Essential Technologies for Energy

Efficiency and Management

National Instruments

Agenda

Smart Grid

Power Quality Analyzer

Asset Monitoring

National Instruments

SmartGrid

National Instruments

Grid Current Model

TodayPartial Control

Poor Integration

Not Optimized

Reactive Maintenance

Utility Focus

Grids are Fragile

How did we get here?

Framework for the Future

The U.S. power supply network is the largest, most complex machine

ever created and engages the most complex enterprise. It involves

some 5,000 corporate entities, 100 million customers, 4 distinct

forms of ownership and multiple levels of regulatory oversight. This

must function at all times in absolute balance in it supply and

demand while trying to satisfy conflicting economic, social, political

and environmental objectives.

EPRI Electric Power Research Institute

Framework for the Future

Smart Grid - Future

Source: The Economist

FutureMore Secure

Total Control

Integrated

Optimized

Interactive

Self-Healing

Customer Focus

Smart Grid - Future

-Lord Kelvin

Technology Challenges

Connect the power companies to power line

hardware, industrial machinery, commercial and

home appliances, communication network, and

support system integration.

Implement a responsive and intelligent layer of power

systems capable of monitoring, distributed signal

processing, control, and automation.

Areas to Develop and Integrate

Substation Monitoring and Automation

Transformer Load Management

Real Time Grid Condition Monitoring

Automated Grid Switching

Fault Location and Characterization

Home meters to perform as a sensor

Consumer based solutions

Current Vendor Defined Technology

AFD Arc Flash DetectorDDR Dynamic Disturbance RecorderDFR Digital Fault RecorderENV Environmental dataHIZ High Impedance Fault DetectorHMI Human Machine InterfaceHST HistorianLGC Scheme logicMET Substation MeteringPDC Phasor Data ConcentratorPMU Phasor Measurement UnitPQM Power Quality MonitorRIO Remote Input/Output DeviceRTU Remote Terminal Unit / Data ConcentratorSER Sequence of Events RecorderTCM Trip Circuit Monitor

Lack of: interoperability, Flexibility, Expandability, Upgradability, etc

Technology and Design Gaps

for one single platform

Downloadable Firmware Technology

Seamless integration with current assets

Flexible to be used in varying systems

Record and Analyze data in distributed architecture and with

reconfigurable data granularity

Scalable and upgradeable to add memory, resolution, functionality

and applications

Communication: multi platform and scalability

Multi data format compatibility

Distributed data processing for decision making

What is necessary to implement the

Smart Grid Intelligent Layer

Preventative Element

Identify and Repair Problems / Minimize Outages

Real Time Sensing and Control

Quick Response to Disturbances

Permanent Monitoring

Dynamically Optimize the Performance of Systems

What will make the Grid smart?

The ability to transform data into information and make decisions

Introducing National Instruments: What We Do

Used By Engineers and Scientists for Test, Design and Control

Modular Measurement and Control Hardware

Productive Software

Development Tools

Highly Integrated System Platforms

National Instruments

Leaders in Computer-Based Measurement and Automation

Long-term Track Record of Growth and Profitability

More than 5,157 employees

Operations in 40+ countries

Companies to work For Tenth Consecutive Year

MP3 player

PC/WWW/E-mail

Cellular Phone

Digital Camera

Gaming

High resolution display

iPhone

PDA

Oscilloscope

Logic Analyzer

Spectrum Analyzer

DMM

Communications Analyzer

LCR Meter

Function

Generator

Power Supply

Pattern Generator

Programmable

Switch

Lower cost

Higher performance

Smaller size

Flexible

Easily upgraded

User-defined

Smart Grid Technology Complexity

Mechanical Systems

Discrete and Sequential Logic

Control Design

Logging, DatabaseHMI

Communication

Networking

Machine Condition Monitoring

Machine VisionMotors and Actuators

Sensors and Signal

Conditioning

DistributedProcessing

Introduction to CompactRIOProgrammable Automation Controller (PAC)

Open Embedded System

Reconfigurable FPGA

Extreme Ruggedness

Expandable

Multi Protocol

The Design Platform to address

Convergence of Technology

PLCPC

PACPACPAC

AFDCLKDDRDFRENVHIZHMIHSTLGC PDCPMUPQMRIORTUSERTCM

Reprogrammable

Personality

Software Abstracts System Complexity

LabVIEW C*

* does not include code to generate UI

LabVIEW C*

PAC Technology Deployment Curve

CompactpactRIOCompmpactRIOModular

PXI RIOPXI RIO

Number of Systems Deployed

Syste

m F

lexib

ility

an

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rice

Single-BoardRIO

Custom I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

Processor FPGA

LabVIEW

CompactRIOIntegrated

Design

Prototype

Deploy

Current Projects

NI / Universities / Utilities Joint collaboration

Power Quality Monitoring

Distributed Fault Anticipation

Remote Terminal Unit

High Impedance Fault Detector

Phasor Measurement Unit

Transformer Monitoring

Motivation and Objectives

Transform Data into Information

Support System Management

Allow Decision Making Processes

Enhance Reliability and Availability

Ensure Power Quality Monitoring

Integration System

Power Quality Analyzer

National Instruments

What is Power Quality

Any Power problem manifested in voltage, current,

or frequency deviations that results in failure or

misoperation of customer equipment.

Why is Power Quality Important?

Electricity is a product, like any other

Customer loads are more sensitive to transients and shortvariations in the voltage supply

Corrective action must be taken if the supply is not sufficientlyensured!

Utilities, appliance manufacturers, and residential customers needinformation about residential power quality

Electrical power has to comply with specific quality requirements:

Voltage level 110 V (or different)

Sinusoidal shaped AC voltage signal

Fundamental frequency 60 Hz

3 phases voltage

Availability

Sources of Power Pollution

Today electric power consumption is often controlled by switching

electronics.

Loads have non-linear U/I characteristic and this cause non-sinusoidal

current

Non-sinusoidal current causes distortion of supply voltage because of

power grid impedance

Short term impact on PQ: HEV recharging

Power Quality Problems

Whether or not the customer is likely to suffer from power quality problems depends on:

The quality of voltage supplied by electricity supplier

The types of loads in customer's installation

The sensitivity of customers equipment to various kind of disturbances

There is not single, generic solution of PQ problems.

Power Quality Phenomenas

unsymmetrical voltage

harmonics

Inter-harmonics

over-voltages

voltage drops

voltage fluctuations

frequency fluctuations

telegrams

transients

electromagnetic

reactions

flicker

rapid voltage changes

swells

PQ Events as

categorized by

IEEE

Other Standards:

IEC 61000-4-7 Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements

IEC 61000-4-15Flickermeter Functional and design specifications

IEC 61000-4-30Measurement methods for power quality instruments

The Cost of Poor Power Quality

It is estimated that power quality problems costs industry and commerce about $80 billion per year [Berkeley Lab Study] while expenditure on preventative measures is less than 5 % of this.

Problems must be identified first:

industry needs PQ monitoring tools

By monitoring PQ it is possible to identify potential problems before they are big enough to make damages.

What is needed to recognize PQ problem

International Standards

Measurement Instrument

SW Tool for Analysis and Presentation

User Solution:ELCOM Power Quality Analyzer ENA450

3x direct voltage inputs 300V RMS

4x indirect currents inputs by current clamps

IEC 61000-4-30 class A PQA

National Instruments Content:

NI cRIO 9014

NI cRIO 9103

NI 9225

NI 9239

NI 9422

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Ap

pli

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tio

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A s

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m fo

r re

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tim

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lar

ce

ll ca

lcu

latio

n to

en

su

re th

at

the

ma

xim

um

po

we

r o

utp

ut is

achie

ved in a

variety

of

en

viro

nm

en

tal co

nd

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Ch

alle

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e:

Ide

ntify

ing

an

effic

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int th

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ll p

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Pro

du

cts

: L

eg

acy D

evic

es, R

ea

l-T

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M

od

ule

, L

ab

VIE

W, cR

IO-9

10

1,

FP

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y B

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om

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nd

sim

plif

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ma

ny

co

mp

lica

ted

ste

ps in

th

e

de

ve

lop

me

nt p

roce

ss.

engi

neer

s. W

e ap

proa

ched

them

with

our

mai

nten

ance

and

tech

nica

l pro

blem

s, a

nd th

e an

nual

foru

ms

and

cost

-R

u-M

in C

hao

Ele

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mec

hani

cal R

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rch

Inst

itute