National market analysis for Enlarging Solar Thermal ... · Table 1: Ownership structure (Source:...

National market analysisfor Enlarging Solar Thermal Systemsin Multi-Family-Houses and Hotels in Europe

Italy

National market analysis for CSTS – Italy

3

Part A: Information on respondents...................................................................................4

1. Responsible contact person .............................................................................................4

Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector........................................................................................................................5

1. Information on the existing building stock.........................................................................5 2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses ...........................................6 3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities in the multi family housing

sector ................................................................................................................................8 4. Information on actors in the housing sector......................................................................9 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................10

Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector........................................11

1. Information on the existing hotel building stock..............................................................11 2. Information on heating systems......................................................................................11 3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities........................................11 4. Information on actors in the hotel sector ........................................................................12 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................12

Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past.................13

1. Market background and history of solar thermal market and the CSTS segment ..........13 2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS.................................................14 3. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................14

Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS..................15

1. Energy prices .................................................................................................................15 2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector...........................................15 3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector .............................................................16 4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market..............................................17 5. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................18

Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS.............................19

1. Overview: national strategy and framework for solar thermal systems and CSTS promotion........................................................................................................................19

2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations in the housing and hotel sector .......20 3. Conclusion for SOLARGE ..............................................................................................22

Sources .................................................................................................................................23


4

Part A: Information on respondents

1. Responsible contact person

Organisation name: Ambiente Italia

Contact person: Marco Calderoni

Address: via Poerio, I-39 Milano

Phone: +39 02 27744 230

Fax: +39 02 27744 222

Internet: [email protected]


5

Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector

1. Information on the existing building stock

Number, structure and age of buildings The total number of dwellings in Italy is 21,500,000. Figure 1 shows the share of buildings

versus their structure and their age.

Figure 1 Share of buildings versus their structure and their age (Source: ISTAT, 2001)

Figure 2 shows the rate of flats in the different types of buildings.

Figure 2 Rate of flats in different types of buildings (Source: ISTAT, 2001)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

STRUCTURE AGE

single family6.900.000

2 flats2.000.000

3-15 flats1.800.000

>15 flats 200.000

<19463.500.000

1946-19611.650.000

1961-19813.950.000

1981-19911.300.000

>1991800.000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

[%]

> 15 flats

3 - 15 flats flats

2 flats

single flat


6

Private-rented dwellings Figure 3 shows the ownership structure of houses in Italy.

90 %

1 % 1 %

4 % 0 %2 %

1 % 1 %

0 %

Private

Bank

Building or real estate

Other

Building

State, regions, provinces, municipalities Department of social

Social Housing (IACP)Other

Total: 19,736 million

Figure 3 Ownership structure of the Italian building stock (Source: ISTAT, 1991)

About 75 % of the population own the apartment where they live, which means about 15

million flats. MFH are therefore mostly multi ownerships called condominium (condominio),

with in average of 20 to 30 flats. A condominium is usually administrated by an external

company (or often by a single person), who deals with the maintenance and management of

the building.

There are about 5.3 million dwellings, which are not occupied.

2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses

Figure 4 shows the number of centralised and autonomous heating systems in Italian

apartments.

Autonomous heating systems are very common in Italy. Among these there are also systems

which provide for the heating of only part of the flat/single family house.

Speaking of MFH, centralised DHW-heating systems are rare in Italy. The most common

habit is to install a centralised space heating system and small, autonomous boilers for DHW

in every single apartment. Sometimes the hot water preparation is split in two different plants,

one for the kitchen and one for the bathroom.


7

Figure 4 Total number of autonomous and centralised heating systems

(Source: ISTAT, 2001)

Figure 5 shows the share of different types of fuels concerning space heating and DHW. The

figures are referred to the whole building stock, including both, SFH and MFH. This is the

reason for the high values of plants providing both, space heating and DHW.

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

heating and DHW in one plant heating and DHW separated

gas, lpg and gasoline

12.100.000

solid fuel 1.400.000

electricity 260 000

electric DHW

4.650.000

non electric DHW

3.870.000

Figure 5 Share of different types of fuels in DHW-preparation of Italian apartments

(Source: ISTAT, 2001)

Figure 6 shows the share of natural gas, LPG and gasoline in the heating of residential

buildings.

Average consumption rates for space heating may be estimated to 200 kWh/ (m2living area a).

The average consumption for DHW adds about 700–800 kWh/ a per person, which means

(by 37 m2 per inhabitant in average, ISTAT 2001) 20 kWh/ (m2living area a).

0

5.000.000

10.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

autonomouscentralised

21.200.000

4.700.000


8

Figure 6 Share of different types of fuels in space heating plants of Italian apartments

(Source ENEA, 2004)

3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities in

the multi family housing sector

Over 720,000 buildings were refurbished after 1991. About 430,000 refurbishments where

made on the structures or the plants.

The trend is moving towards autonomous heating plants, especially in the social housing

sector: in this way, the social housing companies do not have to pay the utilities for the fuel

and then wait for the inhabitants to pay.

Figure 7 Refurbishment activity (Source ISTAT, 2001)

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

[%] lpggasolinenatural gas

6,5

18,5

75

0200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

1.600.000

1.800.000

2.000.000

1972 - 1981 1982 - 1991 after 1991

building plants

1.600.000

216.000

117.000

787.000126.000

306.000


9

Figure 7 shows the refurbishment activity between 1972 and 2001, concerning refurbishment

on buildings and plants (meaning all the plants in a building, not only heating plants).

4. Information on actors in the housing sector

4.1 Information about the ownership structure of the national housing sector

% of the whole housing stock

Number in total on national level [flats]

Condominium ownership included in private owned houses

n. a.

Non profit (social) housing associations

4 860,000

Commercial MFB ownership 1.5 305,000

Private owned houses and flats (including condominium ownership)

91.7 19,800,000

Public owners (state, region, province, city)

1.8 396,000

Others 1 220,000

Total 100 21,581,000

Table 1: Ownership structure (Source: ISTAT, 2001)

All the figures in the table refer to the housing sector in general. We did not find any statistic

referring to the MFH sector in particular. Therefore the row ‘Condominium ownership’ is not

filled in. Besides, the row ‘Private owners of MFH’ refers to houses in general.

4.2 Important associations or organisations in the national housing sector

The ANCE association (Associazione Nazionale Costruttori Edili, www.ance.it) represents

about 20,000 private building companies.

Concerning the social housing sector, some of the most important actors are represented by

Federcasa (www.federcasa.it) with over 110 members.

Important cooperatives are Federabitazione (3,300 members, www.abitacoop.it) and Ancab

(almost 1,000 members, www.ancab.it).

Federcasa, Federabitazione and Ancab where asked to take part in the European project


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‘Solhas – marketing of solar water heaters for housing associations’. Only Federabitazione

and Ancab, however, actively worked for it (mainly by answering questionnaires and

promoting the project towards their members).

5. Conclusion for SOLARGE

In Italy a large share of dwellings are situated in MFH. A lot were built between 1960 and

1980 and in fact, the refurbishment rate is high. Heating systems, however, are mostly

autonomous and the majority of the flats is privately owned by the inhabitants. The

installation of CSTS is therefore hindered by technical problems and those concerning

decisions.

It is very important to focus on those actors who own and who build MFH. Housing

associations and building companies are therefore the most promising target group.


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Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector

1. Information on the existing hotel building stock

There are almost 33,500 hotels all over Italy, with 1.9 million beds in total.

The average number of visitors every year amounts to 215,000,000 and the rate of

occupancy is 44 %.

Most of the hotels are located in the regions of Trentino Alto Adige (18 %) and Emilia

Romagna (15 %). Other 10 % are sited in the region of Veneto, while Lombardia and

Toscana both share about 9 % of the total hotels. In general, most hotels are in the north and

middle of Italy, while only a small share is located in the south.

Top class hotels are in average bigger than low class hotels (189 beds for top class, 23 for

low class hotels).

2. Information on heating systems

The only available data refer to the cities of Venice and Mestre.

The average consumption for space heating amounts to 250 kWh/ (m2living area a), the one for

DHW to 55 kWh/ (m2living area a).

The most common heating system is the centralised one for both, space heating and DHW.

Almost every hotel uses natural gas for this purpose.

In southern Italy also autonomous heating systems and lpg are used.

In the islands (Sicily and Sardegna) also electric DHW heaters are common.

3. Information on refurbishment and new construction activities

21 of 29 of the analysed hotels in Venice and Mestre where refurbished between 1995 and

2001 (72 %). The year of construction is not representative, since a lot of hotels in Venice

are located into very old buildings.


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4. Information on actors in the hotel sector

4.1 Information about the ownership structure of the hotel sector

Among the 500 hotels of the biggest companies in Italy, about 25 % are in ownership, 5 %

are rented, 25 % are in franchising and over 45 % are members of consortiums.

4.2 Important associations or organisations in the national hotel sector

Federalberghi is the association of Italian Hotels. It has 126 members (regional

associations), representing 33,000 hotels all over Italy. It has not yet been involved in solar

thermal programmes.

Hotels in southern Italy seem to be more and more interested in solar thermal plants.

The main hotel companies in Italy are Best Western (118 hotels), Space (94 hotels), Jolly (41

hotels), Six Continents (35 hotels), Starwood (29) and Accor (28).

National companies are usually owners of their hotels, while big international companies

mainly manage the hotels in franchising. In order to compete with such big groups, besides,

a lot of smaller companies joint in ‘consortiums’.

One further peculiarity of the Italian market is the big share of local, well-established family-

companies, which manage their hotels in a very efficient way.


The Italian hotel sector shows a high technical potential of application of solar thermal.

Nevertheless there are two major reasons why solar thermal develops rather moderately in

this sector: Firstly energy prices are subsidised for hotel owners, who, secondly are used to

make only investments with very short payback-times.


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Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past

1. Market background and history of solar thermal market and the

CSTS segment

General market characteristics

After a first boom in the late 70’s and the early 80’s, the Italian solar heating market almost

collapsed in 1987 after the phasing out of a subsidy programme managed by ENEL, the

national electricity utility. For the following decade, annual collector sales remained below

15,000 m2. The large number of malfunctioning plants installed during the first boom is

largely responsible for the solar heating industry's lingering poor image in Italy. The new

reality of solar thermal products though is beginning to correct these remaining

misconceptions.

A considerable yearly market growth of about 25 % could be observed in average over the

past seven years. It is estimated that 444,000 m2 (311,000 kWth) of solar collectors are

installed in Italy.

Supply side There were about 60 suppliers of solar heating systems in Italy in 2002. Some 20 national

manufacturers covered about 20% of the domestic market. The sector directly employed

about 300 people and generated in the year 2000 a turnover of 24 million Euros.

The majority (> 90%) of solar heating plants installed in Italy are small systems used for

residential hot water supply. In northern Italy, there is a certain trend towards combined solar

systems, which provide both hot water and space heating. In central and south Italy mostly

compact thermosyphon systems are used.

Missing knowledge of installers is a major bottleneck for solar heating in Italy.

Since solar thermal market is dominated by small systems, CSTS are very rare in Italy. No

official data about is available. The rate of CSTS is estimated to 1–2 % of the total installed

collector area, which means between 4,000 and 8,000 m2.


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2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS

Year m² of yearly installed collector

surface in total

Market size in terms of

capacity (in kWth)

m² of yearly installed collector

surface in CSTS

(>30 m²)

Market share of

CSTS in the solar

thermal market (%)

Market growth

solar thermal

market (%)

2002 45,000 31,500 n. a. n .a. n. a.

2003 50,000 35,000 n. a. n .a. 11.11

2004 58,000 40,600 1,250 2.16 16.00

Cumulated by 2004 444,285 311,000 6,000 1.35 _

Table 2: Market figures CSTS (Source Ambiente Italia, ESTIF, 2004)


The supply side for CSTS is not yet sufficiently established in order to satisfy a broader

demand especially when standardised and cost-effective systems are required for a larger

dissemination. Cooperation with all actors of the supply side will be a crucial element of the

SOLARGE project in Italy.


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Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS

1. Energy prices

Natural gas price (€cent/kWh)

2001 2002 2003

Consumption [MWh/a] 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0 2.3 4.6 23.0 35.0

Housing sector 5.9 N/A. 7.0 7.0 5.8 5.2 6.7 6.7 6.2 5.7 6.9 7.0

Hotel sector 1999: 3–3,6

Heating oil price Unit 2001 2002 2003

Housing sector €cent/kWh 12.0 12.2 12.5

Power price (Ct/kWh)

2001 2002 2003

Consumption [kWh/a]

600 1200 3500 7500 600 1200 3500 7500 600 1200 3500 7500

Housing sector 9.1 9.5 19.6 19.1 9.6 9.9 19.5 19.0 9.6 10.0 19.8 19.3

District heating price Unit 2004

Housing sector €cent/kWh estimation: 7.5

Table 3: Energy prices – natural gas price and power price depend on the yearly consumption of a household (Source: ENEA (housing sector), Federalberghi (hotel sector))

No data about energy prices for the end-user are available for 2004 and 2005.

2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector

The interest rates for real estate investments amount to 3.5–4.0%. Banks usually finance 75–

80 % of the total investment for the acquirements of houses and 100 % for the refurbishment.

Expected payback times for refurbishments are usually 20 to 25 years for the building and

eight years for the plants.


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Several banks are considering low rate interests for renewable energy interests.

3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector

Heating costs allocation between tenants and owners

SFH:

• Usually, the utility sends the bill directly to the tenant. In this case every tenant pays

his own heating costs.

• Sometimes the bill is paid by the owner of the house and the tenant pays a fix amount

of money which is included in the rent.

MFH:

In case of MFH, there are three possible solutions for the allocation of heating costs:

• The bill is sent by the utility directly to the tenant. In this case every tenant pays his

own heating costs. This happens in case of separate contabilisation of heating costs.

• The tenant pays a fixed amount of money every year.

• The tenant pays a part of the total heating bill of the MFH (e. g. depending on the

living area of the flat).

Mechanisms used to shift the investment costs from the investor/owner to the users/tenants of a building Refurbishment costs are paid by the owner of the building. The only way he has to get back

the money (or part of it) is to raise the rent of the following contract (see below).

Investments financing in case of condominiums Investments are completely financed by the owner. Another investor could be an ESCO, but

this mechanism is very rare at the moment.

Legal restrictions for rent increases Rent increases depend on the type of contract between owner and tenant. With the free

contract (which lasts 4 years + other 4 years) there are no limitations for the rent. With the

ruled contract the rent is limited by a maximum and a minimum value. These values are

decided by the associations of owners and tenants. The duration of these types of contracts

is three years and another two years, and there are fiscal incentives for the owners.

Tenants right to refuse higher rents due to refurbishment Tenants’ rights to refuse higher rents are set in the type of contract (see above).


17

Energy-efficiency as dependence factor of flat rent There is no regulation concerning the dependence of the rent on the energy efficiency of the

flat, but this dependence is basically possible.

Investment barriers due to regulations on social housing There are no other barriers due to regulation. Another important barrier, however, is a social

one: since social housing companies very often have problems with tenants who do not pay

the rent, they often do not to invest in refurbishment to avoid the risk of wasting money.

4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market

Legge 10/91 and DPR 412/93 This law rules the maximum primary energy demand of buildings. It defines the main rules

which have to be observed when a house is built. Local administrations can decide to add

stricter rules. When it was created in 1991, it was an innovative law. Since it has not been

modified later, however, it is now obsolete because of high values for the energy demand

permitted. The law defines a quantity called FEN, which includes climate conditions, shape of

the building, quality of the insulation and the boiler efficiency. Because of the way it is

defined, however, FEN does not quantify the real consumption for heating purpose of a

building.

Besides, the law obliges public administrations to install solar thermal systems on their

buildings. In the part of law 10/91 concerning solar thermal systems on public buildings, there

is a comment that allows avoiding solar systems in case the payback time is longer than ten

years (eight years for small municipalities). This allows public administration to avoid solar

systems.

Regional laws Every region can make its own laws, according to the limits put by law 10/91, which have to

be considered a must. Toscana and Lazio have already made laws, which are designed to

recipe the European building directive 2002/91/ICE. Regional laws need the municipalities to

include them in the building codes before they become active.

Building code According to law 10/91 and to regional laws, municipalities make local building codes. The

building code may include obligations concerning also solar thermal systems.

There are two small towns around Milano, Carugate and Corbetta, which already adopted a

solar building regulation, forcing to adopt solar thermal systems (collector area at least 20 %


18

of the maximum possible area) on new buildings and in case of refurbishment.

Certification The building directive 2002/91/ICE will be active in Italy by the end of 2006 and will define

maximum values for the heat consumption of new buildings. Therefore solar thermal plants

will be interesting for building companies, since they reduce the total heat consumption.

Different types of certification are already available: the City of Bolzano already adopted an

obligatory certification of the energy performance of buildings called ‘Casa Clima’: new

buildings’ consumption has to be classified at least in class ‘C’.

The Province of Bolzano adopted a volunteer system, based on the same certification

method. The city of Bologna adopted a volunteer certification called ‘ITACA’.


High energy prices together with the high insulation levels in Italy represent an important

precondition for cost-effective CSTS. New economic and legislative schemes are underway,

however, the experience shows that so far they are not sufficiently convincing for investors

especially in the building sector. The cooperation with building enterprises or other

professional investors will only work with complete service packages and collateral measures

which increase their confidence.


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Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS

1. Overview: national strategy and framework for solar thermal

systems and CSTS promotion

1.1 National goals and targets for solar thermal systems

The Italian goal concerning solar thermal plants is to reach 1.5 million m2 collector area until

2005 and three million m2 until 2010. The goal for 2005 has not yet been reached (the

currently installed collector area amounts to about 550,000 m2), the one for 2010 seems

therefore extremely difficult to achieve.

There are no goals concerning CSTS in particular.

1.2 National strategy and programme of activities for solar thermal and CSTS promotion

Subsidy program for Public Administrations and natural gas utilities About six million € were allocated by the environment ministry in order to promote solar

thermal systems on public buildings and natural gas utilities. (4 million € for public

administrations, 2 million € for natural gas utilities). The subsidy amounts to 30 % of the

investment. Among the 150 projects sent to the ministry by the end of 2003, about 70 had

been already installed or were being installed. This program is still in charge, since only half

of the money has been spent.

Regional subsidies for both, the private and the public sector Due to the ‘Decreto Direttoriale 24.07.2002’ a subsidy program with 15.5 million € was

started in 2002. Half of the money came from the environment ministry, half from the regions.

Every region can choose how to finance solar thermal plants: in some cases the contribution

is calculated as a certain percent of the investment costs, in other regions as a contribution

for the saved energy. In average, the contribution amounts to about 30 % of the investment

costs. Due to this program, a total investment of about 54 million € was foreseen, which

means 75,000 m2 of installed collector area.

‘Comuni Solarizzati’ This program was designed for the central and southern regions of Italy, in order to promote


20

installation of solar thermal plants on public buildings and the creation of new small

companies in the environmental sector. The total budget amounts to 9 million € and the

subsidy to 50 % of the investment costs. Due to the low interest of public administrations in

the program, the installed collector area amounts to 12,000 m2 (72,000 m2 were foreseen).

Solar thermal installation on prisons The first pilot installation was made in Rebibbia (Rome), where twelve prisoners where

taught by experts (formation course of 600 hours) and realised later a self-built solar thermal

plant (250 m2 collector area) providing hot water to the prison.

1.3 National administration of policy framework and support schemes

The environment ministry, together with the ministry for ‘productive activities’ is responsible

for the strategic vision of the energy sector. Consequently, they make the main laws

concerning energy consumption (e. g. law 10/91). Besides, these ministries organise subsidy

programs

The regions have their own energy program (PER) and are responsible for local subsidies.

Municipalities make laws and are responsible for local campaigns and subsidies.

Support schemes are generally developed and funded by the environment ministry. The

actions can be managed by the ministry itself, by the regions or the municipalities.

2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations in the housing

and hotel sector

2.1 Subsidy schemes for CSTS investments

Full name of support scheme Bando nazionale per Enti Locali e Aziende Distributrici Gas

Type of support scheme (e.g. soft loan programme)

Subsidy based on the investment costs (30%)

Focus area of support scheme (e.g. installations 30-120 m²)

None

Starting date (in place since): 2001

Expiry date: None

budget volume of the support scheme and sources from which it is funded

Budget: 6,000,000 € Source: environment ministry

Beneficiaries of support scheme Public Administrations and Natural Gas Utilities


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Conditions of support scheme

Managing organisation (main responsible): Environment ministry

Address: http://www.minambiente.it/Sito/settori_azione/iar/FontiRinnovabili/solare_termico/bandi_decreti.asp

Full name of support scheme Bandi Regionali per Enti Pubblici e Privati

Type of support scheme (e.g. soft loan programme)

Subsidy based on the investment costs or on produced energy (maximum 30%)

Focus area of support scheme (e.g. installations 30-120 m²)

None

Starting date (in place since): 2002

Expiry date: Once a year (2002, 2003, 2004)

budget volume of the support scheme and sources from which it is funded

Budget: 15,500,000 € Source: environment ministry, regions

Beneficiaries of support scheme Public Administrations and private people

Conditions of support scheme

Managing organisation (main responsible): Regions

Contact person (programme manager): One for every Italian region

Address:

Phone:

Fax:

Internet (incl. downloads):

2.2 Fiscal incentives for CSTS investments

A VAT reduction form 20 % to 10 % is used for solar thermal systems.

Besides, part of the total investment for the solar thermal plant (36 %) can be deduced from

taxes in ten years. This deduction will be possible until the end of 2005.

Every commune can decide whether to adopt an own fiscal incentive or not, which can be

added to the national ones. In fact, we do not know of any incentive of this type so far.

2.3 Other incentives

The Province of Turin developed a program for CSTS: the Province put 100,000 € for three

CSTS. In this way, 1/3 of the total investment costs (maximum 33,000 € for each plant) was

financed. The Province also provided scientific accompaniment to the planning and


22

installation.

In 2001 a new CO2 reduction mechanism called “Decreti di efficienza energetica” was

introduced and became active in 2004. Yearly increase rates of overall energy efficiency are

defined on national level. To achieve these goals, gas and electricity utilities that provide

more than 100,000 end users are obliged to realise measures to increase energy efficiency.

ESCO companies play a crucial role in this mechanism, since they can realise efficiency

measures by themselves and sell “CO2 reduction certificates” to the utilities.

For further details:

• Delibera dell’Autorità per l’energia n. 103/03

(http://www.autorita.energia.it/docs/03/103-03.htm)

• Delibera dell’Autorità per l’energia n. 234/02

(http://www.autorita.energia.it/docs/02/234-02.htm)


The CTO goals for Solar Thermal of the Italian government will most probably not be

reached. The latest incentive systems in Italy did not lead to sustainable market

development. A long term R&D programme for the CSTS sector development does not exist

at the moment, however, would be crucial for the development of the appropriate technology

and to build up confidence in the technology by demonstration plants.


23

Sources

Part B: Information on national structure of the housing and multi family housing sector

1. Information on the existing building stock

• ISTAT 1991

• ISTAT 2001

2. Information on used heating systems in multi family houses

• ISTAT 2001

• ENEA 2004


• ISTAT 2001

4. Information on actors in the housing sector

• ISTAT 2001

Part C: Information on national structure of the hotel sector

1. Information on the existing hotel building stock

• Federalberghi 2002

2. Information on used heating systems

• Ambiente Italia 2003



4. Information on actors in the hotel sector


Part D: Information on the national CSTS market development in the past

1. 1. Market background and history


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2. 2. Market size, market share and market growth of CSTS

• ESTIF 2004


Part E: Information on the economic and legislative framework for CSTS

1. Energy prices

• ENEA 2004


2. Capital market terms in the housing and in the hotel sector


3. Conditions for refurbishment by housing sector


• SUNIA 2005

4. Building sector regulations relevant for the CSTS market


Part F: Information on national energy policy framework for CSTS

1. Overview: national strategy and framework

• Ministero dell’Ambiente 2003


2. National incentive systems for CSTS installations

• Ministero dell’Ambiente 2003


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