National Sanitation Conference 2007. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2007

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Why NSC is necessary? 3

Interview

Deputy for Infrastructure Development Bappenas

Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna 8

Regulation

Governmnet Regulation No. 38/2007 on Distribution of Government

Affairs management between National, Provincial, and

Kabupaten/Kota Governments 11

Insight

Sanitation as Common Responsibility 13

In anticipation of Conference on Climate change 15

Perspectives of WSS Network Management 19

Lessons Learned from Water Supply and Household

Latrine Development 22

Our Guest

H. Bambang Murtiyoso on Wayang Story 26

Reportase

Learning a lesson from Tanjung Tiga Village 28

Water Supply management in two villages 30

Mirror

WSS Developmnet in Kabupaten Boalemo 32

Around WASPOLA 33

Around WSS 41

Program

Love Water Program 45

Abstract

Reducing Detergent Content using clay soil 47

IATPI Clinic 48

CD Info 49

Book Info 50

Website Info 51

WSS Bibliography 52

Agenda

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation

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Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

Indonesia is located in the tropic with two seasons. Dry and

wet. Each of the seasons comes alternately within a year every

year. As a blessing from God men must be thankful to Him.

It is quite unfortunate, though, that each of the two seasons

always brings us disaster. Water scarcity in dry season. Water

seems to disappear from the earth surface. Men are in difficul-

ty to find water source.

In rainy season flood is almost a certainty. Floodwater is

continuously lying in wait, it may come anytime. And Jakarta

is a place that cannot escape from the problem of flood.

Flood occurs in all the places where such disaster comes

time after time. It is also usual that land slide and strong wind

follow the rainy days. It's not infrequent that this natural phe-

nomenon also takes its tolls.

All this happens because we never realize that we have to

thank God for His blessing and behave ourselves. We fail to

protect water spring in anticipation of dry season and in the

same way we neglect environmental conservation in anticipa-

tion of wet season.

It seems that water is the source of disaster. Though essen-

tially it is not water by itself that causes us to suffer, it is the

consequence of man's carelessness.

After experiencing a relatively long dry season that causes

drought in many places, November is the time for rainy season.

Flood, landslide, and whirlwind take turn to threat us all.

In addtion to raw water, which is in great demand regard-

less of the season, another human basic demand is sanitation.

The availability of good raw water source does not guarantee a

good sanitation, or vice versa.

Sanitation development, particularly domestic waste

including human waste treatment system, is an effort that

needs involvement of many parties, government, community

and private sector.

It is for this purpose that a National Sanitation Conference

(NSC) 2007 is to take place. This major event is discussed in

Percik's main feature XX edition. This national conference is

scheduled for 19-20 November 2007 in Jakarta and will bear a

theme "Resources Mobilization for Sanitation Development

Acceleration."

National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007 is one of the

government efforts to build the stakeholders cooperation and

commitment to sanitation sector development.

In the eyes of the decision makers sanitation hopefully, will

be a priority. NSC 2007 is Indonesian preparatory step in

anticipation of International Year of Sanitation 2008.

In this edition Percik presents you an interview with Dr. Ir.

Dedy Supriadi Priatna, Deputy for Infrastructure Development,

Bappenas particularly on the subject of NSC 2007. In his opi-

nion sanitation has attracted the government attention, but it is

not yet a priority. The fact is, sanitation is given a very limited

budget to allow a satisfactory development. On average the

kabupaten and kota annual budget allocation for sanitation

varies between 0.5 - 1.5 percent of the total.

While the community demand to sanitation access is real

and cannot wait. It is deemed necessary to guide the commu-

nity's initiative and self reliance. The Community Led Total

Sanitation (CLTS) and Sanimas are programs that are consid-

ered successful and have led the community to improved

household sanitation system.

It seems we have to learn something from the success made

by Kabupaten Muara Enim in South Sumatra. One of the vil-

lages, namely Desa Tanjung Tiga has succeeded in motivating

the community to build household latrine without any subsidy.

Not less interesting as it is something entirely new that WSS

issue is disseminated through shadow puppet show. This was

initially mentioned during "Central Java Dalang Meeting 2007"

held by Centra Java Regional Office of Indonesia Dalang

Association in Semarang 27 October 2007. Dalang is the nar-

rator in a shadow puppet show. The relevant article is present-

ed in a column Around WASPOLA.

We are aware that what we present to you in this magazine

is still far from being perfect. Therefore, your comments and

suggestions for improvement are most welcome. And we hope

this media will always become useful reference and informa-

tion for all of us.

FROM THE EDITOR

1PercikOctober 2007

The shallowing of Ciliwung river cause flood in rainy season.Source: Bowo Leksono.

Request for PercikBack Edition

Dear Editor,

I'd acknowledge with thanks receipt

of Percik, which God willing will always

be very useful. I have previously received

and kept earlier editions of Percik from

meetings in Bappenas and Tarkim in

Jakarta. But when I brought them for

display in a Community Exhibition many

visitors get so interested. If it'd be possi-

ble I'd appreciate it once again that you

be kind enough to send me back edition

of Percik for dissemination. Thank you

in advance

Ria Ismaria

Dear Ms Ria Ismaria,

We would also thank you for dissem-

inating the information contained in

Percik. We will do our best, God willing,

to send you some back numbers of

Percik. Please send your mail address to

us. Editor

Sendingarticle to Percik

Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb.

Once I read Percik in the Regional

Library. I find it quite valuable for refe-

rence in the related subject. As usual, if I

read a magazine, what interest me most

are the articles. Interesting to read,

study, and to contribute an article too. My

question is, what are the criteria for an

article in Percik?

Wassalam

Astrid MeutiaSemarang

Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb

Dear Ms Astrid,

Thank you very much for your kind

attention. Basically the criteria for an

article for Percik are the same with the

general rule followed by any other mag-

azine. The content should not be too aca-

demical, meaning that it must be easily

understood by the readers. At least two

pages long or equivalent to 8,000 char-

acters and of course discusses a subject

matter within the realm of what the

magazine is intended for. It'd be prefer-

able if photographs are attached. The

article can be sent by mail or e-mail.

Please include your bank account. There

will be compensation for a published

article. Editor

Irregularity

I may say that I am one of the loyal

Percik readers since its very beginning.

There is a lot of useful information

derived from it. But how come that lately

the arrival time table is irregular?

BintangPerum Islamic, Tangerang

Dear Mr. Bintang,

Thank you very much for your atten-

tion. Please apologyze for the delay in

Percik mailing lately. There have been

some technical difficulties in the print-

ing. We hope that next time the mailing

will become timely as usual. Editor

How long?

There aren't many magazines that

deal specifically with water supply and

environmental sanitation. It is undeni-

able fact that there are lots we can obtain

from this magazine. But, how long will

this publication last?

Naniek Pangestuti

Bogor

Dear Ms Naniek,

Thank you very much for your

thoughtful concern. We are happy and

proud that this magazine is useful to its

readers. Let's pray this magazine will

last a lifetime and beyond. Editor.

YOUR VOICE

2 PercikOctober 2007

E d i t o r i a l C a r t o o n

rudiKOZ

Created by Rudi Kosasih

Just testingwhat’s it likein 2010...

CLIMATECHANGE

The National Sanitation Conference 2007 was initiated

by the stakeholders who are deeply concerned about

sanitation condition in Indonesia, especially as it relates

to MDGs 2015. While according to statistics of 2006 sanitation

service coverage has increased up to 69.34 percent, the numbers

do not tell us anything about the quality of the facility, whether

it is functioning well, or is being used accordingly, whether it

meets hygiene and technical standards, etc. There is a strong

signal that the real coverage is much lower than the data indi-

cate. This is evidenced from the widespread prevalence of poor

sanitation related diseases. Similar issue also occur in other

sanitation service, i.e solid waste and drainage system of which

the coverage is also way below satisfactory level.

Several measures have been taken to answer this challenge.

In spite of sanitation development, the impact is insignificat re-

lative to the magnitude of the problem. Considering the big

demand for sanitation and on the other hand there is only limit-

ed resources available, it is deemed necessary to call for a com-

mon effort involving the government and all the existing deve-

lopment partners (community, private sector, NGO, and donor

institution).

Realizing the above fact, the government together with the

stakeholders decided to take an important step toward accelera-

tion of sanitation development. The step is the National

Sanitation Conference 2007. It is hoped that this conference will

serve as means for exchange of information, stakeholder conper-

ation, and eventually synergy and strategic step toward sanita-

tion development in Indonesia.

Resources Mobilization for acceleration of sanitation

development

This subtitle will be the major theme of the conference. This

subject was summarized from a series of discussions and meet-

ings involving all of the various components of Water Supply

and Sanitation Development Working Group (WSS-WG). After

a review by WSS Steering Committee, it was agreed that

"Resources Mobilization for Acceleration of Sanitation

Development" will promote the processes taking place during

the conference to translate into efforts of improving the per-

formance of sanitation development in Indonesia.

In this connection, WSS-WG and consultant team of

Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP)

came to an agreement that the agenda of the conference will dis-

MAIN FEATURE

3PercikOctober 2007

Technology Choice in Sanitation Development. Source: ISSDP.

WHY NSC ISNECESSARY?

cuss pertinent issues including social

campaign, funding, stakeholder involve-

ment, technology choice, and institution-

al development. These are the issues gov-

erning sanitation development in

Indonesia and therefore agenda will focus

on these matters. Finally, it is expected

that the conference will come up with a

recommendation that the decision mak-

ers are willing to translate it into follow

up actions especially in the light of

improving sanitation condition of this

country.

Funding strategy

For the last 6 years since the begin-

ning of regional autonomy, the responsi-

bility for sanitation development has

been in the hands of the region. Yet the

budget allocation remains very low,

somewhere around 1 percent of the total

annual budget. In the meantime the

urban development continuously

demands for acceptable sanitation facili-

ty. Therefore there is strong plea for

more money invested to improve sanita-

tion system to cope with the urban devel-

opment.

The general issue faced by the region

(especially kota) is the limited financial

capacity for all development require-

ments, including sanitation. For this it is

deemed necessary to look for break-

through to investigate potential sources

of funding for sanitation development.

Pursuant to the existing rule and regula-

tion it is possible for inviting sanitation

development cooperation with higher

level of the government hierarchy, i.e

provincial government and central gov-

ernment.

Further, sanitation system develop-

ment may be condusted by the communi-

ty or the provate sector. Other prossible

source is loan. Through conducting a

group discussion on "Strategy of Funding

for Sanitation Development" the confer-

ence hopefully could come up with fresh

ideas in digging potential funding sources

for sanitation development in order to

provide insight on funding sources for

investment in sanitation in accordance

with the demand of city development.

More than that, from this discussion it is

expected to produce outcome in the form

of fiancial models for sanitation develop-

ment planning in Indonesia.

Technology choice

Sanitation service provision will not

immediately solve all the existing prob-

lems. Poor septic tanks, using drainage

ditch for both wastewater disposal and

solid waste dumping pusposes, poor solid

waste management combined with low

technical capacity all are part of sanita-

tion problem in Indonesia. Sanitation is

no longer the concern of individual, it is a

common issue involving the government

(central as well as regional), NGO, private

sector, and the community. An empow-

erment and facilitation scheme is

required to improve participation and

involvement of all stakeholders, particu-

larly the community, in planning, opera-

tion, and O&M of sanitation facility.

Therefore, the regional government in

its capacity of development agent must be

able to develop sanitation based on

demand responsiveness approach by way

of change in development paradigm from

supply driven to demand driven.

MAIN FEATURE


Social campaign in sanitation development. Source: ISSDP.

Technology choice for sanitation provi-

sion may vary widely, from the simplest

to the most sophisticated, conventional as

well as inconventional. There is a close

linkage between technology choice and

investment with resources capacity par-

ticularly financial and human resources

as well as the social economic condition

of the community. Insufficient resources

tend to lead to on-site system develop-

ment, and as resources impprove the

development will gradually shift to off-

site system.

An exchange of knowledge and infor-

mation in disucssion"Technology Choice

and Sanititation Development" is expect-

ed to lead to a better understading toward

concrete measures in mobilizing

resources. This discussion is also expect-

ed to provide inputs for the formulation

of national policy for utilization of appro-

priate technology in sanitation develop-

ment.

Finally, it is expected to provide direc-

tives for technology option in urban sani-

tation planning (medium term plan,

RKPD and APBD) in the light of commu-

nity access to improved and sustainable

sanitation service.

Institutional capacity building

Sanitation development in Indonesia

is a cross sectoral program which

involves the central level agencies con-

sisting of Bappenas, and the

Departments of Public Works, Health,

Home Affairs, Finance, Industry, and

State Ministry for Environment. At the

regional level, due to lack of standard

format of regional institutional structure,

there are variations as to which agency is

responsible for sanitation development

and management. This of course

requires a good coordination because

sanitation service provision involves a

number of aspects, such as infrastructure

development, supervision of waste dis-

posal system, health and social impact to

the community, to the extent of the busi-

ness implication arising from its develop-

ment.

Looking at the above presentation it is

necessary to have a clear definition of

each agency's role and responsibility,

interagency coordination, institutional

capacity building, and a definite decision

from the regional chief of administration.

To coordinate the various agencies

responsible for sanitation service provi-

sion a WSS-WG has been established

from the central down to regional levels.

The establishment of this Working Group

has promoted a synergy in sanitation

service development. It also instills each

of the departments or agencies to commit

itself to the decision taken collectively.

In connection with the need for insti-

tutional capacity building it would be

worth considering the role of regulator

and operator in sanitation service provi-

sion. The regulatory function shall stick

with the involved department or agency.

While for operator it is necessary to name

the most suitable institution to run an

effective, efficient and productive for the

community. To answer the challenge

related to the institutional issue a group

discussion will be held in NSC covering

the following scope:

Social campaign in Sanitation

Development

Using river for defecation and waste

disposal, and at the same time also source

of domestic water supply is common in

Indonesia. To make it even worse one

must also add the careless littering in the

streets and public facility, so that all in all

indicates how poor it is our hygiene

behaviour, especially within the low

income communities. To improve

hygiene bahaviour we need an effective

social campaign strategy beyond the mere

slogans posted in public areas.

MAIN FEATURE

5PercikOctober 2007

o Government mission in public service provi-sion

o Types of sanitation service under the regio-nal govt responsibility

o Reg'l govt role and position in sanitationmanagement

o The need for separation of sanitation serviceregulator from the operator

o Political commitment needed for separationof regulator from operator

o Summary and recommendation

o Ideal format of public service operatoro Relationship between service operator and

the regional governmento Standard service of public service operator o Tariff level and service taxo Best practice of operator's financial ma-

nagemento Operator accountability to regional govern-

mento Best practice in the regional government

and the community control mechanism overthe operator's performance

o Summary and recommendation

o Law No.12/2004

o GovernmentRegulationNo. 16/2005

o GovernmentRegulationNo. 23/2005

Separation ofregulator fromoperator forregional levelsanitation man-agement anddevelopment

Effectiveness ofpublic serviceoperator per-formance

o GovernmentRegulat ionNo. 16/2005

o GovernmentRegulat ionNo. 23/2005

1.

No. Sub Theme Scope Reference

2.

The necessary initial step to be taken

is provision of clear understanding to

decision makers about the importance of

social campaign in sanitation develop-

ment. To start an effective public cam-

paign for the stakeholders we must have a

clear idea on the principles and factors

governing the social campaign.

To this end, the NSC agenda includes

a group discussion on "Social Campaign

in Sanitation Development". Through

this discussion an exchange of experience

between regional government, NGO, and

other countries in sanitation manage-

ment, especially in social campaign for

behavioural change, is expected to take

place. The group discussion is also

intended to identify the roles expected

from the central government and mass

media and the community participation

in sanitation management. Finally the

discussion is expected to generate public

discourses that will lead to problem solu-

tion.

Stakeholder involvement

Sanitation should have been one of

the government priorities as an integral

part of hygienic settlement development.

It is even closely linked with betterment

of living condition that promotes human

development index.

On the other side, there are several

constraints such as lack of knowledge,

low priority, limited government finan-

cial capacity all together become the

prime cause to the poor sanitation per-

formance in Indonesia.

Some of the indications are as the fol-

lowing:

high prevalence and mortality rate

from waterborne diseases;

low sanitation (solid and liquid

waste) service coverage;

high community complain rate

aimed at poor sanitation handling

and management;

low management capacity combined

with uncertainty as to which agency

is to hold the responsibility for the

management.

The challenge being faced in sanita-

tion development may be summarized

into how to better manage the develop-

ment in order to arrive at:

improved service quality and cover-

age, for both solid and liquid wastes;

reduction of prevalence and mortal-

ity rate from waterborne diseases,

especially for children;

achievement of MDGs target by the

government, i.e provision of basic

sanitation service to half of the po-

pulation currently without access to

such service by 2015;

clean, healthy, pleasant and harmo-

nious environment extensively

established.

To face this challenge it is necessary to

have a policy and strategy breakthrough

involving the participation of the commu-

nity, community institution, private sec-

tor and donor institution. To support it,

it calls for a better understanding and

common perception about sanitation

development and management by stake-

holders, either government, private sec-

tor or the community.

One of the steps to answer the above

challenge is to develop a communica-

tion network and multistakeholder

partnership. This network may include

water supply and sanitation which

hopefully will trigger the acceleration

of improved sanitation development in

Indonesia.

The profound intention of this effort

is to generate concrete measures oriented

to problem solution and multistakeholder

cooperation involving the civil society,

public sector, corporate sector, mass

media, university, NGO and local govern-

ment. In formulationg of concrete meas-

ures particularly in terms of mobilising

the available resources into multistake-

holder participation format, a discussion

on "Stakeholders' Involvement in Sanita-

tion Development Acceleration" is de-

cided as an agenda of this conference.

ISSDP Team

MAIN FEATURE


Institutional development for sanitation. Source: ISSDP.

MAIN FEATURE

7PercikOctober 2007

To make the national event into

motion, a committee has been

appointed to manage the activi-

ties for the implementation of National

Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007. The

committee is one form of WSS-WG coop-

eration with members coming from

Bappenas, and the Departments of Public

Works, Health, Home Affairs, Finance,

Industry, and State Ministry for

Environment.

To make the preparation and imple-

mentation of this conference easier the

committee is divided into 5 sections, pro-

tocol and invitation, subject matters for

discussion, campaign and advocacy, field

visit, and proceedings and documenta-

tion. Each of the committees has been

doing its job in accordance with the tasks

of the respective section.

The protocol and invitation has pre-

pared a list of invitations and other papers

needed for the implementation of this

conference. This section is also responsi-

ble to make sure that this national event is

attended by national and regional leaders

to indicate the stakeholders' attention to

sanitation sector development.

The section dealing with subject mat-

ters for discussion serves as the process-

ing unit of this conference and is respon-

sible for designing the agenda and prepa-

ration of materials for review and discus-

sion in the conference. The outcomes

from the conference depend to a great

extent on the blending of materials pre-

pared by this section.

One of the parameters to measures the

conference's success is improvement of

sanitation profile in Indonesia. It is

where campaign and advocacy plays its

important role. In addition to dissemi-

nating the information about National

Sanitation Conference, the team has to

provide the real truth that attracts the

community's attention about sanitation

and the decision makers could better

understand and become aware of it.

To take care of the role this team have

made several preparatory activities con-

sisting of two press conferences and two

talkshows in two different TV stations. In

action, campaign and advocacy through

printed matters on relevant sanitation

related issues. These efforts hopefully

have been able to awaken the communi-

ty's and the other stakeholders' aware-

ness.

Reading a success story of a well ma-

naged sanitation service will of course

more meaningful if it is followed with a

field visit. The presence of a section ta-

king care of field visit in the conference

secretariate will facilitate the NSC partici-

pants' eagerness to see for themselves and

to dig first hand information from the

sites.

Through this event it is expected that

some inspirations and of course as a real

example for the stakeholders that in reali-

ty sanitation can be managed well and is

beneficial to the community.

How big and important an event is,

will be of no use if it is not properly docu-

mented. Without proper documentation

the event would only be in the memory of

those who are present, but not an impor-

tant happening for the general communi-

ty to know about and take lessons from.

It'd be more meaningful if the event is

provided with a systematic reporting so

that those who are interested would be

easy to read and take benefit from the

event. It is in this field the documentation

and proceeding section plays its impor-

tant role that is, to make the National

Sanitation Conference 2007 and its out-

come a reference for sanitation sector

development in the future. ISSDP Team

THE TEAM BEHIND THE CONFERENCE

The team behind the NSC. Source: ISSDP

I n general, the theme or material

seleted for a conference is some-

thing great of what is still "in". Why

a sanitation conference?

Actually, the theme of this conference

is something extraordinary considering it

is directly related to the community well-

being. In addition, Indonesia is one of

the nations committed to MDGs, and one

of the targets is provision of safe and

acceptable sanition to the community.

One of the main issues in this context is

MDGs target achievement.

Based on a report entitled A Future

within Reach and Asia-Pacific MDGs

Report 2006 released by UNDP,

Indonesia belongs to those countries suf-

fering from setback in MDGs target

achievement. The report places

Indonesia together with Bangladesh,

Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan,

Papua New Guinea, and Philippines. The

challenge for Indonesia to reach target

number 7 i.e. reducing by half in 2015 the

number of population currently without

access to water supply and basic sanita-

tion, is extremely difficult. To catch up

with this delay requires involvement of all

stakeholders including the government,

private sector, community, donor institu-

tion, NGO and university. For this pur-

pose it is necessary for a forum such as

National Sanitation Conference, to unite

all stakeholders related to sanitation

development. Through this forum it is

hoped to generate an exchange of infor-

mation, building commitment and coope-

ration among stakeholders.

What is the world's attention to

sanitation?

Globally, the international communi-

tys attention is improving. Several sani-

tation related conferences have been held

in various countries, at national and at

regional levels. The peak of international

attention is an agenda on International

Year of Sanitation 2008 by the UN. This

launching is based on deep concern of the

international community from the slow

quality improvement attempts regarding

sanitation by many nations and therefore

it is necessary to build commitment and

real action by all nations, civil society,

NGOs, and other international institu-

tions.

What about Indonesia?

In Indonesia, the efforts towards

improvement of service quality and cov-

erage have been tried. In addition to

introduction of various sanitation deve-

lopment approaches, several activities

which are essentially an advocacy to san-

itation have also been tried. This NSC

2007 is also part of these efforts. In addi-

tion it is also intended as preparatory

INTERVIEW


Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, M.Sc

IT'S BEEN GIVENATTENTION BUT

STILL WANT PRIORITYThe poor sanitation in Indonesia is

because there are many who considerthat sanitation is the responsibility ofindividual family, and the problem is con-sidered over if a family has constructed agood sanitation facility. In fact, in dailylife the government, community as wellas other parties each has its share to thepoor environmental sanitation condition.

For this, it is necessary to organize aspecifically designed conference for sani-tation sector improvement. What doesthe sanitation condition in Indonesiapresently look like and what linkage has it with the National SanitationConference (NSC) 2007? The following is an interview with Dr. Ir. DedySupriadi Priatna, MSc., Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas.

activity to support the International Year

of Sanitation 2008.

What is the community's and the

decision makers' opinion regarding

sanitation?

In general, the majority of the popula-

tion still think that sanitation is individ-

ual concern and quality of service does

not belong to something worth consider-

ing. Many families have no latrine in

their home or defecation anywhere in the

open. They still do not see that poor sa-

nitation habit of only anyone in the com-

munity will adversely affect the health of

others in the neighbourhood. How the

diarrhoea epidemic in Kecamatan

Sepatan in Tangerang recently is a reflec-

tion of this matter.

While for the decision makers it is an

obvious fact that the knowledge about the

importance of sanitation is still needed in

one way or the other. This is reflected

from the limited attention to sanitation

development in terms of budget alloca-

tion. On average, sanitation budget for

cities all over the country is between 0.5

to 1.5 percent of the total annual budget.

What must the community and

the decision makers do?

The community as the service user

must be willing to be involved in the

whole development process. The com-

munity must be willing to convey its aspi-

ration and demand because this kind of

information is in great demand for plan-

ning and designing sanitation develop-

ment that meets the community demand.

The community is expected to get

involved in development phase and later

in sustaining the O&M of the facility.

What are the consequences of

sanitation problem?

Failure to properly manage sanitation

leads to physical as well as non physical

consequences. Physically it may come in

the form of loss in opportunity cost as a

result of sanitation related diseases, par-

ticularly losses from the opportunity to

work. The daily worker's absence means

he misses the day's wage. For school chil-

dren it means reducing school attendance

for sickness.

The above condition also inflicts other

kind of loss such as additional cost for the

community to see a doctor for treatment.

A study summarizes that the rate of dis-

ease prevalence from poor sanitation

condition in Indonesia is very high.

Thyphoid is 800 cases for every 100,000

people. This is the highest in Asia.

Diarrhoea 300 for every 1,000 people.

Other losses relate to surface water

contamination from organic materials.

BOD content makes water smells bad.

The implication is higher water treatment

costs.

The biggest loss is the declining

Indonesian reputation in the eyes of the

world community. In addition to dirty

city environment Indonesia is considered

as a nation that pays no heed to healthy

living. As a whole, based on a study by

ADB, the economic losses related to poor

sanitation is estimated at Rp42.3 trillion

per year or somewhere around 2 percent

of GDP.

Is the government aware of the

problem or is it not?

Actually the government is well aware

of this matter. Pursuant to Law No.

32/2004 on Regional Autonomy, articles

13 and 14 mention that the regional gov-

ernment is responsible for sanitation

service provision. But in reality the budg-

et for this sector is extremely low. So in

essence this sector has been in the gov-

ernment's attention but unfortunately it

isn't a priority.

What are the steps to be taken to

convince the community that sani-

tation is important?

Basically no one wants a problem.

Based on this fact, in promoting sanita-

tion to the community the first thing to be

put forward is the disadvantages or pro-

blems to be faced if sanitation is in poor

INTERVIEW

9PercikOctober 2007

Source: ISSDP

To address sanitation the involument of issue all stakeholders areneeded, as well as material. Don’t be afraid to give somethingwrong, everythink must be useful and don’t walt until someonestart. Just go ahead and do it! Achieve the target of MGDs

BRING WHATYou can Give

condition. As it is with the community, the information about

the disadvantages must be presented in more detail to the deci-

sion makers, the government and the legislative as well, to make

them fully understand about the importance of sanitation.

The following step consists of building a linkage between

sanitation with other sectors' development. Based on the exist-

ing sanitation programs, domestic as well as overseas, there are

lessons learned that improved access to sanitation is significant-

ly correlated with improvement of economic well-being of the

communities.

What does it look in reality?

Various advocacy efforts have been made through WSS

development programs such as Sanimas (Sanitation by the

Community), WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for Low Income

Communities), CLTS (Community Total Led Sanitation), Pro Air

and others. In the implementation of these programs, advocacy

and community preparation to improve the awareness and to

excite the demand for improved sanitation is conducted prior to

physical development.

What are the parties to be involved in resolving san-

itation problem in Indonesia?

The first party to be involved is the community. This is

because the poor sanitation directly influences their life so that

the effort to improve sanitation condition must involve the

whole community. The other party is the government from the

central level down to the regions. The government plays facili-

tating role, and must put a heavier weight to improvement of

community access to basic sanitation and reduce the rate of

environmental pollution. However, the government role cannot

be separated from legislative intervention both at the central

and regional levels, particularly in terms of budget allocation.

This means that members of DPR/DPRD must also be involved

in solving sanitation problems in Indonesia.

Other parties outside the government may also be actively

involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution that is close to the

community may become the government partner in facilitating

the community to adopt the appropriate approaches for sanita-

tion development. Beside that, the corporate sector may also be

involved in facility development to bring the service closer to the

community. The CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiat-

ed by the pivate sector has indicated that private companies are

willing to get involved in the improvement of community access

to sanitation.

The press can also be involved in sanitation program.

Information dissemination through mass media (printed, TV

and radio) is quite effective in improving community awareness

to the importance of sanitation.

What does the NSC 2007 agenda consist of?

The 3-day National Sanitation Conference will consist of the

following agenda:

Full-day seminar, to discuss aspects in promoting sanita-

tion management and to formulate action plans related to

integrated efforts in sanitation management in Indonesia.

Field visit, to locations around Jakarta that have been suc-

cessful in dealing with neighbourhood scale sanitation

problem, in terms of solid or liquid waste.

Sanitation expo, this is a support activity, displaying va-

rious innovation and environmental engineering, NGO and

private sector as forum for training and information

exchange in communication, technology and best practices

related to sanitation. In addition, a declaration of stake-

holders' commitment to undertake efforts for speeding up

community demand fulfillment in terms of acceptable sa-

nitation and a plea to other stakeholders to join in the

acceleration efforts. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW


Source: ISSDP

BRING WHATYou can Give

Other parties outside the government may also beactively involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution

that is close to the community may become thegovernment partner in facilitating the community to

adopt the appropriate approaches for sanitationdevelopment.

Government Regulation (GR) is a

legal product of the lower order

and is intended to provide tech-

nical guidance to implement the law or

any regulation of the higher order. After

a Law is declared effective it does not

readily implementable without the help

of a technical guidance on how it shall be

put into implementation.

One of the long awaited implementa-

tion guuidance is GR No. 38 on the divi-

sion of administration affairs beween the

central and regional (provincial and

kabupaten/kota) governments. This GR

provides guidance for the implementa-

tion of Law No. 32/2004 on Regional

Government Administration and Law No.

25/2007 on Investment. Before the

issuance of the present GR the implemen-

tation of regional authority is based on

GR No. 25/2000 the substance of which

is given in Law No. 22/1999.

For more than 2 years since the

issuance of Law No. 32/2004 which sub-

stantively contains regional administra-

tion, yet the regional government is in

short of guidance to run the administra-

tion as it is required to do. Several ad-

ministrative affairs overlap one another

and coordination between provincial and

kabupaten governments is difficult to

establish.

With the issuance of the present GR it

is hoped that the regions would be able

improve their public service perform-

ance. What remains to be seen is whether

this GR provides sufficient answers asked

by the regions to run regional autonomy?

Implementation of regional auton-

omy

Basically, regional autonomy is

intended to help to make the manage-

ment of government affairs simpler and

easier by distributing part of the over

REGULATION

11PercikOctober 2007

Government Regulation No. 38of 2007 on Division of

Administration Affairs betweenthe Central, Provincial and

District Government

Source: WASPOLA

extended responsibilities to the regional level. Several govern-

ment affairs that are directly related to community wellbeing

must be relinquished to the region in order to produce an opti-

mum result. Therefore, full decentralization (regional autono-

my) is made into effect to transfer part of the central govern-

ment authority into the hands of the region.

The practice till recently was that decentralization was limit-

ed to adiminstrative affairs. All affairs relinquished to the

regions are part of central government resposnsibility for

regions to finish and be accountable for. The implementation of

the various affairs must be undertaken based on a fixed norm,

standard, procedure and criteria. What the regions need to do is

to go ahead with the implementation based on what has been

fixed. The same is true with financing, infrastructure and

recruitment of employees. Everything has been made available

by the central government. Everything will become a routine job

of the region.

The impact of the GR issuance

With the issuance of the present GR it is obvious that it has

some effect to the region's authority. I could be lighter and heav-

ier, depending on the characteristics of an individual region.

This GR provide centainty for the region to enforce its authority.

The authority includes duties and responsibilities to run the

public management. Article 2 (4) of the GR specifies that there

are 31 sectors which the central and the regional governments

share the development responsibilites. The sharing is still in

preparation, pending issuance of more detailed technical guide-

line from the ministerial/head of non department agency, and

also the issuance of a regulation from the respective regional

government.

WSS related regulation

Of the 31 sectors, several of them are related to water sup-

ply and environmental sanitation, including health, housing,

spatial plan, environment, woman empowerment and child

protection, rural community development, forestry, and

energy and mineral resources. While the regional govern-

ment (provincial, kabupaten/kota) is authorized to issue re-

gulations in accordance with the regional condition, such as

provision of technical recommendation for deep well ground-

water extraction, and water extraction and construction of

wall protecvtion to a ground water basin. Also in determin-

ing groundwater conservation area, water extraction quanti-

ty, data and information management regarding groundwa-

ter and mineral resources.

In relations to environment the authority includes environ-

mentasl impact control and natural resources conservation.

Especially with environmental impact control, water quality

control and pollution prevention, the regions have an extensive

authority. This includes management and classification of water

source, water quality monitoring, pollution control and preven-

tion, supervision, etc. While in relations to Environmental

Impact Assessments (AMDAL), includes AMDAL valuation in

relations to the type of business based on the standard, norm,

and procedure as determined by the government. While the

region is authorized to undertake supervision of management

and environment monitoring according type of business with

AMDAL obligation. The extent of regional authority is also

given in the sub-section on biodiversity resources conservation,

including enforcement of law on environment. Bowo Leksono

REGULATION


Sources: WASPOLA

The provision of acceptable sanita-tion to the community is pressingand cannot wait any longer.

Sanitation problem may not be taken asindividual problem and the governmentmay stay clear of the responsibility. Thisis because sanitation significantly relatesto the prevalence of several diseases suchas diarrhoea, infection of upper respirato-ry tract, dengue fever, and tuberculosis.Mortality rate from these diseases is stag-gering. Poor access to water supply andsanitation, poor hygiene behaviour areresponsible for the death of 1.8 million

people a year from diarrhoea around theglobe, 90 percent of them are childrenbelow 5 years old.

For Indonesia, according toDemographic Survey in 2003 about 19percent or 100.000 children below 5years age died from diarrhoea. In 2006 itis recorded that 423 out of 1,000 childrensuffer from diarrhoea once or twice ayear. While in fact, according to WHO,94 percent of diarrhoeal case can be pre-vented by access to clean water, basicsanitation, hygiene behaviour anddomestic scale water treatment.

It is now about halfway in the timetable when we have to reach the MDGs2015, yet water supply and sanitationcondition in Indonesia is still far frombeing satisfactory. UNDP report onHuman Development achievement inIndonesia is falling behind. By 2015 theIndonesian MDGs target is set at 69 per-cent of the population will have access towater supply and 72.5 percent to accept-able basic sanitation. In reality it will beonly at 58 percent and 65 percent respec-tively. Centralized waste treatment faci-lity is present only in 10 cities, 62.29 per-cent of urban poopulation and 24.37 per-cent of the rural flush their exrement intoseptic tank. The number of householdwith acceptable drainage system standsonly at 57.18 percent. This is one reasonfor the high frequency of diarrhoeal out-break and the occurrence of flood.

Almost 80 percent of urban familiesuse septic tank to contain human excre-ment. However, the tanks are built with-out considering the technical require-ments for healthy environment. As aresult, millions of our population isalways threatened by e. coli contamina-tion.

Department of Health records indi-cate that diarrhoea is the second in thelist of major infant mortality afterpreumonia. Poor water quality causes300 diarrhoeal cases for 1,000 people.

Poor sanitation is blamed for e.colibacteria pollution in the community

INSIGHT


S A N I T A T I O NAS A COMMON

RESPONSIBILITYBy: Dilla Prameswari*

Source: ISSDP

water supply. The presence of e.coli bac-teria is an indicator of pollution fromhuman excrement. City dwellers usee.coli contaminated groundwater fortheir domestic consumption, while therivers where PDAM derives its raw wateris also polluted with the same bacteria.

In Jakarta a study made by BPHLD(Regional Environment Management)indicates that in 80 groundwater samplestaken from 75 kelurahans (villages) con-tain e.coli and fecal bacteria above thesafe treshold value. And 78 percent ofrivers in Jakarta are also contaminated bye. coli.

Low priorityIn the meantime, sanitation develop-

ment is placed at a low priority by thedecision makers. This is evidenced fromthe minute amount of budget allocatedfor this sector. It is not a surprise there-fore that sanitation condition inIndonesia is poor. In 2002 budget forsanitation sector was 1.8 percent of thetotal nationa budget, while at regionallevel averages were 3.3 percent and 5.7percent for Province andKabupaten/Kota respectively. The go-

vernment still considers that sanitation isthe individual family's responsibility, nota public investment. The effort toincrease sanitation budget at central go-vernment, such as in Public Workls isalways cut short in favour of other priori-ties, while the provincial and kabupat-en/kota put higher priority on road andwater supply, then follows sanitation andwaste trailing behind.

Preventive measureIn reality the availability of acceptable

basic sanitation combined with hygienebehaviour comprise the preventive meas-ures against the threat of disease preva-lence. These preventive measures are amore effective avoidance system and atthe same time reducing governmentexpenditure for disease treatment pur-poses.

As was stated by Zainal Nampira,Head of Subdirectorate of Hygiene WaterDepartment of Health (Kompas 22 June2007) infant mortality rate decreases by 3to 4 percent if access to water supplyincreases by 10 percent. In the mean-time, a 10 percent increase in budget forHealth sector will only decrease mortalityrate by 1.5 percent. This means, preven-tive measure through environmental sa-nitation is the best way instead of waitingtill someone else falls prey.

Rather than spending the budget forbuilding hospital, procurement of medi-cines, hiring doctors and nurses, it wouldbe better if we reduce the prevalence ofdisease through water supply system,building of septic tank, and provision ofsufficient nourishment. This does notmean denying the health facilities, butcalls for a change in the way health isdefined.

*) Student, Env. Engg. Div.,Technical Faculty

Diponegoro University, Semarang

INSIGHT


Source: Reski DD

Source: Exclusive

In a short while Indonesia will be

recorded in history to host a

Conference on Climate Change.

This article attempts to provide a brief

picture on the importance of climate

change issue and its connection to water

supply and environmental sanitation.

The importance of Conference on

Climate Change

How important is the conference can

be seen from important guests, among

others Al Gore the Nobel Laureate for

Peace, Ban Kim Moon the UN Secretary

General, and Kevin Rudd the Australian

Prime Minister. Their presence together

with 12,000 participants representing

189 nations of the world is motivated by

the fact that the world is being faced with

increasingly warmer temperature.

Records indicate that within the last 100

years the global temperature has

increased by 0.7 degree Celcius and it is

estimated that unless production and

consumption acceleration could be

brought down by year 2100 world tem-

perature will increase by 3 degrees

Celcius. This condition will influence

world climate at various different conse-

quences from sea level increase that will

submerge land areas, islands and even

countries in the Pacific and the Atlantic;

threat to food resilience due climatic

INSIGHT


IN ANTICIPATION OFCONFERENCE ON CLIMATE

CHANGEDenpasar, 3-14 December 2007

200 years ago CO2 content in the atmosphere was around 280 ppm, and today ithas gone up to 383 ppm. If this condition continues, according to Tim Flannery inhis book “We Are The Weather Makers” (2006) the CO2 content will reach 560 ppm.What will happen? Air temperature will increase up to 4.5 degrees Celcius. Sealevel will increase up to 90 cm. Developed countries with about 15 percent of the total world population con-tribute almost half of greenhouse emission (particularly CO2) into the atmos-phere. As a reflection, the foot path (CO2 emission produced from life style) of 19million New York population) is bigger than the footpath left by 766 million peopleof fifty (50) less developed nations.Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) involving appoximately 2,500experts and 800 scientific authors confirm the reduction of snow and ice cap of theworld. In the northern hemisphere ice cap in spring is reduced by 2 percent by thedecade of 1966. In the Arctic region, since 1978 the ice cap has been less 2.7 per-cent per decade.

Important Facts

Big industries contribute carbondioxide the cause of global warming.Source: www_8thfire_net

inconsistencies; increase of prevalences of water related diseases

(Further please see box on Impact of Global Warming).

Causal factor

Global warming takes place as a result of accumulation of

pollutant gases called green house gasses working as natural gas

cover that at a certain concentration protects the earth and keep

it warm and comfortable to live in. The greenhouse gases are

carbondioxide (CO2), dinitroxide (N2O), methane (CH4), sul-

furhexaflouride (SF6) and perflourocarbons (PFCs). However,

with the increase of CO2 gas as a result of burning of fossil fuel

by industries, transport, forest fire and conversion of land use

pattern, global warming takes place. This condition is aggravat-

ed by thinning of ozone layer from excessive use of aerosols. The

thinner ozone layer is the more the short wave solar radiation

enters the earth. This produces green house effect. Earth

becomes warmer, sea level increases and changes of climatic

pattern.

A long fought struggle

It was Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, who first

expressed concern of global warming phenomenon in 1894. In

essence he mentioned that CO2 is an important element in con-

trolling the earth temperature. Increase in CO2 content will

increase earth emperature. Excessive use of fossil fuel will cause

increase in CO2 and increase of earth temperature.

This concern did not get sufficient response until UN

General Assembly initiated establishment of Intergovernmental

Negotiating Committee (INC) with task to negotiate a draft

material for Convention on Climate Change. The result was

brought to UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was

agreed to become UN Framework Covention on Climate Change.

Beginning from 1995 it was for the first time Conference of the

Parties (COP) was held in Berlin. From then on the conference

is held every year until it is Indonesia to hold the 13th UN

Stakeholders Conference on Climate Change (or United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC) and at

the same time the third Stakeholders Meeting on Kyoto Protocol

(Meeting of Parties/MOP on Kyoto Protocol) at Nusa Dua, Bali

13-14 December 2007.

Kyoto Protocol

Of the series of conferences the Kyoto Conference in 1997

produced the most important document called Kyoto Protocol.

The document mentions clearly the direction for the implemen-

tation of Conference on Climate Change. And in addition, it also

introduced new business practices through transaction of green-

house emission called carbon trading. Developed nations that

are unable to fulfill their responsibility can buy carbon from

another country. Carbon credit is cash money from the amount

of carbon reduced. Indonesia signed the protocol in 1998 and

ratified it in 2004.

There are three (3) important steps within Kyoto Protocol

relate to reduction of greenhouse gas emission (i) emissions

INSIGHT


a. Climate changeIncrease of world temperatureHeavier rainfall. Rainfall increases by 2-3 percent perannum and a shorter rainy season in Indonesia, increasingflood risks.Sahara and other deserts become drier. Hot waves happenmore frequently.Winter becomes colder

b. Agriculture and forestryChange in the pattern of precipitation, evaporation, spillwater, and soil moisture. Increase temperature, short rainyseason, because rainfall intensity increases.Risk of explosion of plant pests and diseasesThreat to food resilience. Decrease in productivity and pro-duction level due to disruption of water cycle brought bychanges in precipitation pattern and increase in the anom-aly of extreme weather. Bappenas data (2004) estimatethat Indonesian agriculture productivity will decrease at arate equivalent to 6 billion US dollars per annumForest fire. The air is dry, intense sunshine and wind blowcausing forest fire.

c. Marine lifeo Increase of world average sea level estimated at 0.77 mm

per annum during the period 1991-2004 The impact of sealevel increase for Indonesia is the shrinking of fertile agri-cultural lands along the coastal peneplain

o Warmer sea water adversely affects marine biodiversity.

d. Diseaseo Increase prevalence of water related vector disseminated

diseaseso Global warming will disrupts the pattern of climate, one of

the impacts is flooding. During flood several diseases suchas diarrhoea, leptospirosis will spread more extensively

o Climate change causes dengue fever and malarial mosqui-toes more dangerous. Their life cycle will be shortened.Their population may easily explode.

e. Animal lifeo Change of habitat. The extinction of coastal regions may

adversely affect biodiversity and population migration.o Reduction of amphibial population globally

f. Fresh water crisiso Polar and high mountain ice caps thaw, seasonal cycle will

drastically change, and the world will suffer from freshwater shortage.

The Impact of Global Warming

trading, this is a transaction between the

party capable of reducing carbon emis-

sion with one that is unable to carry out

the responsibility. This mechanism ope-

rates among developed nations. A devel-

oped nation unable to carry out the

responsibility can be exempted from the

responsibility if it pays another developed

nation if the latter can cut an equal

amount of carbon emission, (ii) joint

implementation. A developed nations

that is unable to meet the target of reduc-

ing emission may initiate a cooperation

with other party in implementing indus-

try at a reduced carbon emission, (iii)

clean development mechanism (CDM).

The opportunity for cooperation between

a developing nation free from the respon-

sibility of reducing carbon emission with

a developed nation with obligation to car-

bon emission.

Handling Strategy

In general there are two strategies for

handling global warming problem as

agreed in the UN Framework Covention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC), they are

(i) mitigation consisting of finding ways

to curb greenhouse emission rate; (ii)

adaptation consisting of ways to over-

come the consequences from climate

change through appropriate adaptation

measures to mitigate the adverse effects

or making use its beneficial effects.

The Intergovernmental Panel for

Climate Change (IPCC) offers a more

effective recommendation reducing emis-

sion. In energy sector, reducing fossil

fuel subsidy, carbon tax for fossil fuel use,

obligation to use renewable fuel and sub-

sidy incentive. In transport sector reduc-

tion of fossil fuel and replacing it with

biofuel and non motorized transport sys-

tem, using more mass transport system.

The Kyoto Protocol introduces three

(3) mitigation schemes, i.e emissions

trading, joint implementation, and clean

development mechanism. More recently

there is a new scheme emission mitiga-

tion and land degradation. This scheme

offers reforestation and prevention of

deforestation as means for prevention of

global warming.

Panning for funds from Waste

Management

As it happens we weren't quite aware

that a waste hill is producing greenhouse

gases particularly CO2 and methane. As a

reflection the waste hill of Bandung pro-

duces 300 thousand tons of CO2 per year

(LPPM ITB). While the existing waste

can be incinerated to produce electricity

so that gas emission is zero. This is what

later becomes an opportunity to obtain

funding from CDM scheme. The amount

of CO2 emission reduction can be

exchanged with a certain amount of cash.

If one ton is equivalent to USD10 then the

exchange value for Bandung CO2 emis-

sion equals Rp27 billion a year.

Reduction of methane gas emission

through burning the gas can also be con-

verted into money through CDM scheme.

The way to do it is through natural fer-

mentation i.e compaction of the waste.

The methane gas so produced is then

burned out. Burning of methane gas is

also producing carbondioxide, but

methane is 23 times more dangerous

than is carbondioxide. So that 1 cu.m

methane is equivalent to 23 cu.m carbon-

dioxide, or burning 1 cu. m methane will

reduce 22 cu. m carbon gas emission.

The reduction of carbon emission can be

exchanged with Certified Emission

Reduction (CER) that may be sold to

developed nation. An industrialized

nation buying this certificate means that

the respective nation is considered as

having reduced her emission equivalent

to the value of the CER certificate.

Of course there is up to now a contro-

versy behind the use of waste for power

generating plant. In the process, it pro-

duces dioxin and acid gases from the

incineration. Both are dangerous to envi-

ronment and to human health. However,

research indicates that dioxin is only pro-

duced at an incineration below 800

degrees Celcius. While acid gases can be

prevented by operating reactor circulat-

ing fluidized bed (RCB).

Indonesian condition

According to Global Fluid Dynamics

and Goddart International Space Study, it

is estimated that the temperature in

Indonesia will increase by 2 to 4.2

degrees Celcius in 2050-2070. However,

there are presently several phenomena

indicating that Indonesia has been affect-

ed by the global warming. Among others

(i) thinning of snow cap covering

Jayawijaya mountain in Papua, (ii) air

INSIGHT


o Do not burn your waste in the yard around the house. The smoke contains CO2 anddioxin.

o Put 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle into practice so that waste produced isminimized.

o Do not use plastic bag. In the world, from 500 billion plastic bags produced only3% is recycled. Use bags made from paper or recycleable material.

o Do no throw away tissue and used paper. This measure may reduce forest clearingfor tissue and pulp industries. Each ton of recycled paper you save 19 tree stands.(Source: Gatra)

Tips for Reducing Gas Emission

temperature in some big cities like

Jakarta, Medan, Denpasar is increasing

around 0.2 to 3 degrees Celcius, (iii) high-

er rainfall intensity combined with a

longer dry season, (iv) there are approxi-

mately 20 islands sunk below the surface

from sea level increase at a rate of 0.5 cm

per annum, (v) water scarcity is begin-

ning to take place. Surface runoff in

Citarum river basin in West Java is the

consequence of warmer temperature and

changes in land use pattern.

In the long run Indonesia will be faced

with critical condition such as increase of

sea level at the long stretches of

Indonesian coastline. It is feared that

hundreds of islands may be buried under-

water. Chaotic climatic pattern may

cause changes that lead to harvest failure

and hungry people.

Dependency upon fossil fuel is

increasing in Indonesia. According to

prediction by International Energy

Agency (2007) Indonesian dependency

upon fossil fuel increases from 69%

(2002) to 82% (2006). The effort to

develop environmentally friendly sources

of energy is contraind by many factors

and is given very minimum incentive.

In urban areas, waste material pro-

duction is increasing the sources of car-

bondioxide and methane gas emission

due to lack of proper final disposal

ground. All TPAs are practicing open

dumping technique. The 3R principle,

the potential method in bringing down

waste production has not been given the

attention from the regional governments.

Inconsistent measures taken by the

Indonesian government, both in terms of

central-region and central-central. As an

illustration, climate change should be

dealt with for instance through adoption

of cropping patern, diversification of

crops and minimize dependency upon

water consuming lowland rice which at

the same time also a major contributor of

methane emission. On the other hand,

the government is allocating fund for rice

field expansion including forest clearing.

Climate change must not only be seen

in terms of environmental issue. This

makes the adaptation is focused solely on

the environmental aspect. While in fact

global warming has a significant linkage

with economic issue. The effort to main-

streaming global warming into national

development has not been successful.

Indonesian funding capacity is inade-

quate but the effort to getting fund from

clean development mechanism (CDM)

scheme has not been tried. Indonesian

CDM potential ranges from USD81,5 mil-

lion to USD126 million, yet up to now

only 9 Indonesia CDM projects are listed

in CDM Executive Office. OM from vari-

ous sources

INSIGHT


o Carbon emission in US 20.01 tonnes per capita per annum, Australia 19.36, Canada18.4, Japan 9.37, China 3.6, Brazil 1.83, Indonesia 1.4 (of which forest fire is themajor contributor), India 1.02 and Bangladesh 0.27

o Research findings from Wetlands International and Defl Hydraulics (2007)Netherlands, places Indonesia as the third biggest contributor in carbon emissionafter US (6,300 MtCO2e) and China (5,000 MtCO2e). Indonesia contributes around3,000 MtCO2e

o Indonesia contributes approximately one third of global emission from deforesta-tion.

o Sources of yearly greenhouse emission in Indonesia. Deforestation and land conversion contribute 85%. Forest clearing, degradationof peaty lands and forest fire being the biggest contributorsEnergy sector (industry, power plant, transport) contributes approximately 10%.Although the value is relatively small but its growth rate is quite significant.Agriculture, especially rice growing contributes 4%Waste material, though only 1% but it is the sixth world biggest emission contri-butor from waste origin.

Carbon Emission in Indonesia

Lapisan es di kutub mencair sebagai akibat meningkatnya perubahan iklim dunia.Source: www_rcom_marum_de

Water supply and environmental sanitation is a basic

and vital demand for human life. Water is said to be

the source of life, no life exists without water.

Therefore a sustainable water supply is a strategic and relevant

issue in the context of meeting the community demand of today

and in the future.

MDGs 2015 target achievement, i.e reducing by half the

number population currently without access to acceptable water

supply and sanitation facility by 2015 has been discussed in

many fora, seminars, workshops, etc. But, is there any innova-

tive way out capable of eliminating the stumbling block hinder-

ing synergy for WSS sector development performance? This fact

demands our mutual attention and to assume responsibility. As

an effort to find the solution it is important that the role and

concept of Network Management to help in improvement of

WSS sector development performance.

WSS sector is part of national development agenda towards

Healthy Indonesia 2010. Several programs -physical and non

physical- have been launched for implementation. Various pro-

motional activities, political campaigns have been done by vari-

ous interest parties, including Non Government Organization

(NGO).

Under the coordination of Bappenas in collaboration with

WASPOLA the policy for community based WSS development

has been put into effective implementation since the last few

years. Through the involvement of the user community in deci-

sion making process the implementation is substantively based

on the real demand of the community, the so-called demand

driven approach.

Several basic issues related to WSS development in

Indonesia, are among others ineffective investment, community

generally believes that water is social good, limited implementa-

tion capacity in the part of the government, lack of government

atttention to WSS development, and other aspects that con-

tribute to this sector's poor performance. Taking these issues as

point of departure the effort to find an alternative and innova-

tive solution will become the important topic of discussion

between the government and the stakeholders.

The involvement of stakeholders is a certainty if we wish to

have an operational mandate through provision of the biggest

room for access to WSS data and information as basic source of

knowledge upon which to contribute and participate with the

INSIGHT


PERSPECTIVES IN WSSNETWORK MANAGEMENT

By Abdul Gani *

Activities in TPA. Source: Bowo Leksono.

government in the process of determining

the direction of transparent, accountable

and effective policy formulation.

One alternative solution being consi-

dered, discussed and finally agreed upon

is the formation of a means to contain

information, communication and practi-

cal knowledge known as WSS Network.

Network concept

Network is a simple concept consist-

ing of two elements, i.e node and intern-

ode linkage. In a social network the focus

of attention on man, group and organiza-

tion. Network may come at a wide variety

of definitions. One of them is a group

who intend to build cooperation and at

the same time as part of our life. Some

practitioners divide network into 3 cate-

gories, they are social network, communi-

ty of practitioner, and formal network.

For the context of this article the discus-

sion will be limited to formal network. It

is defined as interrelationship of several

individuals, institutions, or organizations

that are driven together based on design

and necessity. It is called formal network

if the network has a vision, mission and

objectives as well as membership rela-

tions mechanism that is stated in writing

and operates based on a permanent

working program. The network member-

ship usually consists of ones with similar

vision, mission and objectives who agree

to do a common activity, such as regular

meeting.

Based on CapNet (Capacity Building

network on water sector) there are sever-

al important elements in the formation of

a network, among others that the network

must not compete one another but each

member must learn and contributes and

strengthens and improves itself.

Network will be useful to improve

skill and knowledge if there is a sharing

process among the individual members.

The network may become focal point for

sharing with international community in

access to international sources of knowl-

edge and other resources. A network

should be open and inclusive to increase

commitment, ownership, leadership

through participation and decentraliza-

tion.

What benefit could be obtained

A network will be sustainable if it is

beneficial to the membership, such as

learning from one another, access to data

and information, membership equality,

empowerment of members, development

of synergy and equal partnership, and as

means for exchange of opinion for inno-

vative solution to a problem.

Network development

As it is with any beginning the net-

work will need a well prepared planning

based on a discernible, logical and clear

idea to all concerned. According to a

paper entitled A Management Guide for

Formal Network - GTZ, the step worthy of

consideration in network development is

that because a network is a concrete

demand rather than a mere necessity, it

should be done based on need assess-

ments, find the specific demand, form a

core team consisting of highly committed

and loyal individuals, look for support

from major stakeholders and decision

makers, find a sufficient resources to start

ip with the network, promote it and find

financial support for sufficient fund avail-

ability and finally prepare a concept

paper.

How to prepare network proposal

After the network conceptual frame-

work is agreed upon the next big job is

how to transform the idea/program into a

systematic and effective proposal.

There are several important elements

that should be borne in mind in the net-

work proposal development, such as con-

ciseness, though without missing any

important information and relevant

aspects about the network, prefereably

not more than 10 pages. Prepare an exec-

utive summary and logframe. State the

network concept in well structured, sys-

tematic and comprehensive manner.

Select the best team for proposal develop-

ment, membership in odd number, not

more than 5.

The proposal should at least contain

INSIGHT


WSS Network meeting held recently in Jakarta. Source: Bowo Leksono

several aspects as the following, organizational, resources, ma-

nagement system, fincancial, time schedule and risk analysis

and expected output. Selection of partners who are likely to

respond the network proposal.

Promoting factor

The success will depend on consistent, transparent and

accountable management. It is followed with sense of belong-

ingness, and sufficient competence among the membrship.

Open, inclusive and multidiscipline will help to promote suc-

cessful management. Decentralization of operation, commit-

ment and intensive communication, responsive to actual

demand and effective fulfillment of membership need.

Empowerment of network partnership and creation of network

uniqueness in achieving its objectives. Dynamic organizational

structure and prevention from being too highly bureaucratic.

WSS Network Sustainability

On 8 October 2007 at Hotel Sari Pacific the formation of

Water Supply and Environemtal Sanitation Network was

declared. This represents the consummation of the discourses

and discussions initiated by the institutions and individuals who

are deeply concerned and commited to make a network to con-

tain all segments of the community to involve in WSS related

decision making/development policy formulation.

What are the next things to do sustain the life of the network

viable and capable of providing contribution to help and moti-

vate performance improvement? There are several aspects to be

born in mind, as the following:

Put the secretariate into operation

In its capacity as activity and management centre the net-

work must begin with procedural and operational system based

on the agreement made by the members. Hire a competent indi-

vidual to establish communication and capable of taking follow

up action of the members' agreement. Develop a formal job

description and the secretariate's scope of work and budget for

at least the first semester.

Strengthening of membership, maintain, and improve the

membership quality through regular and well planned program

activities. These activities also serve as means to attract more

new members. Start with a program that directly contributes to

the achievement of the network strategic objectives. Develop a

discussion forum on topics that the members are interested in

and obtain support from the stakeholders, distribute newsletter,

facilitate workshop, seminar, courses, and similar activities to

improve membership quality.

Management and organizational development

Start with selection of key personnel to fill the position in the

steering committee, executive management, to inspire and moti-

vate, develop the network strategy plan proposal and deduce it

into operational plans. Work out plan for political and financial

support to get the implementation rolling. Keep the network

mechanism and rule of the game within the track leading to its

vision, mission and charter of establishment.

Learning process and partnership

It is necessary for the secretariate and network members

take lessons from network experience at national, regional and

international levels. This is important in view of the network

sustainability. Then we have to look for opportunity to develop

network program cooperation with institutions, government,

private sector, and the community.

Evaluation and monitoring

WSS Network existence and development will depend on

monev analysis to measure the network's organizational per-

formance. It would be commendable if WSS network is provid-

ed performance indicator as measuring tool as instrument for

the network program improvement in the future.

Quality assurance

WSS network program and implementation must always

refer to the principle of quality assurance. Data and information

provision and dissemination required by the stakeholders is

done through a verification and validation processes by which

the quality of WSS network is assured. We have to ascertain that

the data presented are valid and not contradicting with data

issued by other sources.

References:Cap-Net, Guide to Project Proposal Development,

Network for Capacity Building, 2005CK Net -INA, Kumpulan Materi Presentasi (Compilation of

Presentation Materials), IHE Indonesia, 2007David J. Skyrme, Knowledge Networking: Collaborative

Enterprise Plant Tree Publisher, 1999Michael Glueck, A Management Guide for Formal

Network, New Delhi-GTZ, 2006Rick Davis, Network Perspectives in the

Evaluation of Development Intervention, MonevConsultant, Cambridge, UK, 2003

*) Performance Management & BenchmarkingSpecialist IHE Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

INSIGHT


Water supply and environmental sanitation (WSS)

development has started in many parts of the world

since 1980s. Stakeholders and researchers from

the government, university, and NGO (local, regional, national)

as well as international institution have, applying various differ-

ent methodologies, conducted studies, studies, trials, monitor-

ing and evaluation of WSS facilities. These efforts have come to

one general conclusion, that poor WSS service has caused loss-

es, economically as well as socially. Ironically, the one suffering

the most is the marginal or poor families, women and children.

Imagine, a village which is classified as poor and undevel-

oped, has to bear the burden of water supply problem. It would

certainly cause its economic condition into disarray. There is at

least one of two problems the community has to face, 1) reduced

productivity because half of their time is spent to get water, or 2)

they have to spend part of their income to buy water. This prob-

lem may become worse, if for example the community does not

apply hygiene behaviour because water supply is limited. The

cost for medicare will increase, which may come from consum-

ing unhealthy water, or because of poor environmental condi-

tion. This means, the burden becomes heavier, especially with

the fact that raw water source is scarcer, while the number of

population keeps on growing.

Dasan Geria village

One of the undeveloped villages carrying the above burden is

Dasan Geria of Kecamatan Linggar, West Lombok, NTB. The

village is located near a forest and not too far, approximately 9

km southeast of Mataram, from the provincial capital. In addi-

ton to economic problem the carry over of the economic crisis of

1990s, the community has always been suffering from water

shortage. They have to go to the river to get water for bathing,

washing, cooking and drinking. Whereas it is a general rule that

as the population grows, raw water quality decreases. If for

cooking and drinking water supply is hardly enough, what would

it be for sanitation. The community would choose the easiest

way. In the beginning they (especially women) feel ashamed

and would stealthily defecate in the garden. But gradually they

are used to discharge excrement in an open place such as river

or roadside even within sight of passers-by.

INSIGHT


LESSONS LEARNED FROM WATERSUPPLY AND HOUSEHOLD LATRINE

DEVELOPMENT IN DASAN GERIA VILLAGE(Social Development Program from State

Ministry for Backward Regions Development)By Ir. Wiji J, Santoso

Source: Exclusive.

History of water supply development and maintenance

by the community

In 1990s the village of Dasan Geria for the first time received

government subsidy for water supply facility development. The

almost flat areas of the village in the south the government pro-

vided subsidy for digging pit wells. The undulating northern

part the subsidy was to build a water supply system consisting of

reservoir and pipe conveyance network. The raw water was

taken from the river. Today, the said reservoir is in its woorst

condition and the water is not worthy for consumption.

In 2004 the community was again given a water supply faci-

lity through WSLIC-2 project. The system consists of gravita-

tional piping system from a water source located farther

upstream in the forest. In addition the project provided the

community a rolling fund for sanitation development.

Bansos KPDT program

At the end of 2006, Mitra Samya (Institute for Participatory

and Democratic Studies) conducted an institutional building for

Community Health Institution at Dasan Geria village. This

Ministry for Undeveloped Village Improvement social support

(Bansos KPDT) program activity was intended to improve the

capacity of the community and its WSS management team in

community health management. In addition to improvement of

community awareness to hygiene behaviour, this program also

provides physical support. Through the application of participa-

tory approach the development is aimed at improvement of the

poor class and womanfolks in terms of access and control.

It is this spirit that later developed into the underlying prin-

ciple of community health, productivity and welfare improve-

ment initiatives in the village. The main objectives are 1)

improvement of hygiene behaviour, 2) improvement of health

and provision of safe, easily accessible and low cost water sup-

ply, 3) development of effective and sustainable management

through community empowerment.

This Bansos KPDT for water supply and environmental sa-

nitation was tried for implemention in two sites, in Kabupaten

West Lombok, NTB and in Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Central

Java. In general the objectives are to improve community wel-

fare and health condition through improved community institu-

tion, hygiene behaviour and WSS development.

The primary target groups are poor community and women

of undeveloped villages. The expected results are 1) community

contribution in WSS system O&M, 2) improved environmental

condition through behavioural change of the community.

The indicator of achievement is evidenced from improve-

ment of clean water supply, and basic sanitation services cover-

age, and establishment of active community facilitators and

cadres for sustainable WSS management.

Program implementation

The Bansos KPDT program is implemented through facilitat-

tion and the application of participatory approach for communi-

ty empowerment. Preparatory activities took place from

December 2006 till January 2007 consisting of socialization,

identification of the general condition of the locality, and techni-

INSIGHT


Deputi Bidang Pembinaan

Lembaga Sosial dan Budaya KPDT

Bappeda Propinsi

NTB

Bupati/ Pemda Kabupaten

Lombok Barat

Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Lombok Barat (Kasi PKA-PL)

Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (Mitra

Samya)

Badan Pengelola SABS, Pemdes, Masyarakat

Dasan Geria

Source: Exclusive.

Deputy for KPDTSocial & Cultural

InstitutionEstablishment

Head of Healthagency West

Lombok

Head ofDistrict/ West

Lombok Districtgovernment

NGO(Mitra Samya)

SABS managementteam,village govern-

ment, communityof Dasan Geria

BappedaProvince

NTB

cal survey. Socialization is an important

part to explain the program, objectives to

reach, and several preconditions to be

met such as contribution from the benefi-

ciary community. Socialization started

from village administration officers,

cadres, community leaders, and the ge-

neral community.

Construction process

Construction works started after the

physical and non physical preparations

were completed. The actual work started

with land excavation, putting reservoirs

back into order, repair and placement of

piping system, and construction pillars

for public taps and installation of water

meters. Although it was not as smooth as

planned all the works could proceed and

finally completed. The construction

schedule was delayed for reasons of rainy

days and it happened that it was the time

for election of office headman. Heavy

rainfall had forced the skilled workers to

wait until it was good enough to resume

work. Some of excavations were covered

with mud. The biggest handicap was the

agenda for headman election. In such a

transition the workers decided to wait till

after the election. Tension was mounting

during the presentation of vision and

mission of the headman candidates,

because one of the candidates threatened

to plunder the Bansos subsidy materials

unles the work was temporarily discon-

tinued.

Output of the activity

It is almost one year now the commu-

nity of Dasan Geria has had water supply

system from Bansos KPDT. The facility

consists of piping network for 20 public

taps and 20 home connections. To guar-

antee efficient and effective water use all

connections are provided with water tap

and water meter. The placement of pub-

lic taps are distributed in three zones

(within 2 hamlets), of south and norh

Dasan Geria. The distribution is made

according to the availability of pit wells,

pump wells, reservoir, and most impor-

tant of all is population density. In the

south Geria there are 7 public taps and in

the north 13 locations. In south Dasan

Geria there is one sector located quite

remote and on a hilltop, Penyangkaran.

In this area the project built three public

taps plus another from the community's

own initiative. Each pillar has 2 water

taps and a 2 meter by 2 meter concrete

floor for washing. This facility is

designed for use in turn by 10-15 families.

As for home connection this was given to

families who requested such a facility and

who are willing to pay a higher water ta-

riff.

Regarding sanitation, Bansos KPDT

also provided the community with stimu-

lant subsidy for household latrine con-

struction. There were initially 95 families

mostly from the poor class who were

ready to build a latrine but were con-

strained from short of building materials

were selected to be the beneficiary of the

subsidy.

In the distribution of the sanitation

subsidy, Samsudin (Chairman of WSS

Management Team) together with fellow

officers put it as precondition that the tar-

get beneficiary dig a septic tank before

collecting the subsidized materials. The

precondition had been discussed and was

agreed upon previously in a village level

meeting.

Benefit from Bansos KPDT

After completion of the Bansos KPDT

program implementation the water

shortage related problem was receding.

The community does not have to go to

reservoirs or to the faraway river to get

water, a tap close at hand provides water

they need. In addition to being near,

water quality is much better and fresher

because it comes from a source deep in

the forest. Now the community doesn't

have to worry even if the one collecting

water is a woman, an old man or a child.

Water taking is made easier, from water

taps built near the houses. They don't

INSIGHT


Source: Exclusive.

have to go far or to the river.

Now with the public taps and home

connections in place, it is hoped that

water use could be more effective and

efficient. It is hoped that water distribu-

tion does not limit itself in North Geria

but also extends to South Geria and its

surroundings.

One notable tradition of West

Lombok community during religious fes-

tivity (such as the recent Muhammad the

prophet's birthday) they like to do as live-

ly as possible. Now that water is always

available they do not feel ashamed any-

more when someone asked to go to toilet.

They already have household toilet at

home, part of the development was pro-

vided by Bansos KPDT.

As part of the evaluation in the second

week of April 2007 three (3) KPDT

inspectors visited Dasan Geria village to

take a look of the establishment, talked to

the village administration, community

leaders, management team and the com-

munity. The visit summarized that the

community happily thank God for the

WSS facility. While, on the other hand

the stakeholders, including the regional

government, village administration, and

Mitra Samya hope that the facility that

has been developed with every effort

would be well maintained to last forever.

For this the community and the manage-

ment team should work hand in hand in

the O&M.

Notes on lessons learned

There were several important lessons

learned from the Bansos KPDT program

implementation at Dasan Geria village,

such as identification of possible threats

and opportunities that come up during

the entire development schedule, from

the eraly the completion of contruction,

and the preventive measures in anticipa-

tion of the difficulty. The result was that

the community remained consistently

committed to the working team to con-

tinue with the program implementation.

It is not easy to implement a partici-

patory program at a time when the com-

munity is preparing an election for village

headman. This agenda was to some

extent delayed the Bansos KPDT pro-

gram, the community commitment to

continue with the implementation

deserved the highest esteem. It means

that it takes patience to maintain coordi-

nation and cooperation, each party must

be able to refrain themselves from taking

any measure that would deflect the com-

munity interest.

Bansos KPDT makes water use more

effective and efficient. After the illegal

connections straightened out and each

facility is provided with water meter and

a tap, water availability in the distribu-

tion container increases. The community

is now aware that water tap must be

turned off after each use, otherwise, by

the rule one has to pay for each drop of

spent water even though it isn't used.

It turns out that Bansos KPDT facility

is capable of making the village more

beautiful. The reservoirs located on the

roadside are now nicely built. The con-

sumers do not take water right from

there, but at the public tap located near

their home.

Village administration may be

involved in WSS management. For a sus-

tainable service it is necessary to form a

management team elected through a

community meeting and upon approval

by the village administration.

Legal aspect, such as issuance of a let-

ter of decision by village administration

will significantly endorse the manage-

ment team performance. The position of

the village headman as advisory team

may directly or indirectly facilitate village

administration in supervising WSS man-

agement by the community.

INSIGHT


Source: Exclusive.

Although his appearance represents modesty yet this

does not undermine his discretion. Wearing middle

east hat and batik shirt, this white bearded man attract-

ed the attention of dozens of traditional art workers attending

the dalang meeting in Semarang, C. Java on 27 October 2007.

As a traditional art worker and scholar particularly wayang,

Bambang Murtiyoso is a unique personality. He is a thinker and

innovator in wayang stories.

Though he is now above 60 years old he appears quite ener-

getic. In front of the public he presents himself in humoristic

manner. In between the agenda of the meeting Percik took an

opportunity to sit with him and talked about the world of sha-

dow puppet. According to Bambang wayang will never die, it

will always exist. "For as long as the world is there, and for as

long as wayang art is performed on screen, the dalang has always

a job to do," says the instructor of Indonesia Institute of Arts

Surakarta. It means, continued Bambang, any type of story can

be brought into wayang show. It is up to the dalang to wrap and

present it as attractive as possible so that the audience does not

feel bored and eventually accept it. In this case the dalang and

the story writer must be creative enough.

He further mentioned that wayang story is essentially the

portrait of real human life and its problem. Therefore it is quite

possible to pick it for insertion, or even pick it for the main story.

The more so, water and sanitation is mankind basic demand.

So, it is of the highest opportunity to be brought to the screen.

"Who would not need water and who wouldn't like to have his

surrounding environment clean," said the traditional art per-

former.

Does not deviate from pakem

Wayang show is performed based on a standard rule (called

pakem), depicted from Mahabarata epics. Anyone who per-

forms a show outside the standard is considered deviating from

the pakem.

"Well, if every dalang has to perform his wayang show based

solely on the standard pakem, wayang will never improve and

will be forgotten by its audience," said Bambang. According to

him, pakem should be treated as the basic guideline, and thus we

mustn't put it away altogether. It should be recognized, that it is

not easy to write an entirely contemporary story. "It takes cre-

ativity and wide perspective in the part of the dalang. This is a

problem of packaging to make the audience interested," he said.

The community or wayang audience has obviously the capac-

OUR QUEST


THE OPPORTUNITY OF WSSISSUES IN WAYANG ART SHOW

H. Bambang Murtiyoso, S.Kar., M.Hum

Source: Bowo Leksono

ity to capture and digest something different. Especially in this

modern time in which we are living now. The traditional wayang

will have to compete with modern media such as TV. If the per-

former is not creative enough, he will be pushed aside and for-

gotten. But if the traditional art performer is creative, said

Bambang, he will become a model. The community, particular-

ly young people, will always like wayang. "Sometimes a dalang

wraps the community message without creativity and not intel-

legently, only for the purpose of making a lot of attendance," he

continued.

Creative wayang

Most dalangs of today tend to disregard the aspects related

to story preparation. The same with musical arrangement. This

is the tendecy of the world of today. It is actually not only WSS

related messages that could be inserted to wayang story. Almost

any other message may be inserted. It depends, once again, on

the creativity of the dalang and other party related to wayang

screening artisan. How to wrap it into an attractive story.

Shadow puppet, or any other puppet show in Indonesia, is a

means for community enlightenment. And this has been going

on for centuries. As an example, during the last few decades

wayang was used to convey development messages. In the New

Order era, wayang was effectively used for this purpose. Even

political matters can also enter wayang performance," said the

initiator of Sandosa wayang (Sandosa = wayang in Indonesian

language instead of the traditionally Javanese language).

However, all the above must be adjusted to the environment

where the show is performed.

Actually there are several wayang stories which by standard

pakem bring forward environmental issues. Take for example,

"Pendowo Matirto" that speaks about the importance of spring

water, then "Babad Wonokromo" speaking about damages to

forest, or "Romo Tambak" about seacoast related issue.

All the existing stories can be updated if the dalang has the

capacity to wrap it in a nice packaging. "If the dalang has no ten-

dency to learn of course his intelectual capacity is always at low

level, and wayang will never improve," said Bambang.

It is recommendable, according to Bambang, that WSS issue

in wayang is presented in the "Goro-goro" or "Limbukan" part.

This is considered the most effective part to convey any kind of

message to the community. The characters in this part are the

ones representing the grassroot community. "Dalang can expres

it in popular terms to make it easy for the community to under-

stand".

There are already many creative wayang formats developed

over the years, they are wayang Sandosa, wayang ukur, wayang

suket, wayang multimedia, wayang kampung, etc. just to name a

few.

"It is quite appropriate as it is also quite possible the WSS

related issue to be wrapped into creative wayang performance.

This will become a major breakthrough," Bambang concluded.

Bowo Leksono

OUR QUEST



Source: Exclusive

Achievement can not only be

reached through competition or

a match. It can also take place

through change from bad behaviour into

noble and worth imitating habit. The vil-

lage of Tanjung Tiga has almost nothing

to be proud of. The community consists

mostly of rubber growers. No more than

that. But the village of Kecamatan

Lembak of Kabupaten Muara Enim, has

carved an achievement one can be proud

of. Through the CLTS (Community Led

Total Sanitation) approach the one year

old village has managed to build house-

hold latrine in all households within 2

weeks from one month time alloted for

the program. This achievement was

made in 2006. CLTS is an approach to

behavioural change and rural sanitation

development by placing the community

as the leading actor. Besides, CLTS also

triggers the community to realize that

sanitation is their responsibility and

therefore it can only be resolved through

their own awareness and effort, and noth-

ing to do with subsidy of any kind.

Promoting factor

The success in applying CLTS

approach does not lie with latrine devel-

opment in each household. Therefore the

indicator is not based on the quantity of

latrine built in a society but on making

behavioural change not to defecate in the

open. This is exactly what CLTS is aiming

at.

In Muara Enim, or to be precise in

Kecamatan Lembak, there appeared a

facilitator in the person of a dentist

named dr. Agustine Siahaan whoc is head

of the local Puskesmas. Through her

spirit and perseverance that all villages of

Kecamatan Lembak are now free from

defecation in the open. Mobilizing all

Puskesmas personnel to go to the villages,

establishing teams for community moti-

vation to change and conducting a contin-

uous training and socialization. In each

village they selected one natural leader,

as a motivator entrusted by the commu-

nity and with the support from the village

headman and his staff he is to lead the

commnity towards change. In the begin-

ning only three villages were selected as

examples. And as it progresses dr.

Agustine the dentist thought to act all out

for this program. Community health is

basic factor for human life. The support

from each village administration which in

fact is the Puskesmas extension' hand is

one triggering factor into success.

Finally, after seeing the success in

other place one by one of the villages was

trying to apply the CLTS approach.

Tanjung Tiga is no exception which by

nature is considered as highly motivated

to change toward hygiene behaviour.

The role of natural leader is a deter-

minant factor. To play this role one must

be sufficiently knowledgible, and more

importantly he must be a really trustwor-

thy and exemplary individual. And in

Tanjung Tiga it is Nusyirwan Imran was

selected as an exemplary person to lead

the community toward hygienic life and

clean environment.

Also the contribution village midwife.

This health worker is always in great

demand in the village and as such she

could act as spearhead to make the CLTS

approach a success, especially in moni-

toring and evaluating the community.

And the full support of Tanjung Tiga vil-

lage headman, other officers of the village

administration, and members of the vil-

REPORTAGE

LESSONS LEARNEDFROM TANJUNG

TIGA VILLAGE


A notice board that reads "You are entering latrine obligation area" posted at a village border in Muara Enim, South Sumatra. Source: Bowo Leksono.

lage council all have motivated the community to build latrine in

their home. Moreover, even before the introduction CLTS

approach the community had already had some faint idea of how

nice it'd be to live a hygienic life.

A team elected

In promoting CLTS approach, the Dusun Tiga village assist-

ed by the community facilitator formed 6 teams. Each team con-

sisted of 10 to 15 members. Four teams from the community and

two teams from the village administration plus Village Council

members. The teams were specifically intended to help in latrine

development of those who, for physical and or economic rea-

sons, are unable to do the job, such as widow and old couple.

The teams competed with each other in building their latrines.

They were triggered by their own neighbours. What is most

important to them is the principle of communal work and help-

ing others to help themselves.

After tapping their rubber trees, in daytime, the people work

together to build the latrines in the afternoon. The result was

within 2 weeks there were 107 latrines in place from one month

the initial target. Today, there are in all 168 latrines built by 217

families.

Without subsidy

CLTS is not aproject, much less a subsidy distribution pro-

gram as it used to be in the past. CLTS is an approach for appli-

cation in lieu of the project approach of the past has met with

failure because the latter program only taught the community to

be dependent on the subsidy from the central government.

There was not protest from the Tanjung Tiga community

when they found out that this project was without any subsidy.

They were even very enthisastic in chning their behaviour

towards hygienic life. The classical barrier of financial problem

could be solved through donor to make available the construc-

tion material which poor families could repay it on credit. So

that latrine development could take place and completed in

time.

Even the latrine model and form it all depnds on the commu-

nity to decide. Through village community meeting, Tanjung

Tiga agreed to build concrete latrine consisting of goose nack

with opptional wall and roof in accordance with the indiividual

capacity.

The next problem

Sanitation problem is not standing alone independent of

others. It is closely knit with water supply provision. It is of no

use to build a luxury toilet without access to water supply, the

community will continue with the old habit of defecation in the

open, or in a place where water source is within reach. This is

what is experienced by the community of Tanjung Tiga. They

are an irony of development and are becoming more so. On one

side they are the pride for their success in developing 100 per-

cent household latrine. But, water supply remains a handicap.

The way toward solution to water supply problem of this village

was initiated by WSLIC-2 project. There are 10 deep wells con-

structed in various sites within the village. To make water flow

to the houses they use electric pumps run by gensets. Electricity

from public company has not been connected though the net-

work has been in place for some time.

It is quite possible that the community might go back to anti

hygiene behaviour: defecation in the open on a place near the

water. It is here the government attention and role is called for.

How the government could appreciate a community that has

carved an achievement. Bowo Leksono

REPORTAGE




During dry season, the communi-

ties of Kedung Kandang and

Lesanpuro in the city of Malang

are suffering from water shortage. Just

like any other dry area of this country. At

the beginning of dry season the people

have to walk back and forth along 3 km

distance to get water. And especially for

the communities of RW 05 of Kedung

Kandang and RW 05 of Lesanpuro there

is not a single water source other than

that. Geographically they are located on a

hill and therefore it is unlikely for them to

build a private pit well.

This was a sad annual ritual before

1990s. After those years, a PDAM water

tank regularly came daily to peddle water

for Rp13,000 per cubic metre. The truck

commuted back and forth sometimes as

many as 10 times a day till midnight.

Until some day in 1999 PDAM cut short

the operation till only 4 PM. Water sup-

ply is becoming less and consequently

each family had less water supply.

Finally the communities with support

from village administration submitted a

request to the government for a deep

well. In 2001 the request was granted.

For about six months the work in boring

the well together with reservoirs and dis-

tribution network at a total cost of Rp 300

million was completed. One Kedung

Kandang family granted his land for the

site of the construction. Early 2002 the

families in both RWs have had water sup-

ply in their home. For Lesanpuro the

total length of pipe is 4,000 m while at

Kedung Kandang 3,000 m.

With facilitation from the municipali-

ty and village administration a team con-

sisting of reliable community figures of

each RWs was immediately formed to

take care of the management. This team

drafted the water use regulation and

accounting. Up to now the management

team is called HIPAM (Hipunan

Pengelola Air Minum, Association of

Water Supply Management).

The technical arrangement of water

distibution refers to PDAM, but at a lower

cost both in terms of water tariff and cost

for home connection. For one cubic metre

the community has to pay Rp 1.500. Cost

for home connection varies between Rp

500,000 to 750,000.

Waiting list

Today, HIPAM has made 370 home

connections to provide water demand of

1,200 families in the two RWs. There is

REPORTAGE


WATER MANAGEMENT INTWO VILLAGES


still 30 percent in the waiting list, but the management have

decided that for the time being to postpone request for new cus-

tomers. This measure is taken because of limited water supply.

During dry season water pump cannot operate continuously for

24 hours a day," said Lasuri, Chairman HIPAM fro RW 05

Kedung Kandang. However, continued Lasuri, this does not

mean that the families cannot get water at all. They have been

obtaining water from a neighbour with home connection. "We

are building another well, but it is not finished yet because we

are in short of fund," he said

According to Ramli, vice secretary of HIPAM Kedung

Kandang, the work of digging the new well is presently at 51

meters, we still have to go much deeper, because to be opera-

tional the first well is 178 m deep. We are still waiting for assis-

tance from central Public Works that we requested since 2006,"

he revealed.

Thanks God, so far the HIPAM management hasn't met any

significant problem. The community, although most of are from

the lower bracket in terms of economic and education but they

are devoted among each other and maintain the spirit of togeth-

erness, could reduce the possibility of a problem. All problems

are resolved through discussion for solution, such as contribu-

tion payment delay.

With water flowing into the house some of the farmer com-

munity of both villages could make additional income. Tempe

and soya bean curd industry.

Monthly income

Each moth the management collects an income somewhere

around Rp 5-6 million. This income is used for electricity bill,

repair, team members' salary, and other contingencies.

"The biggest monthly expenditure is electricity around Rp 2

million. While the team member only gets Rp 40 to 60 thousand

a month so that net income is around Rp 1.5 million," said

Lasuri.

Up to now HIPAM could save more than Rp 100 million.

"Not long ago it was drained to pay for major repair that cost Rp

20 million," said Lasuri.

The HIPAM management do not close their eyes with the

fresh money collected from the community. Quite often the

management helps in social activities such as mosque repair or

improvement, bridge, disaster victims, or tithe. But the manage-

ment hasn't made any reinvestment. "We do not have the

courage to take risk. Our money is saved in a bank account and

is insured," said Lasuri.

HIPAM runs the management in open manner. The commu-

nity may at any time check income and expenditures from the

management. Once in three months the management teams

from both villages meet at an alternate place, regularly, and in

addition some irregular meeting as necessary.

The term of office for the team members is three years. But

the community still wants the present team to remain in office.

"We keep on preparing candidates for replacement by sending

participants to trainings and study visits to other areas,"

revealed Lasuri. For the HIPAM management team being part

of a team working for the good of the community is an honour in

spite of small income. Bowo Leksono

REPORTAGE


HIPAM officers in a meeting in one of the community's dwelling. Source: Bowo Leksono

Water supply distribution installation for two villages. Source: Bowo Leksono

Assuming a leading position is not a pride. In addition

to trusteeship, an officer or leader is carrying in his

hands a responsibility to the community. A responsi-

bility to lead the community to welfare in the real sense of the

meaning. It is not easy to find such a leader. More frequently

the personal and group interest comes forward leaving the com-

munity demand way behind. And community demand in con-

nection with the need of life is very complicated. Poverty is one

of the main reasons. This leads to poor health condition. It

demands a specific approach and development policy from deci-

sion makers.

The incessant strive for regional autonomy has given birth to

little kings, some of them are even considered as development

inhibitor. But this judgment becomes futile if the incumbent is

able to prove himself that he pays a deep concern to the poor.

The community of Boalemo, a Kabupaten in the Province of

Gorontalo, should be thankful for a leader who is always close to

the people. "One of my habits here is to spare one night at the

end of the month to stay with the poorest famility in the kabu-

paten," said Iwan Bokings, the Bupati of Boalemo when Percik

paid him a courtesy visit in his office. During the monthly acti-

vity the Bupati and his staff teach the community how to live a

hygienic life. Practically all the MCK facilities are made better or

constructed before the arrival of their leaders from the kabupa-

ten. "Since the beginning I took the office, the habit of spending

the night with villagers has been continuing," said the Bupati

who is presently in his second term of office.

Subsidy for sanitation

In reality hygiene life has not been practised by the majority

of Boalemo population. From Percik's observation in several

corners of Boalemo township there are many people use river

with its turbid water for washing, bathing and defecation (MCK).

Boalemo, a new Kabupaten that was officiated in 12 Oktober

1999 is continously working to to tidy it up, developing various

public service facilities including water supply and environmen-

tal sanitation for its population. The seriousness of Boalemo

leaders in improving community welfare has made the source of

subsidies for WSS development open before them. From

Bappeda record during FY 2006/2007 there are 14 villages given

asssistance for sanitation development. "Each village was given

Rp 22 million," said Subandrio Umar, Head of Subdirectorate of

Physical and Infrastructure Development, Bappeda. The subsidy

was provided from SIDA (Swedish International Development

Agency). In FY 2007/2008 the number of villages will increase

to 20, and the amount of subsidy remains the same.

Access to water supply

The majority of the community get their water supply from a

spring managed by the community. Only about 10 percent of

the community are connected to PDAM service, and that is lim-

ited only in 3 kecamatans in town. "There are not families con-

nected to PDAM service. Most of the people get water from a

spring which they manage it by themselves. This policy is meant

to prevent profit taking,"said Subandrio.

There are 34 water springs to serve the community water

demand in 7 kecamatans of kabupaten Boalemo. The communi-

ty where water flows elects a water management team who man-

ages water supply facility adopting the PDAM system. Each

spring serves the need of several villages. As for maintenance, it

is covered by the community contribution plus subsidies from

the government and donor organization. It's hoped that these

subsidies will eventually lead to development of a facility that

guarantees sustainability. Bowo Leksono

MIRROR

WSS DEVELOPMENTAT KABUPATEN BOALEMO


Iwan Bokings, Bupati of Boalemo and his staffs visiting poorfamilies. Source: Public Relation Boalemo Government

Up to now WSS development has

been given the least attention by

both the stakeholders and deci-

sion makers. The central and regional

government support is not strong enough

to make WSS development a priority,

while on the other hand the community

has a very limited access to WSS develop-

ment planning and implementation.

These few findings were revealed

from the socialization of NSC 2007 at the

city of Gorontalo, The socialization and

simultaneously a means to identify the

regional demand in connection with NSC

2007 was conducted by WASPOLA

together with the national WSS-WG on

20 September 2007. The visiting team

consisted of Tri Nugroho Utomo from the

Directorate of Housing and Settlement

Systems, Bappenas as team leader,

Dormaringan Saragih (Knowledge

Management Coordinator WASPOLA),

Huseyn Pasaribu (local Government

Support Specialist), accompanied by

Nasstain Gasbah (Local facilitator) and

mass media representatives. The team

was met by Ir. Gusnar Ismail, Vice

Governor of Gorontalo, accompanied by

Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda

Chairman, Ismail Madjid, Bappeda

Chairman of Gorontalo Municipal

Government, MTP, and Regional WSS-

WG.

Law enforcement is insufficient

In addition to low priority it is also

full of various self interests. "Water sup-

ply coverage has reached the level of 70

percent, but we have a big problem from

the fact that water source is located in

Kabupaten Bone Bolango, that means

outside our border," said Ismail Madjid in

his opening speech of the workshop on

"Finalising WSS Strategy Plan

Formulation," held by WSS-WG of

Gorontalo city at the Office of Bappeda.

This problem is made worse by the

poor WSS data management and the

number of sanitation facilities not func-

tioning. This calls for serious decision

makers' attention to improve this condi-

tion. Development approach must be

changed from supply driven to demand

driven.

"Since some time ago we've had com-

mitment from 7 ministers, but the real-

ization and the law enforcement against

violators do not work as expected," said

Syarifuddin from Agency for

Environment and concurrently member

of WSS-WG Gorontalo city. In addition,

said Syariduddin further, the policy must

be backed up with law enforment com-

mitment. "Many housing development

firms have their plan sanitation facility as

part of a house but in reality it is not ful-

filled, yet no action is taken against

them."

AROUND WASPOLA


Socialization of NationalSanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

GORONTALO SUPPORTS NSC

Socialization of NSC at the Strategy Plan formulation workshop in Gorontalo city. Source: Dormaringan.

Similar statement was made by

Deston, village headman of Dembe I.

According to him, we do not have any

government regulation that compels each

house must be provided with an accept-

able basic sanitation. "I find it difficult to

take steps against violators, I have no

power to do it," said Deston firmly.

All the anxieties were responded by

Ismail Madjid by confirming that the

mnucipality's commitmet to sanitation

development is beginning to bear fruit. It

is hoped that in the Strategy Plan work-

shop the stakeholders could propose a

concrete program for sanitation improve-

ment. "We have to be able to propose a

concrete WSS development action plan,

and everyone can see it. The principle of

transparent budgeting must be ho-

noured," said Ismail further.

Region's enthusiasm to attend NSC

2007

To speed up sanitation development,

the government must commit itself and

adopt the pro poor attitude. This will

become an important issue in NSC 2007.

This activity is closely and enthusiatically

observed by the regional governments,

particularly the Province of Gorontalo. It

was quite obvious that during the audien-

cy meeting of NSC delegate with deputy

governor of Gorontalo, "We will block the

calendar so that it becomes the governor's

agenda. We will tell the audience about

our strategy and ways of handling sanita-

tion problem here in this province," said

vice Governor, Gusnar Ismail.

The provinces of Gorontalo and

Banten, said Gusnar further, are planned

to make presentation on sanitation deve-

lopment policy and strategy in their

respective region. "We have developed

best practice and lessons to be conveyed

to the larger communities," he said.

Similar statement was made by

Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda

Chairman, who at the same time submit-

ed report on the WASPOLA facilitated

policy implementation result to the vice

governor.

NSC is scheduled for implementation

on 19-21 November 2007 and will be

opened by the President. This conference

is series of global agenda to develop glob-

al commitment to sanitation develop-

ment. East Asian countries will meet in

Japan in December 2007 to discuss the

strategic steps for speeding up sanitation

development in EASAN (East Asia

Sanitation) conference. The conference is

part of the activities to anticipate

"Intenational Year of Sanitation 2008"

launched by the United Nations.

While NSC is one of the government's

efforts to develop stakeholders commit-

ment and cooperation in sanitation sec-

tor, it is hoped that through the NSC the

sanitation profile in the eyes of the deci-

sion makers will improve. NSC will be

attended by implementors from the

regional government, NGO, the commu-

nity and also representatives from friend-

ly nations. dormaringan saragih/AP/NTU

AROUND WASPOLA


Audience of WSS-WG with Gorontalo City Bappeda Chairman. Source: Exclusive

Sanimas project drainage ditch at Kelurahan (village) Kayu Bulan, Gotrontalo city. Source: Exclusive.

As a fold art, wayang kulit (or

leather puppet) has been per-

formed centuries before the

birth of this nation, or more precisely

since the time Majapahit kingdom. The

story is depicted from the Mahabarata

epics. After the downfall of Hindu-

Buddha kingdoms, the shadow puppet

show was used by Walisongo (nine reli-

gious leaders) as medium for Islamic

teaching. By using the Mahabarata epics

as vehicle the nine religious leaders

inserted Islamic teachings into the story.

The result is that this folk art is con-

sidered an effective medium for socializa-

tion of various aspects of human life.

During the New Order area when the gov-

ernment emphasized the development

programs the shadow puppet was used a

medium for campaign, as it also quite

that the folk art was used as campaign

vehicle by political party.

However, it would be something

entirely new if WSS related issues are

brought to the screen of shadow puppet

show. And this was mentioned for the

first time in the Central Java Dalang *)

Sarasehan (Friendly Meeting) 2007 held

by Dalang Association of Indonesia

(PEPADI) C. Java Regional Chapter,

Saturday 27 October 2007 in Semarang.

The Initial Idea

It was Susilo Adi, member of Central

Java provincial WSS-WG and concur-

rently a vice secretary of Pepadi Central

Java, who was struck with the idea that

WSS issue might be attractive enough to

be inserted to wayang story.

"Community awareness to how important

WSS is currently at low level. I believe,

through wayang show the WSS issue may,

to some extent, be extensively dissemi-

nated," said Susilo Adi.

At that time Bambang Pujiatmoko, a

WASPOLA consultant, was there to make

presentation about WSS issues. "The

WSS issues are not individual concern, it

demands a common solution. We may

hope that through the work of artists such

as dalang the community could learn a lot

about the issues," he said.

In front of dozens of dalangs and men

of arts in wayang industry, Bambang

made an inquiry if a daily issue of the

community can be brought into wayang

story. An issue of how chaotic it looks

when men are struggling for a pail of

water or how bad a consequence is poor

environmental condition to infant mor-

tality rate.

According to Bambang, folk art such

as shadow puppet is a power that could be

used to motivate public campaign. "The

dalangs or folk art workers are more

capable of bringing the message into the

heart of the spectators through local wis-

dom containing story," he said.

It seemed that during the sarasehan

the WSS issues hadn't been accepted as

something attractive. The art workers

still need further references on important

problems related to human life to be

AROUND WASPOLA


WSS ISSUESIN SHADOW PUPPET SHOW

Presentation of WSS related issues in the Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting 2007 in Semarang. Source: Bowo Leksono.

absorbed into wayang stories.

Bambang hopes that shadow puppet

would become an important vehicle to

dissemination of WSS related informa-

tion for community enlightenment and

finally motivation to real action towards

soving WSS problems.

Dalang creativeness

Basically any aspect of human life can

be brought into the work of art of any

kind. There is no story more attractive

than one about humanism. It is quite

appropriate if WSS issue decorate the

world of shadow puppet show. The prob-

lem now rests with the attractiveness of

its presentation. Not all puppet show is

attractive to spectators unless it is nicely

packaged and presented.

Prof. Dr. Jazuli, a dalang observer

who was also a speaker in the meeting

considers it quite possible for any kind of

story screened on a shadow puppet show.

"It depends on the dalang creativeness.

On how they act beyond the means of

simply earning a living, but how their

interpretation flows and is adjusted to

local community problems," he said.

According to Jazuli, a dalang won't

get a job order unless he is creative

enough. This creativeness is based on his

medium of expression and moral mes-

sages contained in his story. "Let's hope

the artisan does not work simply to earn a

living," he stressed. Jazuli says that there

are many ways to make a dalang creative

so that he is always being sought by the

community and he will never become

outdated. In addition to extra hard work

he also must have a broad view.

There are many ways to do it. One of

them is collaboration with other kind of

art so that shadow puppet is not only a

means for entertainment but also for

enlightenment. This must be considered

as the secret and dalang's strategy," said

Jazuli.

A similar statement was made by

Bambang Murtiyoso. According to him

most dalangs work on the story from the

wayang story. This is obvious indication

that they lack experience and knowledge

about the real life," said the lecturer from

Indonesian Arts Institute, Srakarta.

According to Bambang, the world of

shadow puppet of today is only selling

jokes through its music and lyric. "It is

feared that shadow puppet will be far

removed from human spiritual enlighten-

ment," said he.

Relevance of WSS Issue

Supadi, Chairman of Central Java

Regional Pepadi, confirmed that it is

quite relevant to include WSS theme in

the shadow puppet show. This is because

that essentially shadow puppet is in neu-

tral position. "This means that any story

will do, as long as it is for the good of all

then it is worth presenting." Supadi con-

siders that environmental issue will

always be relevant because environmen-

tal issues will never cease to be faced by

the community. "A creative dalang, using

for instance a currently popular term will

be able to make the issue attractive," he

said. Still according to Supadi, inclusion

of environmental issue is a big opportuni-

ty. Not only for the good of the commu-

nity by also for the art itself because it

adds to the richness of the story. Supadi

is optimistic whatever theme can be

brought into the world of puppet show,

including WSS issue. What may be need-

ed is the dalang's discourses and insight

related to this issue. Bowo Leksono

AROUND WASPOLA


The problem now restswith the attractiveness of itspresentation. Not all puppet

show is attractive tospectators unless it is nicely

packaged and presented.

Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting. Source: Bowo Leksono

Several legal rulings on asset, commonly called goods,

particularly in relation to government property have

been issued and effective. The latest is the Government

Regulation (GR) No. 06/2006 on the Management of

Government/Regonal Government Owned Asset as the spelling

out of Law No. 1/2204 on State Treasury.

The Government Regulation is further spelled out through

Permendagri Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation) No. 17/2007

on Technical Guidelines for Regional Government Asset

Management to supersede Permendagri No. 152/2004 on

Management of Regional Asset. The GR is also spelled out

through Permendagri No. 04/2007 on Management of Village

Asset.

In general such a regulation defines a particular asset as

belonging to central government, regional government, village

asset, manner in which the asset was procured, in what way it is

to be used, what are the parties involved, recording process, val-

uation, transfer and depreciation of asset, etc.

The availability of such a regulation provides a fresh wind to

the assest ownership particularly one that is procured from gov-

ernment budget. But, as it comes to Community Based Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CB-WSS), which nota

bene developed and constructed through multistakeholder (cen-

tral and regional governments, village adminsitration, donor

organization, and community) contribution the issue will be

entirely different. To whom does a CB-WSS facility belong? To

name explicitly the owner of a facility is so important, because it

is generaly understood that this will directly affect sustainability

and effective use of the facility in the future. An attempt is made

to answer this question or at least inventory taking by a work-

shop on legal study of CB-WSS management conducted by WSS-

WG in this case by the Dept. Home Affairs in cooperation with

WASPOLA 6-8 in Denpasar, Bali, September 2007.

What really happens in the field

Following the operationalizing the National Policy for

Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

(CB-WSS), the central government, regional government, donor

organization, and NGO singly or severally have conducted CB-

WSS system (facility) development adopting the said Policy.

Generally speaking, soon after project completion it is now a

question to whom does the facility really belong to. The ques-

tionable ownership status is traceable to the varied funding

sources for the development. In some cases the ambiguity may

adversely affect the management sustainability. While in fact

the responsible agency involved in the project implementation,

pursuant to the existing regulation, does not have a clear idea

about the importance of determining the ownership status. In

other words, determining the real owner of an asset is not con-

sidered important and has no relevance to its sustainability. The

real effect of the uncertain ownership relates to who is really

responsible for CB-WSS system management. This means ques-

tioning of whether the authority vested on the Management

Team (KPS/UPS, etc.) still complies with asset management

regulation or it has been altered or even it is legally contra-

dictory.

AROUND WASPOLA


QUESTIONING WSSFACILITY OWNERSHIP

By Purnomo* dan Dormaringan**

Workshop on legal study of community based WSS facility management at Denpasar, Bali 6-8 September 2007.

Source: WASPOLA

It is believed that this fact implies the

lack of willingness to invest in CB-WSS

system at central and regional either from

government, private, donor or the com-

munity itself. While on the other hand we

are in dire need to speed up with the ser-

vice's coverage

Asset management of a WSS facili-

ty, is it necessary?

Basah Hernowo, in his presentation

recently stated that asset management is

not quite a habit among the buraucracies

and the service operators. While in fact

asset management commitment

demands continuous supply, recording

system, maintenance and replacement.

"Asset management is a closed and

unbroken cycle. We can start from small

to work for a bigger one," he said.

In its cycle asset management covers

asset planning system, stock review,

growth and procurement of new asset,

O&M accountancy, performance moni-

toring and asset condition, rehabilitation

study, repair and replacement work,

rationalization or asset removal, proce-

dural audit and asset management sys-

tem, and identification for minimising

life cycle costing of new assets.

In this context that asset management

is very important, because asset manage-

ment promotes management process ori-

entation to (1) customer focused, (2) sys-

tem oriented, (3) continuing service, (4)

sustainable, (5) easy to access, and (6)

flexible.

"Through asset management we know

what sells well and what does not sell.

Which one is potentially profitable in

short term and in long term, and which

one is causeing losses in short term and in

long term," said Basah.

Village level asset management,

how can it be?

The question about asset manage-

ment is generally asked at corporate level.

But a village level WSS facility? In fact

there are cases it is more complicated

than it is with a corporation. In terms of

financing, institution, management

capacity and also ownership.

Unfortunately this institution is legal-

ly weak. An alternative approach is

through cooperative. Cooperative has a

clear mechanism, the regulation is also

clear and its organizational chart clearly

mentions the responsibility for manage-

ment asset. Another alternative is Village

Level Enterprise which legally operates

under Village Regulation, it is incorporat-

ed through a notarial document that

specifies the asset as belonging to the vil-

lage and the party responsible for its

management is also mentioned therein.

Each alternative may be acceptable under

a particular legal condition.

If the issue is analysed from institu-

tional aspect, what about the managerial

capacity. Parsadaan Girsang provides his

comprehensive and rational opinion.

According to him, a village as the basic

unit of government administration sys-

tem reserves the right to manage an asset

pursuant to Government Regulation No.

72/2005 especially in the management of

asset related to implementation of

democracy, improvement of service,

acceleration of community level improve-

ment process. A sufficient village finan-

cial position (either from national budget,

regional budget, ADD, etc.) is an opportu-

nity. This is where CB-WSS facility can

be managed and financed (including its

asset).

CB-WSS asset can be obtained from

various sources, such as the village rev-

enue, village budget, subsidy, etc. If at

any time a CB-WSS needs a patch of land,

and it was obtained from community con-

tribution, eventually this piece of land

belongs to the village because selfhelp

and contribution is essentially a motiva-

tion to make the community willing to

help village development.

The problem is that most of the assets

have not been specified to whom they

belong. Including the ones at the keca-

matan, kabupaten/kota levels. To find

AROUND WASPOLA


Source: Exclusive.

out to whom one asset belongs, it can be seen from who is repon-

sible to take care of it and from where the financing is obtained?

In practice there is ambiguity in the transfer and sometimes the

parties involved do not record it as an asset. The management

alternatives then 1) managed by village administration, 2) man-

aged by village community through selfhelp and communal

work.

In the context of WSS management there are other alterna-

tives that may be offered, 1) the facility is the village's asset, 2)

WSS management by village administration, 3) management by

the community supported by village budget, 4) major repair to

be taken care of by village budget upon approval from village

administration, 5) facititation and supervision by regional gov-

ernment.

Another critical review was given by Arsan (BAKD) based on

the village's position. Village with its administration is the real

autonomous administration. Therefore all assets belonging to a

village is separately recorded from the central or regional gov-

ernment asset, and is administered pursuant to Kepmendagri

No. 152/2004.

Recommendation

The two day workshop has produced positive contribution or

opportunity for further review for a more orderly WSS asset

management and to identify the potential risk in the future.

Gary D. Swisher, WASPOLA Team Leader, strongly emphasized

this in his closing speech.

The workshop produced the following recommendations:

In village level the community based water supply and envi-

ronmental sanitation management institution may appear in

any different format, such as UPS, Yayasan (Foundation),

Cooperative, KPP, LPM, and so on. It would be better, though,

if the village level management institution is included to the

existing structure/institution, rather than continuously inde-

pendent or even separate from the village administration struc-

ture.

To strengthen village level WSS asset management institu-

tion it is necessary to provide it with training and technical assis-

tance. The WSS facility management team members are elected

from the community, at least 30 percent of them are women who

sit in various positions including the core team.

The income derived from the WSS facility management must

be used for O&M and further development of the respective and

all such requirements must be explicitly mentioned in the village

level regulation. It is recommended that the regional govern-

ment issues regulation that serves as legal umbrella for such a

village level regulation.

It is necessary to have a WSS facility ownership guideline.

This is to be followed up with socialization of management and

ownership. It is recommended that in asset management the

involvement of village administration and village council must

be clearly and specifically defined.

And besides, it is also necessary to take inventory of the

asset, their sources of financing and the asset transfer mecha-

nism.

Follow-up action plan

The findings and at the same time also opportunities extract-

ed from this workshop are interesting subjects for further

review. We realize that given the presently existing laws and

regulations some of the problems will remain unanswered so

that it is deemed necessary to develop sufficient regulation to

serve as guidance for those working at the operational level. For

this purpose the central WSS-WG together with WASPOLA con-

sider it important to make an advanced and integrated legal

study involving a wide range of stakeholders.

Futher, the provision of regulation in the future must also be

able to answer the question regarding management and assur-

ance of (public) asset that does not belong to social capital.

These matters have not been given sufficient regulation in the

same proportion as the similar regulation now considered

invalid. Other matters for review in the future includes the

question of indemnity of which the only regulation simply con-

siders government, central and or regional asset, while commu-

nity asset has not been given a fair proportion.

*) Local Government Specialist in WASPOLA, focusing on legal studyand regulatory development ([email protected])

**) Knowledge Management Coordinator for WASPOLA([email protected])

AROUND WASPOLA



The establishment of WSS

Network is based on the deep

concern of some stakeholders

who have been observing that up to now

WSS is still placed in a gloomy dank cor-

ner that misses the attention let alone

commitment of decision makers.

From a review of WSS funding during

FYs 2003-2005 WSS development budg-

et represents only 0.01 to 1.37 percent of

regional government budget. It is not

surprising that up to now 100 million of

Indonesian population living in 30 thou-

sand villages do not have access to water

supply. Water supply coverage is

presently at 58 percent and most of the

poor are denied the service. Sanitation

coverage is somewhere around 69.34 per-

cent, most of it is in the urban, the

remainder is the rural not covered by the

service (SUSENAS, 2006)

The poor WSS performance and the

myriad of problems encumbering it, is the

consequence of the fact WSS lies far away

from the development mainstream so

that WSS misses the attention let alone

commitment of decision makers both at

national and at regional levels.

On the other hand, the government

policy regarding this sector is way from

being integrated. Many programs are

overlapping each other, each stakeholder

works on his own completely independ-

ent from the other. While at the commu-

nity level the awareness of hygiene behav-

iour is at the lowest level.

It is necessary to establish more

strategic coordination and integration of

the various stakeholders to build a com-

mon strength. For this purpose there is a

need for a network for communicating

the demand and interest so that each

party has a means for contribution to

accelerate the achievement of WSS devel-

opment objectives.

To this end on 8 October 2007 forty

institutions consisting of government

agencies, international organizations,

NGOs, WSS related projects, university,

PDAM, regulatory body and professional

associations came to a common agree-

ment for the establishment of an open

and independent WSS network. It is fore-

seen that in the future the network will

act as mediator in bringing the potentials

from the various stakeholders into har-

mony and synergy, in dissemination of

information, technology, methodology

and best practices, both at national and

international fora.

To carry out the above mentioned func-

tion the activites are focused on establish-

ment of information service centre, capacity

sharing of network members with outside

parties, development of partnership to

strengthen support, policy formulation,

funding pattern, campaign strategy and

study for WSS related problem solving.

A steering committee was elected

from 9 institutions representing the vari-

ous segments namely the government,

NGO, donor organization, university, cor-

poration, WSS sector project/program

management. The institutions are WSS-

WG, Air Kita-Europromocap IWAT, Plan

Intrnational, JAS/GTZ, University of

Trisakti, PDAM Bogor City, IHE, ISSDP

and WASPOLA. WH

AROUND WASPOLA


Forty institutions Agreed to EstablishIndonesia WSS Network

Fast breaking after the Indonesia WSS Network meeting. Source: Bowo Leksono.

Sanitation still remains

unintersting for the

decision makers to look

into, at the central level as does

also at the regions. What

makes it even worse is that

mass media gives the subject a

very meager information so

that the community knowledge

about it is even scantier. That's

why the community is not

aware of the importance of san-

itation. Many cases such as

diarrhoea and the outbreak of

avian flu is evidence of poor

sanitation in Indonesia.

Who is to blame in this

case? Considering the pressing

demand for sanitation, it is no more important to know who is to

blame in this case. It'd be better that everyone take a concrete

action rather than blaming each other.

"It is a blatant lie if a political will is needed for the present

sanitation management. It is too difficult to expect it.

Therefore, what is important is

that we must do something for

the sanitation,"said Prof. Dr.

Emil Salim, environmental

expert during a discussion in

expectation of NSC 2007,

Wednesday 3 October 2007.

The former State Minister

for Environment said that sev-

eral government departments

involved in sanitation sector

must as soon as possible devel-

op a plan as far down as RT and

RW involving the informal

leaders. "It has been proven

that during the time flood the

one making the movement first

is not the government, but

these informal leaders."

It is hoped that from NSC 2007 which was initially scheduled

for 19-21 Noveember 2007 involving all stakeholders would

improve the awareness, especially of the decision makers, on the

importance of sanitation management. BW

AROUND WSS


Discussion in Anticipation of the National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

"Keep on Doing Something for Sanitation"

In dry season, water scarcity. In

rainy season, flood. Ironical indeed.

But that's Indonesia. There are lots

of rain forest but many of them are dam-

aged. These damages are the main rea-

son for the flood. "Vast areas of rain for-

est were carelessly cut down without any

scientific consideration,"said MS Kaban,

the Forestry Minister at the launching

of planting selected seedlngs around

mosque held at Bung Karno Sport

Centre, Senayan, Jakarta on 18

September 2007. The event was ini-

tiated by National Islamic Teachers'

Council Jakarta at the opening ceremo-

ny of Land for The Poor Program,

attended by thousands of Islamic

Teachers' Council members from all

over the country. Also present Mr. Tar-

mizi Taher, former Minister for Reli-

gious Affairs and currently the Chair-

man of National Mosques' Council.

MS Kaban appeals that mosque as

means for human resources development

it must be made a relaxing place, cool and

pleasant. "One of them is by persuading

the followers to cultivate tree planting.

And it is also an act of devotion," he said.

Further MS Kaban asks the followers to

support the tree planting movement in

conformance with Planting Indonesia

Movement launched by the President in

April 2006. "Indonesia has a wide variety

of economically valuable, ornamental and

environmentally protective trees," he

said.

For this purpose the Forestry Minister

calls the attention of all Islamic followers

to make our country green again by plant-

ing trees in the area surrounding the

mosque. "If our environment is grown

with plants we wouldn't be in short of

water and no more flood because the

trees serve as water retainer." In this

event the minister himself distributed

selected tree seedlings to the representa-

tives of National Islamic Teachers'

Council. BW

Cultivating the habit of planting around mosque

Emil Salim

As part of a series of cooperation

between Indonesian Govern-

ment with UNICEF in water sup-

ply and environmental sanitation devel-

opment in the Eastern Region of

Indonesia (NTB, NTT, S. Sulawesi,

Maluku, Papua and West Papua) funded

from a grant fund from the Ntherlands

government, a series of roadshow was

undertaken in the six provinces, starting

from Maluku (17-18 September 2007),

followed by South Sulawesi (20

September 2007), NTT (24-25 September

2007), Papua (1 October 2007), West

Papua (3 October 2007) and finally NTB

(3-4 October 2007).

The roadshow was intended to

explain the cooperation activities to a

long list of kabupatens from which a short

list will be decided for actual program

implementation. The selection was made

through participatory approach. In addi-

tion, the roadshow was also intended as

means of dissemination of the communi-

ty based WSS development policy and at

the same time to obtain inputs for WSS

development in the future.

The roadshow was conducted by the

respective provincial WSS-WGs in collab-

oration with national WSS-WG and

UNICEF.

This program consists of three (3)

components, namely (i) water supply

provision, (ii) improvement of sanitation

system in 180 primary schools, and (iii)

improvement of WSS system in urban

slums of five (5) provincial capitals.

To make sure of the sustainability of

the program, it is required that each part-

ner province / kabupaten prepare con-

tribution budget to form and manage

provincial/kabupaten/kota WSS-Wor-

king Group, financing one work-

shop/training, and program replication

at least in one village. In the deliberation

several issues came out, among others the

need to consider the specific characteris-

tics of each region such as Maluku as

being an insular region, participatory

approach, strengthening of both govern-

ment and community institutions, impro-

vement of monev quality, transport dif-

fulty makes investment more costly. The-

re is a big interest of kabupatens to beco-

me partners in the implementation, as is

evidenced from willingness to join the

program although it has to pay it from re-

gional budget. This is stated by Kabupa-

ten Manokwari and Fakfak of West

Papua.

At the end of the roadshow it was

agreed that 25 kabupatens are approved to

being partners of the program, they are (i)

four (4) from Maluku province: Seram

Bagian Barat, Buru, Maluku Tenggara,

Maluku Tenggara Barat; (ii) five (5) from

South Sulawesi Province: North Luwu,

Selayar, Takalar, Soppeng, and Barru; (iii)

four (4) from Papua province: Jayapura,

Jayawijaya, Puncak Wijaya, Biak Numfor;

(iv) four (4) from West Papua province:

Sorong, South Sorong, Bintuni Bay, and

Raja Ampat; (v) four (4) from NTT: Bellu,

Rote Ndao, East Sumba, South Timor

Tengah; (vi) four (4) from NTB: West

Lombok, Central Lombok, Sumbawa and

Bima. While city slums will be selected

from Makassar, Mataram, Kupang,

Ambon and Jayapura. GR/RDD/WASPOLA

AROUND WSS


Roadshow of UNICEF Waterand Evironmental Sanitation (WES)

Program

The participants of Roadshow of UNICEF Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) Program. Source: Dormaringan.

Poverty is a major problem in devel-

oping nations including Indonesia.

Everyday 50,000 people die from

wants and the widening gap between the

poor and the rich.

In 2000, the leaders from 189 nations

of the world have committed to a global

plan to reduce poverty by half in 2015. This

commitment is known as Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs).

For this purpose it is necessary to

organize a campaign to call the participa-

tion in fighting poverty and to support the

achievement of the millenium development

goals. In commemoration of World Poverty

Alleviation Day 17 October 2007 a cam-

paign was held, bearing a theme "Wake Up

and Give Voice to Poverty Fighting and

Fulfillment of Millenium Development

Goals".

All the stakeholders were informed and

asked to participate in providing the biggest

support within only 24 hours, a world

record breaking in terms of number of sup-

porters to end with poverty and achieve-

ment of MDGs targets. The increasing

number of supporters indicates our sup-

port to achievement of the goals.

This campaign is a unique opportunity

for channeling aspiration through one

voice, one intention, and in one day. And

for all of that the community and govern-

ment concrete action is of the utmost

importance. Wake up and voice out is an

initiative from various segments of the

community, university, mass media, NGO,

religious organization, private sector,

regional government, and others. BW

AROUND WSS


I t seems that waste problem in this

country is never ending. Therefore it

is necessary to immediately make the

draft Waste Law into an effective law.

However this draft law still requires a lot

of improvement, such the level of mini-

mum service standard in waste manage-

ment. Also the community obligation and

right in separating waste at its very

source, payment of waste management

fee, and educational right for the commu-

nity in waste management.

That was revealed in a workshop enti-

tled "Strengthening of Waste

Management Institution in Jakarta"

Thursday 25 October at the BPPT Office,

Jakarta. The workshop was held as a col-

laborative effort of JIPSYLFF, Dana Mitra

Lingkungan (Environmental Prtnership

Fund), Agency for Environmental

Cleaning Jakarta, and BPPT. In addition

to the above the workshop also disclosed

the need for institutional aspect related

regulation so that stakeholders are more

focused. What is happening now is that

the agency handling waste is still com-

bined with the office taking care of differ-

ent matters. Specification of role and who

is in charge for what affairs. As for budg-

et control mechanism it is necessry for a

transparent financial management. It is

also neceesary to involve the community

in the financial management. And not in

the least importance is to consider the

proportional budget for cleaning relative

to other purposes.

In budget control it is necessary for a

control system by a specific agency for

this purpose, waste budget specification,

socialization of budget and audit report to

the community.

In relation to public campaign consid-

eration should be taken to cooperation

between cleaning management with the

community. Improvement of community

awareness through education is also

important. As menas for information dis-

semination it is adviseable to use media

such as website maintained by the clean-

ing agency.

Another topic includes vertical and

horizontal coordination underlining the

multipartite communication weaknesses

and hence, must be improved. It is not

surprising that lack of inter-agency coor-

dination and overlapping activities where

each agency is working on its own inde-

pendent of others, eventually all of it calls

for improvement toward effective waste

management system. FN

Workshop on "Strengthening of WasteManagement Institution in Jakarta"

Foto: Bowo Leksono.

POVERTY FIGTHING CAMPAIGN

The demand for (clean)

raw water has always

been a complicated

problem especially in urban

areas. Population density has

made the settlement areas

seemingly smaller. Social

problems become unavoidable.

Water related problem and

clean environment are waiting

for ther turn to join in.

Beginning from early

November 2007 till recently

FORKAMI (Communication

Forum for Quality Water

Supply Management) held a

leadership training in four (4)

RWs, i.e. RW 02, 04, 10 and 12 of

Kelurahan (village) of Cipinang Melayu,

East Jakarta.

This facilitation was conducted in the

framework of "Community Leadership in

Awareness Raising on Water (CLEAR

WATER). FORKAMI has made commu-

nity facilitation such as this one a regular

agenda. "The objective is to improve the

community's concern and awareness in

water conservation," said Ms Anggie Rifki

the FORKAMI internal coordinator.

Priority Problem

Although in terms of type and com-

plexity all the RWs are facing almost the

same problems, but the priority for reso-

lution is left to individual RW to decide.

For RW 02 making its office beautiful is

considered the most important. In addi-

tion to public domain, it can serve as

example of clean suurounding for indi-

vidual family and the community to look

at. For that reason, the community resp-

resentative wish to plant trees, ornamen-

tal or medicinal, to make environment

beautiful and pleasing.

RW 04 constructed garbage bins and

socialization of bioporous infiltration

pits. The bins were to be placed in RW 09

because this RW is located in a rather ele-

vated area, therefore there is no danger of

flood and the bins will be washed away by

the flood. On the other hand, the danger

of flooding can be gradually mitigated

through bioporous pits around each

dwelling.

While RW 10 chooses socialization of

clean environment, making available

garbage bins in each house, procurement

of garbage cart, and employment of cart-

man to transport their waste material.

RW 12 thinks of something different. It

plans to start with treatment of iron con-

taining raw water to produce iron free

fresh water.

Making environmetal leader

In the beginning some members of

the community were suspicious with the

FORKAMI program using the term "lead-

ership". According to Anggie,

leadership is meant the indi-

viduals who care and active

about the fate of the sur-

rounding environment. "It's

not only that, this program

also requires community rep-

resentatives who have initia-

tives and willing to work," she

said. The participation in all

of the sessions was quite

promising. This was a good

first step. The partricipants

were so active and enthusias-

tic because they could involve

themselves in the solution to

their own environmental

problems. Therefore, the capacity of the

participants is considered excellent and

could become leader in their respective

neighbourhood. Anggie said that in gen-

eral the initial FORKAMI program has

been doing quite well in developing the

participants' commitment to form action

group and attracting the participants'

interest to actively involve in the

Community Leadership Training within

the Framework of Community

Leadership in Awareness to Water.

According to FORKAMI's agreement

with the community each RW will be pro-

vided Rp 1 million stimulant fund. "This

is a small gift, indeed, but we hope the

community will be able to raise fund and

selfhelp contribution to improve their

own environment," said Anggie.

All in all, this FORKAMI program tar-

geted to the community is capable to un-

dertake its water processing by itself so

that the awareness to water quality to sa-

tisfy its own daily need is improving. Bo-

wo Leksono

AROUND WSS


Educating the CommunityTo Become Environmental Leader

Leadership training in relations to improvement of communityawareness to water. Source: FORKAMI.

Community empowerment is not solely the government

responsibility. Although the government has a limited

capacity it does not mean that government is exempted

from the job of facilitation and policy formulation. One of the

policies is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) that is being

implemented recently. The private sector is expected to play a

significant role to help the government to empower the commu-

nity.

There many aspects of life in which the community needs the

helping hands of the private sector. One of them is water supply

and environmental sanitation (WSS) that still miss the stake-

holders' attention.

A program called "Love Water" has gradually been imple-

mented in the grassroot level for the intention that in the long

run it can turn a clean environment and health community into

reality. Love Water is a collaborative program by Coca Cola

Foundation Indonesia (CCFI) and USAID/Indonesia together

with the community to improve the quality of water supply and

sanitation facility of 25 thousand villagers in Bekasi, West Java.

Love Water is part of Community Watershed Partnership

Program (CCPP), a global program for community based water

resources protection, is a strategic alliance of USAID and the

CocaCola Company (CCC) focusing on prevention of water relat-

ed diseases. "Since our company is related to water, it is quite

proper for us care to raw water availability," said Triyono

Prijosusilo, Deputy Chief Executive Operating Committee PT

Coca Cola Indonesia to Percik.

Implementation of Love Water

Love Water program was officially launched in March 2006

on World Water Day. The program started implementation in

two areas, namely (i) community empowerment at Kampung

Wangkal of Kalijaya village and Sukadanau primary school in

Bekasi and (ii) capacity building of students and teachers of four

(4) high schools in Bekasi, i.e SMAN 2, SMAN 6, SMA YPI 45

and SMA Al Azhar Kemang Pratama. The activities are focused

on raw water related issues. Anyone can do such water protec-

tion activities and in the name of our common interest. Such as

economising water use, planting trees, digging infiltration pit,

refrain from littering, and so on. The community role and par-

ticipation is quite meaningfull in environmental protection.

Triyono said that Love Water Program provides the community

and the students with standard provisions to be self reliant in

improving the environmental condition. "This program will be

implemented for two years," he concluded.

Various Activities

The Love Water program has conducted several activities,

some of them are sanitation improvement and betterment of liv-

ing condition. This is undertaken through education of the

pupils of Sukadanau Primary School, Cikarang Barat, Bekasi.

For two primary schools in Sukadanau, i.e SDN 01 and SDN 02

the Love Water Team built wash hand facilities for 1,294 school-

children and 31 teachers from both schools. There was also a

community based training at Kampung Wangkal. This training

was conducted by adopting PHAST (Participatory Hygiene and

Sanitation Transformation), an extension approach widely prac-

ticed by the Department of Health.

Besides the above activities there was also another effort to

improve water well in the community and digging of drainage

ditch. Previously the community took water from shallow wells

regardless of whether or not the wells hygiene requirement. To

protect the wells from surface water contamination, especially

during flooding time in rainy season, an improvement to the

PROGRAM


LOVE WATERPROGRAM

One of Love Water agenda is repair of the shallow well belonging to a familyin the community. Source: Exclusive.

groundwater quality is made. The Love

Water Team facilitated the community in

building walls to 22 wells, placement of

concrete slab around the wells and con-

strucyion of drainage ditches to prevent

as much as possible contamination away

from the wells.

Other activities were clean and

healthy Wangkal village, clean, healthy

and green competition, and construction

of public MCK. There are 26 women and

cadres selected for training in compost-

ing. The training consists of waste sepa-

ration (organic from inorganic),

practicum and compost making method.

Go Green School (GGS) program

which is intended to introduce the Green

School concept in order to develop an

environmentally sensitive school which is

evidenced from the community willing-

ness to take lessons from the environ-

mentally sensitive school. This program

is conducted through Love Water safari,

training and particularly by the Go Green

School students, Water Testing Day, and

Love Water Jamboree, and movie making

clinic by Go Green School and Kampung

Wangkal community.

Specifically for movie making clinic

the Love Water Team held a movie mak-

ing training simultaneously at SMA YPI

45 and at Kalijaya village. Forty GGS stu-

dents and 25 Kampung Wangkal youths

took part in this training.

The Love Water team also works in

collaboration with the instructors of

Science, Estethique and Technology

Foundation under the leadership of the

famous movie director Garin Nugroho.

The participants were taught how to

make a documentary video about water,

daily activities and clealiness of their sur-

roundings. While the public campaign

was undertaken through simulation,

extensification of understanding about

water source protection, water quality,

and promoting behavioural change and

health and cleanliness. This public cam-

paign consists of radio talkshow, visit to

media, commemoration of World Water

Day, promotion of Air Rahmat, and help-

ing the flood victims. Last but not least is

participation in Wash Hand with Soap

(WHWS) movement. BW

PROGRAM


Training in film making for high school students and village youth. Source: Exclusive.

Comptetition in decorating garbage bins by pupils from primary school. Source: Bowo Leksono.

Clay soil contains a wide variety of

minerals. One of them is called

haloisit. A study with this min-

eral revealed that it can help reducing

pollutant content from detergent of alkyl-

benzene sulfonate group. The rate of

reduction is between 30 to 70 percent,

depending on acidity of the solution, the

more acid the solution the bigger is the

reduction.

The time of contact for the reduction

to take effect is approximately 24 hours.

The reduction occurs through a process

called adsoption of the detergent with the

surface of solid particles of the clay.

The application of this research is to

detergent containing domestic waste-

water. Detergent polluted water is

poured directly into the soil. As it pene-

trates the soil and detergent comes into

contact with clay partticles the adsorption

process takes place and finally the deter-

gent content reduces significantly. The

soil material for this dumping is not pre-

dominantly pure clay soil, but a mixture

of various soil particles of different sizes.

This is intended to increase soil porosity

to more water to penetrate at a sufficient

velocity.

After making contact the wastewater

will penetrate deeper and finally reaches

groundwater table. This wastewater will

no longer pollute groundwater because

the pollutant content is now significantly

reduced. Using soil for wastewater treat-

ment medium is known as natural trear-

ment method. It's hoped that natural

treatment can be applied extensively

because it is financially economical and

using locally available material.

There have been many researches

conducted using soil as adsorbent of cer-

tain type of pollutants, organic as well as

inorganic. By nature the soil is potential-

ly the medium where physical, physico-

chemical and biological processes take

place. There is a wide range of possibili-

ties that the processes are highly effective

in reducing pollutants carried by the liq-

uid waste.

Condensed fron thesis by AliMasduqi entitled "Adsorption

Kinetics of LAS (LinearAlkylbenzene Sulfonate)

in Clay Soil by way ofBatch System,"

at the Faculty of EnvironmentalEngineering, ITB,

ABSTRACT


There have beenmany researches

conducted using soilas adsorbent of certain

type of pollutants,organic as well as

inorganic.

Detergent content in domestic wastewater can be adsorbed by clay soil.Source: Bowo Leksono.

REDUCING DETERGENTCONTENT USING CLAY SOIL

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Question :Why is it that wastewater treated biologically, while water

supply (drinking water) through physico-chemical process?

Isn't it physico-chemical treatment a faster method to treat

wastewater?

Astari, Bengkulu

Answer :Physico-chemical process takes a relatively shorter time to

complete and it is also easier to handle, but it is more costly. In

water supply industry, raw water must be treated quickly, to

produce a big quantity and high quality processed water,

because it relates to human basic need. No matter how expen-

sive water tariff may become, human demand remains. On the

other hand, the community will be will be psychologically bur-

dened if they have to spend more money for wastewater treat-

ment. This will significantly reduce theeir willingness to pay for

such a treatment. As an alternative, technology choice is made

based on a high performance and effectiveness at a reasonable

cost within which the community is willing to pay, and the most

appropriate choice is biological process.

WASTE TRANSPORT FEE

Question :Why do they collect the subject transport fee twice, i.e by

waste collector (with his cart) and once again when we pay elec-

tricity bill?

Daeng Mangiri, Donggala

Answer :Waste transport fee collection is determined locally based on

the system applied in the area (collection - transport - treat-

ment). The fee paid to collector is to pay the said collector for his

job collecting and transporting waste to transfer station, and the

fee paid at the electricity bill counter is to pay for the cost relat-

ed to transport the wasste to final disposal facility.

WHAT CHLORINE IS GOOD FOR

Question :What is the purpose of chlorine treatment to a swimming

pool? Is the water safe if swallowed without purpose?

Ardiyanto, Brebes

Answer :Water in the swimming is treated with desinfectant to kill or

inactivate pathogen microbes in the water. This is done in con-

nection with hygiene and sanitation aspect, as many organic

compounds (for instance excretion from human body such as

sweat, urine, etc.) may serve as nutrient for pathogen microbes.

This can be prevented by mixing 8-10 mg/l hypochlorite

Ca(ClO)2 into the water, a process called superchlorination.

With the application of high dosage such as this the inactivation

of pathogen microbes becomes more effective. However, the

swimming pool water is no good when administered, the high

chlorine content is irritative to our body.

IATPI CLINIC


Question can be forwarded through Percik magazineContributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono ([email protected]), Lina Damayanti ([email protected])

Source: Exclusive.

Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column.This column deals with question and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.

Achange toward hygiene beha-

viour means a lot to the com-

munity. However, quite often

it misses the communal awareness. The

result, various diseases are threatening.

Poverty is frequently the cause for poor

health condition. But it does not mean

the solution ends up there. Here again

community awareness in resoving its

own problem. A documentary video

show entitled "The Meaning of a

Change" represents the lessons learned

from hygiene behaviour explicitly leads

to healthy living and community

empowerment.

The 30 minute video show is based on the life of in the ham-

let of Banyuurip of Surat village, Kediri, East Java. Starting

from water lack of access to water their life is adverse affected.

The habit of defecation in the open is

the main cause for diarrhoea diseases.

This is one record of low household

latine use. From an estimated 20 fami-

lies, only three have a household latrine.

The rest, are freely but full of anxiety

defecating in the garden or backyard.

WSLIC-2 (Water and Sanitation for

Low Income Communties-2) serves to

bridge and facilitates community

behavioural change. Later it is further

strengthened by CLTS (Community

Total Led Sanitation). The video was

produced by the Directorate of

Sanitation Dept. of Health is a document that the parameter of

healthy life does not lie in the quantity of physical infrastruc-

tures, rather it is in behavioural change. BW

CD INFO

The Meaning of a Change

N o one knows when the waste prob-

lem can be resolved. Perhaps it'd

be better if we never take it as problem,

but as God's creation we are obliged to

take care of it. If we believe in the

Prophet's teaching that "cleanliness is

part of the creed" than waste shouldn't be

a problem because to live a hygienic life is

our own basic principle. This means that

anytime and anywhere we are obliged to

keep the environment clean.

There is no need to speak of dirty

rivers in the cities, even far away in a

remote hamlet we can see a river full of

garbage. Piles after piles of waste are

moored along riverbanks and around

bridge support columns. It is quite unfor-

tunate, indeed. At least this is the real

picture taken by high school student's

camera that was arranged into a do-

cumetary movie. The 7 minute movie is

entitled "Fantasy Earth" was taken not far

from where the photographer lives.

"There are many things around us that

can be made into a film. If you are sensi-

tive enough to what's going on in the

environment, you don't need to go far

away to take a good picture" says Nanki

Nirmanto, the film maker.

The movie contains an interview with

a community living around the river-

banks. According to them, they have

never been in touch with waste disposal

facility that is common in urban areas.

And that is why they feel quite comfort-

able by just throwing their waste any-

where they like.

The movie does not only show the

community's waste problem, the manu-

facturing plants encroaching on the rural

areas are also the object of this movie.

Those factories arbitrarily discard their

wastes into the water body flowing into

ricefields and community dwellings.

Indeed, a clean and healthy earth is only

a fantasy. The film produced under the

independent spirit of Bozz Community is

one of the finalists in Yogyakarta

Documentary Film Festival (FFD) 2007

organized by the Documentary

Community. BW

Fantasy Earth


E nvironmental cleanliness is still a polemic within the com-munity. One accusing the other over whose responsibility

is for what. It's whether the government or the community,since the public and the private territory meet each other in onecontact area.

This 52 page book describes how the abundance of waste andobtainable at not cost can be processed to produce somethinguseful. The author cites an example a processed drainage ditch

waste can turn into con bloc, concrete brick, paving bloc, fertil-izer or compost.

The relatively concise book does not only describe the tech-nical aspect of waste material treatment but also its marketopportunity. In addition to that, this book also discusses thefinancial aspect and the benefit of using products derived fromwaste material.

The author considers it necessary to exchange knowledgeand experience in waste material handling, particularly the oneexcavated from the ditch. If only the community and the go-vernment were working collaboratively the path towards cleanenvironment might be paved more easily at at the same timenew job vacancies might be generated.

It's hoped this book could serve as guidance to change thecommunity opinion about waste. Let's do away with the opinionthat making the environment clean is bringing no financial ben-efit, replace it with some profitable real activity. Make not wasteor filth from ditch a problem but take it as responsibility to turnit into business opportunity. Anyone can make himself an entre-preneur from things used to be considered a problem. Who isnext to try? BW

I ndonesia is one of the signatories of the Millennium

Declaration, an agreement for MDGs achievement in 2015.

In principle Indonesia acknowledges the contents of the declara-

tion. This 92 page book is published for the purpose of reposi-

tioning the MDGs target and the accelerated achievement action

plan. As we all know that in reality Indonesia's achievement is

lagging way behind a satisfactory level. The UN takes note of it

in its Human Development Report 2005 Indonesia's Human

Development Index is only 0.697. This figure places Indonesia

at 110th position from 170 nations, far below that of Malaysia,

Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. This book also provides a

general picture of the efforts made in reaching several MDGs

targets in Indonesia, particularly improvement of environmen-

tal condition of slum areas, access to water supply and sanita-

tion, and poverty alleviation through urban infrastructure deve-

lopment.

By 2015 the proportion of the population who still have no

access to water supply and sanitation facility must be signifi-

cantly reduced. But it seems that since 2000 there is an imbal-

ance between population growth and economic development so

that improvement of access does not seem to be significant. The

government is continuously working towards the achievement,

though how slow it may seem. Actually there are various stake-

holders such as the private sector and others to be asked work in

synergy to solve demand of this basic need.

In general we may say that MDGS target achievement, par-

ticularly as it relates to urban facilities, housing, water supply

and sanitation, Indonesia is far from satisfactory. In connection

with fulfillment of government responsibility in community wel-

fare improvement, what needs to be done is to contain all the

political and decision making processes within a single and only

goal of achieving the welfare. BW

BOOK INFO


Sharing Experience in Waste Handling

A Reflection of MDGs Target Achievement

TITLE

TREATMENT OF DRAINAGEWASTEWATER AS BUSINESS

OPPORTUNITYAuthor:

Mutawakil, S.EPublisher:

Jakarta, Penebar Swadaya, 2006Pages:

vi + 52 pages

TITLE:HOUSING, WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATIONAuthor:

Mulya Amri, Ade Tanesia, Adi Abidin,Rohman Yuliawan, Biduk Rokhmani

Publisher:Jakarta, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum

RI, 2005Pages: 92 pages

SANITATION CONNECTIONwww.sanicon.net

Sanitation Coonection is web based

network covering all aspects related to

environmental sanitation. This website is

a very complete source of information on

sanitation covering technology, institu-

tion and funding from all over the world.

The available information is supported by

various international institutions manag-

ing and providing the approprite data in

accordance of each one's capacity. It is

also connected with other websites within

the same realm of activities.

Several important themes available

comprise among others funding and cost

recovery, sanitation promotion, school

sanitation system, solid waste manage-

ment, low cost waste water treatment and

drainage system.

ECOLOGICAL SANITATIONhttp://www.ecosan.org/

This is a website that focuses on eco-

logical sanitation. This website is devel-

oped by International Water Association

(IWA). It provides community sanitation

related problem solving materials, pub-

lishes various IWA activities all over the

world, also contains important informa-

tion on water supply its related develop-

ment institutions.

ECOLOGY AND HEALTH RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT CENTRE

http://www.ekologi.litbang.depkes.go.id

Ecology and Health Condition

Research Centre is a division of the

Agency for Research and Development of

Health Department. The centre derived

its present name from the expansion of

the realm of health ecology to being a part

of ecological study. Ecology is a branch of

biology that studies the relationship

beween organism and its environment,

dead or alive, called bionomics. Ecology

is also known as a branch of sociology in

its relation to human being, environment,

distribution, and cultural patterns devel-

oped from the relationship.

Through this website it is hoped that

all data and information covering

resources profile, health ecology research

and development program in terms of

physical-chemical ecology, biological

ecology, health condition and indicator,

ecology and health related cooperation

with the related stakeholders, and other

information could be widely and immedi-

ately disseminated for the favour of the

stakeholders.

SANITATION FOR THE COMMUNITYIN INDONESIA

http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au

This website contains various forms

of cooperation between the governments

of Australia and Indonesia. One of them

is the Sanitation for the Community

(SANIMAS) program.

The two countries have been partners

for years and have tied a strong relation-

ship as early as 1950s. Through AusAID

the Australian Government will allocate

Official Development Assistance at an

estimated amount of AUD458 million

(approximately Rp3.4 trillion) for 2007-

08. BW

WEBSITE INFO


R E P O R TEVALUATION OF SMALL-SCALEPROVIDERS OF WATER SUPPLY

AND SANITATION SER-VICES IN PERUPublisher: WSP WorldBank, Peru, 2007

WATER QUALITY ASSESS-MENT (WQA) STUDY OFKNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE,AND PRACTICE (KAP)MPA-PHAST COMMUNITYLED TOTAL SANITATIONPublisher: The Office ofHealth Agency KabupatenSukabumi

W O R K I N G

P A P E R

GROUNDWATER MONITOR-ING AND CONSERVATIONPublisher: DG Mineral Coaland GeothermalResourcesDept. Energy and MineralResources

A PERFORMANCEINDEX FOR ASSESSINGURBAN WATER SYS-TEMS: A FUZZY INFER-ENCE APPROACHPublisher: AWWA Journal, 2006

R E G U L A T I O N

GOVERNMENT REGULA-TION NO. 82 OF 2001ON WATER QUALITYMANAGEMENT AND POL-LUTION CONTROL

PUBLIC WORKS MINISTE-RIAL REGULATION NO.294 OF 2005 ON WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM DEVE-LOPMENT

B O O KTREATMENT OF WASTEWATERPublisher: ESHA(Environment Series),Jakarta, 2003

HANDBOOK OF WATERECONOMIC: PRINCIPLESAND PRACTICEPublisher: John Wiley &Sons Ltd, 2003

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMSECURITYPublisher: McGraw-Hill,2004

M A G A Z I N E

AIR MINUM(DRINKING WATER)Ed. 144 September 2007(in Indonesian)

BULETIN CIPTAKARYAEd. V, September 2007(in Indonesian)

NIRMALAEd. June 2007

SUARA BUMI(EARTH VOICE)Ed. 8, August 2007(in Indonesian)

PERCIKYUNIOREd. 3, August2007

PERCIK(ENGLISH VERSION)Ed. 19, August 2007

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY


AGENDA

T I M E A C T I V I T Y

06 September 2007 Seminar on Water and Environment of Jakarta held by Indonesia Water Partnership and Global Water

Partnership

6-8 September 2007 Socialization of WSS Related Law and Regulation at Denpasar, Bali held by DG PMD Dept. Home Affairs in

cooperation with WSS-WG and WASPOLA

10 September 2007 WS for Formulation of Sanitation Strategy Plan of Padang city, West Sumatra held by WSS-WG West Sumatra

11-12 September 2007 WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Jeneponto, S. Sulawesi held by WSS-WG

Kab. Jeneponto

12 September 2007 Coordination Meeting on CLTS Implementation in Indonesia and Plan for CLTS Study by Jakarta academician,

held by DG PP&PL Dept. Health

16-25 September 2007 Training on Resources Agency for TSSM (Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing) Indonesia Project at

Pasuruan, East Java by DG PP&PL Dept. Health

19 September 2007 Meeting to Review ISSDP Activity component WASAP-D in Jakarta held by DG Cipta Karya,

Dept. Public Works

20 September 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gorontalo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gorontalo

20 September 2007 WS on Provincial Level WSS Program in Makassar, held by WSS-WG in cooperation with Provincial

WSS-WG South Sulawesi

25 September 2007 Meeting for Water Dialogues held by Indonesia Water Dialogues Working Group

02 October 2007 WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Jayapura, Papua held by WSS-WG, UNICEF

Provincial Government of Papua

02 October 2007 Working Meeting on WSS Service Improvement toward a safe and comfortable city held in Surakarta held by

DG Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works

2-3 October 2007 WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Bone Bolango, Gorontalo by WASPOLA and

WSS-WG Kab. Bone Bolango

04 October 2007 WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Manokwari, Papua held by WSS-WG,

UNICEF Manokwari Regional Government

08 October 2007 SANWAG Limited Workshop on Communication Strategy and Sanitation Campaign Design in Jakarta held by

DG PP&PL Dept. Health

23-24 October 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Wajo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Wajo

25 October 2007 WS on Waste Management Institutional Strengthening in Jakarta conducted by Join

Initiatives Program (JIP) Indonesia

27 October 2007 Informal Meeting with Central Java Dalang in Semarang held by Central Java Dalang Association Commisariate

30 October 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gowa, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gowa

National Sanitation Conference 2007. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2007

Health & Medicine

Transcript of National Sanitation Conference 2007. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2007