NATIONAL ICT STRATEGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE Comparing Kenya with her Competitors DR. ERIC M. ALIGULA...

NATIONAL ICT STRATEGY AND NATIONAL ICT STRATEGY AND INFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

Comparing Kenya with her Comparing Kenya with her CompetitorsCompetitors

DR. ERIC M. ALIGULAInfrastructure and Economic Services Division

KIPPRA

DR. KATHERINE GETAOSchool of Computing and Informatics

University of Nairobi

Presented at the The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004

Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya

Wednesday 24 March 2004Wednesday 24 March 2004

Presented at the Presented at the The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004The National ICT Convention of 23-25 March 2004

Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, KenyaSafari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 22

Aligula, EM and Getao, Katherine

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATIONOUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

IntroductionIntroduction

The Need for an ICT StrategyThe Need for an ICT Strategy

Comparative ICT Infrastructure StatusComparative ICT Infrastructure Status

Detailed Case Study – MalaysiaDetailed Case Study – Malaysia

Lessons from Case StudiesLessons from Case Studies

The Way Forward for KenyaThe Way Forward for Kenya





THE NEED FOR AN ICT STRATEGYTHE NEED FOR AN ICT STRATEGY

7Build coalitions for

policy and institutional reforms.

6Focus scarce resources

on exploiting ICT for nationalpriorities and sequence and

phase complementaryinvestments

6Clarify roles, build

public-private partnerships, facilitate participation by

all stakeholders5

Address coordination failures, exploit network effects,

and secure complementary investments

4Re-orient the national

innovation system to meet technological learning requirements of ICT

3Complement market

forces, promote societal applications, enable bottom up

efforts, & ensure learning and scaling up

2Address needs of

promising segments of the ICT industry and

for export and economy-wide competitiveness

1Raise awareness, resources and

commitment to action

NEED FOR NEED FOR ICT ICT

STRATEGYSTRATEGY





FOCUS OF ICT STRATEGYFOCUS OF ICT STRATEGYA TypologyA Typology

NATIONAL ICT

STRATEGY

ICT as a Sector

ICT as an Enabler

EXPORT MARKET FOCUS

(Costa Rica & India)

NATIONAL CAPACITY/ DOMESTIC MARKET

FOCUS(Brazil)

GLOBAL POSITIONINGFOCUS

(Malaysia)

DEVELOPMENT GOALSFOCUS

(Malaysia, South Africa and Estonia)





ICT STRATEGYICT STRATEGYFocus of InterventionsFocus of Interventions

CountryCountry Strategy OverviewStrategy Overview Key InterventionsKey Interventions Some ChallengesSome Challenges

South South AfricaAfrica

ICT targeted as an ICT targeted as an enabler of developmentenabler of development

Combines public sector Combines public sector vision and private sector vision and private sector developmentdevelopment

National Skills National Skills Development Development InitiativeInitiative

E-rate – subsidy for E-rate – subsidy for schools internet schools internet costs costs

IT Brain DrainIT Brain Drain

PovertyPoverty

Enhancing IT LiteracyEnhancing IT Literacy

EgyptEgypt

National ICT Plan focusing National ICT Plan focusing on human resource on human resource development, development, development of ICT development of ICT infrastructure, and building infrastructure, and building local demand for ICT local demand for ICT through effective PPPsthrough effective PPPs

Smart VillageSmart Village

Egypt Cyber CentreEgypt Cyber Centre

Lack of a predictable Lack of a predictable legal framework around legal framework around consumer rights and consumer rights and electronic transactionselectronic transactions

Education, intermittent Education, intermittent instability and povertyinstability and poverty





ICT STRATEGYICT STRATEGYFocus of InterventionsFocus of Interventions

CountryCountry Strategy OverviewStrategy OverviewKey Key InterventionsInterventions

Some ChallengesSome Challenges

MalaysiaMalaysia

Government led policies and Government led policies and initiatives aimed at attracting initiatives aimed at attracting high-end foreign investment high-end foreign investment and leading a transition to a and leading a transition to a knowledge economyknowledge economy

Multimedia Multimedia Super CorridorSuper Corridor

Development Development hurdles of a highly hurdles of a highly rural developing rural developing economyeconomy

SingaporeSingaporeAn industry led strategy, in An industry led strategy, in which the government acts as which the government acts as a catalysta catalyst

Master plan on Master plan on IT EducationIT Education

Liberalisation Liberalisation of the telecoms of the telecoms marketmarket

Inadequate supply Inadequate supply of an ICT-skilled of an ICT-skilled workforceworkforce

Facilitating SME Facilitating SME adoption of e-adoption of e-CommerceCommerce

Small Domestic Small Domestic MarketMarket





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSInstitutional InfrastructureInstitutional Infrastructure

COUNTRY MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE REGULATORY INDICATORS

Independent Regulator Converged Regulator

National ICT Strategy

Kenya •Office of the President•Transport & Communications•Information and Broadcasting

YesCommunications Commission

of KenyaNo No

South Africa

Communications

YesSouth Africa

Telecommunications Regulatory Authority

No Yes

EgyptCommunications and Information Technology

YesTelecommunications Regulatory Authority

No Yes

MalaysiaEnergy, Telecommunications and Multimedia

NoMalaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission

No Yes

SingaporeInformation, Communications and the Arts

YesTelecommunications Authority

of SingaporeNo Yes





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSTeledensity and Traffic FlowsTeledensity and Traffic Flows

TELEDENSITY DATA

1.03

10.66

11.04

19.04

46.28

4.15

30.39

6.68

37.68

79.56

Kenya

South Africa

Egypt

Malaysia

Singapore

Country

Mobile Subscribers Per 100 Persons

Main Telephone Lines Per 100 Persons





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUSTeledensity and Traffic FlowsTeledensity and Traffic Flows

TRAFFIC FLOW DATA

48.58

945.0

2

8,8

61.4

0

9,9

78.6

9

18,4

47.2

0

1,812.58559.831,065.80530.39

10,2

61.4

1

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Kenya South Africa Egypt Malaysia Singapore

Country

International Voice Traffic (in millions of minutes)

Total Voice and Internet Traffic (in Gigabits)





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-ReadinessInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Readiness

CATEGORY KenyaSouth Africa

Egypt Malaysia Singapore

Internet Users per 10,000 persons

125.27 682.01 282.26 3,196.89 5,043.59

Internet Hosts per 10,000 persons

0.93 43.75 0.45 35.18 812.62

PCs per 100 persons

0.64 7.26 1.66 14.68 62.2





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-ReadinessInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Readiness

INTERNATIONAL INTERNET GATEWAY (Mbps), 2003

1,352.72

798

1,063.96

109.66

45.68Kenya

South Africa

Egypt

Malaysia

Singapore

Countr

y





COMPARATIVE ICT STATUSCOMPARATIVE ICT STATUS Information Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-GovernmentInformation Technology, Gateway Capacity and E-Government

E-Government Ranking, 2003 (%)

46.3

25.7

31.8

28

36.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Kenya

South Africa

EgyptMalaysia

Singapore





THE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYTHE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYMalaysia and ICTs – Why?Malaysia and ICTs – Why?

Recognition that Malaysia was losing its comparative Recognition that Malaysia was losing its comparative advantage in its traditional economic sectors;advantage in its traditional economic sectors;

Need to drive the economy towards higher productivity Need to drive the economy towards higher productivity through technology and high value-added economic activities;through technology and high value-added economic activities;

Information Age and converging technologies presented the Information Age and converging technologies presented the best opportunities for socio-economic transformation.best opportunities for socio-economic transformation.

ICTs AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT GOALSICTs AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

ICTS AS STRATEGIC ENABLERS IN MOVING MALAYSIA ICTS AS STRATEGIC ENABLERS IN MOVING MALAYSIA TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AND KNOWLEDGE

ECONOMYECONOMY





THE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGYTHE MALAYSIAN ICT STRATEGY

Create a mutually supportive feedback loop Create a mutually supportive feedback loop between demand and supply aimed at laying the between demand and supply aimed at laying the foundation for the knowledge economy and societyfoundation for the knowledge economy and society

Initiate the process through policy interventionInitiate the process through policy intervention

National IT Agenda (NITA) formulated in 1996 with National IT Agenda (NITA) formulated in 1996 with the specific aim of transforming Malaysia into a the specific aim of transforming Malaysia into a knowledge economy by 2020knowledge economy by 2020

NITA implemented through the National Information NITA implemented through the National Information Technology Council (NITC)Technology Council (NITC)





NATIONAL INFORMATION NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL (NITC)TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL (NITC)

Chaired by the Prime Minister of MalaysiaChaired by the Prime Minister of Malaysia

Established in 1994 with the vision of creating a Established in 1994 with the vision of creating a values-based Knowledge Society in line with the values-based Knowledge Society in line with the aspirations of Vision 2020aspirations of Vision 2020

Aims to enhance the development and utilization of Aims to enhance the development and utilization of ICT as a strategic technology for national ICT as a strategic technology for national developmentdevelopment

Acts as a think-tank at the highest level and advises Acts as a think-tank at the highest level and advises the government on matters pertaining to the the government on matters pertaining to the development of ICT in Malaysiadevelopment of ICT in Malaysia





NITC’S MODEL FOR POLICY INTERVENTION NITC’S MODEL FOR POLICY INTERVENTION

Feedback loop for policy review

Organizational levelOperational functionExecution

ICT BasedActivities

National levelStrategic functionPolicy coordination and integration

Policy Framework

NITC Strategic Initiatives

Inter- and IntraAgency

Sectoral Policy

Organizational Operational Activities

National levelTactical functionInstitutional programme coordination

Programs& Initiatives





INFOSTRUCTUREINFOSTRUCTUREInfo. Age Development

Foundation

PEOPLEPEOPLEcomprehensive

human development

CONTENT &CONTENT &APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSSolutions for Info.

Age work and life

ACCESS AND

EQUITY

QUALITATIVE

TRANSFORMATION

CREATING VALUE

VISION 2020Values-based Knowledge

Society

• Connectivity• Equitable access to info• Culture of learning• Info literacy

Sustainable societal innovation for better

Quality of Life

• Innovation systems, creativity, entrepreneurship through R&D

• Life long learning

THE NATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGENDA (NITA)





STRATEGIC THRUST AREASSTRATEGIC THRUST AREASS

TR

AT

EG

IC T

HR

US

T A

RE

AS

e-Economy

e-Public Services

e-Community

e-Learning

e-Sovereignity

Covered all areas of the economy with the aim of creating value and wealth through successful participation in the emerging knowledge driven economy

Focused on the provision of people oriented, customer focused services electronically

Facilitated interaction and communication among communities to improve the quality of life

Focused on cultivating a life-long learning culture

Focused on building a resilient national identity in the face of challenges to the nation





STRATEGIC THRUST AREASSTRATEGIC THRUST AREASS

TR

AT

EG

IC T

HR

US

T A

RE

AS

Conferences and Expositions

Demonstrator Application Grants (DAGS)

Multimedia Super Corridor

Provided a framework and platform for dialogue and exchange of national and international experiences on ICT, as well as to raise the awareness of the Malaysian public about Information Age developments

Promoting the use of ICT and multimedia for socio-economic development through developing communities enabled by electronic networks e.g. NutriWeb, CyberCare, Neighbourhood Centres

Provide a comprehensive world-class ICT enabled working and living environment to catalyse development of a knowledge economy. Acted as a global test bed for innovative solutions as well as a hub for development of both local and foreign SMEs





Create the ideal multimedia environment to attract world-class companies to use MSC as a hub

Catalyze a highly competitive cluster of Malaysian multimedia/IT companies that become world-class over time

Leapfrog into success in the

Information Age

Go Global

Lead Regional

Create value from Information Age

businesses

Enhance domestic

productivity

MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR STRATEGYMULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR STRATEGY





1 Corridor

50 world-class companies

Launch 7 flagship applications

World-leading framework of cyber laws

• Cyberjaya as world-leading intelligent city

• Web of corridors

• 250 world-class companies

• Set global standards in flagship applications

• Harmonized global framework of cyber laws

• 4-5 intelligent cities linked to other global cyber cities

• All of Malaysia

• 500 world-class companies

• Global test-bed for new multimedia applications

• International Cyber Court of Justice in MSC

• 12 intelligent cities linked to global information highway

Transform Malaysia into a knowledge society

Phase 3Phase 2

Link the MSC to other cyber cities in Malaysia and worldwide

Phase 1

Successfully create the Multimedia Super Corridor

THE MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR THE MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR VISION (MSC): FROM 1996 TO 2020VISION (MSC): FROM 1996 TO 2020

Leapfrog into

leadership in the

Information Age

1996 20202003 2010





CYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESCYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVES Malaysian ICT Legal FrameworkMalaysian ICT Legal Framework

MALAYSIAN CYBERLAWS

The Computer Crimes Act 1997

The Communication and Multimedia

Act (1998)

The Copyright (Amendment) Act

1997

The Telemedicine

Act 1997

Digital Signature Act 1997

The Electronic Transactions

legislation (ETA)

The Electronic Government

Activities legislation (EGA)

Personal Data Protection Legislation





CYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESCYBERLAWS AND INCENTIVESBill of GuaranteesBill of Guarantees

4. Unrestricted employment of foreign knowledge workers

5. Freedom of ownership

6. Freedom to source capital globally

7. World-class physical & IT infrastructure

8. Globally competitive tariffs

9. High-quality urban development

10. Excellent education facilities & human resource talent pool

1. Five-year exemption from Malaysian income tax renewable to 10 years,

2. 100-percent Investment Tax Allowance (ITA)

3. Duty-free importation of multimedia equipment.

FINANCIAL NON-FINANCIAL





E-BusinessE-Business

TelehealthTelehealth

Smart SchoolsSmart Schools Multipurpose CardMultipurpose Card Electronic GovernmentElectronic Government

Worldwide Worldwide Manufacturing WebManufacturing Web

Technopreneur Technopreneur DevelopmentDevelopment

Borderless MarketingBorderless MarketingCenterCenter

R&D ClusterR&D Cluster

FIRST WAVE MSC FLAGSHIP APPLICATIONSFIRST WAVE MSC FLAGSHIP APPLICATIONS





RESEARCH & FUNDING FOR ICTRESEARCH & FUNDING FOR ICT

MSC Development Grant SchemeMSC Development Grant SchemeDemonstrator Application Grant scheme (DAGS)Demonstrator Application Grant scheme (DAGS)Industrial Research & Development Grant SchemesIndustrial Research & Development Grant SchemesMalaysia-MIT Biotechnology Partnership ProgrammeMalaysia-MIT Biotechnology Partnership ProgrammeTechnology Development for SMI Technology Development for SMI Technology Acquisition Fund (TAF)Technology Acquisition Fund (TAF)S&T Infrastructure and Development and S&T Infrastructure and Development and Commercialization of Research and DevelopmentCommercialization of Research and DevelopmentIntensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA)Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA)





ICT ROLES, OPTIONS, OBJECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENTICT ROLES, OPTIONS, OBJECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT

Networking, empowering

Networking, empowering

ICT Infrastructure for networking and service delivery

ICT Infrastructure for networking and service delivery

REDUCING POVERTY

–ICT-Empowered Public Services (health,

education, & other public services)– ICT Enabled Governance (public

accountability, social learning and public

participation)–ICT Enabled Employment Opportunities

REDUCING POVERTY

–ICT-Empowered Public Services (health,

education, & other public services)– ICT Enabled Governance (public

accountability, social learning and public

participation)–ICT Enabled Employment Opportunities

Information and Knowledge Delivery

Information and Knowledge Delivery

Accelerating transactions & reducing costs

Accelerating transactions & reducing costs

ICT/Knowledge/Multimedia Industries

ICT/Knowledge/Multimedia Industries

ICT Effective Data Capture, Processing and Communication

ICT Effective Data Capture, Processing and Communication

ACCELERATING GROWTH

– ICT Service/Production Industries

– ICT Enabled Business and Industry

ICT RolesICT Roles ICT InterventionOptions

ICT InterventionOptions

Objectives of e-Development

Objectives of e-Development

RECOGNISE INTERVENE DEVELOP GROW

SynergiesSynergies

DIG

ITA

L

MU

LT

IPL

IER

EF

FE

CT

S

ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITYAND COMPETITIVENESS

– ICT-Business Process

Reengineering– ICT Enabled Manufacturing and

Marketing

ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITYAND COMPETITIVENESS

– ICT-Business Process

Reengineering– ICT Enabled Manufacturing and

Marketing

ICT

Fri

end

ly E

nvi

ron

men

t

ICT

Em

po

wer

men

t





THE STATUS QUO IN KENYATHE STATUS QUO IN KENYA

Lack of a single vision that harmonizes the efforts of Lack of a single vision that harmonizes the efforts of public and private sector and communities;public and private sector and communities;

Some of the key issues have been poorly addressed, Some of the key issues have been poorly addressed, namely;namely;– infrastructure development,infrastructure development,– human resource capacity building andhuman resource capacity building and– dealing with the digital divide.dealing with the digital divide.

Insufficient consideration as to how ICT initiatives will Insufficient consideration as to how ICT initiatives will be fundedbe funded





LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYARoles of GovernmentRoles of Government

PRODUCERS OF ICTPRODUCERS OF ICT– through the development and deployment of ICT goods and services through the development and deployment of ICT goods and services

and ICT infrastructureand ICT infrastructure

FACILITATORS OF ICTFACILITATORS OF ICT– through the creation of an enabling environment, including a conducive through the creation of an enabling environment, including a conducive

macroeconomic environment; a fiscal, legal and regulatory framework; macroeconomic environment; a fiscal, legal and regulatory framework; and education policiesand education policies

LEADERS OF ICTLEADERS OF ICT– by implementing e-government (i.e. becoming users of ICT),by implementing e-government (i.e. becoming users of ICT),– addressing digital divides in the country, andaddressing digital divides in the country, and– making ICT a national priority (e.g. through projects)making ICT a national priority (e.g. through projects)





LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYACritical Success FactorsCritical Success Factors

Strong Political and Administrative Strong Political and Administrative LeadershipLeadership

Detailed Project Management with clearly Detailed Project Management with clearly identified goals and benefitsidentified goals and benefits

Business Process Reengineering RequiredBusiness Process Reengineering Required

Focused Change Management Initiatives Focused Change Management Initiatives

Adopt established standards and protocolsAdopt established standards and protocols

Training Expenses should not be minimizedTraining Expenses should not be minimized





LESSONS FOR KENYALESSONS FOR KENYA

The Vision and Mission with regard to ICTs The Vision and Mission with regard to ICTs must be in placemust be in placeEnabling ICT Infrastructure and Infostructure Enabling ICT Infrastructure and Infostructure must be developedmust be developedHuman resources to support ICT development Human resources to support ICT development and application must be nurturedand application must be nurturedAn enabling legal and funding frameworkAn enabling legal and funding frameworkProactive measures to deal with issues of the Proactive measures to deal with issues of the digital dividedigital divide





THE WAY FORWARD FOR KENYATHE WAY FORWARD FOR KENYA

What does Kenya want to do with ICTs?What does Kenya want to do with ICTs?– Vision and MissionVision and Mission– Priority areasPriority areas

What institutional structures must it have in place?What institutional structures must it have in place?– Main partners and stakeholders Main partners and stakeholders – Implementation strategy and processImplementation strategy and process– Organisation and coordinationOrganisation and coordination

How does it fund ICT development?How does it fund ICT development?

How does it deal with shocks from ICT application? How does it deal with shocks from ICT application?





““The greatest danger for most of The greatest danger for most of us is not that our aim is too us is not that our aim is too

high and we miss it, but that it high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we reach it”is too low and we reach it”

MichelangeloMichelangelo





REFERENCESREFERENCES

ITU (2003) World Telecommunications Indicators. ITU (2003) World Telecommunications Indicators. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/The World Bank (n.d.) Information Infrastructure The World Bank (n.d.) Information Infrastructure Indicators, 1990-2010 Indicators, 1990-2010 http://www.infodev.org/projects/internet/375pyramid/fhttp://www.infodev.org/projects/internet/375pyramid/fin375.htmin375.htmhttp://www.nitc.org.myhttp://www.nitc.org.myhttp://http://www.mimos.mywww.mimos.my

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