National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center - West Location & Tracking of Offenders...

National Law Enforcement andCorrections Technology Center - West

Location & Trackingof

Offenders Using GPS Based Systems

CTA Conference

Pittsburgh, PA

May 24, 2004


Housekeeping

• Mike Epstein – 310-336-2122– [email protected]

• NLECTC• Stop me at any time• Turn cell phones and pagers to stun• Vendors, please

– Don’t market your product– Don’t trash your competition

• Copies of presentation available on request• Fill out your evaluation forms


Presentation Objectives

• Requirements definition• Describe how GPS based location and tracking

devices work• Description of available GPS based location and

tracking devices and services• Effectiveness and limitations of these systems• Systems in use• Post-processing offender tracking data


System Requirements• Track and report the whereabouts of an uncooperative offender

away from his or her home• Notify the designated authorities when

– the offender is in an unauthorized location (Area)– the offender is not where there are supposed to be– the location of an offender is unknown– the tracking device is not working properly– the offender has separated from the tracking device

• Tracking device must– be of reasonable size and weight– operate on portable power for the hours an offender is away from their

house– act as a home detention device– Receive information from the monitoring agency


Derived System Requirements

• Tracking device must– know its location– know if has been tampered with– know the unauthorized locations for the

offender– know the schedule of the offender– be able to communicate


System Design Assumptions

• Use GPS to determine tracking device location• Use commercial communications paths

– Wireless data services between mobile tracking device and monitoring service

– Dial up phone line between tracking device at home and monitoring service

– Internet between monitoring service and responsible agencies

• Use offender worn anklet transmitter for tracking device proximity checks


GPS Tracking Subsystems

OffenderSubsystem

CommunicationsSubsystem

MonitoringSubsystem

CCOSubsystem

In-HouseSubsystem


Offender Subsystem Requirements

• Collect, process, store and communicate geographical location of offender outside their home

• Replace home detention devices

• Tamper proof / resistant / alertable

• Operate for 8 – 12 hours (current battery constraints)


Communications Subsystem Requirements

• Provide reliable communication paths for– location data

• in real time (device to monitor)• after the fact (device at rest to monitor)

– Notifications and alerts• CCO to device• Device to monitor

– Reporting• Monitor to CCO


In-house Subsystem Requirements

• Device charging station

• Device communications station

• (Dedicated) Phone line

• Device at rest proximity monitoring


Monitoring Subsystem Requirements

• Trusted interface with CCO subsystem• Tools for the CCO to

– Enroll and manage offenders– Monitor and manage offender rules

• Hot zones / grace periods / rule status• Rule schedule• Violation notification

– Query offender location• History• Rule violation mapping

– Generate reports– Manage tracking device– Transmit messages to offenders


CCO Subsystem Requirements

• Computer and printer with communication path to the monitoring subsystem (usually internet based)


How GPS Based Location and Tracking Devices Work


GPS – What you need to know• Satellite broadcast system

– 24+ available (6-12 in view)

• Provides Lat, Lon and Alt position and time to a receiver system

• It’s free of charge• 100% of the time accuracies of

70 feet horizontal, 85 feet vertical, 200 nanosecond time errors (20 millionths of a second)

• Receiver can calculate speed• Position data can be enhanced

– WAAS– LAAS or DGPS

Minimums:Lat, Lon – data from three satellitesLat, Lon & Alt – data from four satellites


GPS – WAAS & DGPS/LAAS

• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)– Two FAA launched satellites with North American

coverage in geosynchronous orbits

– Requires upgraded or newer GPS receiver

– Accuracies of 2 meters horizontal and 3 meters vertical

• Differential GPS (DGPS) or Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)– Specialized applications such as survey work,

accuracies within inches


GPS – Operational Use• Probably won’t work indoors unless receiver is near a window

(receiver can tell you if it is getting good data)• May not work in a car or a bus unless receiver is near a window• If receiver is turned off, reacquisition of the satellite data may take

minutes (0-10 min)• Always on receiver draws a lot of battery power• Most GPS receivers have a sleep mode which restarts quickly

(typically less than 1 min)• Receiver start modes

– Off (Cold)– Sleep (Warm)– On (Hot)


Active Tracking System

Ash St.

Birch St.

Conifer St.

Main S

t.1st Ave.

2nd Ave.

Lincoln A

ve.

White

Ave.

Monitoring Center

AgencyPrograms

GPS Satellite

BaseStation

CommunicationLink


GPS Satellites

Monitoring Station

Elements of an Active Tracking System

WirelessData

Service

Encasement System

GPSReceiver

Microprocessor & Memory

Transmit /

Receiver

Rechargeable Power Supply

Display Screen

Ankle Transmitter

Charging Station


Passive Tracking Device

Ash St.

Birch St.

Conifer St.

Main S

t.1st Ave.

2nd Ave.

Lincoln A

ve.

White

Ave.

Monitoring Center

Officer

GPS Satellite

BaseStation

CommunicationLink


GPS Satellites

Monitoring Station

Elements of a Passive Tracking System

Charging Station

Encasement System

GPSReceiver

Microprocessor & Memory

Rechargeable Power Supply

Display Screen

Ankle Transmitter


Overcoming GPS Tracking Problems

• Newer GPS chipsets

• Newer GPS satellite constellation

• Indoor augmentation technologies– Nanotechnology gyroscope – 802.11? tracking technologies

• Operational and Offender procedures


Description of Available GPS Based Location and Tracking

Devices and Services


Vendors

BI Elmo Tech

iSecureTrac ProTech VerQuis

Active devices Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes

Passive devices Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown

Offender “pieces” 2 2 2 2 1

Post processing Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes Yes

Web site www.

bi.

com

www.

elmotech.

com

www.

isecuretrac.

com

www.

ptm.

com

www.

verquis.

com


The Effectiveness and Limitations of These Systems


Pro’s & Con’s of Passive Devices

• Pro’s– Small size – can be belt mounted– No real time communication concerns– Tracking throughout the day– In-home monitoring at night– Lower cost– Less work load for officers, no immediate pager response– Reduced agency liability

• Con’s– After the fact tracking coverage - no immediate

notification in the event of a zone violation


Pro’s & Con’s of Active Devices• Pro’s

– Perceived increased public safety – Immediate response capability– May not require a phone line

• Con’s– High cost - can be $12.50 a day or more– Communication coverage reliance for immediate alerts– More labor intensive - zones & schedule entry– Could require agency response immediately– Greater agency liability – Equipment size and weight (battery power!)


Systems In Use


Florida DOC

• Operating Active Tracking Devices since 2001

• Uses off duty police officers for immediate response to critical violations

• Currently using ProTech Monitoring systems


Colorado DOC

• Largest consumer of Passive Tracking Devices– Operations since early 2003– As many as 240 units in operation– May double this amount next year

• Currently using ProTech Monitoring Systems


WA DOC

• Recently finished a 90 day pilot project at the direction of and with funding from the State Legislature.

• Use passive tracking devices to study– availability of technology– geographic and weather related limitations– training requirements– effectiveness for different supervision populations– equipment costs, monitoring fees, staffing levels– ability of offenders to pay– rate of loss and damage to equipment– pilot study limitations


WA DOC (more)

• Pilot study– Used ProTech Monitoring Systems– Fielded 30 – 40 devices spread throughout the

state– Tracked Level III sex offenders– Challenged by homeless population

• Final report sent to the legislature on 1/31/04


WA DOC (more)

• Results– Technology is viable and available

– May increase Officer workload

– Limited success tracking homeless offenders

– Several offenders arrested and sent back to prison based on location data

– Some observed changes to offender behavior

“With clear goals, knowledge of the limitations in the technology, and an understanding of the liability issued involved, utilizing GPS technology to monitor sex offenders is an effective and valuable supervision tool.”


Post-processing Offender Tracking Data


Felons on Probation & Parole Re-offend

• Bureau of Justice Statistics study found 300,000 Bureau of Justice Statistics study found 300,000 inmates studied were inmates studied were convicted of the following new of the following new crimes while on parole or probationcrimes while on parole or probation– Murdered 13,200 people– Raped 11,600 women and 1,600 men– Robbed 39,500 people– Burglarized 39,600 homes– Assaulted 19,200 people– Stole 7,900 motor vehicles

• When investigating crimes, these offenders are prime suspects


Post Processing Data

• Law Enforcement Applications– Compare offender movements with recent area

crimes

• Probation & Parole Applications– Build an automated set of indications and

warnings to flag questionable offender movements


Law Enforcement Application

Offender Tracking Data

Monitoring Facility

Probation / Parole Officer

Law Enforcement


Probation & Parole Application

Offender Tracking Data

Monitoring Facility

Probation / Parole Officer

I & A Filter


Questions ?


Requirements Definition


Requirements Satisfaction

Satisfied Requirements

System Requirements

Reasons for unsatisfied requirements• Cost• Unavailability of technology• Physical laws• Size and weight


System Descriminators


Device Comparisons

• Device notifications

• GPS receiver

• Operating characteristics

• Mechanical characteristics

• Communications


Device Notifications

• Positional data• Hardware violations

– Device tampering / compromised– Battery low– Device attachment tampering / compromised– Device not charging (in house)

• Device status

– Acquiring GPS signal– No GPS signal


Device Notifications (continued)

• Tamper alerts– Case

– Attachment

• System health alerts– Battery low

– Battery not charging (in house)• Monitoring station alerts

– Geographic violations• Device Exclusion / inclusion zones

– No communications from a device


GPS Receiver

• GSP Signal timing– WAAS capable

– Acquisition time• Hot start time

• Warm start time

• Cold start time

• Power drain– Working

– sleeping


Operating Characteristics

• Battery – Life between charges– Charge time– Recharge cycles to replacement

• Device computer capabilities– Power usage– Storage capability

• Attachment system(s)


Mechanical Characteristics

• Weight

• Size

• Antennas– GPS– Comm system

• Environmental capabilities

• Attachment / Tamper system


Communications

• Commercially available services– Wireless data services

• GPRS …. Edge

• 1XRTT …. CDMA 2000

• 2 way pager

• 802.11

– Cell phone– Private radio

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center - West Location & Tracking of Offenders...

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