National Security Policymaking 18 - Garden City Public ... · Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by...
Transcript of National Security Policymaking 18 - Garden City Public ... · Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by...
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
18 National Security Policymaking
Sean Adair/Reuters
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Instruments of Foreign Policy
Military War, threat of war
Economic Almost as important as war
Sanctions, tariffs, regulations
Diplomacy Treaties, summit talks
First option
18.1
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International organizations United Nations
18.1 Actors on the World Stage
Regional organizations NATO, EU
Multinational corporations
Nongovernmental organizations
Terrorists
Individuals
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The Policymakers
The President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief
Treaties, executive agreements
The Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State
Bureaucratic and intransigent
The National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff
Secretary of Defense
CIA
Congress
18.1
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18.1 Who's the president's main
foreign policy adviser?
a. Secretary of state
b. Secretary of defense
c. Vice president
d. Secretary of war
18.1
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18.1 Who's the president's main
foreign policy adviser?
a. Secretary of state
b. Secretary of defense
c. Vice president
d. Secretary of war
18.1
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American Foreign Policy and
the War on Terrorism
The Spread of Terrorism
Afghanistan and Iraq
18.3
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The Spread of Terrorism
9/11 not first attack
Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die
Improved security and intelligence
Clash with civil liberties
18.3
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Afghanistan and Iraq
U.S. declares war on terrorism
Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea
Nation building
Anti-American sentiments
18.3
Bush Doctrine
United States policy of preemptive action
against threats to its national security.
Response to terrorist threats around the
globe.
“Axis of Evil”
Patriot Act
Public concern over the Patriot Act
Trade-offs between maintaining a
strong presence in the world, providing
for the national defense, and
maintaining republican liberty are
difficult.
Ex. National Security Agency
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18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war
on terror?
a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,
despite the killing of Osama bin Laden
b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it
enjoys high-level government support
c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the
Muslim world due to U.S. military action in
the Middle East
d. All of the above
18.3
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18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war
on terror?
a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,
despite the killing of Osama bin Laden
b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it
enjoys high-level government support
c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the
Muslim world to due to U.S. military action
in the Mid East
d. All of the above
18.3
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Defense Spending
Guns v. butter Military Spending vs. Social Programs
Ideological disputes Conservative vs Liberal
Peace dividend v. jobs
Collapse of Soviet Union
18.4
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FIGURE 18.2 Trends in defense spending 18.4
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Personnel
Large standing military 1.3 million active duty
821,000 National Guard and reserves
300,000 deployed abroad
National Guard maintains national security
18.4
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FIGURE 18.3 Size of the armed forces 18.4
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Weapons
Nuclear weapons ICBMs
Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Strategic bombers
Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber
$5.5 trillion
Arms reduction treaties
18.4
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Reforming Defense Policy
Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible
Better intelligence
Increased use of Special Forces
18.4
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18.4 How many active duty troops
does the U.S. currently maintain?
a. 847,000
b. 562,000
c. 1.3 million
d. 1.2 million
18.4
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18.4 How many active duty troops
does the U.S. currently maintain?
a. 847,000
b. 562,000
c. 1.3 million
d. 1.2 million
18.4
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Changing Role of Military
Power
Soft power versus hard power
Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary
Violate sovereignty?
Can cost American lives
Economic sanctions Influence behaviour without force
Cut off aid, trade embargoes
Mixed record of success
18.5
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Nuclear Proliferation
9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India,
Pakistan, North Korea, Israel
How to prevent more?
Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan
18.5
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FIGURE 18.4 The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5
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The International Economy
Interdependency
International Trade Globalization of financial markets
Nontariff barriers to trade
Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us
$471 billion deficit in 2013
18.5
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Energy
OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil
Trade embargo
Middle East controls world's oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25%
Kuwait 10%
18.5
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Foreign Aid
Developing world Humanitarian
Stabilization
Access to raw materials
Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness
Military assistance
Agricultural assistance
Medical care
Unpopular
18.5
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18.5 What percentage of GDP is
spent on economic and humanitarian
foreign aid?
a. 3%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 10%
18.5
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18.5 What percentage of GDP is
spent on economic and humanitarian
foreign aid?
a. 3%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 10%
18.5
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Understanding National
Security Policymaking
National Security Policymaking and
Democracy
National Security Policymaking and the
Scope of Government
18.6
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National Security
Policymaking and
Democracy
Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable
Decision makers unelected
Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war
Congress holds purse strings
Pluralism is pervasive
18.6
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National Security
Policymaking and the Scope
of Government
Superpower status War on terror
World's policeman
Globalization
Global warming
2 million employed in Dept. of Defense
18.6
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18.6 Why is foreign policy considered
undemocratic?
a. Policymakers not elected
b. Public not as knowledgeable
c. Congress plays smaller role
d. All of the above
18.6
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18.6 Why is foreign policy considered
undemocratic?
a. Policymakers not elected
b. Public not as knowledgeable
c. Congress plays smaller role
d. All of the above
18.6