,T.V.S4.,
RajaDurai,SJ., Subramanian,
KI
and Dandin,S.Bs
I S.Jayaraj Research Foundation, Chennai
2·4
Regional Sericultural Research Stations, SalemlKodathiiAnanthapur
5 Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore
As a part
of
Integrated Nutrient Management (lNM) research programmes, the soil
of
mulberry gardens
of
59 participating fanners (Tamil Nadu 39, Kamataka
I I
and Andhra
Pradesh 9) were studied with a view to improve the nutrient use efficiency in relation to the
root depth, root distribution and soil texture . In each holding, soil samples were collected at
0-3",3-6",6-12" and 0-12", as the roots were found restricted to less than one foot. The
mechanical fractions were analysed following standard procedures modified to suit the fanners
participatory programmes, and classified into two broad categories, viz., pebbles
+
coarse
sand + fine sand as one category, and silt + clay as another. The number
of
roots prevalent at
each depth was counted and classified on the basis
of
thickness as fibrous (less than 2.0 mm),
medium thick (2.0-8.0 mm) and thick roots (8.0-15 .0 mm) and there were only
few
roots
measuring more than
15
.0 mm thickness.
Simple correlations were worked out in all possible combinations among the co llected
data at all depths. The results indicated significant and positive influence
of
silt
+
clay
%
on
the number of roots of different thickness in certain soil depths. Pebbles + sand fractions had
a trend
of
negative correlation, though non-significant, with the number
of
roots in all the
depths of soil. The implications of the observations are discussed in relation to the utilization
of
soil moisture and nutrients by the mulberry plant.
SHM/O-3
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF MULBERRY SOILS IN TAMIL
NADU: A CONSTRAINT ANALYSI