Chen, YouyouDonelko, JosephHaenlein, MatthewIlles, DustinKazi, NilofarLywood, PhilipMartinez, ArmandoRozier, RandallShareef, MamonWang, Wei

ALLIED STUDIO:: THEORY AND COMPETITION SPRING 2012

Hopewell Furnace

Historic

Cultural

Thomas Edison

Historic

Cultural

regional identity important

structure

Salem Maritime

Historic

Cultural

Geological

Lowell

Historic

Cultural

specic events

important structure Saugus Iron Works

Historic

Cultural

Geologicalnatural beauty

San Francisco Maritime

Historic

Cultural

inuencial people

regional identity

important structure

Geological

Allegheny Portage Railroad

Historic

recreation recreation

Cultural important structure

Geological

inuencial people

inuencial people

specic events

specic events

specic events

specic events

natural beauty

regional identity

regional identity

important structure

important structure

regional identity

regional identity

important structure

regional identity

natural beauty

natural beauty

political culturalindustry

air waterland

HERITAGE NETWORK

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

REGIONAL IDENTITY

SOURCE OF RECREATION

INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE

SPECIFIC EVENTS

IMPORTANT STRUCTURES

WILDLIFE

GEOLOGICAL FORMS

NATURAL BEAUTY

POLITICAL

INDUSTRIAL

CULTURALPOLITICAL

INDUSTRIAL

CULTURALPOLITICAL

INDUSTRIAL

CULTURAL

POLITICAL

INDUSTRIAL

CULTURALLAND

WATER

AIR

LAND

WATER

AIRLAND

WATER

AIRLAND

WATER

AIR

INDUSTRIALSETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION

NATIONAL

Node

Diverted Kiosk

SETTLEMENT DISTRICT

INDUSTRY DISTRICT

PRESERVATION DISTRICT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.6.

7.

8.

9.

1. Woodcutting area2. Collier Area3. Anthracite Forge Ruins4. Cooling Shed5. Furnace6. Casting Room7. Company Store8. Iron Master Mansion9. Blacksmith Hut

Map to NationalHeritage Network

CAST HOUSE

A THREE-PART, FRAME STRUCTURE WITH A CENTRAL SECTION WITH

SAND FLOOR FOR CASTING OF PIG IRON, AND SITS BESIDE THE

FURNACE. THE SIDE SECTIONS, NORTH AND SOUTH HAVE WOODEN

FLOORS FOR FLASK-CASTING OPERATION. RECONSTRUCTED IN

1964.

Demonstrations and Explanations:

Woodcutting Tree Harvest (Meeting area) Cutting, Chopping, Re-planting Collier Charcoal Burning (Regional Identity) Teamster transport Loading (Transition to Furnace) Ruins Past processes, importance of ruins (Regional Identity, Important Structures)Furnace Teamster Transport Unloading (Transition from Woodcutting) Fueling the Furnace Importance of charcoal (Regional Identity) Waterwheel Story of waterway (Important Structures) Forging Iron Process, interaction, relation to war (Regional Identity, Important Structures)Store Transactions and Trading Early arithmetic, interaction (Regional Identity)Mansion Mansion Living Food, housemaids (Regional Identity, Important Structures)

ANTHRACITE FURNACE RUIN

A TRUNCATED PYRAMID OF RED SANDSTONE COMPRISES HEARTH

AND FURNACE CHIMNEY, WITH CIRCULAR CORE NOW EXPOSED

AND SHOWING HEAT-GLAZED IN-WALLS, RUBBLE STONE FILL AND OUT-WALLS OF DRESSED BLOCKS

WITH OCCASIONAL FILLER STONES.


INDUSTRY

[ NODE KIOSK ]

WOOD CUTTER

Saugus Iron WorksNational Historic

Site

Valley ForgeNational Historic

Site

Springfield ArmoryNational Historic

Site

[ PARK NETWORK ]

Hopewell FurnaceNational Historic

Site

[ RELATED ] [ ENTIRE NETWORK ]

NationalHeritage Network

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

1. Hopewell Barn2. Barn Ruins3. Animal Corrals4. Prairie One5. Prairie Two6. Farm Plots7. Farm House8. Farm Barn9. Housing Ruins10. Tenant Housing11. School House Ruins

People enter the Barn node from the town on foot

Shelving and counter top forartifact display and information on barn as part of settlement node

Seating area for Ranger Instruction of Barn nodeand intro to demos

Stables

Horse cart entry point (exit barn node)

Minor Kiosk linking animal husbantryto settlemant as a whole. Link to NPS

Major Touch screen Kiosk. Gives of barn node, links to NPS.Also informs demo processes.

Animal demo area

Horse areaFarrier/Rental

Sheap/goat areaMilkinglshearing/

Open coral areaused for extra demo space or petting/holding area

Minor Kiosk describing the logic of sizing grazing areas

Animal Phasing

Feeding Requirements in Acres per Animal= 1Acre Minimum Sustainable

Existing Phase 1 Phase 2

Activity

Required Staff

Duration 20 Demo per animal Sheep sheared twice per year (Spring/Fall)

Group Size

Participation Age

Shearer Supervisor FarrierSupervisor Parental/ Teacher Supervision Instructor/ Guide

20 Min Demo Goats can be milked once per day

20 min Demo per animalHorses re-shoed every 6 weeks

Open during business hours

$35/hr Guided Rental$50/hr Lessons

8-12 4-12 12-18 4+ 12+

People enter the Barn node from the town on foot

Shelving and counter top forartifact display and information on barn as part of settlement node

Seating area for Ranger Instruction of Barn nodeand intro to demos

Stables

Horse cart entry point (exit barn node)

Minor Kiosk linking animal husbantryto settlemant as a whole. Link to NPS

Major Touch screen Kiosk. Gives of barn node, links to NPS.Also informs demo processes.

Animal demo area

Horse areaFarrier/Rental

Sheap/goat areaMilkinglshearing/

Open coral areaused for extra demo space or petting/holding area

Minor Kiosk describing the logic of sizing grazing areas

Animal Phasing

Feeding Requirements in Acres per Animal= 1Acre Minimum Sustainable

Existing Phase 1 Phase 2

Activity

Required Staff

Duration 20 Demo per animal Sheep sheared twice per year (Spring/Fall)

Group Size

Participation Age

Shearer Supervisor FarrierSupervisor Parental/ Teacher Supervision Instructor/ Guide

20 Min Demo Goats can be milked once per day

20 min Demo per animalHorses re-shoed every 6 weeks

Open during business hours

$35/hr Guided Rental$50/hr Lessons

8-12 4-12 12-18 4+ 12+


SCHOOL HOUSE RUIN

RUINS OF SCHOOL HOUSE CONSISTING OF PARTIAL MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS.FOUNDATION

WALLS OF RUBBLE STONE, STANDING TO GRADE AND

REACHING TO VARIOUS LEVELS ABOVE GRADE.BUILT IN 1837, BY

FURNACE TO EDUCATE HOPEWELL COMMUNITY CHILDREN.

MAGGIE L. WALKER NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/mawa/index.htm

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NATIONAL HISTORIC

SITE

http://www.nps.gov/chsc/index.htm

BOSTON AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/boaf/index.htm

TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/tuin/index.htm

Preservation is the primary reason for Hopewells existence today, through much research and site visits, there was the discovery of many ruins at the site. Most importantly, the schoolhouse holds many ideas that shaped this area. The PATH raises up and passes through the school ruins, it creates a node that allows the presentation of the space to the visitor and its importance of settlement on the site.

FARM

Grant-Kohrs Ranch

National HitoricSite

Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller

National HistoricPark

Lower East Side Tenement Museum

National Historic SiteSETTLEMENT

[ NODE KIOSK ] [ PARK NETWORK ]


Site

[ RELATED PARKS ] [ ENTIRE NETWORK ]


SETTLEMENT

Ebey's Landing National Historical

Reserve

Hopewell CultureNational

Historical Park

Boston African Ameri-can National Historic

Site

BARN



Site



Shelving/Display

Stables

HOUSING

Tumaccori National Historical

Park

Maggie L. Walker National Historic

Site

Tuskegee Institute National Historic

SiteSETTLEMENT



Site




HOUSING

THERE IS A VARIATION OF HOMES AT HOPEWELL, SOME USED AS

TENANT HOUSES AND OTHERS AS BOARDING HOUSES. THE HOMES

WERE SMALL TWO-STOREY STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTURED IN THE EARLY-MID 1940S. THE HOMES

WERE RETORED IN THE 1960S.

NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/nico/index.htm

TUMACACORI NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK

http://www.nps.gov/tuma/index.htm

CHRISTIANSTED NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/chri/index.htm

LOWER EAST-SIDE TENEMENT MUSEUM NATIONAL HISTORIC

PARK

http://www.nps.gov/loea/index.htm

The PATH meanders throughout the park directing the visitors through the three major areas of the Park, Industry, Settlement and Preservation. At this vantage point the user is making their way through settlement. The path connects to a kiosk/stopping point to give the visitors a place to sit, but also a place for Rangers to stop and discuss the meaning of the settlement in this area. The path crosses through the Horse Path in this area as it passes along the Prairie. The area allows for grazing animals on site to walk about and not be caged up in a coral. It allows visitors to see how crucial these flat lands were to the region, for animals as well as farming.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. Visitors Center2. Apple Orchard3. Barracks4. CCC Camp Ruins


HOPEWELL FURNACEVISITOR CENTER

THE HOPEWELL VILLAGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE IS A 848 ACRE UNIT OF THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM

OPERATED AS A RESTORED IRON-MAKING COMMUNITY. THE SITE INCLUDES WOODLANDS, FARMLANDS, MEADOWS AND

PASTURES DESIGNED TO PRESERVE.

STEAMTOWN NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/stea/index.htm

THOMAS COLE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/thco/index.htm

HARPERES FERRY NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/hafe/index.htm

CHIMNEY ROCK NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/pwr/404.htm

BERING LAND BRIDGE NATIONAL PRESERVE

http://www.nps.gov/bela/index.htm

PRESERVATION

VISTOR CENTER

Tuskgee AirmenNational Historic

Site

Mesa Verde National Historic

Site

ManzanarNational Historic

Site



Site



106' - 9"

30' -

0"

Path Through Woods

Path Through VillageThe Master Plan reflects the integration of the PATH through the whole of the site. Its main focus is to discuss how a visitor would move through the park as directed by the National Heritage Network. The PATH, first, introducing industry as a primary subject to Hopewell, then to Settlement and Preservation as secondary subjects. It weaves in and out of the woods bringing visitors up close to many buildings and areas of the park. The Path raises and lowers through the steep terrain but allows all individuals to walk about it. Most importantly the PATH creates a direction to visitors of the park connecting nodes and kiosks. Six nodes are created through their importance to Hopewell. These nodes are at crucial spots that present information to the visitor. At these points, one connects to the digital applica-tion or through the kiosk on the grounds. The PATH and Horse path collide at the node as an intersection of streets. It marks the spot to take off from and explore both from the path and from the horse. The new master plan is designed to exhibit the park to a visitor through the means of the importance of the park, Industry, Settlement, and Preservation without the means of digital network. It exemplifies that the linkages of these spaces were crucial to life and existence of the Forge throughout the years it operated.

C.C.C.

Chimeny Rock National Historic

Site

Historic Camden Revolutionary War

Site

Klondike Gold RushNational Historical

Park

PRESERVATION



Site




BARRACKS

THE INITIAL SPIRIT OF THE PARK SOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE

HISTORIC IRON-MAKING VILLAGE. THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION

CORPS (1930S) AND MISSION 66 (1960S) MOVEMENTS MADE MAJOR PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT

INITIATIVES THAT CREATED THE LANDSCAPE WE SEE TODAY.

HISTORIC CAMDEN REVOLUTIONARY WAR SITE

http://www.historic-camden.net/

ANDERSONVILLE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/ande/index.htm

MOJAVE NATIONAL PRESERVE

http://www.nps.gov/moja/index.htm

TUSKEGEE AIRMEN NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

http://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm

69'-8"

23'-8

"

CHRISTIANSTED NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK


NICODEMUS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITELOWER EAST SIDE TENEMENT MUSEUM NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITEBOSTON AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITEMAGGIE L WALKER NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

JOHN MUIR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

GRANT-KOHRS RANCH NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

TALLGRASS PRARIE NATIONAL PRESERVE

MARSH-BILLINGS-ROCKFELLER NATIONAL HISTORIC PARKEBEYS LANDING NATIONAL HISTORICAL PRESERVE

HOPEWELL CULTURE NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

INDUSTRIAL

SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION



MOJAVE NATIONAL PRESERVECHIMNEY ROCK NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL HISTORIC SITETHOMAS COLE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

STEAMTOWN NATIONAL HISTORIC SITEBERING LAND BRIDGE NATIOANL PRESERVE

MESA VERDE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

MANZANAR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

TIMUCAN ECOLOGICAL & HISTORICAL PRESERVEKLONDIKE GOLD RUSH NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK


KEWEENAW NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

THOMAS EDISON NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

LOWELL NATIONAL HISTORIC PARKNEW BEDFORD WHALING NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

FORT UNION WHALING NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE PATERSON GREAT FALLS NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK

SALEM MARITIME NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

SAN FRANCISCO MARITIME NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

SAUGUS IRON WORKS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE VALLEY FORGE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

SPRINGFIELD ARMORY NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE











INDUSTRIAL

SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION




























INDUSTRIAL

SETTLEMENT

PRESERVATION


















The Hopewell furnace historical site is locatedin Southeastern Pennsylvania. The surroundingstates are New York, New Jersey, andDelaware.The Hopewell furnace is surrounded by anatural landscape that consists of a StateGames Land to the southeast, and FrenchCreek State Park surrounding the remainderof the site.The 848 acre site is home to a number of hikingand biking trails, and has two lakes on thereserved site preserving sanctuality of the site.

HOPEWELLFURNACE

PHILADELPHIA

WILMINGTON

NY

NEWYORK

NJ

DE

PA

Reverence

In1771HopewellFurnacewentintoblastforthefirsttime.By that same year America was well on the way to revolution. Americas iron industry was then producing some 15% of the worlds supply of iron, more than was being smelted in Great Britain. From 1775 to early 1778 (when France entered the war against Great Britain) the Americans had to look primarily to funaces like Hopewell for iron cannon, shot and shell. Yet none of these sites had ever before cast ordnance. In spiteofthedifficultiesoflearningbydoing,theironindustrymetthechallenge. Hopewell alone produced 115 cannon for the Continental Navy, some of which were used aboard the frigate Randolph and gunboat Delaware. Even more importantly, Hopewell provided shot and shell to the Continental Army and Navy throughout the war, including 10-inch mortar shells used to help win the final major battle at Yorktown, Virginia.

The Hopewell Furnace is a national historic site established in 1938. The furnace was in operation from 1771-1883. Hopewell FurnaceNationalHistoricSiteisoneofthefinestexamplesofarural American 19th century iron plantation. The buildings include a blast furnace, the ironmasters mansion, Bethesda Church, and other ten-anthouses.Therealsoareothersignificantfeaturesonthepropertysuchas an Apple Orchard, Charcoal Mounds, and a Water Wheel. Primarily anareathatissignificantforitsculturalresources,HopewellFurnaceconsists of 14 restored structures in the core historic area, 52 features ontheListofClassifiedStructures,andatotalof848 mostly wooded acres. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site is surrounded by French Creek State Park which preserves the lands the furnace utilized for its natural resources.

Products the funace produced ranged as time passed. Early prod-ucts included cannons, and ammunition for the revolu-tionary war. Later products included general household goods such as wood stoves, pots, pans, irons, kettles, pig iron (iron bars to be worked by blacksmiths) and other cookware.

figure:hopewellfurnacediagram

figure:hopewellstovesandcookware

figure:cannonproducedathopewellforrevolutionaywar

Reverence

During the most productive period of operations at Hopewell Furnace, Bethesda Church served as a meeting place for religious services of many of its residents. The church nestles in the southeast corner of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, a little more than a mile east of the furnace. Its founder, Thomas Lloyd III, was born in 1742, the oldest of three children of Thomas Lloyd II and Elizabeth Rees. The religion of the el-der Lloyd is not known, but we do know that his wife, Elizabeth, was a Welsh Quaker. The need for a structure where religious services could be held intheHopewellFurnaceareawasfilledbytheconstructionoftheBethesdaChurch building by Thomas Lloyd III in 1781-82. The date of construction isconfirmedbyaninscriptionincharcoalonanattictimber,whichreads,Built 1782 by T. Lloyd.Althoughneverthecenterofalargecongrega-tion, Bethesda Church was an integral part of the lives of the people of the Hopewell area.

The first owner of Hopewell Furnace was Colonel Marcus (Mark) Bird (January 2, 1738/9-1812), who was a successful ironmaster, politician,andfarmer.NextClement Brooke was Hopewell ironmaster from 1816-1848 and part owner from 1827-1861. He enlarged the Big House (the ironmasters mansion) to include room for 15 servants and for itinerant workers. He built more tenant houses; enlarged the company store, spring house, and barn; added a formal garden; and built a schoolhouse across the creek from the furnace. The ironmasters mansion was at once family home, business headquarters, boarding house, and social center. The ironmaster and his family lived in the fashionable style of country gentry, wearingfineclothingandenjoyingexpensivefurnitureandotherluxuries.Alarge staff of household servants, drawn largely from the wives and daughters offurnaceworkers,workedattheBigHouse.Thehousehadseveral addi-tions over the years, including adding an additional wing. Later the addition wasgivenasecondstorytoit.LastlythehousewasVictorianizedin1875

figure:bethesdachurch

figure:ironmastersmansion

Reverence

The water wheel supplied the power for this air blast by pumping a pair of pistons inside two blowing tubs. Compressed air moved from the blowingtubsintoareceivingboxbetweenthetubs,andthenthroughalongpipe to enter the furnace through the tuyere, a cone-shaped nozzle attached to the end of the pipe. The Hopewell water wheel is a 22-foot diam-eter breast wheel which was made predominately of chestnut and oak wood. A breast wheel is commonly found in areas where the headwater is between 5 and 12 feet high. It gets its name from thefactthatthewaterturnsthewheelbyflowinginhalfwayupthewheelinstead of having the water come in at the top of the wheel, as is the case withanovershotwheel,orturningthewheelfromunderneath,asisthecasewithanundershotwheel.The wheel itself turns when water flows into the spaces in the wheel, called buckets, on one side of the wheel, which then makes that side heavier than the other. Gravity then works on the heavier side of the wheel which causes it to turn. The turning of the wheel can create 5-15 horsepower that can then be used to run the blast machinery of the furnace.

There are three mines located near Hopewell Furnace that the furnace depended upon for its supply of iron ore. The mines are located on three different ore veins a few miles from the furnace. In the beginning all of the mines were open pit processes. As mining tech-nology advanced some of the mines developed shaft operations increasing their ingenuity. Without the mines and the miners to supply good quality iron ore, Hopewell Furnace would not have survived. Some of Hopewells mines contained ore that was 40% to 50% iron, though the grade of iron ore often decreased as mining progressed over the years. 848 mostly wooded acres. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site is surrounded by French Creek State Park which preserves the lands the furnace utilized for its natural resources.

figure:hopewellmine

figure:hopewellwaterwheel

Reverence

There are three mines located near Hopewell Furnace that the furnace depended upon for its supply of iron ore. The mines are located on three different ore veins a few miles from the furnace. In the beginning all of the mines were open pit processes. As mining technology advanced some of the mines developed shaft operations. Without the mines and the miners to supply good quality iron ore, Hopewell Furnace would not have survived. Some of Hopewells mines contained ore that was 40% to 50% iron, though the grade of iron ore often decreased as mining progressed over the years. The raw materials needed--iron ore, limestone, and hardwood forests for charcoal--were all available in the Hopewell area in Pennsylvania. Miners dug the ore from nearby open-pit mines and washed it in the stream. Limestone was cut from local quarries. Teamsters carried the ore away to the furnace itself.

An immense amount of charcoal was required to keep a furnace the size of Hopewellsrunning.Whenitwasinblast,thefurnacewouldconsumeasmuchas 800 bushels of charcoal per day. By the 1770s, when Hopewell Furnace began making iron, charcoal was the only fuel available. Charcoal making was an exactinganddirtyjob.Morethan100 part-time woodcutters spent the win-ter cutting and splitting the hardwood needed to fuel the furnace. The wood was hauled to the coaling areas and made into charcoal during the spring, summer, and fall by skilled colliers. Making charcoal required constant attention to the charcoal pits, or hearths, which averaged in size from 30-40 feet in diameter. From May through October, a collier would live in a makeshift hut with one or two helpers who would tend up to 8 or 9 pits at one time. There could be no break in the vigilant watching of the pits from the moment they were lit until the mo-menttheteamsterdroveawaywiththefinalloadofcoal.

With supplies of all the ingredients on hand, the founder, or furnace supervisor, directed the charging of the blast furnace--a tall, stone structure shaped like a flattened pyramid. An elevated walkway connected the furnace with storage areas on the furnace bank. Fillers rolled carts and wheelbarrows of charcoal, iron ore, and limestone over the walkway and dumped them into the top ofthefurnace.Atapproximatelyhalf-hourintervals,dayandnight,theyrepeatedthe process. A large wooden water wheelinapitnexttothefurnacedroveapair of blowing tubs.Theselargewoodenbarrelsfittedwithpistonsprovided the blast of air that helped raise the temperature in the furnace to 2600-3000 degrees Fahrenheit, hot enough to convert iron ore into iron. In front of the furnace was the cast arch where the molten iron was periodically tapped. The furnace was allowed to cool down only when repairs were necessary or the supply of charcoal ran out.

figure:hopewellmineshaft

figure:charcoalmound

figure:fourge(funace)1896

Reverence

From 1771 - 1883 African-Americans played an important role in the active industry. Mark Bird, along with most ironmasters in the 18th century, were a slave owners. In 1780 Bird was listed as the largest slave owner in Berks County. He had 10 men, 4 women, 3 boys and 1 girl. These slaves worked at his forges in Birdsboro and are said to have dug Hopewells original headrace thatturnedthewaterwheelsupplyingairtofirethefurnace.Althoughslavery in Berks County declined rapidly after 1780 when the state assembly passed an act ordering gradual emancipation, African-Americans continued to work at Hopewell. BlackBillJacobslivedhisentirelifeofabout100yearsatHopewell,workingfirstasateamster,thenasacoachmanand a gardener. Some of Hopewells African-American workers lived in the nearby woodlands. Beginning in 1835 this remote area around Hopewell figuredprominentlyintheUndergroundRailroadmovement.Runawayslavesfrom the south came across the Pennsylvania border and over the intervening hills to the home of Elizabeth Scarlet and her son Joseph, the Quaker owners of Scarlets Mill. Many former slaves earned their living supporting the iron industry working as woodcutters, colliers, and teamsters. Some, such as Isaac Cole, became landowners too.

figure:1856africanamericancommunityhome Although the operation of the furnace was largely mens work, the women of Hopewell Furnace performed many tasks essential to the community. These tasks included providing food and clothing. Women served as seasonal workers to bring in the crops and to supply the colliers with the wood needed to make charcoal. Many families depended on the extra money earned by women to survive economically. Some Hopewell women earned money by using their homemaking skills to prepare and sell a variety of food goods such as butter, pickles, and bread. Single men were willing to pay eight cents for a home cooked meal. Women would also wash and mend their clothes. Homes with spinning wheels provided women with an opportunity to increase the family income through the sale of thread or yarn. Outside their homes, women per-formed a variety of jobs in the furnace community. They served as maids and cooks at the and as teachers at the community school. Hopewell employed several women as teachers including Susan Brown and Catherine Rhoads. Most women were hired to harvest, but a number of chores were available all year, including whitewashing fences and buildings and milking cows. The average pay they received was 25 cents per day, enough to buy one yard of cloth or 12 pounds of flour. Although furnace work and mining were usually regardedasmenswork,womenwerenottotallyexcludedfromthesetrades.Two widows, Margaret Painter and Elizabeth Mervine, were employed to clean castingsandpreparetheironformarket.Thiswasastrenuousjob,tippingstoveplatesandotherironitemswhileremovingsandfromthepattern.Theyalsofiledthe rough edges from individual pieces. They earned 75 cents per ton of castings cleaned.figure:womanwashingclothes

Reverence

Core design considerations:Planning and designing with not for.Picking right designer.Support, develop and include diverse design team.Communicate in clear language. Engage in an authentic sincere process. Convey honesty and transparency.Provideflexible,dynamicprogrammingandcreatepartnerships that offer avarietyofexperiences.Beginwithcivicengagementasacorepartofthedesignprocess.Defineaudience clearly - know whos there and whos not there.Engage in active outreach.Start with core values. Find commonality. Values must be understood by all.Embrace new technologies to accomplish goals.Design with access and opportunity for all.Engage in intergenerational mentorship and volunteer opportunities.

The goals for planning and designing a park:Connect people to community, nature and mankind.Create healing places for individuals, communities, cultures.Engage people of diverse cultures, ages and interests.Empower youthtobeboldleadersandinfluencedesigninparks.Create stewards through active learning about a place and its meaningsleadandinspirebyexample.Accommodate, incorporate, and enhance emerging technologies to em-brace visitor of all ages and backgrounds.Expressphysical(tangible)space and social (intangible) space.Create welcoming, accessible, and safe spaces.Recognize the profoundly socialdimensionofenjoyingparks.Designforabroadexperientialrangewhileremainingresponsivetoaspe-cificparkspurposeandmission.

Yosemite, a very interesting and diverse national park.

The Outcome:Design can create opportunities to have a meaningful, transforma-tiveexperiencefor allnotjustsome.It can enhance multicultural and multigenerational parks of all types.There can be enhanced community inclusion and involvement.The public needs to feel that they own the park and belong in the park.Healthful, regenerating public spaces can be available and accessible to everyone.

Planning conceptual diagram.

ACTIVITIES

PEOPLE

SPACE

SOCIETY

TECHNOLOGIES

NATURE

ENHANCE

CO

NN

EC

T

POTENT

IAL INF

LUENCE

CONNECT

LEAD

, IN

SPIR

E, E

MB

RAC

E

EXPRESS

SEMANTICATE

PHYSIC

ALLY A

CCOMO

DATE

ENHANCE

Engagement

Engagement

Harpers FerryNationalHistorical Park

Yosemite Harpers FerryCuyahoga Valley Arbor Hills

FREEWAYS

SECONDARY LINKAGES

NATIONAL PARK

FREEWAY

SECONDARY LINKAGE

NATIONAL PARK

Parking

Playground& Shade Shelter

Pavilions

Restrooms

Bio-Filter

Parking

Pond

Pedestrian Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge

DORBATrail

Observation Tower

FireStation

#9

Prairie Trail

Prairie Trail

Out

erLo

opT r

a il

Outer Loop Trail

Outer Loop T rail

Outer Loop Trail

Day Cam p Trail North

Day Camp Trail South

Little Creek Trail

Riparian Loop Trail

Ope

nFi

eld

Trai

l

Pond Trail

Old

Roa

d Tr

ail

Trestle Loop Trail

W PARKER RD

ARBO

RVI

STA

DR

WINGED FOOT WAY

BIR

MIN

GH

AMC

T

CROO

KEDSTICK

DRPO

RTR

OYAL

CT

m\a

rbor

hill

s tra

il 20

08

Tin

a L.

Bas

hor

6/2

9/20

09

Arbor Hills Nature Preserve Pedestrian Natural Surface Trail System

N 0.1 0 0.10.05 Miles

Legend

Day Camp Trail North = 0.1 mi.

Day Camp Trail South = 0.08 mi.

Little Creek Trail = 0.07 mi.

Old Road Trail = 0.13 mi.

Open Field Trail = 0.25 mi.

Outer Loop Trail = 1.7 mi.

Pond Trail = 0.1 mi.

Prairie Trail = 0.37 mi.

Riparian Loop Trail = 0.37 mi.

Trestle Loop Trail = 0.17 mi

Concrete Recreational Trail = 3.34 mi.

Note: No bicycles are allowed on the Pedestrian Natural Surface Trail System

Activities and Space

Hiking and Hiking AreaYosemite National Park

Programs for Hiking Area

restroomstrailbike pathshuttle route / stop(campgroundpicnic area)picnic area)


Hiking and Hiking AreaYosemite National Park

Programs for Hiking Area

restroomstrailbike pathshuttle route / stop(campgroundpicnic area)picnic area)


Hiking and Hiking AreaHarpers Ferry National Historical Park


Hiking and Hiking AreaHarpers Ferry National Historical Park

Yosemite

Harpers Ferry

Cuyahoga Valley

Arbor Hills

MAJOR HIKING TRAILSMAJOR VEHICULARMAJOR HIKING AREA

MAJOR WATER FLOW

PRIORITY OF WATER

CIRCULARITY

perception of the whole area by optional paths

Engagement

Engagement

Harpers Ferry

Cuyahoga Valley

Arbor Hills Parking


Pavilions

Restrooms

Bio-Filter

Parking

Pond

Pedestrian Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge

DORBATrail

Observation Tower

FireStation

#9

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Picnic and Picnic AreaYosemite National Park

Programs for Picnic Area

picnic tablesvault toiletsgarbage and recycling recptacles(grills)

Yosemite


Picnic and Picnic AreaYosemite National Park

Programs for Picnic Area

picnic tablesvault toiletsgarbage and recycling recptacles(grills)

major hiking trails

major vehicular trails

major picnic area

major water flow

accessibility waterpicnic area site selection

Activities and S

pace

Winter Sports and Winter Trails Yosemite National Park

Programs for Winter Trails

ski trailstructurerestroom

Crane Flat

Badger Pass


Winter Sports and Winter Trails Yosemite National Park

Programs for Winter Trails

ski trailstructurerestroom

Crane Flat

Badger Pass

Parking


Pavilions

Restrooms

Bio-Filter

Parking

Pond

Pedestrian Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge

DORBATrail

Observation Tower

FireStation

#9

Prairie Trail

Prairie Trail

Out

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Outer Loop Trail



Little Creek Trail

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!

Biofilter

Playground Area& Shade Shelter

Pavilion andPicnic Shelters

Restrooms

Mountain Bike Trail = 2 MILES

Recreational Trails

Drinking Fountain

Wooded Area

Wooded Area

Wooded Area

Wooded Area

Parking

Mountain Bike Trail

W PARKER RD

Parks & Recreation DepartmentCity of Plano, Texas O

200 0 200100 Feet

A r b o r H i l l s A r b o r H i l l s N a t u r e P r e s e r v eN a t u r e P r e s e r v e

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6701 W. Parker Rd., Plano TX, 75093 Arbor Hills - Mountain Bike Trail Map

Approximately 2 miles of Mountain Bike Trail - As Shown.

Yosemite

Cuyahoga Valley

Arbor Hills

winter trails

biking trails

major winter/biking trails


major winter/biking area

major water flow

vehicular pathwinter trailspedestrain path

biking trails

discrete

Engagement

Engagement

Yosemite

Harpers Ferry

Cuyahoga Valley

Arbor Hills

5 walk from center

major hiking trails


major social space cluster

vehicular path

pedestrian path

5 walk from center

social space clusters

Hiking Trails

Horse Trail Picnic Area

Vehicular Trails major hiking trailsmajor vehicular trails

picnic area

historic site

Hopewell Lake

horse trail

Engagement

Sustainability

Core design considerationsUnderstandwhatisreallyneededbeforeaprojectstartsReuse wherever possible and practical.Considerfiscalrealities-donoeconomicharm.but also aspire to the best possible solutions - fund raise if needed,Inentify and respect the limits of acceptable change.Use design to challenge partners and administrative operations to foster and develop innovative and green technologies.Design and build for multiple uses.CreateflexiblespacesDesign for simplicity and ease of maintenanceAspire to a sustainable park systemAlways consider the spirit of placeBe overt - green design should shineBuild in climate change scenarios in each design

Managingparkresourcestomaximizeresilience,optimize biodiversity, enhance habitat connectivity, makes healthy, vibrant ecosystems locally, regionally, nationally, globally. Sustainability embedded in all activities enhances community and stewardship. Thoughtful planning, design and sustainable places are interrelated.Implementingsustainableplanninganddesignexamplesisthebestpubliceducation.

Advance design as a larger community investment with the park as one component.Emphasize people and relationships as core to sustainability.Inspirestewardshipandexerciseleadershipthroughdemonstrationofsus-tainable practices.Allow parks to become classrooms of sustainable design.Integrate responsible design and planning processes.View stewardship holistically and embed conservation in all park philoso-phies and practices.Include cultural, natural, and operational systems.

NYC Parks Sustainable Parks Mission:Advance initiatives related to 21st century park design and construction, innovative naturalresource management, and the strategic reduction of agency fuel, energy, and materials consumption.Create awareness about employees and the publics impact of their daily actions on the environment through training and educationQuantify sustainable efforts at Parks to identify impactsPromote and share progress and best practices around sustainability

Goal One:Provide sustainability training and education forall Parks employees

Goal Two:Create a network of Green Guru point peopleacross the agency to support sustainabilityinitiatives

Goal Three:Launch Green Pledge Campaign to strengthen theculture of sustainability at Parks

OverviewParksworkforceofapproximately10,000full-time and seasonal staff (at its peak in the summer)encompasses a diversity of talents we employ blacksmiths, plumbers, park maintenance work-ers, horticulturists, mechanics, law enforcement staff, and administrative analysts, to name a few.

Whilethemajorityofourworkforcestrivestoemployenvironmentallyfriendlypractices,withineveryjobfunctionthereisroomtoraisethebar.Inparticular,we aim to open channels of communication to share sustainable best practices. By encourag-ing Parks employees to think critically about the impact of their daily actions on the envi-ronment, we aim to solidify our agencys culture of sustainability. Parks diversity in human resources is matched by its variation in work environments. Employees workinbothofficeandfieldsettings,fromsandybeachesandindooricerinks,to 18th century historical landmarks, WPA-era outdoor pools, and 21st century LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)-certifiedbuildings.Eachsetting presents a unique opportunity to minimize human impact on the environ-ment.However,giventhewiderangeofjobfunctionsandworkenvironmentsattheParks,thereisnoone-sizefits-allemployeeeducationandoutreach strategy. Sustainable Parks is employing creative outreach strategies to broaden all employees understanding of sustainability and to reinforce how sustainability is central to Parks mission. Through education and outreach, we will strengthen our workforces commitment to sustainability so that we can carry out the agencys mission of greening New York City.

Sustainability

Sustainable Sites Initiative

The

services

people

enjoy

from

healthy

ecosystems

are the

unobtrusive

foundation

of

daily

life.

Overview:Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks. This set of prerequisites and credits combines current research, technology, best practices and perfor-mance goals for the design, construction and maintenance of sustainable sites. Released on November 5, 2009, the document has incorporated public feedback from two interim reports released in 2007 and 2008.

Included within the Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009 is theSITESratingsystem,whichassessesspecificsiteperformanceona250-point scale, with points awarded based on credits covering such ar-eas as site selection, the use of materials, restoration of soils and vegeta-tion, and sustainable practices in construction and maintenance. Credits canapplytoprojectsrangingfromcorporatecampusesandtransporta-tion corridors to public parks and single-family residences. Click here to learn more about the Rating System.

A companion document, titled The Case for Sustainable Landscapes, provides a set of argumentseconomic, environmental, and socialfor the adoption of sustainable land practices; additional background on the science behind the performance criteria the guidelines and perfor-mance benchmarks; the purpose and principles of the Sustainable Sites Initiative; and a sampling of some of the case studies the Initiative has followed. Download both reports here.

Pilot Program: BeginninginJune2010,pilotprojectswilltestvariousaspectsoftheSustainable Sites Initiative rating system (Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks2009)usingacross-sectionofprojecttypes,sizesandgeo-graphiclocations.Feedbackfromthepilotprojectswillbeincorporatedinto future versions of the SITES rating system. An updated Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks will be released in 2013, when the rating system will be open to public enrollment. Click here to learn more about the two-year Pilot Program.

Reference Guide:The SITES Refernce Guide will be a user guide describing how vari-ouspilotprojectsachievedsustainabilitygoals.Itwilldocumentthepractices that worked in solving site problems as well as evaluating each project.

Why Sustainable Sites?Theservicespeopleenjoyfromhealthyecosystemsaretheunobtrusivefoundation of daily life. Landscapes have great potential for both envi-ronmental good and severe environmental damage.

Forexample:Greenhouse gas emissions. Vegetation and soil help reduce the amount ofcarbondioxide,agreenhousegas,intheatmospherebycapturingandstoring it for use in producing roots, leaves and bark.

Urban climate. Use of vegetation, shade structures, and other techniques to cool the air can reduce costs associated with urban heat islands.

Control of invasives. Invasive species compete with and harm plant and animal communities.

Water waste. Irrigation of unsustainable landscapes accounts for more than a third of residential water usemore than 7 billion gallons per day nationwide.

Water pollution. Around the country, polluted and contaminated storm-water runoff accounts for 70 percent of water pollution in urban areas and is the leading cause of poor water quality and the degradation of aquatic habitat.

Yard waste. Retaining and recycling land-clearing materials on-site avoids the cost of waste disposal and reduces the need for new pur-chased materials and soil amendments such as compost and mulch.

Health and well-being of site users. Research by social scientists and psychologists shows that, for both adults and children, encounters with everydaynatureagreenviewfromanofficewindow,alunchtimestrollthrough a nearby park, well-tended landscapes around schoolsrestore theabilitytoconcentrate,calmfeelingsofanxiety,andreduceaggres-sion.

Energy consumption. When development results in an overall reduction intreecanopycover,buildingsaremoreexposedtobothdirectsunlightandwind.Thisexposureincreasesthedemandforairconditioninginthesummer and for heating in the winter. Studies conducted by American Forests found that tree canopy reduces residential home cooling costs, saving an average of between $11 per household per year in Portland, Oregon, and $28 per household per year in Atlanta, Georgia.

Sustainability

LEED

New ConstructionSustainable SitesWaterEfficiencyEnergy and AtmosphereRegional PriorityExisting Buildings: Operations & MaintenanceSustainable SitesWaterEfficiencyEnergy and AtmosphereRegional PriorityRetailSustainable SitesWaterEfficiencyEnergy and AtmosphereRegional PriorityNeighborhood Development Smart Location and LinkageNeighborhood Pattern and DesignGreen Infrastructure and BuildingsRegional Priority Credit

Kresge Foundation HeadquartersSize & Type of Project:2.74 acre campus redevelopment; GreyfieldLocation: Troy, MichiganBudget:$1,116,000Project Phase:Completed in June 2005Project Overview

This case describes the ability to preserve and expand on an already existing site. The techniques, methods, materials and opportunities are good examples to look at in considering sustainable design. Integrating and utilizing old structures in this particular case as a means to preserve them, are a factor to consider with the Hopewell Furnace site in relation to sustainability. These articles underline these factors the Kresge

The Kresge Foundation headquarters exemplifies one of the foundations core values - environmental conservation - sustainable building practices, environmental stewardship and sound land-use planning, while inspiring grantees to incorporate sustainable building systems and healthy habitats into their own facilities. For the new headquarters (certified LEED Platinum), a compact building and parking foot-print was designed to reduce negative environmental impacts. A historic farmhouse remains the cornerstone for the new building; other historic outbuildings were rearranged to maximize the site efficiency. The new building has green roofs that blend seamlessly with the adjacent landscape. Other portions of the building have white reflective roofs and harvest rainwater. The majority of sites open space is restored to native prairie vegetation and great care was taken to design a majority of workspaces to have views to this natural landscape - rather than the parking lots or collector roads that form the perimeter of the site. Fortunately, the Foundation had the opportunity to explore strategies like green roofs, rainwater collection, porous pavements, and native landscapes. The combina-tion of new construction, historic preservation, and landscape restoration provided an unusual mix of challenges resulting in a sustainable redevelopment prototype. The long-term potential for the Foundation headquarters goes beyond the restora-tion of ecological health on-site. It demonstrates the Foundations mission to help create a sustainable future, and will inspire other adaptive retrofit projects to be more sustainable.

Figure 1: Kregske LEED case study

Display

Occupy

Preservation

Sustainable Preservation

Figure : advandages of preservation

Sustainability

SiteContextThe Kresge Foundation headquarters is located in Troy, Michigan, within the greater Detroit metropolitan area and the Clinton River Watershed. Troy is in the Southern Lower Peninsula, which is characterized by rolling moraines andflatlakeplains.Historically,muchofSouthernLowerMichigansupportedopen oak savannas and prairies, which were maintained in a non-forested conditionbyfrequentfires.Today,muchoftheregionisdominatedbyagri-cultural and urban development. Troy is warm during the summer with an average temperature in the 70s (Fahrenheit) and very cold during the winter with average temperatures in the 20s (Fahrenheit). The Kresge Foundation facilityincorporatesahistoricfarmsteadthatissurroundedbyamixed-usesuburban landscape. Historic aerial photography and other records clearly il-lustrate the area surrounding the site was used for industrial agriculture until thelate1970s.Atthattimetheadjacentpropertiesweredevelopedwithoffice/commercial buildings and surface parking lots.

Sustainable PracticesSite Selection: For the Kresge Foundation,thefirstdecisioninvolved location-whether or not to remain on the present site or move to a new space. The Foundation exploredanumberoflocationsinthe Detroit area, but chose to stay on its current property. reasons: 1) the Foundation treasured the historic farmhouse, and wanted to remain caretaker of this valuable cultural resource; 2) the site could accommodate the proposedexpansion;3) the site was well-located for the current staff.

IntegratedDesignTeam:Projectdecisionswereapproachedaspartofawhole, rather than piecemeal-beginning early in the planning stages and carrying through to completion. Design team members worked collabora-tively, resisting formulaic isolated solutions. In doing so, they carefully con-sideredtheconsequencesofeachaspecttoachievemaximumefficiencies,especially in energy and water use. Team members and consultants included architects, landscape architects, contractors, Kresge staff, engineers, preser-vationists and etc.

Minimize impacts during construction: Care was taken throughout the con-structionprocesstoavoidsitecompactionandtoprotectexistingtrees.Historic Structure Reuse:Existingbuildingswerereusedtopreservecul-tural heritage and reduce waste. Material Reuse:Becauselargeportionsofthenewofficebuildingareem-bedded in the earth, the site relies on many retaining walls to address grade change.Thesewallswereformedwithgabionbasketsfilledwithrecycled

Figure 2: Sustainable Connections

concrete with a veneer of crushed granite. Protect and Preserve Vegetative Cover/ Reduce Urban Heat Island Impact: This includes 3,200-square-feet of green roof on the new building, planted with a mid-range grassmix.Achieving Water Balance/ Rainwater Har-vesting & Reuse: All the water needed for the landscape is obtained through direct rainfall collected from the site and the second-story roof. species that require a fairly constant water level. There are many other factors that the Foun-dation considered, such as human health quality, storm water control, and habitat renewal. All these ideas taken support and

Sustainability

Figure: Eielson Visitor

This case describes the advantages of developing a new contruction focussing on Sustainability. Much like the article in relation to the kresge Foundation, this focuses on the im-plimentation of sustainable methods utilized in the design.

The new Eielson Visitor Center, located at Mile 66 of the Park Road, replaces a Mission 66 facility that opened in 1959. With growing visitation, the older center gradually became obsolete. Denalis harsh winters took a toll on the structure. Replacement was warranted and the rebuilding began after the summer season of 2004.Throughout the process of replacing this remote wilderness visitor center, there was a conscious effort to make choices that demonstrated the National Park Services commitment to sustainability.The building, which opened to the public on June 8, 2008, is acandidateforplatinumcertificationintheLEED(Leader-ship in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings by the U.S. Green Building Council. Whenawarded,thiswillbethefirstbuildingbuiltbytheNPS to that standard. The Denali Visitor Center at the park entrance received a silver LEED rating in 2005. At the time, it was one of only two LEED-accredited buildings within the NPS.

SignificantsustainablefeaturesofthenewEielsonVisitorCenterincludethe following:ALowProfile:Setintoaslopewithinthefootprintofthepreviousstruc-ture, the new building blends into the landscape and provides unobstructed views of the tundra and mountains. Earth surrounding it acts as a blanket reducing heating and cooling needs.Choice of Materials:

Floortilesaremadefrom100percentpost-consumertirerubber.

Thecountertopoftheinformationdeskismadeofwheat-straw,arapidlyrenewable resource.

Morethan50percentofforest-basedbuildingmaterialsintheprojectcamefromcertified,sustainableforests.

Localandregionalmaterialswereusedwheneverpossibletoreduceen-ergy required for shipping.

Sustainability

Reduced Waste:More than 75 percent of demolition and con-struction waste was diverted from landfills.Steel beams were salvaged and re-fabricated.Vertical wooden staves from an exterior rail-ing became finish material on interior walls.

Resource Conservation:Water use is reduced with efficient fixtures, waterless urinals, low-flow faucets with sensors and low-flow shower heads in the residence area.Porous gravel surfaces and tundra planted outside the building allow water to seep into the ground, minimizing runoff, erosion and disruption to natural water flow.

Emphasis on Renewable Energy: The building is not connected to a utility grid. Powering this facility in an earth-friendly way required creative thinking. Building designers took a three-pronged approach that harnesses the power of water and the sun, and uses a minimal amount of pro-pane. A small turbine in a nearby stream produces electricity from hydropower. Solar panels capture sunlight when available. A clean-burning propane generator is used when necessary to augment the power from water and the sun. Energy from these three sources feeds into batteries that store power until needed.

Eielson Visitor Center

New LEED Platinum Construction

8,500 sq.ft.

$ 5.5 million

$650 per sq.ft.

Kresge Foundation

Renovated LEED Platinum Construction

28,000 sq.ft.

$14.4 million

$515 per sq.ft.

windows allow for the sun to heat the interior

Both of these cases describe similar principles that define the initiative of sustainability. From materiality to minimizing the impact of resources thrown away to landfills.

Even with so many money saving possibilities, the design of these structures come at a cost. The diagram at the left details the cost, comparing the two different types of build-ing, one being new construction, the other being an expan-tion/restoration. Although it is not significantly cheeper, the pricing of renovating and preserving an existing structure has esthetic and environmental benifits rather then starting from scratch.

For Hopewell furnace this comparison is helpfull to see is it really worth the cost to preserve the current site, or is rebuilding the option.

Eielson Visitor Center

New LEED Platinum Construction

8,500 sq.ft.

$ 5.5 million

$650 per sq.ft.

Kresge Foundation

Renovated LEED Platinum Construction

28,000 sq.ft.

$14.4 million

$515 per sq.ft.

Figure:South-facingwindowsandaconcretefloorintheview-ing area capture heat from the sun, simple passive solar operation that warms the structure.

Eielson Visitor CenterLEED Platinum9,500 sf$5.5 million$650/sf

Kresge LEED Platinum28,9000 sf$14.4 million$515/sf

Sustainability

Core design considerationsUnderstandwhatisreallyneededbeforeaprojectstarts Must consider people who do not visit parks and actively reachout. Design must look for opportunities to create gateways or portals among systems and parks. Plan and design creatively and resourcefully to achieve multiple goals. Seek design networks Communicate and promote human and nature relationshipsStrengthenphysicalconnections(trails,transit)-experientallinks Build intra-park relationships

Park planning and design will Openly communicate ideas and engage in community partnerships Build, design and promote dynamic linkeages and networks among parks, communities, natural systems. Goals: Create parks without borders Link systems and visitors Link parks - local to national. Design for interconnectivity. Enhance permeable boundaries. Broaden a visitors understanding of resource connections and cultural links Design for managing park resources

This is important because

Cognitive, physical and programmatic connections help create stronger park stewards. Fostering partnerships and build advocacy is critical for parks to survive.Parksshouldbecatalystsforneighborprojectsthatpromotehealthy,interconnected landscape systems. Creates healthy park systemsHeightensthequalityandrangeofoutdoorexperience Reaches and connects new audiences Raises awareness of interconnections of physical, cultural, ecological and administrative systems

Traditionally the boundaries of the National Parks aredefinedbytheareaeachparkmakesup.Thesephysicalboundariescanexpandlargearea,from10 acres to many square miles. Additionally many parks can make up what looks like one park. Considering the location of Hopewell Furnace and itadjacentparks,thishappenstobetrue.Thesiteis bounded by French creek state park from the west wrapping north to the east. The importances oftheseparkscaneasilyextendtotheamountoftourist that visit the park. By making connections andextendingitsadvertisementsmallparkscanform a network of parks to visit at one time. Tourist can save time, money and gas by knowing what is around the area. This idea of multiple sites can entice faculties of schools in the area to create trips and weekend retreats with student. The map below documents the available parks to visit throughout Pennsylvania,anddefinestheamountofparksrelative to Hopewell Furnace. From thatfigurebelowshowsparkssuchas Valley Forge, more well know butjustasvitaltoAmericanhis-tory, at most an hours drive from Hopewell. The Ability to connect with these Parks heightens the awareness of many of the sites, and

Expansion

IntheinterestofextendingtheboundariesofHopewellFurnacethroughconnections, we looked at the most popular parks throughout the National Parks Service. The Top ten most visited are mapped above.This includesThe Somkey Mountains National ParkGrand Canyon National ParkYosemite National ParkYellowstone National ParkGrand Tetons National ParkOlympic National ParkThe Rocky Mountains National ParkArcadia National ParkCuyahoga National Park Zion National ParkThe grandeur and scenic views generate the popularity of each site. People throughout the world and the United States visit these sites because of therebeauty,tohike,climborjusttoseeit.Theyaretosay,selfsufficient.However,inexperience,manypeoplewhovisitNationalParksdosobycreatingajourneytotake.WithmanyofthebigNationalParkslocatedinthe western U.S. two or three parks can be toured in one trip.

For Hopewell Furnace its size and location are some what obscure. Its not well known, however, using the history of the site and its connection to the revolutionary war a tour can be created for people to travel. Many small Revolutionary sites along the eastern sea board can be marketed and func-tion together. Since many of these sites coincide with great importance to the war. Tour SitesCastillo de San Marcos NM, Saint Augustine, FLCowpensNationalBattlefield,Chesne,SCFort Moultrie National Monument, Sullivans Island, SCGuilford Courthouse National Military Park, Greensboro, NCColonial National Historical Park , Williamsburg , VA Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, PAValley Forge National Historical Park, Valley Forge, PA: In December 1777Independence National Historical Park , Philadelphia, PAMorristown National Historical Park, NJ Governors Island National Monument, New York , NYSaratoga National Historical Park, NYMinuteManNationalHistoricalPark,Concord,Lincoln,Lexington,MA

Expansion

Hopewell Furnace displays traditional activities for visitors to take part in, mainly centering around tours and hiking. From above the most common typesofthingstodoatparksaretaketours,seedemonstrations,experiencetheoutdoorsandfinallytakeinhistoricinformation.Hopewellofferstheseexperiencesintheirsimpleform.Valleyforgeisaparksthatextendstheseactivities to multiple kinds of tours, demonstrations and providing bikes to ride. Although few, its shows the creativity Valley Forge has to allow a varietyofguesttoexperienceitssites.

GoingtoanextremeWilliamsburgVa.hascompletelychangedthetraditionalboundaries that so many parks follow. Each activity offered connects with multiple traditions,allowingthevisitortotakepartinmultipleexperiencesatonce.Theparticular unique idea is how the park transformed to represent the historical times of the park, mimicking the life of Americans back in the 18th century. This case can show Hopewell how a large site made a more dramatic change. It shows that a drastic change can have positive affects not only for the people but throughout and overall area to.

By creating a connection of the sites there also would need to be a standard of ac-tivities each park would have to offer. By doing so this would bring people who want toexperiencethesameactivitesateachparkandseehowtheycomparethroughouttheir entire trip.

A Anselma Farmers and Artisans Market

B Chester Springs Creamery & Milky Way Farm

C Crows Nest Perserve

D Frensh Creek State Parks

E Historic Yellow Springs

F Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site

G Ludwicgs Corner Horse Show Association

H Marsh Creek State Park

I Conservation Center

A The Mill at Anselma

K Natural Lands Trust, Binky Lee Preserve

L St. Peters Village

M Warwick County Park

N Welkinweir

Chester springs sourrounds is a a public orginazation focusing on linking attractions in chester county and surrounding counities in Southeastern, Pennsylvania.theorginaztionisdedicatedtocollectivelypreservingthebeautyandcharmofthecountrysideE

xpansion

The Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network is a system of over 100 sites, includ-ing parks,refuges, museums, historic communities, and water trails, in the 64,000 square-mile, three state, Chesapeake Bay watershed. Managed by over 50 different partners these sites provide access to Chesapeake resources and tell a part of the Bay story. Linked as a Networkthrough maps, guides, awebsite,collaborativeprojectsandintegratedinterpretationtheyprovideawayforover15millionwatershedresidentstoexperienceandunderstandthe Bay as a whole. NPS coordinates the Gateways Network and directly manages eight of the Gateway sites.

Expansion

Informed

20% beauty of area20% seeing animals

32% seeing restored historical building28% molding demonstrations

35% unique historical information

71% no living history demonstrations on day we visited

23% unable to see some parts of big house71% not enough interpreters/staff to answer questions

17% set up concession stand/snack bar

89% keep it as is, do not change anything

50% site is very clean

88% staff very friendly and knowledgeable

13% will come back12% educational experience10% good recreation

82% more interpretive staff available to answer questions

Informed

All national parks in the United States of America are managed by a federal agency referred to as the National Park Service. The agency is also responsible administering conservation areas as well as national monuments. Since, this is a federal agency the director is designated by the president and approved by the senate. Currently, Jonathon B. Jarvis is the director of the National Park Service with over 20,000 other seasonal, temporary and permanent professionals working. The Park Services National Leadership Council, is made up of the agencys director, deputy directors, regional direc-tors, associate directors and assistant directors. The Director is supported by seniorexecutiveswhomanagenationalprograms,policy,andbudgetintheWashington, DC, headquarters and seven regional directors responsible for national park management and program implementation. Collectively, these executivesmakeupourNationalLeadershipCouncil.

Budget

FY 2010 Enacted - $3.16 billionFY 2011 Request - $3.14 billion

Hopewell Furnace Regional Office: Northeast RegionDennis Reidenbach, Regional DirectorNational Park ServiceU.S. Custom House

Expansion

Demographics

Races in Hopewell, PA (2009)White alone - 168 (95.5%)Two or more races - 8 (4.5%)

Races in Pennsylvania (2009)

White alone - 10,177,758 (80.7%)Black alone - 1,283,564 (10.2%)Hispanic - 646,047 (5.1%)Asian alone - 309,345 (2.5%)Two or more races - 152,342 (1.2%)Other race alone - 21,032 (0.2%)American Indian alone - 12,317 (0.10%)NativeHawaiianandOtherPacificIslanderalone-2,362 (0.02%)

White population 15 years and over:Males: Never married: 24.7%Now married: 41.1%Separated: 5.5%Widowed: 2.7%Divorced: 26.0%

Females: Never married: 9.9%Now married: 46.5%Separated: 5.6%Widowed: 28.2%Divorced: 9.9%

Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 monthsNow married: 80.6% (29)Unmarried: 19.4% (7)

Ancestries in Hopewell

German - 50 (22.5%)Other - 28 (12.6%)Irish - 26 (11.7%)English - 23 (10.4%)United States - 15 (6.8%)Arab - 6 (2.7%)Dutch - 5 (2.3%)French - 5 (2.3%)Greek - 2 (0.9%)Scottish - 2 (0.9%)

Black

Other

White

Races Demographics Pennsylvania Poulation Density

Ger

man

Oth

er

Irish

Engl

ish

Unite

d St

ates

Arab

Dut

ch

Fren

ch

Scot

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Gre

ek

Latino population 15 years and over:Males: Never married: 24.7%Now married: 41.1%Separated: 5.5%Widowed: 2.7%Divorced: 26.0%

Females: Never married: 9.9%Now married: 46.5%Separated: 5.6%Widowed: 28.2%Divorced: 9.9%

Hopewell Ancestry Breakdown

Name: Hopewell VillageRegion: Hershey/Gettysburg/Dutch Country RegionDedication Date: August 8, 1948Iron was one principal commercial products. Thecolonyenjoyedanaturalabundanceofironore,limestone,andhard-wood trees. Iron-making was a rural industry.Ironplantationsrequiredhugeforestreservesofupto10,000acrestokeepproduction going. Village scene of Hopewell Village:

Plantationsweremanagedbyspecialironmasters,whooftenrosefromtheranks. Slavesandjourneymenspecialists,providedskilledlabor.

Hopewell Furnace remains.Oneofthefinestexamplesofarural,easternPennsylvaniaironplantationisHopewell Forge. Built by William Bird. Bird also owned at least eighteen African slavesBlacks continued to work at Hopewell Furnace as paid employees. Some black laborers lived in the nearby forest and served as conductors on the Underground Railroad. Many former slaves worked at Hopewell Furnace as woodcutters, colliers, and teamsters. Hopewell Furnace closed in 1883 but was reborn as a national historical site in the 1930s.

Demographics

HOPEWELL FURNACE

FRENCH CREEK STATE PARK

STATE GAME LAND

FishingMountain BikingHorseback RidingCampingCanoeing/Kayaking

HuntingShooting Markmanship

Junior Ranger ProgramNature Photography

Nature DrawingHistoric Research

Viewing Living HistoryDog Walking

HikingNature Viewing

Picnicking

Black cherryWhite ash

Hickory Yellow poplar

Northern red oakWhite oakBasswood Red maple Sugar maple American beech

Harvestable Flora Harvestable Fauna

Whitetail DeerElkBlack BearWild TurkeyWoodcookPheasantRabbitRuffed GrouseCoyoteDuckGoose

hunting trapping fishing

RedFoxGrayFox

BeaverMuskrat

MinkRaccoonsOpossums

SkunkBadgersFisher

Weasels

Brown TroutRainbow Trout

Brook TroutSteelhead

Small Mouth BassStriped Bass

Largemouth BassWalleye

Rock BassYellow Perch

Sinfish

Black CrappieCarp

BluegillFlathead CatfishChannel Catfish

Chain PickeralSaugeye

SaegerAmerican Shad

White BassWhite Perch

trees plants

GinsengAzaleaBlueberriesBlackberriesCranberriesGrapesRaspberriesElderberriesMintRoses

Human Demographic by Activity

Demographics

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other

Greece

England

Hong Kong

Japan

Spain

Germany

other states

West Virginia

Michigan

Virginia

Indiana

Wisconsin

Florida

Tennessee

Ohio

Massachusetts

Illinois

Delaware

Maryland

New Jersey

ennsylvania

Inte

rnat

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l visi

tors

US vi

sitor

s

Demographics

1730

1740

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

20,248

29,33523,052

34,929

38,644

40,000

42,451

42,353

26,736

45,058

Population Curve

few whites start to settle with native Indians

first house was built

Hopewell Coal and Iron Co. was laid out

first bank was founded

Railroad built for commercial coal shipments.

first trading post was established

a trail was cleared & Fort Bedford was built

Indian raid, racial conflict

several public road were opened

first iron production at Hopewell Furnace

first automobile built in the county

first hospital was opened

first county radio station

first post office was established

Bedford County Press was published

Bedford Electric Light Company was organizedWhite Sulpher Springs Hotel opens

first motion picture theater first insurance companythe Saxton Bottling Company was founded

Famous tourist landmark - S.S. Grand View Ship - opened

electricity was brought to rural areas.

ski resort was opened

numerous of

corporations were

opened

first volunteer fire company

Factors Affecting Demographic

infrastructurecommerce

industrypeople

Demographics

Democracy

Secretary of the Interior : Ken Salazar

HeadquartersJon Jarvis DirectorPeggy ODell Deputy Director, Opera-tionsMickey Fearn Deputy Director, Commu-nications and Community AssistanceBruce Sheaffer ComptrollerStephanie Toothman Associate Director, Cul-tural ResourcesJulia Washburn Associate Director, Inter-pretation and EducationBert Frost Associate Director, Natural Resource Stewardship and ScienceSteve Whitesell Associate Director, Park Planning, Facilities, and LandsRich Weideman Acting Associate Director, PartnershipsandVisitorExperienceSteve Shackelton Associate Director, Visitor and Re-source ProtectionJo Pendry Acting Associate Director, Business ServicesJerry Simpson Associate Director, Work-force ManagementSue Hawkins Acting Assistant Director, Information ResourcesTeresa Chambers Chief, United States Park Police

Address:National Park Service1849 C Street NWWashington, DC 20240

Phone: (202) 208-3818

Regional Office (Northeast Region)Dennis Reidenbach Regional Director

Address:National Park ServiceU.S. Custom House200 Chestnut Street, Fifth FloorPhiladelphia, PA 19106

National Park Service by the Numbers

$48,000,000,000 incentivized in private historic preservation investment11,700,000,000 visitors$5,409,252,508 in preservation and outdoor recreation grants awarded$2,750,000,000 annual budget121,603,193 objectsinmuseumcollections97,417,260 volunteer hours84,000,000 acres of land4,502,644 acres of oceans, lakes, reservoirs2,482,104 volunteers218,000 jobssupportedingatewaycommunities85,049 miles of perennial rivers and streams68,561 archeological sites43,162 miles of shoreline28,000 employees27,000 historic structures2,461 national historic landmarks582 national natural landmarks400 endangered species397 national parks40 national heritage areas

TheNationalParkServicedevelopsabudgeteachFebruaryforthenextfiscalyear which starts October 1. Our budget - published in what we call the Green Book-definesourgoalsandobjectivesandthefundingnecessarytoaccomplishthem. The NPS budget is rolled up into the budget for the Department of the Inte-riorandthenwiththerestoftheExecutiveBranchandsubmittedtoCongressforits review and approval.

Heres our most recent funding and employee (Full Time Equivalent/FTE) levels:

FY 2011(request) $3.14 billon 21,501 employees FY 2010 $3.16 billion 21,574 employees FY 2009 $2.92 billion 20,876 employees

Beyond these appropriated funds, the National Park Service is also authorized to collectandretainrevenuefromspecificsources:

*RecreationFees:approximately$190millionperyear*ParkConcessionsFranchiseFees:approximately$60millionperyear*FilmingandPhotographyFees:approximately$1.2millionperyear

Democracy

Democracy

THE NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT

The National Historic Preservation Act is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preserva-tionOffices.

Todays motivations are boiled to four issues:

1. to retain diverse elements of past 2. to perpetuate the distinctive identities of places 3. to involve amateurs in landscape care 4. to practice a conservation approach to environmental change.

TheNationalHistoricPreservationActhasledtomajorchangesintheemploymenttrendsinhistoricpreservationfields.Archaeologists,historians, historic architects, and others have been employed in vast numbersinthefieldofculturalresourcemanagement(CRM).

The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States governmentsofficiallistofdistricts,sites,buildings,structures,andobjectsdeemedworthyofpreservation.

The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it.

Eachyearapproximately30,000propertiesareaddedtotheNationalRegister as part of districts or by individual listings.

For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service (NPS), it is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior.

For a property to be eligible for the National Register, it must meet at least one of the four National Register main criteria.

*CriterionA,Event,thepropertymustmakeacontributiontothemajorpattern of American history.*CriterionB,Person,isassociatedwithsignificantpeopleoftheAmerican past.*CriterionC,Design/Construction,concernsthedistinctivecharacter-istics of the building by its architecture and construction, including having great artistic value or being the work of a master.*CriterionD,Informationpotential,issatisfiedifthepropertyhasyielded or may be likely to yield information important to prehistory or history.[19]

The criteria are applied differently for different types of properties; for instance, maritime properties have application guidelines different from those of buildings.

Sitesarethelocationsofsignificantevents,whichcanbeprehistoricorhistoric in nature and represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). When sites are listed, it is the locations themselves that are of historical interest. They possesses cultural or archaeological value regard-lessofthevalueofanystructuresthatcurrentlyexistatthelocations.Ex-amplesoftypesofsitesincludeshipwrecks,battlefields,campsites,naturalfeatures, and rock shelters.

Historic districts possess a concentration, association, or continuity of the otherfourtypesofproperties.Objects,structures,buildings,andsitesinahistoric district are united historically or aesthetically, either by choice or by the nature of their development.

There are several other different types of historic preservation associated with the properties of the National Register of Historic Places that cannot beclassifiedaseithersimplebuildingsandhistoricdistricts.ThroughtheNational Park Service, the National Register of Historic Places publishes a series of bulletins designed to aid in evaluating and applying the criteria for evaluation of different types of properties. Although the criteria are always the same, the manner they are applied may differ slightly, depend-ing upon the type of property involved. The National Register bulletins de-scribeapplicationofthecriteriaforaidstonavigation,historicbattlefields,archaeological sites, aviation properties, cemeteries, and burial places, historicdesignedlandscapes,miningsites,postoffices,propertiesassoci-atedwithsignificantpersons,propertiesachievingsignificancewithinthelastfiftyyears,ruralhistoriclandscapes,traditionalculturalproperties,and vessels and shipwrecks.

Demonstration

Advertise/Demonstrate/Sell

These three ideas foster an understanding of the reasons people visit the site and the means to get them there.Advertising, means to attract visitorsDemonstrate, activities/tours of the activity of the siteSell, the combination of ways to gain visitorsRepresentation of DemonstrationAdvertising MediumsSocial Media and TechnologyVisitor centers, activities, hikin etc

How does a park DEMOnstrate itself to the public?

Sustainabilty?Connectons to outlying parks, cities?Social media? are there advantages of using this,? foursquare facebook etcAdvertising? are tradition methods working/ being used?Programs,demonstration&tours?arethesesufficienttothetime?Visitor amentities? are the current sheltors and non historic buildings fitwiththePark?

Core purpose

Demonstrations goal is to understand develope and generate the means to capture audiancesThrough using these questions, research will determine the means of which to generate aredevelopement of the overall park.

Hopewell Furnace can be located on the nps.gov website. Its overall interface is a great for any users, its simple, its easy and provides visitor will all the in-formation of Hopewell. The website is a great way for the park to demonstrate itself to anyone. Particularly it provides information across a broad span of topics,, but focusing in on the importance of the park. Tabs show

Plan your Visit

History and Culture For teachers

For kids

Park Management

Support

The website Demonstrates the possibilitiesthe park has to offer. Visitors have the ability to plan and set up their day based off of thissite.

From this Applications can be made such ashistorical tours or even mapping that can beused on Iphones or Ipods as one walks throughout the grounds of Hopewell furnace.This application can be used to show what the site looked like historically with activitybefore it fell to ruins.

Advertisement trends through the history of the National Parks has been minor since the creation of the parks system. Since the beginning the primary means of knowledge of the parks has steamed from parents, friends, family etc.However,manybooksandjournalsinspiredpeopletovisitparksnotwell known to Americans. In the early 1900s Theodore Roosevelt made his tripacrosstheUnitedStatetofind,seeandmostimportantlyadvertisetheNational Parks. This trip inspired many Americans to see the beauty America had to offer. Meeting with park rangers and airing speeches throughout many parks grasped the attention of the people. Similar to the Posters displaying See America Visit the National Parks in the 1930s. These poster along with billboards stood as primary means to gain tourist visitors. In the 1940s Ansel Adams was contracted to photograph and display each and every National Park.ThiscameatatimejustbeforeWorldWarII,capturingthebeautyanddrama the national parks hold. The photos, placed in books and across Amer-ica,forthefirsttimedepictedtherealityoftheparks,somethingofwhichonly could be seen in person before. From this point documentaries, movies,

picture as well as word of mouth all provided means to advertise and demonstrate what the Parks had to offer. Through the invention of the web National Parks c

National Heritage Network

Documents

Transcript of National Heritage Network