NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT

AUTHORITY

WAJIR COUNTY DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLAN

FEBRUARY 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this County Drought Contingency Plan would not have been possible without the support and valuable contributions of the Community, technical departments and the various organizations and development partners in the County.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have participated or supported us in any way or form in the preparation of this Contingency Plan.

First and foremost, we must thank Adeso-REGAL-IR and SNV for generously contributing the funds need to prepare this Plan. The preparation of this plan took a long time and presented considerable challenges, but all those who were involved took this as a learning process. The process involved initial CSG sensitization, preparation of six individual Sub-County Contingency Plans, consolidation of the six Sub-County Contingency Plans into a draft County Contingency Plan, validation of the draft County Contingency Plan by the six Sub-Counties and approval of the final draft by the CSG.

Honest contribution and technical support from the line-departments of Agriculture, Livestock Production, Vet. Services, Education, Health and nutrition, Water, Directorate of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Coordination and the Deputy County Commissioners enabled us to realize the final production of this crucial document.

We are also indebted to our partners including, WASDA, ALDEF, Islamic Relief, Oxfam, UNICEF, WFP, Save the Children, KRCS and Mercycorps, for their participation, cooperation and contribution during the entire process.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This contingency plan for Wajir County is designed to allow early response to drought hazards in order to minimise depletion of household assets and support and protect lives and livelihoods.

It is the first all-inclusive and most comprehensive contingency plan in the County with widest participation of partners at Community, Sub-county and County levels.

Chapter one cover the introduction and this deals with the county profile and covers drought vulnerability and livelihood zones and their income sources. Chapter two deals with methodology of drought contingency planning and drought cycle management where indicators and intervention of drought cycle management are discussed. Chapter four discusses drought scenarios in the county while chapter five deals with the sectors most affected by drought including livestock, agriculture, education, health, water, social protection and conflict and their intervention plan, indicators and trigger analysis and the budgets at the various phases of the drought. Finally chapter 6 dwells on management and coordination of CP process which includes standard operation procedures and chapter seven is the annex and deals with procedures for disbursement of Drought Contingency Funds and other reference materials.

The need therefore, exists for a strategic long-term approach for drought management to increase the resilience of the communities in the county and to promote early response to drought in order to minimise the losses of lives and livelihoods.

The operationalization and adequate funding of this plan and the commitment, participation, support and input of all the County and National stakeholders, will ensure prevention of droughts from degenerating into disaster and return to normalcy will be accelerated.

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Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... i

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 WAJIR COUNTY PROFILE ......................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Location and Size ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 Physical and Topographic Features ....................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 Ecological Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.4 Climatic Conditions ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1.5 Administrative Sub-divisions.................................................................................................. 2

1.1.6 Political Units ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1.7 Population Size and Composition .......................................................................................... 2

1.1.8 Population Density and Distribution ...................................................................................... 2

1.1.9 Education Institutions ............................................................................................................ 3

1.1.10 Livestock and livestock population ...................................................................................... 3

2.0 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 4

2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management .......................................................... 4

2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification ............................................................................. 6

2.3 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification ............................................... 10

3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Situation Overview ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities ......................................................................................... 14

3.3 Livelihood Zones ......................................................................................................................... 17

3.3.1 Agro- pastoral livelihood zone ............................................................................................. 18

3.3.2 Sources of income ................................................................................................................ 18

3.3.3 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ................................................................... 18

3.3.4 Pastoral All Species .............................................................................................................. 18

3.3.5 Sources of income ................................................................................................................ 18

3.3.6 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ................................................................... 19

3.3.7 Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone .................................................................. 19

3.3.8 Livestock and crop production activities ............................................................................. 19

3.3.9 Markets serving the LZ ......................................................................................................... 19

3.3.10 Pastoral-Camel Livelihoods Zone ....................................................................................... 19

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3.3.11 Sources of income .............................................................................................................. 20

3.3.12 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ................................................................. 20

4.0 DROUGHT SCENARIO .................................................................................................................. 21

4.1 Best case scenario ................................................................................................................... 21

4.2. Moderate case scenario ......................................................................................................... 21

4.3 Worst case scenario ................................................................................................................ 23

5.0. SECTOR PLANS ........................................................................................................................... 28

5.1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR ................................................................................................................. 28

5.1.1 Livestock Sector Brief ........................................................................................................... 28

5.1.2 Livestock Sector SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................... 29

5.1.3 Livestock Sector Seasonal Calendar ..................................................................................... 30

5.1.4 Livestock sector indicators and triggers analysis ................................................................. 32

5.1.5 Livestock Sector Intervention Plan: ..................................................................................... 38

5.1.6 Livestock Sector Budget ....................................................................................................... 44

5.2 WATER SECTOR ....................................................................................................................... 50

5.1.2 Background Information ...................................................................................................... 50

5.1.2 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis. .................................................................... 51

5.1.3 Water Sector Intervention Plan ........................................................................................... 56

5.1.4 Water sector budget ............................................................................................................ 63

5.3 Health and Nutrition Sector .............................................................................................. 66

5.3.1 Context Analysis and Risk Assessment ......................................................................... 67

5.3.2 Current Interventions .......................................................................................................... 69

5.3.3 SWOT Analysis...................................................................................................................... 68

5.3.4 Health sector Indicators &Triggers Analysis ........................................................................ 69

5.3.5 Health Sector Intervention Plan .......................................................................................... 73

5.3.6 Health sector budget ........................................................................................................... 78

5.4 EDUCATION SECTOR ............................................................................................................... 87

5.4.1 Education Sector Brief ......................................................................................................... 87

5.4.2 Education sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis .............................................................. 87

5.4.3 Education Sector Budget...................................................................................................... 95

5.4.4 Education Sector Intervention Plan ..................................................................................... 91

5.4.5 Education Sector SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................... 87

5.4.6 Education sector seasonal Calendar .................................................................................... 88

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5.5 AGRICULTURE SECTOR ............................................................................................................ 96

5.5.1 Background Information ...................................................................................................... 96

5.5.2 Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar ................................................................................ 100

5.5.3 SWOT Analysis......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5.4 Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis ............................................................ 97

5.5.5 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan ................................................................................. 100

5.5.6 Agriculture Sector Budget .................................................................................................. 105

5.6 CONFLICT SECTOR ................................................................................................................. 107

5.6.1 Sector Brief ......................................................................................................................... 107

5.6.2 Conflict Sector Indicators and triggers Analysis ................................................................ 108

5.6.3 CONFLICT SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN ........................................................................... 110

5.7 SOCIAL PROTECTION. ............................................................................................................ 116

5.7.1 DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION ...................................................... 116

5.7.2 CURRENT INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................................. 116

5.7.2.1 Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP II) ....................................................................... 116

5.7.2.2 Relief Operations ............................................................................................................ 116

5.7.2.3 THE CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) PROGRAMME .............................................................................................................................. 116

6.0 MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION OF CP PROCESS ............................................................ 123

6.1 Standard Operating Procedures ........................................................................................... 123

6.2 Response Taskforces/ Working Groups at all levels ............................................................. 124

7.0 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................... 135

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WAJIR COUNTY PROFILE

1.1.1 Location and Size

Wajir County is located in the North Eastern region of Kenya. It lies between latitudes 3o N 60’N and 0o 20’ N and Longitudes 39o E and 41o E and covers an area of 56,685.9 Km2. It borders Somalia to the East, Ethiopia to the north, Mandera County to the Northeast, Isiolo County to the South West, Marsabit County to the West and Garissa County to the South.

1.1.2 Physical and Topographic Features

Wajir County is a featureless plain, and lies between 150 metres and 460 metres above sea level and along latitude 1°45'N and longitude 40°4'E. Its Altitude is 244 m (801 ft.).The plain rises gently from the south and east towards the north rising to 200 metres at Buna and 460 metres at Bute and Gurar at the foothills of Ethiopian highlands. There is the highly seasonal Ewaso Nyiro River and Lake Yahud. The county is prone to seasonal flooding during the rainy seasons, which makes roads impassable. The county has seasonal swamps which together with drainage lines serve as grazing zones during dry season and also allows some cultivation during the rainy seasons. The seasonal swamps exist at Lagboghol area and in the western and southern part of Habaswein area. The county is generally covered with young sedimentary rocks with loamy soils toward the north bordering the Ethiopian highlands. The county has considerable deposits of Limestone and sand which are used in the local building industry.

1.1.3 Ecological Conditions

Wajir County is an arid area falling in the ecological zone V-VI. Zone V receives rainfall between 300-400mm annually, has low trees, grass and shrubs. On the other hand zone VI receives an annual rainfall of 200-300mm, shrubs with scattered taller trees, annual & perennial grasses. The county receives an average of 240 mm of rainfall per year. The rainfall is usually erratic and short making it unfavourable for vegetation growth. The rainfall is distributed into two seasons, the short rains and the long rains. The short rains are experienced between October to December and the long rains from March to May each year. Crop activity is carried out in the Lorian swamp and along the drainage lines in Bute. The crops grown in the area are sorghum, beans and vegetables.

1.1.4 Climatic Conditions

Wajir County mean relative humidity for an average year is 61.8 per cent and on a monthly basis it ranges from 56 per cent in February to 68 per cent in June. The county doesn’t experience frost on any day.

The county receives on average 240 mm of precipitation annually or 20 mm each month. On balance there are 24 days annually on which greater than 0.1 mm of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail) occurs on 2 days on an average month. The month with the driest weather is June when on average 1 mm of rain across zero days. The month with the wettest weather is April when on average 68 mm of rain, falls across 6 days. The higher areas of Bute and Gurar receive higher rainfall of between 500mm and 700mm.

The average temperature is 27.9 °C. The range of average monthly temperatures is 3.5 °C. The warmest months are February & March with an average of 36°C while the coolest months are June, July, August & September with an average low of 21 °C.

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1.1.5 Administrative Sub-divisions

Administratively, the county comprises of eight Sub-counties namely Wajir East, Tarbaj, Wajir West, Eldas, Wajir North, Buna, Habaswein and Wajir South. It’s further divided into 28 Divisions, 128 locations and 159 sub-locations as indicated in table below.

1.1.6 Political Units

The county has 6 constituencies - Wajir East, Tarbaj, Wajir west, Eldas, Wajir South and Wajir North and has 30 electoral wards. Wajir North and Wajir South constituencies have the largest number of wards at 7, and the rest have 4 each as shown in table below.

1.1.7 Population Size and Composition

Projections from the Kenya 2009 Population and Housing census indicate that the county has a total population of 727,965 which is projected to be 852,963 in 2017. Males comprise 55 per cent of the population whereas female population account for 45 per cent. The county has an inter-censual growth rate of 3.22 per cent which is higher than the national population growth rate of 3.0 per cent.

1.1.8 Population Density and Distribution

Table 3 below shows the population by constituency and population densities in the county where the average county population density stands at 13 persons per square kilometre.

Table 1: Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-county

Constituency 2009(Census) 2012 (Projections) 2015 (Projections) 2017 (Projections)

Population Density (Km2)

Population

Density (Km2)

Population

Density (Km2)

Population

Density (Km2)

Wajir South 130,070 6 143,044 7 157,311 7 167,605 8 Wajir North 135,505 16 149,021 17 163,885 19 174,609 20 Wajir East 112,572 28 123,800 31 136,149 34 149,729 37 Tarbaj 111,846 12 123,001 13 135,271 14 148,763 16 Wajir West 91,143 9 100,233 10 110,232 11 121,227 12 Eldas 80,805 27 88,864 29 97,729 32 107,476 35 Total 661,941 12 727,966 13 800,576 14 852,963 15

The age cohorts reveal that 84.2 per cent of the population is below 29 years. This has a significant impact on the county resources as more resources will be required in education and health facilities and employment creation opportunities.

Over 54.06 per cent of the population is aged between 0-14 and above 65 years. This age group is dependent on the working proportion aged 15-64. This implies a very high dependency ratio, which is expected to bring down productivity in the county.

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Table 2: Population Projections by Age Cohort

Age group

2009 (Census) 2012 (Projections)

2015 (Projections)

2017 (Projections)

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 0-4 47,776 44,637 92,413 52,541 49,089 101,631 57,782 53,986 111,768 61,563 57,518 119,081

5 - 9 66,642 57,282 123,924 73,289 62,996 136,285 80,599 69,279 149,878 85,873 73,812 159,686

10-14 73,282 53,505 126,789 80,591 58,842 139,433 88,630 64,711 153,341 94,430 68,945 163,375

15-19 51,709 32,748 84,457 56,867 36,014 92,881 62,539 39,607 102,145 66,631 42,198 108,829

20-24 27,906 20,816 48,722 30,689 22,892 53,582 33,751 25,176 58,926 35,959 26,823 62,782

The figures for selected age groups in the table 2 have some implications on the general economic outlook as explained below:

1.1.9 Education Institutions

There are 203 ECD centres, 203 primary schools, 34 secondary schools and 4 youth polytechnics (Wajir, Habaswein, KhorofHarar and Griftu polytechnics). The enrolment figures for the ECDE are 10,642 boys against 8158 girls, for primary schools 35,928 boys against 23,137 girls and secondary schools 5,122 boys against 2,073 girls. Adult literacy is low at 19.6 per cent

1.1.10 Livestock and livestock population

The main livestock production system practiced in the county is nomadic pastoralism which is currently under threat due to recurrent droughts, uncontrolled livestock diseases; population increased resulting in mushrooming settlement, environmental degradation, shrinking pasture land, poor infrastructure and inadequate terminal markets. Main livestock species include cattle, camels, donkey, goat and sheep. Their number may fluctuate significantly depending on severity of droughts in the county.

The estimated livestock population

TLU Per Household Species Average TLU Cattle 5 Sheep 10 Goat 10

No Livestock Species Number

1 Cattle 718,928

2 Sheep 1,177,500

3 Goats 1,503,730

4 Camels 717,028

5 Donkeys 186,044

6 Poultry

8 Bee Hives 1,272

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Camel 5 Donkeys 3

3.11 Sectoral contribution to household income Sectoral Contribution to household income % Agriculture ( Livestock) 85 Rural self-employment 10 Wage employment 1 Urban self-employment 4

Number employed per sector

Sector: Number employed 1 Agriculture (Livestock) 284,265 2 Rural self-employment 33,443 3 Wage employment 3,344 4 Urban self-employment 13,377

Livelihood zones

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management

The NDMA will promote different approaches/tools that address the underlying structural causes of vulnerability and reduce the impacts of shocks. In this regard, the use of drought risk reduction, climate change adaptation and social protection strategies all have an important role to play at different times and in different ways in reducing vulnerability and building resilience. NDMA will support the integration of these three strategic areas in a more comprehensive manner in order to strengthen people’s resilience to climatic shocks (As indicated here below).

Table 5: Proportion of population by livelihood zones

Livelihood zone Percent of total population

Agro pastoral 23.4

Informal Employment/ Business 17.1

Pastoral all species 18.7

Pastoral Cattle 24

Pastoral Camel 16.8

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The ultimate objective of the drought response system is to promote early mitigation efforts that reduce the time that elapses from the point when warning of drought stress is given and the point when response at county level starts. Drought mitigation activities will take a livelihood perspective and be specifically designed to support local economies and promote linkages with long-term development strategies. This is expected to reduce considerably the losses of assets by households during drought crises and contribute to enhance resilience. The rationale of this approach is based on the fact that the benefits of investing in early response by subsidizing the livelihoods/ local economies exposed to drought risks are much higher than if intervening in a late stage to provide emergency humanitarian aids1.

The contingency planning process adopted by NDMA is based on the drought cycle management approach, which can be understood in terms of five phases that can be categorized into normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery, with different types of interventions tailored to the various phases. DCM describes in a general way how to reduce vulnerability (& increase resilience) of populations to drought through proper planning. The aim is also to use funds more effectively: making investment in drought preparedness during the normal and alert stages means that less money should have to be spent during the emergency phase. Early warning systems and the warning stages that are derived from them are an effective way of triggering interventions to manage drought.

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Each EW phase will require specific drought mitigation activities to support livelihoods and minimize depletion of assets. Some drought management models run together ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ warning stages as a single stage. This simplifies the warning stages but it loses a sensitive transition and decision point since the alert stage is extremely important for early action that can reduce the later social and economic impact of drought, saving people and money. Running ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ together as a single stage disguises this trigger.

2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification

In order to determine the early warning phase, there is need to measure and combine the drought indicators related to the 4 classes of indicators proposed for the decision mechanism (see below)

ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS

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Meteorological Drought Indicators The TAMSAT (Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite and other data) rainfall estimation method is Africa based on the recognition of storm clouds in the thermal IR imagery and calibration against ground-based rain gauge data. A rain rate is associated with all clouds colder than a prescribed temperature threshold Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)

SPI is standardized anomaly, equivalent to the statistical Z-score, representing the precipitation deficit over a specific time scale, such as 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, relative to climatology (McKee et al., 1993). Drought classification by SPI-3month values and their thresholds (adapted from McKee 1993)

Rainfall estimate based on TAMSAT (actual

versus long term average, Sept 13 to March 14)) Agricultural Drought Indicators

Quantitative drought indicators based on vegetation status

Earth observation (EO) satellites measure the radiation reflected by the Earth surface. Usually, the radiation is measured within discrete spectral bands. The reflectance properties vary with the state of the surface (e.g. vegetation canopy). This permits characterizing the state of the Earth surface over large areas with high revisit frequency (e.g. daily observations by medium resolution satellites). Combining several spectral bands (e.g. red and near-infrared) in so-called vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI) further increases the link to ground state conditions (e.g. vegetation stress).

Color SPI Values Rainfall Category > +1.5 or more Strongly above normal 1 to +1.5 Above normal -1 to 1 Normal -1.5 to -1 Below normal <-1.5 Strongly below normal

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Vegetation Condition Index

This indicator is suitable to measure the status of pasture and therefore can be used to assess grazing resources available to livestock. The Vegetation Condition Index is based on the relative NDVI change with respect to minimum and max historical NDVI value. The NDVI of a given week is compared to the minimum NDVI found in the archive (of that week: NDVImin) and the maximum NDVI found for that week (NDVImax). Drought classification by VCI-3month values and their thresholds

Color VCI values Drought Category

3-monthly average

≥50 Wet 35 to 50 No drought 25 to 34 Mild Drought 10 to 24 Severe <10 Extreme Drought

MEASURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS

The impacts and implications of deviations in environmental indicators are basically demonstrated in socio-economic indicators performance in the two livelihood zones of the county that are predominantly dependent on environmental indicators. The table below describes each indicator of socio-economic effects of drought under the three classes proposed in chapter 1 (Production; Access; and Utilisation).

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Table: EW Phase Classification - Suggested Indicators of Socio-Economic Effects of Drought

INDICATOR CLASS

Drought Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds

Production indicators

Livestock migration

Show the pattern of livestock migration in relation to access to wet and dry season grazing

Average distance and pattern of migration assessed against baseline data (migration pattern during normal periods)

Milk production

Record milk production per unit and production levels over time.

The recorded value is compared to the long term average milk production for the period

Livestock body condition

Use body condition scoring and standard variables e.g heart girth, weight, lactation status

Baseline survey will help to determine what range of variation can be expected during what kind of drought condition, thereby providing data to help establish aggregation and threshold criteria

Livestock deaths

Record quantities and trends over time. Calculate mortality indices and use this to trigger response.

Use significance levels. Analyse correlation between deaths and vector of community level covariates to get predictable variation in mortality experience

Actual planting date

The median actual planting date of key staple crops will be determined.

The median actual planting date will be assessed against the baseline normal. The average deviation will be used to assess if a threshold has been crossed

Area planted

Record actual area planted for each crop. Area planted will be compared to baseline values and assessed as a percentage change.

Actual harvest

Actual harvest quantities for each crop will be compared to long-term averages.

Total harvest will be compared to baseline values and assessed as a percentage change.

Access indicators

Price of cereals

Each market/community should have their prices recorded and changes over time noted.

Season-normalized baseline data will be used in marginal agricultural livelihoods to identify significant deviations above the normal range of food prices within an area.

Livestock terms of trade

Record weekly prices for livestock and cereals to calculate to ToT

Season-normalized baseline data will be used to identify significant deviations from the normal range of ToT within an area.

Availability of cereals and legumes

Record average quantity per household or survey unit. Data will be used to create a food balance sheet.

The item balances on the food balance sheet will tell if the household is in an adverse situation. Baseline data will help to thresholds for each community, derived from the percentage change in the food items in the FBS.

Availability of water

List all the water sources and monitor changes in each source and number of sources. Thresholds will be based on the percentage change in number of sources and ratios of gender fetching

Medium

Milk consumption

Record the % of sampled households that reported regular milk consumption. Include record of milk consumption by children

The normalised baseline is compared to actual milk consumption for the period

Availability Indicators

MUAC The middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be used to show the malnutrition levels among young children. This is compared with the standardized MUAC for age Z-scores.

Threshold will be based on percentage change in the MUAC for Age Z scores (MAZ)

Coping Strategy Index

The coping strategies section covers questions on unintended dietary change or livelihood strategies. Thus households

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INDICATOR CLASS

Drought Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds

are asked how often they have been forced to rely on less preferred foods than normally consumed, to borrow or purchase food on credit, to reduce the number of meals, and to limit portion size or skip a whole day without eating due to lack of money or food

2.3 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification

Establishing deviation from the long-term average

For all the major indicators monitored in the monthly data collection, current observations are compared with long-term average or baseline data. The data variations are analysed to determine whether the changes significantly deviate from the long term average for the specific period of the year. This helps determine whether changes recorded are normal occurrences in the communities interviewed or whether they should be considered as early warning concerns. It also helps indicate whether problems identified are chronic and therefore needing long term solutions, or whether they indicate a crisis or emergency situation that could stress normal coping mechanisms. Baseline data is available for the major monitoring indicators.

The level of each of the quantitative indicators is interpreted relative to their long term rolling average. A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles, and it is calculated using at least 10 years data (depending on availability of reliable data), for each of the livelihood zones. The long term mean is used to compare the level of the current year’s indicators deviation from the ‘normal’ or long term average.

The historical reference data is, therefore, used as a baseline that allows us to interpret EW info against a reference trend line. It allows a comparative analysis in the level of EW indicator trends, the direction and magnitude of change, and the rapidity of change. For example when a sharp rise in the price of cereal is reported in a given month relative to the trend line in an arid district, this should ring a bell indicating the need for close monitoring of the magnitude of the indicator fluctuation range and the cause of that fluctuation. This is because deviation from the historical reference alone does not tell us whether the magnitude of the price change is abnormal and if it is due to drought and/or some other reasons, thereby warranting drought response interventions, or whether the deviation is within the normal range.

Indicator Fluctuation Range

Jan Dec

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The indicator fluctuation range shown in Fig above allows us to visually perceive the deviation from the reference. It also allows an interpretation of whether deviations are ‘abnormal’ or whether they are normal at that time of the year. The normal ranges are calculated using the standard deviation(σ)of the time series defined as the prediction interval between which 95% of values of a time series fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a sample value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values. The reference range is therefore obtained by measuring the average and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean.

The magnitude of the deviation indicates how many standard deviations a current observation is below (or above) the historical average.

Normal ranges are calculated for each indicator and for each livelihood zone. In a normal year, indicators are expected to fluctuate within the normal range. Fluctuations outside the normal range are normally a cause for alarm that should indicate the need to closely study the drought and food security situation, with a view to adjusting the warning level. However, determination of warning levels relies not just on quantitative indices but on qualitative ones as well.

While comparison of quantitative early warning data with baseline or long term references provides a systematic way of identifying significant changes, qualitative information is essential in beefing up the quantitative analysis. The information is mainly used for triangulation and verification of quantitative data from households and markets for each livelihood zone.

Qualitative data is obtained from discussions with key informants. It is also obtained from field monitors’ and data analysts’ field reports and is based on observation and discussions with the members of the local community. Information from other agencies is also considered. Generally, the data analyst includes a brief explanation to qualify each significant movement in the main indicators, thereby using the qualitative information to back up the quantitative data.

The following tables provide guidance in the establishment of the drought phase; the first table refers to livestock based livelihood and the second one to agricultural marginal areas. The set of indicators for the two livelihoods can be used and combined in the case of agro-pastoral livelihoods.

The following table provides guidance in the establishment of the drought phase with regard to livestock based livelihoods

EW PHASE INDICATORS BIOPHYSICAL

THRESHOLDS SOCIO-ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS

NORMAL All environmental indicators are within seasonal ranges

SPI-3month: -0.09and above VCI: 40 and above

N/A

ALERT Meteorological drought indicators moves outside normal ranges

SPI3month: below -0.09 RFE: < 80% of normal Weather forecast: rainfall below normal

N/A

ALERT WORSENING

Agricultural and hydrological drought

VCI-3month: below 31

N/A

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indicators moves outside normal ranges

zVI-3month: below -056 Water availability : declining, below normal

ALARM Environmental and at least two production indicators are outside normal seasonal ranges

VCI-3month: below 30 zVI-3month: below -055 Water availability : inadequate

Livestock Migration: animals start to migrate to more distant bad-year grazing areas Livestock body condition: score below normal per the period Milk Production: at least x standard deviation (σ) below the normal range for the period

ALARM WORSENING

If in addition to two production indicators, at least two access indicators (impact on market and access to food and water) are outside the normal ranges, then the phase status remains at “alarm” but with a worsening trend. The trend will be further worsening when also one or more availability indicators (impact on nutrition and on coping strategies) move outside the normal range,

SPI: 3-6month > -0.98 VCI-3month: below 30 State of pasture: poor and inadequate Water Access: the average distances to water sources more than x σ

Livestock Migration: animals continue to migrate to more distant bad-year grazing areas Livestock body condition: score below normal per the period Milk Production: > x σ below historical average for the period Livestock mortality rate: at least x σ outside normal range for the period Milk consumption: >x σ decrease from long term average for the period. Terms of Trade: at least x σ above the normal ranges for the period Availability of cereals and legumes: food balance sheet shows < ?% of normal food amount for the period Coping Strategy Index: ?? MUAC: at least x σ outside normal range for the period

EMERGENCY All indicators are outside normal ranges. The emergency phase affects asset status and

VCI: below 20

Coping Strategy Index: emergency threshold MUAC: > x σ outside normal range for the period

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purchasing power to extent that seriously threatens food security. As a result, coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above emergency thresholds

RECOVERY

The drought phase must have reached at least Alarm stage. Recovery starts after the end of drought as signalled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; local economies starting to recover;

SPI-12month 0.09 and above VCI-3month: above 50

N/A

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3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

3.1 Situation Overview

Drought in Wajir County is a common occurrence that shatters livelihoods and causes hunger, nutrition-related disease, and even death. It leads to a decline in livestock production, affect the migratory patterns of pastoralists, exacerbate resource-based conflict, and cause substantial loss of assets, triggering acute food insecurity among vulnerable households and placing a heavy strain on the local economy.

The entire county is highly vulnerable to droughts which occur with increased frequency. Historical data shows the recurrent nature of droughts in the County with two in every five rains failing. However, after the 2000 the frequency of droughts has increased with crisis registered in 2005/06, 2008/09 and 2010/11. The frequency and severities of droughts hinder recovery as the herd growth is disrupted by new droughts before the recovery phase is completed. During a severe drought, pastoralists may lose more than 50% of their herd.

High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity have been linked to factors such as high reliance on natural resources, reduced mobility of the nomads, mushrooming settlements, encroachment of dry grazing areas, lack of infrastructure, poor services delivery, poor access to markets and political marginalisation.

It is estimated that only one out of five households involved in livestock production owns a herd of a sustainable size to ensure sufficient economic returns and resilience to drought shocks.

Very poor and poor households are more vulnerable and exposed to droughts than better off households as they have fewer reserves of food or cash to fall back on and fewer options for generating additional income. In particular disadvantaged groups such as female headed households, orphans, the disabled, the elderly are particularly exposed to the negative impacts of droughts.

3.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities

AREA OF ANALYSIS

VULNERABILITY CAPACITY/OPPORTUNITIES

Socio-economic - Historical marginalization of the region which has resulted in very limited investment in the foundation for development (infrastructure, services delivery, high illiteracy, absence of coordinated response, lack of market outlets for livestock political marginalization)

Implementation of EDE to provide investment in infrastructure and services; Devolution to enhance political participation of citizens

- Limited alternative livelihoods with too high dependency on livestock

Development of livestock industry and value addition can revive the sector which will enhance demands for services and employment Opportunities in alternative renewable energies (e.g. wind

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energy) and oil - Low level of education Provision of nomadic school for

nomadic children to access schools. Incentives to education of child girls, Investment in boarding facilities

- Dependency on food relief affects migratory strategies and favors establishment of unplanned settlement

Investments in resilience building and social Safety nets

- Limited access to markets limits profitability of livestock production and affect capacity to destock during droughts

.Investment in roads and market infrastructure

- Lack of financial and insurance services tailored to pastoralists’ needs limits investment opportunities

.Livestock indexed insurance schemes

- High degree of insecurity limits mobility of pastoralists and access to grazing areas

.Peace building initiatives (see EDE)

.Promotion of dry-time grazing areas .Cross border agreements

- High population growth put under stress the limited natural resources

.Diversification of livelihoods

.Employment creation

- High rate of dependency where about 45% of population is less than 14

.Invest in education ..Safety nets for vulnerable groups

- Negative perceptions of government planners towards pastoralism influences the allocation of public budgets for development and drought risk reduction of pastoral livelihood systems

Implementation of ASAL policy Adoption of pastoral policy ( Establishment of ASAL secretariat

Environmental - Fragile and degraded rangelands with limited grazing areas and water sources

- High rate of female headed household who depend on exploitative livelihoods based on natural resources (e.g. charcoal and wood)

- Encroachment and fencing of important grazing areas for agriculture activities land speculators undermine coping strategies of pastoralists

- Climate change deepens vulnerability

Support community based rangeland management Invest in strategic water sources Promote fodder banks Land regulation to recognize the existence of important grazing areas Creation of alternative employment opportunities Mainstream CCA in development planning and resource allocation

Physical - Poor infrastructure affects access and increase transport operation costs

- Insufficient communication infrastructure affects flow of

Implementation of EDE

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information on drought risk reduction Institutional/ Organizational

- Weakened communal system of natural resource management

- Weak communication of early warning messages to communities

- Insufficient investments in drought preparedness affects capacity to respond to drought episodes

- Late drought response leading to high losses of household assets during drought crises

- Insufficient integration of DRR/CCA strategies into development process does not address long-term vulnerability to drought and climatic variability

- Weak local governance and high level of corruption

-NDMA establishment and support to Drought Risk Management System -Promotion of CMDRR Establishment of NDDCF Devolution process improve local governance

Major Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable individuals within all groups

Low income households Nomadic pastoralists with

insufficient herd size Indebted households Pastoralist drop outs Female headed households Unemployed, Beggars

Women and children Pregnant and nursing mothers Children under five Orphans Elderly Disabled and ill Widows and widowers Divorcees

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3.3 Livelihood Zones

Map of Wajir showing livelihood zones

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3.3.1 Agro- pastoral livelihood zone

This zone is in the northern part of the County bordering Moyale to the northwest Ethiopia to the north and Mandera County to the northeast and comprises of Bute, Buna, Gurar and Eldas divisions.

The agro- pastoral livelihood zone supports approximately 23.4% of the total population of the County. It receives relatively higher rainfall than the rest of the County with total of more than 3oomm annually.

3.3.2 Sources of income

The rains cannot support rain fed crop production due to the unreliability and crops are grown as a part time during good seasons where it contributes 10% of the total household income. The main crops gown includes Sorghum, beans, maize, tomatoes and pawpaw. Other important sources of income include livestock production (70%) and remittance and gifts (5%). Firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 10% while other activities contribute 5% to household income.

3.3.3 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ)

The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Bute, Buna, Gurar and Eldas while the major external markets are Wajir, Moyale and Mandera. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, food stuff, farm produces, farm input, clothes and labour.

3.3.4 Pastoral All Species

The pastoral all species Livelihood Zone consists of mainly the current Wajir west constituency including Hadado and Griftu Divisions and part of Eldas Constituency. Livestock is the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes.

The livelihood zone is characterized by mainly plains covered with shrubs grasses and browses that support all livestock species including camel cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. The main source of water are water pans shallow wells and borehole which have most recently mushroomed creating numerous unplanned settlement which is the biggest threat to the strategic dry period grazing areas.

3.3.5 Sources of income

Livestock and livestock products are the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. Other important sources of income include

Table 5: Proportion of population by livelihood zones

Livelihood zone Percent of total population

Agro pastoral 23.4 Informal Employment/ Business 17.1 Pastoral all species 18.7 Pastoral Cattle 24 Pastoral Camel 16.8

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remittance and gifts, firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately while other activities contribute 5% to household income.

3.3.6 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ)

The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Griftu, Eldas and Hadado while the major external markets are Wajir, Isiolo, and Habaswein. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, food stuff, farm produces,, clothes and labour.

3.3.7 Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone

The Formal Employment/Business LZ is found around Wajir town and Habaswein which are the major Urban and commercial towns. The majority (75%) of the population is settled while about 10% are in–migrant and 15% out-migrant labourers. Most of the foods consumed in these urban households are purchased from the markets. Cereals, pulses, fish and cooking fats are all purchased from the market place with over 80% of the meat, milk, fruits and vegetables also being purchased from traders.

The major sources of income in the Formal Employment/Business LZ is small businesses (25%), formal waged labour (22%), casual waged labour (17%) and petty trading (15%), with other sources making up 21%. Small business and waged labour are more important in this LZ than in the pastoral zones due to the presence of the major formal institutions, medical facilities and private sector establish.

This is where most of the casual labour force civil servant and the business community are based in addition to being the commercial centre of the County.

3.3.8 Livestock and crop production activities

Food crops like water melons, tomatoes, kales and fodder are cultivated under shallow wells irrigation in and around Wajir town which supports many pastoral drop outs who resorted to farming as an alternative livelihood. In addition, large amounts of bananas and mangoes, tomatoes, potatoes, onions and other food stuff are imported from other regions and Counties, particularly from the neighbouring Garissa and Maunder and as far as Meru and Nairobi.

3.3.9 Markets serving the LZ

Livestock is not kept exclusively In the Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone but it contributes a major income in this zone since the two biggest markets are situated in this region. However, animals are kept in these towns as a side enterprise which include goats, sheep, cattle and donkeys which mainly used to pull donkey carts.

Wajir and Habaswein are the two largest livestock markets in the County where thousands of livestock are bought and sold during the market days. The major livestock sold and bought at the two markets are camel, cattle, sheep and goats. Goats contribute 40%, sheep 35% and cattle 15% of income from livestock while camel contribute 10% of the total livestock income. The livestock at the markets come from within the county, Mandera, County, Ethiopia and Somalia and are taken to Garissa, Nairobi and Mombassa. Habaswein and Wajir are also the largest consumers of milk and the largest buyers of raw hides and skins.

3.3.10 Pastoral-Camel Livelihoods Zone

The Pastoral Camel Livelihood Zone Comprises of the divisions of Kotulo which borders Mandera County, Wajir Bor which also borders Somalia Republic and Tarbaj.

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Although the predominant livestock kept by the communities of this livelihood zone is came other animals including cattle, sheep and goats are also reared however livestock is the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes.

Other important sources of income in the pastoral camel livelihood zone include, remittance and gifts, firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 20%, while other activities contribute 5% to household income. Forest products like gum and resins also contribute to the household economy the pastoralists this livelihood zone.

The livelihood zone is characterized by mainly good tree cover with shrubs, grasses and browses that support all livestock species including cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. The main source of water are water pans shallow wells and borehole which have most recently mushroomed creating numerous unplanned settlement which is the biggest threat to the strategic dry period grazing areas making the inhabitants more vulnerable to drought shocks.

The pastoral camel livelihood zone is served by the Nairobi-Wajir-Mandera highway which goes through both Tarbaj and Kotulo which is used to transport 85% of the commercial goods going in and out the this zone. The highway is also used for the transportation of livestock to the terminal markets in Wajir, Nairobi and Mombasa.

3.3.11 Sources of income

Livestock and livestock products, gums and resin and other forest products are the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. Other important sources of income include remittance and gifts, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 20% while other activities contribute 5% to household income.

3.3.12 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ)

The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Kotulo, Tarbaj and Wajirbor while the major external markets are Wajir, Mandera and Nairobi. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, gums and resin and other forest products, food stuff, farm produces,, clothes and labour.

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4.0 DROUGHT SCENARIO

In Wajir County, drought is usually experienced when two consecutive rainy seasons totally or partially fails. The severity of losses and destruction caused by droughts depends on combination of many factors including, the performance of the previous rains, surplus pastures from the previous seasons, availability and access to water and pastures, outbreak of diseases, conflict, condition of strategic fall back areas and the level of preparedness of the communities, development partners and the County and National Governments.

The events triggered by the drought and the progressive collapse of the pastoral economy and livelihoods are arranged into five ‘warning stages’ running from ‘normal’, through ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ to ‘emergency’ and eventually ‘recovery’. These warning stages give planners and managers an opportunity to analyse the impacts of droughts and a common time-line to guide intervention. This sequence of events makes up the ‘drought cycle.’

4.1 Best case scenario

The best case scenario is when the performance of the preceding rainy season was enhanced covering the entire County and the neighbouring ones and there was establishment of all types of pastures and plenty of both surface and sub-surface water. In such scenarios, even if the two subsequent rains fails, the surplus pastures and abundant surface and sub-surface water will be adequate to sustain lives and livelihood up to the next rains with minimal losses. However, this delicate balance between the water, pastures and the wellbeing of the livestock and the livestock owner can be disturbed adversely by the presence of underlying external factors like migration, conflict, diseases and lack of livestock market among others. Towards the end of the long dry spell, condition of water and pastures might deteriorate with subsequent livestock loss of condition and productivity, but there will be no major disruption of lives and livelihoods. Although the two consecutive rains fail, most indicators like livestock body conditions, milk yield, livestock prices, water and pasture access and availability, trekking distance from pastures to water points, nutritional status of under-fives and prices of essential food stuff fluctuates between the thresholds for early alert to early alarm.

On the other hand, in the absence of the external factors, the balance can be maintained without any major harm throughout the prolonged dry season till the next rain, when pastures will be re-established, water becomes abundant and livestock starts breeding and productivity regained. After the rains the recovery period is short and return to normalcy is accelerated.

4.2. Moderate case scenario

In the case of moderate/bad case scenario, most of the indicators escalate from normal to moderate to bad, ranging from alert to alarm phase of the drought, posing eminent threat to livestock and human. When two consecutive rain seasons fails or are highly depressed, Water will be the first indicator to be affected which will in turn, directly or indirectly affect all other indicators. The situation starts with depressed seasonal rains below 30-50% which results in low pasture production which in turn affects the livestock body condition drastically. As conditions changes from alert to alarm pasture is scattered while animals start to browse less palatable shrubs and animal birth rates and milk production start to fall.

As shallow wells and pans dry, people and animals gather at high yielding boreholes and other water points like deep wells.. Livestock productivity diminishes and the purchasing power of the

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pastoralists declines, the first reaction of most households to this chock is to sale more animals, borrow more credits and seek help from kin.

Many of these changes in indicators are moderate at the initial stage, at alert or early alarm phase, but are extremely important from an early warning point of view. Interventions at this stage can reduce the impact of a major drought or can reduce the need for much more expensive response later.

Milk yield drops by 25-50% as pastures diminish and the distance between the water points and the pastures increase, making animals weaker and exhausted leading to deaths of the calves and other weak animals. Milk consumption falls to insignificant levels and cereal consumption rises to considerable proportion of their food intake. Milk consumption falls to insignificant levels and cereal consumption rises to considerable proportion of their food intake and as the drought deepens, households feeding habit change.

Terms of trade declines 20-30% below normal as more and more animals are presented for sell, where supply exceeds demand forcing the prices of livestock to drop drastically adversely affecting the purchasing power of the pastoralists. The reduced purchasing power and livestock price reduction forces the livestock owners to borrow heavily making them more indebted.

Activation of coping strategies are employed at this stage by the pastoralists to safe the lives of their family members and their animals. Some of the coping strategies include, culling the new born calves from weak mothers to safe them from further deterioration o f body condition and eventual death.

Movements become less common but more irregular and households start to break up and several dry and stronger herds might move to far fall back areas where they trek several days between the pastures and watering points. Remaining weak and wet animals from several households may be grouped together as a single herder and move close to the watering points where they are given special attention like water trucking and given portion of the relief food as feed supplement. Labour requirement for the increased role and responsibilities becomes more and more intensive. As conditions deteriorate the situation becomes unbearable and some men go to towns in search of manual work while young girls become maids in towns. More children may be enrolled in school where they are at least fed by the school meals program. Women and children turn up at dispensaries in larger numbers mostly with emaciation and malnutrition.

Time spent at the watering points waiting for water increase 30-50% because of heavy congestion at high yielding boreholes due to high concentration of both livestock and humans at the high yielding boreholes since most of the pans and the shallow wells are dry at this point in time.

Towards the late alarm phase most indicators show considerable stress and at this stage, mitigation of conflict and disease control is critical in order not to worsen the already bad situation.

Institution of appropriate and timely interventions like water trucking to the pastoralists to safe the weak animal that cannot cover the long distance to the watering points, deworming, borehole maintenance, bursary for secondary schools, school meals programme, relief food and destocking to boost the livestock market and the weakening pastoral economy at this stage of the drought will sufficiently mitigate the onset of emergency and minimise the loss of lives and livelihood.

• The malnutrition level at this stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5 • Malnutrition status of pregnant and lactating mothers is MUAC of <25 • The anaemia level at moderate case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl

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• Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%, • Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme • MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period • Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition • Increase in distance to watering points. • Livestock watering intervals increased. • Water quality deteriorates • Pasture and browse quality diminishing and quantities reduces • Very poor quality patches of standing hay left • Reports on upsurge of endemic diseases start • Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % of young and weak animals reported. • Livestock prices drops by 50% as the livestock brought to the market exceeds the number

demanded • Terms of trade drops by 50% as the livestock sector economy declines • Most shallow well and pans dry up. • More centers face water stress depending solely on water trucking. • Because of the declining economy and subsequent loss of purchasing power of the

pastoralists more children are unable to pay fees and are sent home.

4.3 Worst case scenario

The worst drought case scenario is normally experienced when one rain totally fails and the water and pastures from the previous rain are depleted and the status moves from alert to alarm and the following expected rain fails again, while the situation is already bad. The mare failure of the rains while the condition is already bad will have both economic and psychological impact on the pastoralists who are in a state of panic, hopelessness and desperation. Because of the confusion occasioned by the desperation as a result of the failed rains which is expected to worsen the already bad condition pastoralists might resort to desperate measures like migrating to the neighboring Countries covering hundreds of kilometers.

The migratory axis adopted as a last resort in such scenarios are, Somalia, Ethiopia and Isiolo and Marsabit Counties. Pastoralists from Habaswein and Hadado might move to Isiolo where they are received with hostilities by the host communities depending on the condition there, while those from Griftu and Eldas Divisions usually migrate to Marsabit County.

Stock owners from Sabuli, Diff, Wajir Bor and Kotulo Divisions normally move to the neighboring Somalia while those from Buna and Bute will end up in Ethiopia.

Migrating such a long distance at this times when most of the animals are weak with little pasture and water on the way, will force the weak animals to succumb to the exhaustion and die on the way.

The animals that migrate to the neighboring counties and even across the international borders usually accompanied by young men while the elderly, women, children, disabled and the sick are left to take care of the sheep, goats and other weak animals.

Depending the previous relationship and ties with the host community, they are either welcome and accommodated or they meet open hostilities and are forced to trek back which proves disastrous most of the times, since many animals die on the way back due to exhaustion, thirst and starvation.

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For those who are accommodated, the resource will soon be overwhelmed by the livestock and human population and the pastures and the water are depleted within a short time. In this case the host community has always better survival strategies than the visitors who find themselves in a precarious situation. During drought, the key coping mechanism which is employed as a survival strategy is interdependency, support and good will within members of an individual clan in form of lending milking animals, gifts and credit which is payable after the drought. The visitors therefore find themselves in an unfamiliar environment where they can not access such services which make them more vulnerable.

Drying up of all water pans and concentration of all animals in only high yielding boreholes, long trekking distance from the grazing areas to the watering points, long waiting time at the boreholes, deteriorating animals body condition, increasing food prices, increasing demand for fuel for the borehole and the absence of the above coping mechanisms will force the visitor to present more and more animals for sale and soon the livestock market will collapse because there is on body to buy due to bleak and uncertain future. The terms of trade declines drastically and the purchasing power deteriorates and the hospitality of the host community is over stretched making conditions unbearable for the visiting pastoralists. As a result of desperation, some of them might sale all their animals at a throw away prices while the rest will migrate back home with their emaciated animals where they might all perish on the way because they have no strength to survive the strenuous long journey with empty belly. In both cases all the pastoralists who initially migrated, will almost a ways come back empty handed and join their families as a destitute.

It should be noted that, in the County, any drought where there is the highest migration and livestock movements, happens to be the one with the highest losses in livestock deaths.

For those who opt not to move from their locality after the second consecutive rain fails, they usually have to bear with the change of indicators from late alert, alarm to emergency. By the second rain fails, the situation is already moving from late alert to alarm and, there after the condition deteriorate and soon all indicators at emergency stage.

Pastures and browse access and availability deteriorates as it becomes scarce and the condition very poor, forcing animals to move deeper and away from the water points increasing the distance to borehole to 30km or more at emergency stage. The long distance trek to and from the watering points and the grassing area when the animals are weak is extremely dangerous at this point in time. Thirst, exhaustion and starvation are the three killer factors when present at the same time. After staying at the grassing areas where pastures are scarce and in very poor condition for three to four days (cattle) 10 to 15 days (camel) without water and trekking 30 to 40 km to the watering points, most animals succumb and die either on the way or at the watering points.

Because all pans and shallow wells dry towards emergency, there is heavy congestion at the high yielding boreholes where exhausted and thirsty animals spend a day or two waiting for their turn to get water. Due to the congestion the borehole engines run for longer hours without a rest causing frequent break down which, if not promptly repaired will cause many livestock deaths at the watering points. At such times standby rapid response team will save the situation.

As the drought progresses, pastures quantity and quality deteriorates and the distance to the watering points increase, the sheep will be the first species to start dying followed by the cattle while the goats and the camel will linger for a longer time. The livestock body condition will show severe emaciation ranging from 3.3 to <2.The situation is worsened by upsurge of livestock diseases

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like worm infestation, tick borne and others diseases which increases the mortality at this time of high stress factor and lowered body immunity.

Milk production almost ceases and prices go up and consumption declines significantly, impacting seriously on the nutritional status of children less than five years.

The price of the food stuff rises sharply and stockowners sell more animals to buy food stuff. The animals are in poor condition, demand is low because traders have no cash and livestock owners have no clients to sell to. As prices of food increases, more animals are offered for sale, and demand starts to fall, animal prices also fall and the purchasing power of the pastoralists starts to erode significantly and rapidly.

The structure of animals offered for sale changes to male calves, then reproductive females, then female calves and even pregnant females and those with calves

Households eat fewer meals, sometimes going without food for a day or more. Nutritional status of children begins to deteriorate while the incidences of diseases like diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and other diseases which come as a result of reduced body immunity increase.

If interventions are not instituted at this stage the situation deteriorates very quickly. A large proportion of the remaining animals die or are sold at a throw away prices.

Cereal supplies become erratic and unreliable and unaffordable. People leave their home area and migrate towards towns. Destitute people begin to gather in makeshift camps in and around major towns for provision of relief and casual work. The newly arrived pastoral dropouts find difficult to get casual work and integrate themselves in the town life and they resort to extreme strategies to survive like burning charcoal, cutting and selling forest products like polls and cutting trees for fencing at a fee and even stealing. The cutting of trees and burning charcoal around major town by the pastoral dropouts worsens the already fragile ecosystem. This stage most of the indicators range from alarm, late alarm to emergency.

Because of the reduced milk supply and reduced food intake, the children and the pregnant mothers are the most affected where there are severe to critical GAM rates of 13->15% and increased admission to SFP and OTP programmes. There is also increased congestion at all the health facilities where there is upsurge of mortality related to severe acute malnutrition with complications.

The livestock prices fall due to very low demand and animals become worthless and the hides and skins might be more valuable than the live animals. The livestock sector economy collapses seriously affecting all other sectors.

The purchasing power of the pastoralists are eroded and can no longer afford food, fuel for the boreholes and fees for their children in schools who dropout at such times.

The livestock mortality increases at the end up to 30-40% for sheep and cattle, 25-30% for goats 15-20% for camel

When the rains finally come, animal prices leap as pastures establishes and animals start producing again. Five months after the onset of rains, sheep and goats begin to reproduce while Cattle and camels take longer. Because animal reproduction is slower than crop production and demand for livestock is higher as herders restock, animal prices climb rapidly to well above their pre-drought level, benefiting those with enough animals but making it difficult for very poor pastoral households to restock. Animal prices remain high until the normal reproductive pattern has re-established itself which might take several years.

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Table 2: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators in pastoral/agro-pastoral zone

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery Early Stages

• Water access reduces

• Pasture access and availability is fair to poor

• Distance to water is 5-10km

• LBC is >5ock prices increases by 5-15%

• Slight movements of animals

• Increased cases of livestock diseases reported

• Milk availability access, consumption decreases by 5-15%

• 20% o15% water pans dry

• 10-15% reduced borehole yield

• 10-15% reduced shallow well discharge

Late Stage In the late stage,

distance to water may increase and animals browse less palatable grasses and shrubs;

Decline in quality and quantity of pasture at the wet season grazing areas

Early Stages • The malnutrition level at this

stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5 • Malnutrition status of pregnant

and lactating mothers is MUAC of <25

• The anaemia level at moderate case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl

• Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%,

• Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme

• MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period

• Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition

• Increase in distance to watering points.

• Livestock watering intervals increased.

• Water quality deteriorates • Pasture and browse quality

diminishing and quantities reduces

• Very poor quality patches of standing hay left

• Reports on upsurge of endemic diseases start

• Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % of young and weak animals reported.

• Livestock prices drops by 50% as the livestock brought to the market exceeds the number demanded

• Terms of trade drops by 50% as the livestock sector economy declines

• Most shallow well and pans dry up.

Pasture availability and access becomes poor to none

Water stress becomes wide spread

Increased livestock mortality

Livestock prices decreases by 40-60%

Livestock migration becomes extensive

Milk prices increases by 60%

Milk availability and consumption reduces by 60%

Water availability within normal grazing areas diminishes and water tracking increases

Malnutrition rates of children below 5 increases above emergency level (MUAC >20%) and acute malnutrition is >?per cent (Confirm MUAC/GAM)

Animal; body conditions deteriorate substantially (score less than 1.8)

Animal deaths increase substantially (> 20% for all categories);

Terms of trade collapse (less than 50% of seasonal norm)

Coping strategy index of above 4.0

Distress sale of livestock (asset stripping (Xarash)) prevalent and this entails selling of livestock to minimize mortalities leading to oversupply of livestock

Pasture availability and access improves

Livestock body condition is>4.5

Reduced movement of livestock

Milk prices reduces slightly and consumption and availability increases

Biophysical Indicators signal movement towards normal

Good rains with drop in temperature may affect health status of animals weakened from the prolonged drought (pneumonia, etc)

Agro-pastoralists prepare fields for sowing;

Herders and livestock return to their normal settlements.

Animals start breeding and animal prices

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Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery Livestock watering

intervals increases by one day in all spices

If seasonal weather

forecast predicts depressed rainfall, then drought trend is worsening which entails starting preparation of contingency plans

Impact on livestock production starting with decrease in milk production signals the shift from alert to alarm

• More centers face water stress depending solely on water trucking.

• Because of the declining economy and subsequent loss of purchasing power of the pastoralists more children are unable to pay fees and are sent home.

in the market and lower prices for breeding animals

Enhanced conflicts and insecurity, leading to the loss of access to natural pastures, displacements, and market disruptions

Households start to break up;

Mushrooming settlements along main roads. By pastoralists turned destitute, who have moved to the roadsides to access relief food and water

More children enrol in primary schools with water and school feeding program.

Dispensaries and other health facilities are congested with women and severely malnourished children.

More students pastoralist families in secondary schools leave schools due lack of fees.

Schools in water stress areas close.

start appreciating.

Possible increased incidence of water-borne communicable diseases (human)

Small stock birth rates increase.

Milk production increase in small stock

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5.0. SECTOR PLANS

5.1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR

5.1.1 Livestock Sector Brief

Wajir county is situated in the ASAL regions of Northern Kenya with an estimated population of 727,965 (KNBS 2009) who are mainly pastoralists. It receives an average annual rainfall of 240 mm with an ambient temperature ranging 26-36 0C. It comprises of five livelihood zones namely pastoral camel, pastoral cattle, pastoral all species, agro-pastoral and formal employment.

Livestock production remains extensive source of livelihood but this is in addition to commercial trading and small scale agriculture. The main types of livestock are cattle (mostly Borana type and dairy crosses), sheep, goats (dominantly Galla goats), camels and donkeys. According to the 2009 population and housing census, the livestock populations are projected as 718,928 cattle, 1,177,500 sheep, 1,503,730 goats, 186,044 donkeys, 717,028 camels and 188,732 local poultry.

The challenges facing livestock production include but not restricted to; environmental stresses such as water scarcity, declining grazing areas, disease outbreaks, poor marketing. The main intervention strategies employed by government with support from other development partners to address the above challenges include mass vaccinations, deworming and treatments, continuous disease surveillances, livestock off take programmes (destocking) during drought, provision of hay and commercial supplementary feeds, water tracking and restocking after drought.

Livestock production remains extensive source of livelihood but this is in addition to commercial trading and small scale agriculture. The main types of livestock are cattle (mostly Borana type and dairy crosses), sheep, goats (dominantly Galla goats), camels and donkeys. According to the 2009 population and housing census, the livestock populations are projected as 718,928 cattle, 1,177,500 sheep, 1,503,730 goats, 186,044 donkeys, 717,028 camels and 188,732 local poultry.

The challenges facing livestock production include but not restricted to; environmental stresses such as water scarcity, declining grazing areas, disease outbreaks, poor marketing. The main intervention strategies employed by government with support from other development partners to address the above challenges include mass vaccinations, deworming and treatments, continuous disease surveillances, livestock off take programmes (destocking), provision of hay and commercial supplementary feeds, water tracking and restocking after drought.

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5.1.2 Livestock Sector SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Theats

Livestock industry is a major source of livelihood. Contributes 75% in Wajir county

Huge agricultural potential through irrigation especially fodder production.

Adequate grazing land

Agricultural sector employs over 70% of the county’s population

Positive attitude towards livestock sector

Availability of large number of livestock breeds which are drought tolerant.

Potential for adequate water harvesting for livestock use

Availability of traditional knowledge on livestock keeping

Availability of skilled staff in the county

Presence of collaborative partners e.g. NGOs, FBOs

Breakdown of controlled grazing system

Inadequate value addition in livestock products

Degradation and/or denudation of rangelands

Inadequate marketing infrastructure and information

Lack of transport for delivery of extension service packages

No documentation of indigenous knowledge in the livestock sector

Inadequate livestock and infrastructure development facilities (dips, irrigation kits, cattle crushes, abattoirs etc)

Dependency on donor support.

Low investment in the livestock sector

Inadequate livestock disease surveillance

Lack of a diagnostic laboratory for

Reviving of the traditional grazing system and management (uphold pastoralism as a way of life)

Setting up of livestock improvement breeding centres which are oriented towards droughts tolerance.

Range land rehabilitation of denuded lands

Pasture production through irrigated agriculture

Large number of livestock

Value addition on livestock products.

Creation of disease free zones and disease surveillance and control scheme.

Use of ICT such as digital pen technology

Enhanced collaboration and partnership between various stakeholders in livestock development.

Setting up of livestock products processing industries especially at Wajir and Habaswein

Completion and operationalization of Wajir abattoir

Availability of air transport.

Recurrent Droughts

Persistence of parasites e.g ticks and tsetse flies.

Disease outbreaks.

Diminishing genetic pool.

Rural-urban migration

Illegal livestock movement.

Cheap livestock imports.

Wild life menace

Mushrooming of settlements.

Influx of livestock and people from other regions leading to overgrazing and environmental degradation and spread of diseases to livestock

Trans boundary livestock movement

Poor roads network.

Low literacy level among livestock farmers leading to low adoption of modern technologies.

Lack of entrepreneurship in livestock farming-its

Ready markets for livestock products

animal diseases

Lack of cooperative movement among the farmers

Potential occurrence of politically or socially activated ethnic based clashes

Inadequate diversification in the agricultural sector

Use of child labour in livestock expansion (herders)

Inadequate dissemination of modern animal husbandry practices

Inadequate access to credit facilities

Favourable conditions for livestock diversification.

Establishment of livestock development infrastructure such as auction yards, crushes, dips, clearly marked stock movement routes.

Promote formation of livestock based cooperatives to market their products.

Capacity building on livestock entrepreneurship

Livestock insurance

Sustainable waste management especially polythene bags control.

still held as a cultural practice rather than economic activity.

HIV/AIDS related infections.

High poverty level leading to low purchasing power

Poor infrastructure hindering extension services provision

30

5.1.3 Livestock Sector Seasonal Calendar

• Cattle 718,928

• Sheep 1,177,500

• Goats 1,503,730

• Camels 717,028

• Donkeys 186,044

TLU per household

• Cattle 5

• Sheep 10

• Goats 10

• Camels 5

• Donkeys 3

Indicators JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV

DEC

Rainy season Dry

Dry Dry Wet Wet Wet Dry Dry Dry Wet Wet Dry

Dherr Ghuu Jilal Hagar Dherr

Rainfall - None None Slight Good Good Slight None None None Slight Slight None

31

Pasture condition Fair Poor Very Poor Fair Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair

Livestock body condition

Fair Poor VeryPoor Fair Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair

Livestock Water access

Fair Poor Very Poor Fair

Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair

Migration High High Very high

High Low

Low Slight High Very high High Low Slight

Births Low Very low Very low

Low High

High Very high High Low Low Low Low

Milk productivity Low Very low Very low

Low High High Very high High Low high High Low

Livestock diseases High Very high Very high High Low Low Low Low High High Low Low

Livestock death High Very high Very high

High Low Low Low Low High High Low Low

Livestock prices Fair Low Very low Low

Good Good Fair Low Very low Fair Good Fair

32

5.1.4 Livestock sector indicators and triggers analysis

Indicator Issue to address Warning stages Threshold Interventions: community and donors

Pasture and browse availability and accessibility

Condition of pasture and browse

Alert Fair – poor - Deferred grazing

- Maintenance of enclosures

- Capacity building of grazing management committees on pasture conservation

- Harvesting and storage of acacia pods

Alarm Poor - very poor Purchase of hay and commercial feed supplements

Livestock migrations/ relocation

Encourage commercial destocking

Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Conflict resolution

Emergency Very poor – none Purchase and Distribution of hay and commercial feed supplements

Livestock relocations/ migrations

Transport subsidy to livestock producers willing to transport their animals and livestock traders

Slaughter destocking

Conflict resolution

Recovery Fair Relocation/ returning to the households

Purchase of certified pasture seeds

Range reseeding

Pasture production

Restocking

Normal Good - Extension service delivery

- Purchase of certified grass seeds

- Land preparations for pasture production

33

- Pasture production

- Purchase of hay harvesting kits

- Hay bailing and storage

- Range land reseeding.

Livestock water access and availability

Amount and quality of water available for livestock

Alert Diminishing - Borehole repair and maintenance

- Excavation of new water pans for livestock use

- Procurement of water tanks

- Capacity building of water management committees

Alarm Scarce - Drilling of emergency boreholes for livestock

- Desilting of water pans

- Stock-pilling of borehole spare parts and generator sets

- Provision of alternate water storage facilities- water tanks

- Fuel subsidy to borehole operators

- Water tracking to livestock

Emergency Water stress in all centres - Water tracking to livestock

- Provision of alternate water storage facilities- water tanks

- Borehole repair and maintenance

- Livestock migrations

Recovery Improving

- Water harvesting

- Tree planting around watering points

- Deferred grazing

Normal Abundant water available - Water harvesting

- Capacity building of water users associations

- Borehole capping

- Natural resource management – tree planting and pasture production

34

- Extension service delivery

- Purchase of certified grass seeds and tree seedlings

Distance to water points Alert 5-10KM - Water conservation

- Livestock migration

- Controlled/interval watering

- De-silting of water pans

- Commercial destocking

Alarm 10-15KM - Water conservation

- Drilling contingency water pans/ boreholes

- Water tracking to livestock (grazing areas

- De-silting of water pans

- Slaughter destocking

Emergency More than 30KM - Water tracking to livestock

- Frequent repairs of boreholes

- Fuel subsidy to borehole operators

- Emergency Destocking

Recovery 2-5KM - Ground Water harvesting

Normal 0-2KM - Develop policies to curb mushrooming of settlements

- Drilling of more boreholes and excavation of water pans

Livestock body condition

State of livestock body condition

Alert (scale of 10)

Livestock body condition of 3.5

- Provision of feed supplements

- Commercial livestock offtake/marketing

- Mass vaccination, deworming and treatment

- Disease surveillance

- Herd splitting

- Transport subsidy to livestock traders

35

- Pasture conservation/deferred grazing

- Capacity building of grazing management committees

Alarm Livestock body condition between 3.5 and 2

- Supplementary feeding

- Commercial Destocking

- Livestock migrations/relocation

- Provision of subsidized livestock drugs/veterinary care

- Disease surveillance

Emergency Less than 2 - Slaughter Destocking

- Provision of hay and commercial feed supplements

- Supportive treatment and deworming

- Water trucking

Recovery More than 3.5 - Restocking

- Range reseeding

- Food / cash for work

Normal - Capacity building on animal husbandry

- Pasture production

- Hay bailing

- Livestock vaccinations, deworming and mass treatment

- Livestock insuarance

- Livestock infrastructural development ( markets, stock routes, roads)

Livestock diseases State of animal health Alert Reports on upsurge of endemic diseases start

- Disease Surveillance

- Treatment of disease conditions.

- Purchase of surveillance kits, vaccines, dewormers and assorted livestock drugs.

- Training of disease reporters

Alarm Increased disease reports and mortalities

- Vaccination , deworming and treatment of non specific conditions

36

- Stock route inspection

Emergency Increased livestock deaths and diseases.

- Purchase and distribution of feed supplements

- Mass Vaccination, deworming and treatment.

- Impose quarantine where necessary.

Recovery Reduced disease outbreaks and mortality

- Lifting of quarantines

- Disease surveillance

Normal Disease levels minimal. - Training of disease reporters

- Disease surveillance

- Creation of veterinary drugs outlets

Livestock prices & marketing

Livestock price levels in market

Alert 5-15% drop in prices - Rehabilitation of livestock market infrastructure

- Enhance market information access through strengthening livestock marketing information systems

- Capacity building of community and trader on livestock marketing

Alarm 20-30% drop - Transport subsidy to livestock traders for enhanced commercial livestock offtake.

- Provision of grants to livestock traders

Emergency 40-60% drop - Provision of grant to livestock traders

- Emergency destocking to stabilize prices

Recovery 5-10% - Livestock market infrastructural development

- Linking producers with livestock markets

- Restocking

Normal Normal for long term average

- Rehabilitation of existing livestock marketing infrastructure – sale yards, stock route, terminal roads etc.

- Development of new livestock marketing infrastructures.

- Capacity building of producers and traders on livestock marketing

- Enhanced /promote value addition of livestock products

Livestock Livestock Alert Slight - Herd splitting

37

migrations/movements movement/migration trends

migrations/movements - Enhance information dissemination

- Enhance Water and pasture conservation

- Routine stock route inspection

Alarm Slight – extensive migrations - Provision of hay and supplementary feeding

- Water tracking to livestock

Emergency Extensive migrations/movements

- Supplementary feeding

- Water tracking to livestock

Recovery Immigration/ return to homestead

- Develop Policies to enhance range land management

- Develop livestock water infrastructures

- Production and conservation of pastures

- Routine animal health practices

- Stock route inspection

- Capacity building the farmers on stock management

Normal No migrations - Develop Policies to enhance range land management

- Develop livestock water infrastructures

- Production and conservation of pastures

- Routine animal health practices

- Stock route inspection

- Capacity building the farmers on stock management

Milk availability and prices

Milk quality and amount available for household consumption and for sale

Alert Available, prices average - Animal vaccinations, deworming and treatments to boost immunity

- Deferred grazing

- Harvesting of acacia pods

- Provision of clean water and mineral licks

- Capacity building of community on improved husbandry practices

- Capacity building of community on milk hygiene, handling and value addition

38

- Purchase of hay harvesting kits

- Hay bailing and storage

Alarm Diminishing, prices high - Procurement and purchase of commercial feed supplements, mineral licks

- Provision of clean water

- Multivitamin injection and treatments to boost immunity

- Encourage commercial destocking

- Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Emergency Scarce, high prices - Purchase and distribution of feed supplements

- Water tracking

- Slaughter destocking

Recovery Improved availability, prices average

- Restocking

- Range reseeding

- Procurement of milk processing plants

- Milk value addition

Normal Plenty but low prices - Land preparations for pasture production

- Procurement of certified seeds

- Extension service delivery on improved animal husbandry practices

- Provision of clean water for livestock

- Provision of mineral supplements

- Vaccinations, deworming and treatments

- Milk value addition.

5.1.5 Livestock Sector Intervention Plan:

EWS PHASE : ALERT

39

Code Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population

Costs Define roles and responsibilities

ALT, 1 Enhance livestock feed availability

Pasture conservation.

Procure livestock feed.

Construct strategic feed stores.

Capacity build grazing committees

Alert late stage, with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season.

Ensure sufficient livestock feed availability

2 months Fair- Poor pastures

Body condition score of 4

30% of livestock population mainly cattle and sheep.

120m Community

Deferred grazing

Herd splitting

Government

Procure livestock feed

Establish stores

Development partners

Capacity building

ALT. 3 To boost the immunity status of 80% of the livestock population.

Carry out necessary specimen and lab tests

Sourcing of vaccines and drugs and the mobilization of resources for vaccination

Transportation and facilitation of teams and staff;

Mass strategic vaccination, treatments and Deworming

Enhancement of Disease surveillance

Training of disease reporters

Alert late stage, with seasonal forecast of depressed rainfall for the next rainy season

Boost livestock immunity during drought period to reduce mortality

Prevent disease outbreaks

Throughout the Alert phase

Reports of Disease outbreaks

Livestock body condition score of 5

40% of all livestock species

Community

Disease reporting

Present livestock for vaccinations and treatment

Observe quarantines

Government

Procure drugs and vaccines

Quality control

Policy formulation

Vaccinations and treatments

Disease surveillance

Capacity building.

Development partners

Fill the gaps with regards to vaccinations, disease surveillance

Capacity building of disease reporters

Assist the government in procurement

40

of vaccines and drugs

Inter-agency formulation of policies

ALT. 4 Enhanced commercial livestock off take programmes

Organize workshop with livestock traders and pastoralist representatives to plan activation of livestock off-take activity

Capacity building through local community radios to pastoralists to sell their livestock when prices are still good.

Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups

Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure.

At the start of alert phase

Reduce animal population to a level that can be sustained by the remaining grazing areas and water availability

Cushioning of pastoralists against losses that could have been incurred when drought start to bite.

3 months Diminishing pastures and water

Livestock body condition score of 4

10% of non- breeding herd, mainly cattle and sheep

Community

Sell surplus stock

Government

Capacity building

Provision of transport subsidies to traders

Loans / grants to livestock marketing groups

Development partners

Funding and community mobilization

ALARM PHASE

ALM 1 Enhance livestock feed availability

Procurement of supplementary feeds for 35% of core breeding herds (lactating and calves)

Consultation with community (publicity) and dissemination of information especially on location of supply centers

Dispatch /Transport/Distribute/ animal feed, water and related services to strategic locations (destocking markets, migratory routes and households for remaining herds)

Facilitation of Monitoring staff

At start of alarm stage

Ensure sufficient livestock feed availability

Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency

Fair- Poor pastures

Body condition score of 3

35% of breeding herds (lactating and calves)

Community

Receive purchased feed

Government

Procure feeds

Transport and distribute

Quality control

Development partners

Transport and distribution

ALM 3 To boost the immunity

Carry out necessary specimen and lab tests

During the alarm period

Boost livestock immunity during

Throughout the Alarm

Reports of Disease

40% of all livestock

Community

Disease reporting

41

status of 90% of the livestock population.

Sourcing of additional vaccines and drugs and the mobilization of resources for vaccination

Transportation and facilitation of teams and staff;

Mass strategic vaccination, treatments and Deworming

Enhancement of Disease surveillance

drought period to reduce mortality

Prevent disease outbreaks

phase outbreaks

Livestock body condition score of 3

species Present livestock for vaccinations and treatment

Observe quarantines

Government

Procure drugs and vaccines

Quality control

Policy formulation

Vaccinations and treatments

Disease surveillance

Capacity building.

Development partners

Fill the gaps with regards to vaccinations, disease surveillance

Capacity building of disease reporters

Assist the government in procurement of vaccines and drugs

Inter-agency formulation of policies

ALM 4 Enhanced commercial livestock offtake programmes

Activating disaster management committees

Capacity building through local community radios to pastoralists to sell their livestock when prices are still good.

Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups

Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure.

At the start of alert phase

Reduce animal population to a level that can be sustained by the remaining grazing areas and water availability

Cushioning of pastoralists against losses that could have been incurred when drought start to bite.

3 months Diminishing pastures and water

Livestock body condition score of 3

40% of non- breeding herd, mainly cattle and sheep

Community

Sell surplus stock

Government

Capacity building

Provision of transport subsidies to traders

Loans / grants to livestock marketing groups

Development partners

Funding and community mobilization

42

EMERGENCY PHASE

EM. 1 Enhance livestock feed availability

Procurement of hay and supplementary feeds for 45% of core breeding herds (lactating and calves)

Consultation with community (publicity) and dissemination of information especially on location of supply centers

Dispatch /Transport/Distribute/ animal feed, water and related services to strategic locations (destocking markets, migratory routes and households for remaining herds)

Facilitation of Monitoring staff

Through - out emergency phase

Ensure sufficient livestock feed availability

Duration of the emergency phase

Fair- Poor pastures

Body condition score of 2 and below

45% of breeding herds (lactating and calves)

Community

Receive purchased feed

Government

Procure feeds

Transport and distribute

Quality control

Development partners

Transport and distribution

EM.3 To provide supportive therapy and tactical treatments to 40% of the livestock population.

Sourcing of additional vaccines and drugs.

Continued disease surveillance

Facilitation of the veterinary teams to provide mobile veterinary services

Early emergency

To minimize/reduce mortality of core breeding herd

Throughout Emergency into early Recovery

LBC of less than 2

Reports of Disease outbreaks

40% of livestock population

Community

Disease reporting

Present livestock for treatment

Observe quarantines

Government

Curative treatments

Disease surveillance

Capacity building.

Development partners

Fill the gaps with regard to treatments and disease surveillance

43

EM. 4 Accelerated emergency slaughter destocking

Consultation with the community on purchase prices and locations

Identification of beneficiary households with view to targeting most vulnerable

Engagement and support of the Meat relief committees

Support slaughtering and meat inspection

Distribution of fresh meat to beneficiary households

Support disposal of dead animals and offals

Early emergency

Cushion pastoralists against livestock deaths as a result of drought

Duration of the Emergency Phase

LBC < 2

Livestock deaths

15,000 shoats

5,000 cattle

1,000 camels

Community

Mobilization

Identify beneficiaries

Availing animals for slaughter

Slaughtering

Hides and skin preservation

Waste disposal

Government

Funding

Meat inspection

Development partners

Funding

RECOVERY PHASE

REC.1 Restocking to pastoralists/

households hard hit by effects of drought

The government should set a special kitty specifically for restocking.

Identification of beneficiary households with view to targeting the severely affected

Buy the animals from the community and restock the severely affected households

At the beginning of recovery phase.

Restoring the livelihood source of the pastoralists

Through- out the recovery phase

On set of rains

20,000 shoats

8,000 cattle

2,000 camels

Community

Identify the beneficiaries

Avail livestock for purchase

Government

Funding

Community sensitization

Actual restocking

Development actors

Filling the funding gaps

Community sensitization

REC,2 Rehabilitation of strategic grazing areas

Procure certified seeds

Range land reseeding

Grazing management

At the beginning of recovery phase

To restore range land condition

Through- out the recovery phase

On set of rains

10,000 ha Community

Labour

Government

44

Support community initiatives on pasture and feed rehabilitation.

Funding

Community mobilization

Actual reseeding

Development actors

Filling the funding gaps

Community sensitization

REC.3 To boost immunity and provide curative treatment to the returning herd population.

Disease surveillance, reporting and curative treatment.

Immunity boosting through multivitamin injections

At the beginning of recovery phase

To cure and build immunity of herds affected by the effects of drought.

Through- out the recovery phase

On set of rains

40% of livestock population

Community

Disease reporting

Present livestock for treatment.

Government

Curative treatments

Disease surveillance

Capacity building.

Development partners

Fill the gaps with regard to treatments and disease surveillance

5.1.6 Livestock Sector Budget

ALERT PHASE BUDGET

CODE Proposed Intervention

Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost (Ksh) Total Cost (Ksh) Notes

ALE 001 Enhance livestock feed availability

Procure hay

Procure range cubes

Procure survivalmarsh

Procure UMMB Blocks

Bales

70kg bags

70 kg bags

2.5 kg blocks

100,000

5,000

5,000

10,000

500

2,500

4,800

300

50,000,000

12,500,000

24,000,000

3,000,000

To be sold to pastoralists at subsidized prices

45

Transport Hire Transport Lump sum Lump sum 1,500,000

Capacity build grazing committees and communities on pasture conservation

Workshop

Farmer training

8

16

100,000

70,000

800,000

1,120,000

To emphasize the importance of conserving the available standing hay

Construct strategic feed stores. Feed stores 32 2,000,000 64,000,000

Boost the immunity status of 80% of the livestock population.

Procurement of 4WD vehicles

Procurement of assorted rapid disease diagnostic kits

Number

Number

6

Lumpsum

5,000,000

1,200,000

30,000,000

1,200,000

Sourcing of vaccines and drugs and the mobilization of resources for vaccination

PPR Vaccine doses

CCPP Vaccine doses

Pox Vaccine

LSD

Blanthax

RVF

NCD

Fowl Typhoid

Fowl Pox

Albendazole 10%

Novidium

Triquin

Berenil

Ivermec (1%)

Multivitamin 100ml

Oxytetracycline (20%) 100 ml

150,000

500,000

300,000

60,000

60,000

30,000

5,000

4,000

4,000

15,000

4,000

1,200

6,000

2,000

4,500

2,000

1,000

6.00

12.00

7.00

7.00

11.00

12.00

1.50

3.00

5

370

69

135

25

180

130

200

250

900,000

6,000,000

2,100,000

420,000

660,000

360,000

7,500

12,000

20,000

5,550,000

276,000

162,000

150,000

360,000

585,000

400,000

250,000

46

Penstrep 100ml

Baytical 1 Litre

Alamycinvetspray

Opticlox

Bovaclox

300

100

150

150

2,700

252

116

70

810,000

25,200

17,400

10,500

Transportation and facilitation of teams and staff

Disease surveillance

5 days/subcounty

fuel

Lumpsun

2000

Lumpsum

130

1,120,000

260,000

Training Disease reporters

Retainer per month for disease reporter

Training flayers, slaughter men, livestock traders and transporters

Allowances, transport etc

Retainer

Allowances, venue, transport etc

Lumpsum

5000

Lump sum

Lump sum

12 months

Lump sum

595,000

3,600,000

843,000

Enhanced commercial livestock offtake programmes

Workshops

Publicize through radio programmes

Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups

Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure

Allowances

Broadcast

Transport subsidy

Grants to group

Holding grounds/markets

8

12

400

40

4

200,000

30,000

50,000

100,000

1,000,000

1,600,000

360,000

2,000,000

4,000,000

4,000,000

47

Sub Total for Alert Stage 301,273,600

ALARM PHASE BUDGET

Enhance livestock feed availability

Procure hay

Procure range cubes

Procure survivalmarsh

Procure UMMB Blocks

Transport

Allowances (DSA)

Bales

70kg bags

70 kg bags

2.5 kg blocks

Fuel

Staff

50,000

2,500

2,500

5,000

1600 litres

64

500

2,500

4,800

300

130

4,000

25,000,000

6,250,000

12,000,000

1,500,000

208,000

256,000

Boost the immunity status of 90% of the livestock population.

Transportation and facilitation of teams and staff;

Mass strategic vaccination, treatments and Deworming

Allowances

Fuel

Various

2000

Lump sum

130

5,000,000

260,000

Enhanced commercial livestock off take programmes

Publicize through radio programmes

Transport subsidy to livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups

Broadcast

Transport subsidy

Grants to group

12

400

40

30,000

50,000

100,000

360,000

20,000,000

10,000,000

Sub Total for Alarm 72,034,000

Emergency

Enhance livestock feed availability

Procure hay

Procure range cubes

Bales

70kg bags

150,000

10,000

500

2,500

75,000,000

25,000,000

Procure and distribute the feeds to the

48

Procure survival Marsh

Procure UMMB Blocks

Transport

Allowances(DSA)

Transport Hire

70 kg bags

2.5 kg blocks

Fuel

Staff

Transport

10,000

20,000

1600

64

Assorted

4,800

300

130

4,000

Lump sum

48,000,000

6,000,000

208,000

256,000

1,200,000

farmers

To provide supportive therapy and tactical treatments to 60% of the livestock population.

Continued disease surveillance

Facilitation of the veterinary teams to provide mobile veterinary services

Allowances

Fuel

Various

2000

Lump sum

130

2,500,000

260,000

Accelerated emergency slaughter destocking

Purchase of animals, slaughter, inspection and distribution of meat

Shoats

Cattle

Camel

Allowances (DSA)

Fuel

15,000

5,000

1,000

240

2,000

3,000

15,000

20,000

5,000

130

45,000,000

75,000,000

20,000,000

1,200,000

260,000

Sub Total for Emergency 317,344,000

BUDGET : RECOVERY

Restocking to pastoralists/

households hard hit by effects of drought

.

Buy the animals from the community and restock the severely affected households

Shoats

Cattle

Camel

Allowances

Fuel

20,000

8,000

2,000

240

2,000

4,500

20,000

25,000

5,000

130

90,000,000

160,000,000

50,000,000

1,200,000

260,000

Empower the households economically while restoring livelihood for the ones that lost all livestock

49

Rangeland reseeding

Procure certified seeds

Range land reseeding

Seeds

Labour

Allowances

Fuel

Assorted equipments and tools

50,000kgs

50,000

720

3,000

Various

1000

200

5,000

130

Lump sum

50,000,000

10,000,000

3,600,000

390,000

1,000,000

Target denuded lands.

Encourage fodder production where irrigation is possible

To boost immunity and provide curative treatment to the returning herd population.

Disease surveillance

Curative treatment.

Immunity boosting through multivitamin injections

Allowances

Fuel

Various

2000

Lump sum

130

5,000,000

260,000

Sub Total for Recovery 371,710,000

TOTAL 1,469,741,600

50

2 WATER SECTOR

5.1.2 Background Information

Based on historical likelihood, drought forms the core problem to be addressed by the Government and the people of Wajir throughout the seasonal calendar of the county. The inability of communities to cope with drought related shock particularly in being able to access water for themselves and their livestock is clearly evident in times of drought crisis.

Poor access to water is not only one of the most immediate impacts of drought; communities consistently identify it as a key constraint to their recovery and development. It results in increased trekking distances between pasture/browse and permanent water-points, accelerated wasting of animals and ultimately reduced livestock productivity. For those who have dropped out of pastoralism, availability and affordability of water becomes an increasing problem as a dry season progresses and cash becomes scarcer. Under the circumstances of severe drought there is always high competition for water between people and livestock. Whilst water access is often prioritised as the highest by communities during drought as this has an immediate impact on survival of animals, arguably of equal importance is the negative health effects that poor water quality has on the prevalence of diarrhoea, which is a key contributing factor to persistently high levels of malnutrition before, during, and after drought.

Unlike all other counties in Kenya, there are no perennial river basins or lakes in Wajir. This makes the entire human and economic activities heavily reliant on underground sources (boreholes and shallow wells) which are by nature very expensive both in their development and maintenance. The only time there is relieve is when there are rains and pans impound water.

Currently, Wajir County has over 182 boreholes, 5,000 shallow wells and over 300 water pans scattered across the county. However, due to recurrent drought and mushrooming of settlements, the accessibility and availability of water is limited in most parts of the County. In the previous short rain season of 2013, the county had depressed, thus most surface earth pans did not impound water, creating a water scarcity scenario in most parts of the County.

The situation is further worsened by frequent breakdowns of the water facilities scattered in the vast County. This is largely due to their old age, lack of sufficient spare parts for the fast moving parts or lack of standby pumping equipment in addition to running of the equipment for many hours so as to meet the increasing demand from high number of livestock and human concentrations.

In areas where there are no such boreholes or shallow wells, there high dependence on water tracking. Water tracking as an activity and maintenance of existing bore holes during such drought poses one of the greatest challenges to county resources. Developing new ones is even more expensive.

It is on the basis of this background analysis and past drought response experiences that the following contingency is being muted so as to sustain the availability of water during drought stress periods in the county to meet the water needs of the population

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5.1.2 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis.

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions

Water availability for domestic use

• Quantity of water in water pans, boreholes and shallow wells.

• Status of borehole equipment

• Insufficient access to water supply

ALERT -20 % of water pans have water dry.

-10%-15% reduction in borehole yield.

-10%-15% reduction in shallow wells water levels.

• Rapid capacity assessments by wescoord/CSG/DSG

• Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Stockpiling of gen-sets and submersible pumps

• Purchase of fast moving parts for borehole Genset

• Water trucking to critical water stressed population clusters and institutions

• Desilting of water pans

• Regular repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Provision and stocking of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs

ALARM • 65% 0f water pans have some water.

• 15%-20% reduction in borehole yield.

• 20%-30% reduction in shallow wells yield.

• Replacements/new boreholes including contingency boreholes

• Rapid need assessments by CSG/Wescoord

• Intensify Desilting of water pans

• Continuation and up scaling of Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast moving parts.

• Activate existing rapid response teams(4RRTs)

• Logistical support for RRTs

52

EMERGENCY • All water pans empty.

• Over 40% reduction in borehole yield.

• Over 40% reduction in shallow wells yield.

• Water trucking to pastoralists.

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Increase in number of water boozers.

• Additional RRTs (upscale to 8RRTs)

• 60% Fuel subsidy for boreholes

• Equipment and logistical support to RRTs

• Repair and servicing of Gensets at no cost

• Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast moving parts.

RECOVERY

• 75% of water pans are over 60% full

• Boreholes yield normal.

• Shallow wells yield normal

• Tree planting around water points

• Provision of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs

• Taking stock of the water sector capacity and facilities.

NORMAL

• At least 70% of water are over 50% full

• Boreholes yield normal.

• Shallow wells yield normal

• Routine repair and servicing of borehole Gensets.

• Major repairs, servicing and replacements of water boozers.

• Capacity building of borehole management

• Rehabilitation of borehole infrastructure

• Undertake ground water potential areas through hydrological survey.

• Putting up of new infrastructures I,etroughs,pipelines,tanksetc

• Testing of new technologies i.e. installation of solar systems

Water accessibility Distance to water points.

ALERT

• 5-10kms

• Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

53

• Water pan desilting/construction

ALARM

• 10-20kms

• Opening up of emergency/contingency boreholes

• 50% Fuel subsidy to boreholes

• Water pans desilting

EMERGENCY

• Above 20kms.

• Purchase of water storage facilities.

• Emergency Water tracking to weak livestock

• Repair and maintenance of gen-sets through active RRTs

• Well facilitated RRTs(logistics and other resources)

• 70% Fuel subsidy for the boreholes gen-sets.

RECOVERY 0-5kms • Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation

NORMAL • 0-5kms Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation

Water tracking Number of water tracking centers

ALERT • 100-150 centers

• 20km minimum distance to water point

• Water trucking to critical settlements and education/health institutions(at 90% support)

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

ALARM • 150-200 centers

• 15km minimum distance to water point.

• Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers

54

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

EMERGENCY • 200-300 centers

• 10km minimum distance to water point

• Fuel subsidy for boreholes

• Fuel for water trucking

• Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

RECOVERY Nil • Repair and servicing of water boozers.

NORMAL Nil • Servicing of water boozers.

Congestion at the water point

Waiting time in water points

ALERT 1 -2hrs • Water trucking.

• Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Genset

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers and driver allowance

ALARM 2-4hrs • Water trucking.

• Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Genset

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

EMERGENCY 4-12hrs • Water trucking.

• Procurement of storage facilities

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Cost of water for domestic and livestock use

purchasing power of the community

Alert 30% of population unable to pay for water

• Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes.

Alarm 50% of population unable to pay for water

• Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes.

Emergency 70% of population unable to pay for water

• Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Provision of standby Gensets

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Fuel subsidy

RECOVERY Less than 30minutes

NORMAL Less than 30minutes

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• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• subsidies for both pastoralist and non-pastoralist.

Recovery /Normal

Nil • No intervention except for longer term development

ALERT

Code Proposed Intervention

Activities When Objectives Timeframe

Trigger Target Population

Cost

(Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

WALT1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

• Site identification in consultation with the relevant line actors.

• Activating of water boozers

• Provision of logistics and allowances for the driver.

• Community mobilization.

Delivery of the water to the settlement

• Monitoring and evaluation

• Alert stage indicates over 70% of water pans dry.

• To provide water to stressed settlements with no permanent water sources

2 months 100-150 centres identified without water.

200,000 people

15.8M

Community role

• Awareness creation at the local level

• Storage of water

• Distribution of water

GOK role (county gov’t)

Provide logistics and allowances

• Provide free domestic water

• coordination

• Identify settlements in need of water

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Donors roles

• Funding support

LNGO&INGO roles

• Resource mobilization.

WALT2 Rehabilitation and maintenance of strategic boreholes

• Undertake strategic capacity assessment

• Identification of required spare parts.

• Procurement of spare parts

• Activation of emergency water repair team

• Allowances and logistical support for the team.

• Fixing of the spares.

• Alert stage indicates over 50% of strategic boreholes operating 24 hours a day.

• To maintain continuous water supply to the community

• To attain consistent operation of water supply systems

• To improve water production capacity

2months -Inefficiency of water supply systems.

-Increasing concentration of human and livestock around water points

24.5M Community role

• Proper management of water systems

Donors role

• Funding the interventions

County Government

• Activate contingency funds from

County and National Government.

WALT3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

• Undertake strategic need assessment of the water pans and boreholes

• Carry out survey of new water pans /boreholes

• Inventory of status of different water sources

• Procurement and stock piling of fast moving spare parts for strategic water sources

• Procurement of water storage and treatment facilities

• Construction/de-silting of water

Alert late stage, with depressed rainfall for the last rainy season

• To enhance access to water during drought period for both domestic and livestock use.

Throughout the Alert phase

89.4M Community role

• Strengthen management

GOK /County government role.

• Activate for contingent funds from county and national government

Donors role,

• Funding for the intervention.

LNGO&INGO role

Resource

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pans.

Procure strategic water storage tanks. Help communities develop drought contingency plans

• -support communities implement their drought contingent plans

mobilisation.

ALARM PHASE

Code Proposed Intervention

Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Population

Cost

(Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

WALM1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

• Site identification in consultation with the relevant line actors. • Activating of water boozers • Provision of logistics and

allowances for the driver. • Community mobilization. • Delivery of the water to the

settlement Monitoring and evaluation

Alarm stage indicates over 80% of water pans dry.

• To provide water to stressed settlements with no permanent water sources

Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency

150-200 centers identified with out water.

220,000 people

137.42m

Community role • Awareness creation at the

local level • Storage of water • Distribution of

water GOK role (county gov’t) • Provide logistics and

allowances • Provide free domestic

water • Identify settlements in need

of water Donors roles • Funding support LNGO&INGO roles • Resource mobilization

WALM2 Rehabilitation and maintenance of strategic boreholes

• Undertake strategic

capacity assessment • Identification of required

spare parts. • Procurement of spare

parts

• Alarm stage indicates over 50% strategic boreholes operating 24 hours a day.

• To maintain continuous water supply to the community • To attain consistent

operation of water supply systems • To improve water

Throughout the alarm phase and on-set of emergency

Inefficiency of water supply systems

15M Community role Proper management of water systems Donors role Funding the interventions County Government

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• Activation of emergency water repair team

• Allowances and logistical support for the team.

• Fixing of the spares.

production capacity

Activate contingency funds from County and National Government.

WALM3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

• Undertake strategic need assessment of the water pans and boreholes

• Inventory of status of different water sources

• Procurement and stock piling of fast moving spare parts for strategic water sources

• Procurement of water storage and treatment facilities

• Construction/de-silting of water pans.

• Procure strategic water storage tanks.

• Activate and facilitate rapid response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources.

Activation of emergency boreholes.

Alarm stage, with depressed rainfall for the last rainy season

To enhance access to water during drought period for both domestic and livestock use by ensuring strategic water supply sources are operational

Throughout the Alarm phase

. 73.8M Community role • Strengthen management GOK /County government role. • Activate for contingent funds

from county and national government

Donors role, • Funding for the intervention. LNGO&INGO role Resource mobilization

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5.1.3 Water Sector Intervention Plan

Emergency Phase Code Proposed

Intervention Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

WEMR1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

Site identification in consultation with the relevant actors.

• Increasing the number of water boozers

• Provision of logistics and allowances for RRTs

• Increased number of RRTs • Community mobilization. • Delivery of the water to the

settlements and pastoralists(park animals and weak animals)

Monitoring and evaluation

Emergency stage indicates over 98% of water pans dry.

To provide water to stressed settlements with no permanent water sources

Duration of the Emergency Phase

Over 200 centersidentified without water

250,000people

20.24m Community role • Awareness creation at

the local level • Storage of water • Distribution of

water GOK role (county gov’t) • Provide logistics and

allowances • Provide free domestic

water • Identify settlements in

need of water Donors roles • Funding support LNGO&INGO roles • Resource mobilization • Need assesments

WEMR2 Rehabilitation and maintenance of strategic boreholes

• Undertake strategic capacity assessment

• Identification of required spare parts.

• Procurement of spare parts • Activation of emergency water

repair team • Allowances and logistical

support for the team. • Fixing of the spares

• Emergency stage with over 70% strategic boreholes operating 24 hours a day.

To maintain continuous water supply to the community

• To attain consistent operation of water supply systems

To improve water production capacity

• Duration of the Emergency Phase

26M

61

WEMR3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

• Undertake strategic need assessment of the water pans and boreholes

• Carry out survey of new water pans /borehole

• Inventory of status of different water sources

• Procurement and stock piling of fast moving spare parts for strategic water sources

• Procurement of water storage and treatment facilities

• Construction/de-silting of water pans.

• Procure strategic water storage tanks. • Activate and facilitate rapid response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources. Activation of emergency boreholes

Alarm stage, with depressed rainfall for the last rainy season.

To enhance access to water during drought period for both domestic and livestock use by ensuring strategic water supply sources are operational

• Throughout Emergency into early Recovery

6M

62

PHASE:RECOVERY Code Proposed

Intervention Activities When Objectives Trigger Target Population Cost

(Ksh) Define roles and responsibility

WR1 Repair and maintenance of water supply sources

-Rehabilitation of water sources -Rehabilitation and replacement of overused pumps and other equipment. -Help communities develop drought contingency plans -support communities implement their drought contingent plans

-Recovery/ normal

-Strengthened ability to recover from drought impact.

Sufficient rain and recovery

80% of the county population

30 m

WR2 Evaluation of response interventions/ lesson learnt

-taking stock of available borehole equipment. -community consultation meetings on the performance of intervention and future emergency strategies. -development of county policies on water trucking relating to continuous mushrooming of new settlements. Help communities develop drought contingency plans -support communities implement their drought contingent plans

-Recovery /normal stage.

-To measure performance of the intervention through concrete evaluation.

Sufficient rain and recovery

80% of the county population

40 m

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5.1.4 Water sector budget ALERT PHASE BUDGET CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

WALT1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

Site identification in consultation with the relevant line actors and community mobilization

Lumpsum

Lumpsum 2000000

2,000,000

• Activation of water boozers and logistical support

No. 20 300,000 6,000,000

• Delivery of the water to the settlements

Litres 60,000 130 7,800,000

Sub Total WALT1 15,800,000 WALT2 Rehabilitation and

maintenance of strategic boreholes

Assessments No. 2 1,000,000 2,000,000 Identification of spareparts,procurement and fixing

lumpsum lumpsum 20,000,000 20,000,000

Activation of RRTs/logistics/other resources lumpsum lumpsum 2,500,000 2,500,000 Sub Total WALT2 24,500,000

CODE Proposed Intervention

Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

Notes

WALT3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets lumpsum 20gensets,30pumps 48,000,000 48,,000,000

Support to community drought contingency planning

sessions 27wards 200,000 5,400,000

Procurement of water storage facilities 10m3 plastic tanks

no 30 200,000 6,000,000

Desilting of water pans No 20 1,500,000 30,000,000 Sub Total WALT3 89,400,000

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Alarm Phase Budget

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

WALM1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

Site identification in consultation with the relevant actors and community mobilization

lumpsum lumpsum 200,000 200,000

Activation of water boozers (maintenance)

lorries 20 300,000 6000,000

Purchase of additional trucks lorries 10 12,000,000 120,000,000 Delivery of water to the settlements litres 72,000 130 9,360,000 Monitoring and evaluation lumpsum lumpsum 1,872,000 1,872,000 Sub Total WALM1 137,432,000

WALM2 Rehabilitation and maintenance of strategic boreholes

Repair, maintenance and fixing of genset lumpsum lumpsum 10,000,000 10,000,000

RRTs operations lumpsum lumpsum 5,000,000 5,000,000 Sub TotalWALM2 15,000,000

WALM3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets Nil Nil 0 0 Stockpiling already done at

alert stage.

Support to community drought contingency planning(input for community priorities)

sessions 27wards 400,000 10,800,000

Procurement of water storage facilities 10m3 plastic tanks(installation and transport)

No 30 100,000 3,000,000

Desilting of water pans No 40 1,500,000 60,000,000 Sub Total WALM

73,800,000

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

WEP1 Responding to water stress through water trucking

Site identification in consultation with the relevant actors and community mobilization

lumpsum lumpsum 200,000 200,000 This is only for identification of new sites for emergencies

• Activation of water boozers and logistical support(maintenance)

lorries 20 300,000 6,000,000

Delivery of water to 200 settlements and pastoral sites

lItres 108,000 130 14,040,000 Pastoral sites will target weak, pack animals and basic household needs

Sub Total WEP1 20,240,000 WEP2 Rehabilitation and

maintenance of Assessments(Preventive maintenance) Lumpsum lumpsum 1,500,000 1,500,000

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Emergency Phase Budget

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

RECOVERY AND NORMAL PHASE BUDGET Repair and maintenance of water supply sources

Rehabilitation of water sources

Lumpsum lumpsum 7,000,000 7,000,000

-Major overhaul/Replacement of pumps and gensets.

lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000

Drilling of new boreholes No 20 10,000,000 200,000,000 Sub Total WR1 210,000,000

Evaluation of response interventions/ lesson learnt

-taking stock of available borehole equipment.

Lump sum lumpsum 2,000,000 2,000,000

-community consultation meetings on the performance of interventions and future emergency strategies.

lumpsum lumpsum 2,000,000 2,000,000

-development of county policies on water trucking relating to continuous mushrooming of new settlements.

lumpsum lumpsum 4,000,000 4,000,000 Involves consultancy and documentations

-policies relating to development of new water points

lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000

strategic boreholes Identification of spareparts,procurement

and fixing lumpsum lumpsum 10,000,000 10,000,000

RRTs operations

lumpsum lumpsum 6,500,000 6,500.000

Purchase of 2 vehicles for 2 new RRTs No 2 7,000,000 14,000,000 Additional RRTs Sub Total WEP2 32,000,000

WEP3 Preparedness for strategic domestic and livestock water supply

Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets Nil Nil 0 0 Already done in previous stages

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Help communities develop drought contingency plans

communities 30 200,000 6,000,000

-support communities implement their drought contingent plans

communities 30 1,500,000 45,000,000

-Study on viability of private sector water trucking

lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000

Sub Total WR

65,000,000

GRAND TOTAL 683,172,000

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Introduction

5.3 Health and Nutrition Sector

5.3.1 Context Analysis and Risk Assessment The County has a total of 81 public health facilities of which are 65 functional ; four district hospitals, two sub district hospitals, 42 dispensaries, 17 health centres, and 76 outreach sites ( these is also affected by fluctuating donor support ) which provide promotive , preventive and curative . 16 other public health facilities are not operational due to staff shortages.

Basic statistics Indicator actual or estimate Source and year

Total population 775,602

KNBS Census report 2010 plus 3.22 projection per year

Male- 403393 , Female - 372209

Under 5 population

12,4096

Male- 64,540, Female-59,556

Pregnant and lactating Women 34902 KNBS Census report 2010

Population below poverty line 84% KNBS Well -being in Kenya report 2008

Mortality rates/10,000/day

Wajir south CMR - 0.30/10,000 people / day U5MR - 0.50 /10,000 people / day Wajir east CMR - 0.12/10,000 people / day U5MR - 0.11 /10,000 people / day Wajir North and West CMR - 0.49/10,000 people / day U5MR – 1.02/10,000 people / day

Wajir North and west Nutrition ,Wajir south,Wajir East Nutrition survey 2012

Health facilities implementing HiNi 76%

5.3.2 Current Interventions Stakeholder Stakeholder expectation Stakeholder obligation Location UNICEF Well coordinated healthcare

system at all levels Support MoH in coordination and health systems strengthening at national and county level

Wajir county

WFP Adequate food for good nutrition for residents of Wajir

Technically support joint programming for implementation of health programs Provide SFP supplies

Wajir county

APHIAplusImarisha Better health for Wajir county residents

Support MOH and community with health systems strengthening in areas of gender, youth, community units, and OVC care

Wajir county

Save the Children A county in which children’s rights to good quality healthcare are realized

Inspire breakthrough in the way the world treats children and to achieve immediate and lasting change in their lives

Wajir county

World Vision Kenya A county in which every child is protected from disease and injury

Ensure child well-being Wajir south

Islamic Relief Kenya A healthy Wajir community Maternal and child health programming Wajir west and North AMREF Better maternal, new born

and child health indicators Support MNCH initiatives especially midwifery for skilled birth attendance

Wajir county

WASDA Healthy Wajir community Local agency supporting Maternal and child health programs through community units

Wajir south and North

ALDEF Healthy Wajir community Local agency supporting Maternal and child health programs through community units

Wajir county

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5.3.3 SWOT Analysis Strengths Weakness

Opportunities Threats

• Committed and qualified MOH staffs • Shortage of health workers • Shortage of supplies in the facilities.

• Supportive development partners/implement

• Insecurity-raids. • Massive transfer of health workers

• Supportive development partners led by CDF, county Government, Aphia Plus, IRK and SCI

• Long distance to health facilities • Inadequate drugs in the facilities. • Limited funds to partners.

• Computerization /networking of health issues will ensure appropriate health facilities interventions.

• Existence of recruitments of health workers by the CG

• Nomadic lifestyle • Duplication of activities by partners • Organizational policies

• Community empowerment approaches to facilitate health and development

• Vastness of the county • High dependency level

• Decentralization of health to county government.

• Existence of proper health plans

• Short of health workers in the county

• Coordinated contingency planning in the County

• No standing funds for the activities planned

• Existence of coordinated partners in the county

• Unpredictable climatical change

• On-job training • Poor feedback. • Support from CG and partners. • Sustainability of health workers. • Lack of tertiary institution in the county. • Lack of motivation.

• Existence of local community radio

• Does not cover vast of the county • Advocates for the voiceless • Partner support

• Mismanagement

• Existence of Medical Training college

• Some communities do not attach much value to health

• No guidance on future carrier for sustainability

• Various support county government • Illiteracy • Poor attitude towards health sector

• Various Programmes to improve health status

• Limited funding • Donor support • Political will

• Donor satisfaction

• Improved health facilities

• Poorly equipped health facilities • Poor diagnostic tools

• Partner agencies • County government

• Special Technical staff

• Improved water and sanitation services

• Open defecation practiced in many parts of county

• Poor latrine coverage • High water table in Wajir shallow wells

• Willing partners • Favorable policies

• Gradual attitude change

• Alternative water source

• Existence of CORPS in communities

• Weakness of health system

• Devolution of services • Difficult to absorb into healthcare system

• Improved • Few gynecologist • Partners • Affordability

69

reproductive health services • Diagnostic facilities inadequate • Far referral hospitals

SEASONAL CALENDER OF EVENTS Indicators

Jan Feb March April May June July August September October November December

Rain season Dry season Long rains Dry cool season Short rains Rainfall Low High Low Slightly

high Rainfall Low High Low Slightly high Rainfall Low High

Prevalence of water born diseases in schools. Low High Low Slightly high

Prevalence of water born diseases in schools

Low High Low Slightly high Prevalence of water born diseases in schools

Low High

Conflicts in water sources High high High Slightly high

Conflicts in water sources

High Low High Slightly high Conflicts in water sources

High Low

Increase in malnutrition low High High Slightly high

High due to diarrhea

Low low Slightly high

Slightly high low High due to diarrhea

low

5.3.4 Health sector Indicators &Triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions : Community And External Actors

Nutrition status

Malnutrition level of the under-fives , pregnant and lactating women

ALERT Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%, Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition Information System

• Community mobilization and sensitization of early warning signs of drought Conduct smart survey • Health and nutrition education through to the community through outreaches , local media and demonstrations • Linking various groups to financial institution egUwezo fund • Quarterly coordination meetings at the county level and monthly nutrition coordination

meeting at the sub county level update 3W matrix • high impact nutrition intervention :

o prevention and treatment of acute malnutrition (both moderate and severe). o promotion of exclusive breastfeeding,

o Promotion of timely and adequate complementary feeding.

70

o Vitamin A supplementation twice yearly. o deworming, o hygiene and sanitation including hand washing, o zinc supplementation for diarrhoea management, o Iron folate supplementation for pregnant women • Growth monitoring including at the community, self-referral. • DHIS surveillance • outreach activities • Timely and adequate supplies procument of essential supplies including buffer stock

ALARM Serious GAM rates – 10 -14.9% Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition Information System

• HINI (High impact nutrition intervention) • Community mobilization for self-referral (Training community groups on screening by MUAC

and referral) • Mass screening to monitor situation and influence scale up of outreach activities • Support community care support groups on Health and nutrition education • Support monthly coordination Meetings sub county • Intensify MIYCN ( maternal infant and young child nutrition ) activities • Monthly surveillance of the DHIS • Health and nutrition education to the community • Capacity building of health workers • Supplies buffer stock at health facilities

EMERGENCY Critical GAM rates –>15% Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme Reported mortality cases related to severe acute malnutrition with complications MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period

Increased Support IMAM program – OTP - SFP - In-patient therapeutic feeding (SC)

• Support health facilities on therapeutic foods and essential drugs • Support community groups on Health education on HINI (High Impact Nutrition Intervention) • Support hard to reach areas by opening weekly HINI outreach sites • Conduct weekly updates meetings with all sectors • Blanket supplementary feeding • Increase of human resources • Increased capacity building

RECOVERY Towards normal rates – GAM rates < 10% Decreased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period Reduce underweight cases in the child health information system

• Support Health and Nutrition education both in facility and community level • Intersectional collaboration • Developmental programs Eg Maternal Infant Young Child Nutrition / Income Generating

Activities • Disaster Risk Reduction programs • Value chain through community groups • Capacity building of health workers

Normal Wasting of < 5.5 % • High impact nutrition intervention

71

Decreased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period. Reduce underweight cases in the child health information system

• Routine immunization • Capacity building of the community focal persons, health workers. • Disaster risk reduction programs • Procument of anthropometric equipment

WASH (Water, Hygiene and Sanitation) Status

Inadequate supply of Safe water

ALERT Decreasing water levels and supply – 40% of water sources have water for human consumption

• Monitoring the situation and water supply • Hygiene promotion activities • Supply of safe water storage containers • Provision of water treatment chemicals eg aqua tabs • Operationalize and train water user committees on maintenance of water points • Installation and repair of water tanks • Sensitization of communities on appropriate water treatment methods • Mapping of settlements and migration patterns in relation to water sources • Strengthen school health programmes • Manage wastes and proper waste disposal

ALARM Continuing decrease in water levels in water pans, wells etc- <15% water pans and wells are full

• Identification of most affected areas and their disaggregation • Continuously Monitor population movements • Continued Hygiene and sanitation promotion activities • Excavation of new water sources and de-silting of water pans. • Deepening of shallow wells • Strengthen school health programs

EMERGENCY More than 8 hrs trekking distance to water source

• 90% water sources dry

• Water trucking to the health facilities, schools and to the general population. • Supply of safe water storage containers • Servicing of pumping generators • Surveillance of and response to water-borne disease patterns

RECOVERY Increased water levels in wells and other sources. 60% water sources are full.

• Continue monitoring situation • Water treatment chemical e.g. Aqua tabs • Support Hygiene and sanitation promotion activities (CLTS, PHAST, Latrine coverage) • Provision of more water points. • Protection of water sources and tree planting

NORMAL Adequate water supply – All water sources are full

• Improving the existing water sources. • Support hygiene and sanitation promotion (Promote use of safe water and treatment) • Strengthen water user communities, promote sustainable use of water sources • Increase water storage structure and point sources

Health status Causes of ill health ALERT Increased cases of disease • Surveillance and early diagnosis e.g. TB screening, HIV, other communicable diseases • Ensure adequate supplies of essential drugs • Integrated health outreaches

72

• Capacity build health workers as rapid response teams • Health and nutrition education • Strengthen routine immunization • Integrate health messages at schools • CHWs to intensify home visits, health promotion and referrals

ALARM Continued increase in various disease incidences

• Provision of adequate staff and essential drugs to handle the most affected areas. • Intensified disease surveillance • Health education • Support lab services • provision of personal protective equipment’s • promote hand-washing • monitor disease patterns in vulnerable populations e.g. mothers and children • Food inspection to ensure sanitary handling conditions

EMERGENCY Congestion at the hospitals and increased mortality rates and morbidity rates .

• Treatment of chronic conditions, life-saving equipments and provision of more staff and essential drugs.

• Improved referral system e.g logistics • provision of personal protective equipment’s • Increase of outreach activities • health workers on high alert • procuring and prepositioning of medical supplies

RECOVERY Decreased hospital workload and morbidity rates.

• Continuous monitoring and follow up of morbidity cases (surveillance). • Reduced outreach sites • Health promotion though behavior change communication and home visits • Need based outreaches • Continuous service delivery at facility and community level

NORMAL • Continuous monitoring and follow up of morbidity cases (surveillance). • Reduced outreach sites • Health promotion though behavior change communication and home visits • Rehabilitation of affected individuals need based • Health infrastructure need based • Invest in all pillars of health equitably

73

5.3.5 Health Sector Intervention Plan EW PHASE:ALERT Code Proposed

Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

001 High impact nutrition intervention

• Community mobilization and sensitization

• Health and nutrition education • Linking various groups to financial

institution • Coordination meetings • high impact nutrition intervention : • Growth monitoring including at the

community, self-referral. • DHIS surveillance • outreach activities

Alert Reduce vulnerability of children under 5 and Pregnant Lactating Women Increase survival rates Prevent deterioration of health and nutrition status of target population and reduce morbidity

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Increase admission into the SFP programme MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period. Wasting rate of 5-9% Increase number of defaulters

124096 < 5, 34902 pregnant and lactating women

49208999.21

MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

002 Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

• Monitoring the situation and water supply

• Hygiene promotion activities (CLTS) • Supply of safe water storage

containers • Provision of water treatment

chemicals • Operationalize and train water user

committees • Installation and repair of water tanks • Sensitization of communities on

appropriate water treatment methods • Mapping of settlements and migration

patterns • Strengthen school health programmes • Manage wastes and proper waste

disposal

Alert worsening

Reduce cases of water borne diseases , reduce mortality and morbidity cases related to water scarcity ,improve access to safe drinking water

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Decreasing water levels and supply – 40% of water sources have water for human consumption.

775602 21440000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

003 Promote , prevents and cure health related cases

• Surveillance and early diagnosis e.g. TB screening, HIV, other communicable diseases

• Ensure adequate supplies of essential drugs

• Integrated health outreaches • Capacity build health workers as rapid

response teams • Health and nutrition education

Alert worsening

Reduce disease incidents , reduce morbidity and mortality related to drought

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Increased cases of disease

775602 7300000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

74

• Strengthen routine immunization • CHWs to intensify home visits, health

promotion and referrals

EW PHASE: ALARM

Code Proposed Intervention

Activities When Objectives Timeframe

Trigger Target Population

Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

001 High impact nutrition intervention

• HINI (High impact nutrition intervention)

• Community mobilization • Mass screening • Support community care groups

Health and nutrition education • Support coordination • Intensify MIYCN ( maternal infant and

young child nutrition ) activities • Monthly surveillance of the DHIS • Capacity building of health workers • Supplies buffer stock at health

facilities

Alarm Reduce vulnerability of children under 5 and Pregnant Lactating Women Increase survival rates Prevent deterioration of health and nutrition status of target population and reduce morbidity

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Serious GAM rates – 10 -14.9% Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition Information System

124096 < 5, 34902 pregnant and lactating women

26121499

MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

002 Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

• Identification of most affected areas and their desegregations

• Continuously Monitor population movements

• Continued Hygiene and sanitation promotion activities

• Excavation of new water sources and de-silting of water pans.

• Deepening of shallow wells • Strengthen school health programs

Alarm Reduce cases of water borne diseases , reduce mortality and morbidity cases related to water scarcity ,improve access to safe drinking water

Continuing decrease in water levels in water pans, wells etc- <15% water pans and wells are full

775602 16000000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

EW PHASE: EMERGENCY Code Proposed

Intervention Activities When Objectives Timefram

e Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

75

001 High impact nutrition intervention

• Increased Support IMAM program • Support community groups on Health

education • High impact nutrition intervention

- SFP

Support health facilities on therapeutic foods and essential drugs • Support hard to reach areas by

opening weekly outreach sites • Conduct weekly updates meetings with

all sectors • Blanket supplementary feeding • Increase of human resources

Emerency Reduce vulnerability of children under 5 and Pregnant Lactating Women Increase survival rates Prevent deterioration of health and nutrition status of target population and reduce morbidity

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Critical GAM rates –>15% Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme Reported mortality cases related to severe acute malnutrition with complications MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period

124096 < 5, 34902 pregnant and lactating women

176484120 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

002 Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

• Monitoring the situation and water supply

• Hygiene promotion activities (CLTS) • Supply of safe water storage

containers • Provision of water treatment

chemicals e.g. aqua tabs • Operationalize and train water user

committees on maintenance of water points

• Installation and repair of water tanks • Sensitization of communities on

appropriate water treatment methods

• Mapping of settlements and

Emergency Reduce cases of water borne diseases , reduce mortality and morbidity cases related to water scarcity ,improve access to safe drinking water

More than 8 hrs trekking distance to water source 90% water sources dry

775602 800000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

76

migration patterns in relation to water sources

• Strengthen school health programmes

• Manage wastes and proper waste disposal

003 Promote , prevents and cure health related cases

• Provision of adequate staff and essential drugs to handle the most affected areas.

• Intensified disease surveillance Health education • Support lab services • provision of personal protective

equipment’s • promote hand-washing • monitor disease patterns in vulnerable

populations e.g. mothers and children • Food inspection to ensure sanitary

handling conditions

Emergency Reduce disease incidents , reduce morbidity and mortality related to drought

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Congestion at the hospitals and increased mortality rates and morbidity rates

775602 3480000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

EW PHASE: RECOVERY Code Proposed

Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

001 High impact nutrition intervention

• High impact nutrition intervention

• Routine immunization • Capacity building of the

community focal persons, health workers.

• Disaster risk reduction programs • Procurement of anthropometric

equipment

Recovery Reduce vulnerability of children under 5 and Pregnant Lactating Women Increase survival rates Prevent deterioration of health and nutrition status of target population and reduce morbidity

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Towards normal rates – GAM rates < 10% Decreased admission into the SFP and OTP programme. MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period Reduce underweight

124096 < 5, 34902 pregnant and lactating women

7424000

MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

77

cases in the child health information system

002 Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

• Continue monitoring situation • Water treatment chemical e.g.

Aqua tabs Support Hygiene and sanitation

promotion activities (CLTS, PHAST, Latrine coverage)

• Provision of more water points.

• Protection of water sources and tree planting

Alarm Reduce cases of water borne diseases , reduce mortality and morbidity cases related to water scarcity ,improve access to safe drinking water

Continuing decrease in water levels in water pans, wells etc- <15% water pans and wells are full

775602 33200000

MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

003 Promote , prevents and cure health related cases

• Continuous monitoring and follow up of morbidity cases (surveillance).

• Reduced outreach sites • Health promotion though

behaviour change communication and home visits

• Need based outreaches Continuous service delivery at facility and community level

Alarm Reduce disease incidents , reduce morbidity and mortality related to drought

Feb- April 2014 Sept- Dec 2014

Decreased hospital workload and morbidity rates

775602 57200000

MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of personnel and health facilities, surveillance and reporting, active case funding. Development partners: funding, technical support, resource mobilization, community mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

78

ALERT PHASE BUDGET

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total

Cost

Notes

ALT 001

High impact nutrition intervention

Community mobilization and sensitization

Radio messages and talks 60 4000 240000 2 languages, twice a day, for 2 months. Star fm for wider coverage

Public address

System

32 5000 160000 each of 8 sub-county teams rent a PA system twice monthly for 2 months

Barazas 1122 50 2805000 refreshments for 28 divisional teams held in different location each week for 2 months at approx 50-100 pax per baraza

Allowances 56 10,500 588,000 3 pax per barazza,

Transport and fuel 56 12,000 672000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day

Health and nutrition education

IEC materials 5000 500 2500000 Leaflets for IEC at Ksh500

Allowances 35 3000 210,000

Transport and fuel 56 12,000 672000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day

Public Address

System

32 5000 160000

Radio talk s how 60,000 8 480000 Community radio to consider discounting some of these as part of CSR

School health programs 18 232680 4188240 Planned for during normal/routine annual interventions

Linking various groups to financial institution

Training Mother to mother support groups

20,000 200 4000000 This should be planned for recovery and routine activities

Establishment of income generating activities

100,000 100 10,000,000 Give 50% of the mother to mother SGs business start up grants of Ksh 100,000 per group

Coordination meetings Conference package 35 2000 140,000 Monthly coordination meetings with each sub-county sending 4 representatives to each meeting

79

Allowances 35 3000 210,000

Transport 2 meetings 208,000 416,000 each sub-county receives 200ltr of fuel per meeting per month

High impact nutrition interventions

0713074347

Outreach activities

Vehicles 6 210,000 1,260,000 6 additional outreach vehicles per month for the duration of emergency

Allowances 40 additional outreaches*30

1,000

160,000

Chairs and table 300 300 108,000 6 outreaches each costing 9000 for seats (10 bob each) and tables (200bob each) for 2 months

Outreach fuel

150lt*6*4 weeks 25

900,000

150ltrs per outreach at 6 sites over 4 weeks for 2 months @ 125bob per litre

Timely and adequate supplies procurement of essential supplies including buffer stock

Corn soya blend ( CSB ) 40,061 48 1,940,955

Oil 4,006 77 306,467

Ready to use therapeutic food

2,953 5,337

15,760,161

Ready to use supplementary food

1,153 272 313,576

Health information system (tools and dissemination)

Surveillance support to the DHRIOs at sub county

8 20,000 320,000 8 sub-county HRIOs receive fuel and airtime monthly for 2 months of the alert phase

Reporting tools 8 10000 per month per sub

county for 2 months

160,000 Reams of paper and toner cartridges

Capacity building health workers ( on job training )

Transport and fuel 300*8 125 300000 8 sub-county teams need 300 litres for 10 OJT days spread over 2 months of the alert phase

Allowances

4*8*10

3500

1120000

4 SCHMT members doing 10 days at Ksh3500 per day

80

Reproduction of monitoring tools

1000 8 8000 photocopying of monitoring tools

Supply of safe water storage containers to households

Purchase of Water storage containers

16 70,000 1,120,000 coordinate with water department

Purchase of water treatment chemicals

77560 100*2 15,512,000 77,560 (60% of Wajir county) households targeted with aquatabs. Each household receives 50 tabs per month. Each tab costs KES2

Installation and repair of water tanks

Purchase and distribution of communal water tanks

16 100,000 1600000 coordinate with water department

Repairs of existing communal water storage facilities

16 200,000 3200000 coordinate with water department

ALT 003

Causes of ill health

Surveillance and early diagnosis

Testing kits and reagents Active case findings planned routinely

Allowances for health workers

2*8*5 3500*2 560,000 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings: planned for during normal/routine activities but defaulter tracing of TB clients goes up during drought

Allowances for CHWs (community TB volunteers)

5*8*5 500*2 200,000 5 CHWs for 5 days each month for 8 subcounties at an incentive of KSh500 per day over 2 month duration

Vehicle hire , fuel 8*5*2 12,000 960000 Logistics Support for weekly and monthly integrated disease surveillance and response, Active case findings

Maintance and fuel for motor bikes

8*5*2 125*5 50,000 for Directly observed therapy / treatment ( DOTS )

Integrated health outreaches

Vehicle hire and fuel 6 210,000 1,260,000

Allowances 40 additional outreaches*30

1,000

160,000

Camping gear ( chairs , tables , tents lamps )

16 50000 800000 each of 8 sub counties receive two camping gear for two teams

81

5.3.6 Health sector budget ALARM PHASE BUDGET

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

Public address System

32 5000 80,000 each of 8 sub-county teams rent a PA system twice for 1 month

Barazas 1122 50 1402500 refreshments for 28 divisional teams held in different location each week for 1 month at approx 50-100 pax per baraza

Allowances 28 10,500 294,000 3 pax per barazza,

Transport and fuel 28 12,000 336000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day

Health and nutrition education

Weekly Radio talks 60,000 4 240,000 community radio to consider discounting some of these as part of CSR

School health programs 18 232680 2094120 planned for during normal/routine annual

interventions

Safety box 80*100 160 1280000 each facility needs 200 for itself and to supply to outreach teams

Capacity build health workers as rapid response teams

Allowances 4*8*5 3500 560000 each sub county receives an RRT training for 5 days for 4 members

Conference package 4*8*5 1500 240000 each sub county receives an RRT training for 5 days for 4 members

Vehicle hire and fuel 8*5 12,000 480000 each sub county receives one hired vehicle to facilitate teams to and from training

CHWs to intensify home visits, health promotion and referrals

Incentives for referrals 500*3 500

750000 500CHWs in 8 sub counties doing special visits to migratory populations and initiating referrals

Total 77,948,399.2

82

Linking various groups to financial institution

Training Mother to mother support group

0 0 0 routine trainings. No special training to mitigate emergency during alarm phase

Establishment of income generating activities

0 0 0 routine trainings. No special training to mitigate emergency during alarm phase

Coordination meetings Conference package 35 2000 280,000 Twice-monthly coordination meetings with each sub-county sending 4 representatives to each meeting

Allowances 35 3000 420,000

Transport 2 meetings 208,000 416,000 each sub-county receives 200ltr of fuel per meeting per month

Outreach activities Vehicles and fuel 4 vehciles*6 days*

7000 168,000

Allowances 3500*2*4vehciles*6 days

3500 168,000

Chairs and table 2400 500 1200000

Contingency stock Car hire and fuel 8 12000 96,000 Including lorries for transportation of the supplies to the health facilities

Casuals 16 600 9600 Two casuals per sub county Procure RUSF 1,153 272 313,576 One month

Procure RUTF 2,953 5,337 15,760,161 One month

Procure CSB 40,061 48 1,940,955 One month

Procument of buffer stock Oil 4,006 77 306,467 Incase of an upserge of beneficiaries

District health information system

Surveillance support to the DHRIOs at sub county 8 3000 24000 Internet for 3,000 a

Reporting tools 8 2000 16000 To photocopy tools

Capacity building health workers ( on job training )

Transport and fuel 28 12,000 336000 Done at alert

Allowances 0 0 0 Done at alert

Mass screening Reporting tools 8 2000 16000

Vehicles and fuel 0 0 0

Allowances 1 1 100000 For the entire county

83

Anthropometric equipment 8 47515 380,120 Procurement of the anthropometric equipment. Complete batch for each sub county

ALM 002

Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

Identification of most affected areas and their disaggregation

Transport allowance 8 200000 1,600,000 Limited facility to help in coordinating with water sector

Data collection Reporting tools 0 0 0 Reproduction of monitoring tools

Testing kits 0 0

0

Analysis and testing of water sources

ALM 003

Causes of ill health

Intensified disease surveillance

Testing kits and reagents 0 0 0 planned for during alert phase

Allowances 0 0 0 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings

Vehicle hire , fuel 0 0 0 Logistics Support for weekly and monthly integrated disease surveillance and response, Active case findings

Maintenance and fuel for motor bikes

0 0 0 for Directly observed therapy / treatment ( DOTS )

Provision of adequate staff and essential drugs to handle the most affected areas.

Procure essential drugs 0 0 0 Planned for during normal/routine annual interventions

Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0 For distribution of drugs to health facilities

Allowances 0 0 0 For the distribution teams Integrated health outreaches

Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0

Allowances

Camping gear ( chairs , tables , tents lambs ) 0 0 0 Budgeted for during alert phase

Safety box 0 0 0 Budgeted for during alert phase Capacity build health workers as rapid response teams

Allowances 0 0 0

Conference package 0 0 0 Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0

Strengthen routine immunization - - 0 0

provision of personal protective equipment’s

Procure lab coats , gloves , masks etc 80 50,000 400000 each sub-county gets 10 pcs of assorted PPE

84

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

EM 001

High impact nutrition intervention

Community mobilization and sensitization

Radio messages and talks 60 2000 120000 2 radio spots per day for a 30 days

Public address system 16 5000 80000

Barazas 16 10,000 160000

Allowances 16 3500 56000

Transport and fuel 8 100000 800000 each sub-county gets 100000 for fuel for the approx 60 day emergency period

Increased Support IMAM program

Sanitation facilities for the SCs 16 100000 1600000 Porta-latrines

Shades 16 100000 1600000

Stabilization centres 16 100,000 1600000 Each sub-county gets 2 tents each

Outreach activities including health education

Vehicles and fuel 8*30 12000 2880000 one month vehicle hire

Collapsible water tank for SCs 16 50,000 800000

Hand wash facilities for SCs 16 5,000 80000 2 handwash facilities per SC NFIs 8*2000 10,000 160000000 2000 households per sub-county receive NFIs Allowances 16 25000 400,000 each Sub-county gets 2 Chairs and table 16 500 8000

Blanket supplementary feeding

Car hire and fuel 16*30 days

12,000 5760000 Including lorries for transportation of the supplies to the health facilities

85

Casuals 16 10,000 160000 Each sub-county gets 2 allocations for casuals at 10,000 each

Anthropometric equipment 8 47515 380,120 Procurement of the anthropometric equipment

EM 002 Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

Identification of most affected areas and their disaggregation

Transport allowance 8 100000 800000 8 sub-county teams

Data collection Reporting tools 0 0 0 Reproduction of monitoring tools

Testing kits

0 0 0 Analysis and testing of water sources

EM 003

Causes of ill health

Response to disease outbreaks

Testing kits and reagents 0 0 0 Active case findings

Allowances 8 200000 160000 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings

Vehicle hire , fuel 8 200,000 160000 Logistics Support for integrated disease response teams, Active case findings

Maintenance and fuel for motor bikes 8 50,000 400,000 For Directly observed therapy / treatment (

DOTS )

Provision of adequate staff and essential drugs to handle the most affected areas

Procure essential drugs 8 450,000 For emergency response drugs based on need

Vehicle hire and fuel 6 210,000 1,260,000 For distribution of drugs to health facilities

Allowances 16 25000 500,000 For the distribution teams

Total

RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

REC 001

Allowances 40 10,000 400,000 Cease after emergency

Transport and fuel 8 200,000 1600000 To facilitate sub county teams if need be

Allowances 8 200000 1600000 To facilitate subcounty teams if need be

School health programs 8 200000 1600000 Budget for routine Linking various groups to financial institution

Training Mother to mother support group

200 50000 1000000 Each mtmsg gets 50,000 to initiate resilience building activities

Establishment of income generating activities

200 50000 1000000 Each mtmsg receives 50000KES to initiate IGA

86

Coordination meetings

Conference package 32 2000 64000 Each Subcounty sends 4 members to coord meeting

Allowances 40 10,000 400000

Transport and fuel 8 200,000 1600000 To facilitate subcounty teams if need be

Outreach activities

Vehicles and fuel Resume as normal. Scale down from emergency

Allowances 40 10,000 400000 District health information system

Surveillance support to the DHRIOs at sub county 8 10,000 80,000

Reporting tools 8 10,000 80000

REC 002

Increase access to safe water hygiene and sanitation

Hygiene promotion activities Strengthen school health programmes

CLTS TOT Workshop expenses 30 1000000 To cater for one county-wide workshop CLTS roll-down expenses in 45 villages

45

2000000 To cover costs from pre-triggering till ODF celebration

Hand washings sensitization and demos

100 20,000 200000 100 schools targeted

Construct latrines and other sanitary faciltieis at schools

100 300000 30000000 100 schools targeted

REC 003

Strengthen school health programmes Manage wastes and proper waste disposal

Ensure adequate supplies of essential drugs

Procure drugs 80 500000 40,000,000 routine activity post emergency but this budget can be used to buffer drug supplies before things get back to normal

Cpacity build health workers as rapid response teams

Recovery teams 8 300000 2400000 one training per subcounty

strengthen community health strategy

CHW incentives, CHC meetings, CHU-HF link meetings

100 200,000 20000000 100 CHUs targeted across wajir county

infrastructure renovations

Construct and maintain 16 300000 4800000 depending on nature of emergency, each subcounty to chose two worst hit facilties to benefit from thisrecovery fund

87

SUMMARY OF THE BUDGET PHASE AMOUNT ALERT 77,948,399.21 ALERM 28,121,499 EMERGENCY 180,764,120 RECOVERY 107,824,000 TOTAL 394,658,018

EDUCATION SECTOR

5.4.1 Education Sector Brief Wajir County has eight sub counties. in the eight sub counties we have a total of one hundred ninety four public primary school and twenty eight private primary schools with an enrolment of 73410 pupils out of these 64909 are in public primary school and 8501 pupils in private schools. There are 25 low cost boarding primary schools with enrolment of 1483 boarders .the number of secondary school are 35 out of this 5 are girls secondary

schools 7 day mixed secondary school and 23 boys secondary school with the total enrolment of – boys – girls totalling to – During the rainy season 40 public primary schools and 2 secondary schools are directly affected by drought due to their source of water which is pan. Other schools with permanent source of water and the schools with boarding wing are affected by high enrolment due to transfer of pupils from affected schools by drought

Strengths

Weakness Opportunities Threats

88

5.4.2 Education Sector SWOT Analysis

5.4.3 Education sector seasonal Calendar 5.4.4 Education sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis

qualified field and teaching staff

FPE Grant from MOE for

secondary and primary schools

BOG staffs Existing boarding schools Bursary CDF

Shortage of administrative and teaching staff Early marriage Child labour Gender disparity Coordination of stake holders Lack of awareness on the value of educations

Supportive development partners/implement Unicef equity bank KCB world vision , save the children international, wasda Aldef county government

Nomadic life style Poor road infrastructure Insecurity High illiteracy rate High cost of transport Outbreak of diseases like cholera

,typhoid Natural disaster like drought

Indicators Jan Feb March April May June July August September October November December Rain season Dry season Long rains Dry season Short rains Rainfall Low High Low - Low Low High - Slightly

high Rainfall High -

Prevalence of water born diseases in schools

Low High Low - high Low High - Slightly high

Prevalence of water born diseases in schools

High -

Conflicts in schools - - Distance of water sources from schools

Long Long Short - Short Short Slightly long

- Slightly long

Long Short -

Dropout of schools Low High High - Low Low Slightly High

- Slightly high

Dropout of schools Low

Low - -

Indicator Issues to address Warning stage Threshold

Interventions

Clean Water availability and access

Clean Water availability in the Schools

ALERT

Only 5% of school s affected. water tracking in 5% of schools

Water conservation Increase water storage facilities Enhance preparedness Water tracking in 5% of school in water stress areas

ALARM 5- 10% of schools affected water tracking in 5- 10% of schools

Water conservation Water tracking in 50% of schools in water stress areas Increase water storage facilities.

EMERGENCY 5- 25% of schools are affected. water tracking in 5-25% of schools

Water tracking in 100% of water stress areas Increase water storage facilities

89

Water conservation

RECOVERY Available Water in quality and quantity Water Conservation Storage of water in tanks Improved cleanliness

NORMAL Water is available no water tracking Maintain normal school programme Improve teaching and learning activities Improve absenteeism /drop out rate Improve performance

Fees To reduce school dropout rate in secondary schools

ALERT 10 to 20% of secondary school enrolment could not pay fees

Provide Bursary

ALARM About 30 to 50% could not pay school fees Enhance: Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers

EMERGENCY About 60-80% of parents fail to pay school fees Enhance: Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers

RECOVERY Normal fees payment except for the poor needy and orphans

Enhance: Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers

School enrolment

Over enrolment of schools with permanent water source and boarding schools

ALERT Normal enrolment Maintain normal Programme in schools. ALARM Over enrolment by 5% Enhance school feeding programme

Water tracking programme Enhance hygiene and sanitation

EMERGENCY Over enrolment by 25% Enhance school feeding programme Water tracking Enhance hygiene and sanitation Enhance teaching / learning aids More beds and mattress for boarding schools Shelters Additional grant for boarding school

RECOVERY Improved enrolment Enhance school feeding programme Proper storage of water in tanks Enhance hygiene and sanitation

90

NORMAL Normal enrolment Maintain normal programme in schools

School meal program

Reduce dropout rate in primary and ECD centers Increase access Improve retention

ALERT About 5% to 10 percent of primary school enrolment could not get adequate food

Provide school meal program in primary school and ECD centers

ALARM About 10% to 30 percent of primary school could not get adequate food

Enhance School feeding programme

EMERGENCY About 40% of primary enrolment school enrolment could not get adequate food

Enhance School feeding programme To provide nutrition food to malnourish children of primary and ECD

RECOVERY About 5% of primary school enrolment could not get adequate food

Enhance School feeding programme in primary and ECD centers

NORMAL Malnutrition under control School feeding programme Vitamin A supplementation by MOH

Proximity to water source

Hygiene and sanitation ALERT 5% of children are infected with hygiene related diseases

Formation of health clubs in schools Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking

ALARM 15% of children are infected with hygiene related diseases

Provide training to health club members Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking

EMERGENCY 25% of children are infected with hygiene related diseases

Create awareness of hygiene condition Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking

RECOVERY 5% of children are infected with poor hygiene related diseases

Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment

Digging of more toilets

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5.4.4 Education Sector Intervention Plan

Code Proposed interventions

Activities When/Time Objectives Trigger Target population

Cost Define roles and responsibility

EALTI Provision of clean water

Increase water storage facilities

Water tracking

March

April

Alert late stage

To provide clean drinking water and water storage facility

5% of school affected weather forecast below long term mean

5%of school in the county

1.24m COUNTY goerment.

provision of water

doners-

water storage facility

school – save and proper usage of water

Reduce dropout rate in secondar

School fees Payment school fees bursary

February –march during alert stage

To reduce school dropout and enhance performance

10 – 20 %could not pay fees

368 pupil 10.95m MOE – BUSARY ,FOOD FOR FEE.

DONERS – WORK FOR FEES

Deworming Provision of sanitary pads Water tracking

NORMAL Minimal cases of hygiene related diseases Create awareness of hygiene condition Health education

Prevalence of water born diseases in schools

Contamination of water source causes of contamination of water born disease

Alert 10 to 20 % Chlorination Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases

Alarm 26 to 50 percent Chlorination Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases Testing of water supply Treatment of infected pupils by MOH /MOE

Emergency Above 50 % Chlorination Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases Treatment of infected pupils by MOH/MOE

Recovery 10 to 20 % Chlorination of water Normal Minimal case of water born disease Create awareness on causes of water born disease and

92

y school

EALT3 Purchase of materials for over enrolled school

Purchase of instructional material

Additional grant to boarding school

Feb- march

During alert stage

To enhance quality learning

Reduce dropout

Improve retention and completion

Over enrolled by 5 %

368 pupils 101200 MOE – additional grants for boarding schools

DONERS –

Mattress , instructional materials

COMMUNITY

Take their children to schools

EALT4 Hygiene sanitation

Formation of health club in school

Provision of sanitary pads

Provision of hand washing kit

Provision of detergent

Feb- march Create conducive environment free from any disease for learners

5 % of children are infected with hygiene related disease

368 pupils 12,37,800

DONERS - Facilitate training of health clubs

MOH- Train health clubs

COMMUNITY – Support formation of health clubs

EALM 1 Clean water Provision of water 5-10 % of school stressed by water shortage

Increase water facilities

Feb – march To ensure provision of adequate clean water to all schools stressed by water shortages in the county in feb – march

10 % of school affected

736 1.2m COUNTY GOVERNMENT -Water tracking

MOH – Chlorination

COMMUNITY – safe guide water

EALM2 Fees for needy students

Food for fees

Bursary

Feb – march Reduce school dropout rate through provision of bursary

Food for fees to affected students

30-50 % of student could not pay fees

3900 student

11,700,00

MOE – BUSARY,FOOD FOR FEE.

DONERS – WORK FOR FEES

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EALM 3 Over enrolment

Provision of food for boarding schools

Feb – march Provide more beds to boarding

School over enrolled by 50%

3900 student

1.5 m MOE – additional grants for boarding schools

DONERS –

Mattress , instructional materials

COMMUNITY

Take their children to schools

EALM 4 School meal program

Timely delivery of commodities

Supply of adequate food

Jan- To ensure all school going children get at least one meal per day during school calendar to reduce dropout by 10-30%

10-30 % of pupils could not get food

DONERS-provision of food county government –provision of food GOK –provision of food

COMMUNITY –send children of school going age to school

EEMR1 Provision of clean water

Water tracking in 100% in water stressed area

Purchase of tanks

March Provision of water to all affected school by drought

5-25 % of school lack water

2000 pupils 3.04m COUNTY GOVERNMENT -Water tracking

MOH – Chlorination

COMMUNITY – safe guide water

EEMR2 fees Bursary food for fees waivers

Feb- march Ensure all student go to school through payment of fees bursary ,food for fees and waivers to affected student

50-70 % of student affected

39000 students

MOE – BUSARY ,FOOD FOR FEE.

DONERS – WORK FOR FEES

EEMR3 Purchase of mattress,

Instructional materials

Buy mattresses for affected boarding schools and instructional materials i.e. exercise books , pencils pens and text books

march To provide chance in boarding schools to accommodate affected pupils and children of pastoralist drop-out

-to provide adequate inst

25% increase in enrolment

7800 pupils 5.14m MOE – additional grants for boarding schools

DONERS –

Mattress , instructional materials

COMMUNITY

Take their children to schools

94

95

5.4.5 Education Sector Budget Alert Phase Budget

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

Storage facilities Purchase of water tanks Water tanks

4 150,000 600,000 Unit cost include transport

Enrolment School fees School fees 365 30,000 10950000 Hygiene Soap Detergent 3900litres 120 468000 100 l per school

Hand washing kits Kits 39 25000 975000 Sanitary pads

Pads 21600 100 216,000

Water tracking Trips 1 x16 15,000 240,000 16 schools Fuel for water truck Litres 200x16 125 400000 16 schools COLUMN TOTAL 138490,00

ALARM PHASE BUDGET

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

Storage facilities

Water tanks Tanks 8 150,000 1200,000

Enrolment School fees School fees 2500 30,000 75000,000 Hygiene Detergents Litres 200x70 120 1680000 70 schools Sanitary pads Kits 3000 1200 3600,000 Hand washing kits Kits 80 4,000 320,000 Clean water Water tracking Trips 4*20 15000 1,200,000 20 schools Fuel Litres 200x20x4 125 2000,000 20 schools,4 trips each Enrolment Boarding facilities mattress 600 2500 1500,000

84988000

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5.5 AGRICULTURE SECTOR

5.5.1 Background Information

Some parts of the County lies within sahelian climatic region (100 % ASAL) in ecological zones VII and normally hot, windy and dry with temperatures of 18.8 and 42 degree centigrade for most parts of the year. Rainfall is erratic and poorly distributed. The annual rainfall is within the ranges of 0.9mm-224 mm per annum and Average relative humidity of 38%. The soils range from sandy soils, dark clay and sandy loam to alluvial soils deposits while the vegetation ranges from scrubland to thorny thickets.

The main crops grown in the County are sorghum, maize,millet, cowpeas and green grams. The mode of production is majorly rain fed. The production is still at subsistence level and is yet to be opened up to more intensive and commercially competitive levels. In 2012 the County managed 1,591.8MTsorghum, maize, millet, cowpeas and green grams were produced in this County with an estimated worth Kshs 20.87 Million. Approximately 26,643 farmers were reached using various extensionmethods in 2012.

Horticulture is practiced in areas where there are shallow wells and the major enterprises include tomatoes, capsicums, kales, and spinach, pawpaw and water melons. In 2011 49.3MT of horticultural crops were produced with an estimated value of Kshs2.87Million. The annual rainfall ranges from 250mm to 350 mm. There are 8 districts in the county namely;

Wajir-East, Wajir-North, Wajir-West, Wajir-South, Eldas, Buna, Habaswein and Tarbaj

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Water shortage Purchase of water tank Water tank 38 80,000 3,040,000 Enrolment Purchase of mattress Mattress 1200 2500 3,000,000 Instructional

material Purchase of instructional material Exercise book, pens

text books 7800 275 2145000

Food Additional food by wfp /county govt Cereals,pulses,oilcsb& salt 64431 80 5154480

Sub-total

40,699,480

97

The County has no well defined river or water sources except seasonal EwasoNyiro river tributaries that floods part of the habaswein district during rainy seasons. The other sources are water pans, dams and boreholes. The pans and dams dry up during dry spell.

The vast County consists of featureless plain except in northern parts which have hilly out-crops. Large areas are prone to flooding during rainy season often making roads impassable hence paralyzing transport and communication networks. This renders most areas inaccessible, particularly for timely essential service delivery and interventions

5.5.2 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Well-trained personnel deployed

Inadequate means of transport to

carry out extension activities-motor bikes and motor vehicles.

Potential land for expansion of irrigation schemes and construction of new ones

Environmental degradation due to drought ,overstocking and floods. Pastoralist and Agro-pastoralist conflicts(livestock

destroying crops in the fields) General insecurity in potential areas. Saline water-wajir east & part of Wajir south

districts Good partnership and

collaboration with stakeholders both in the government and in private sectors.

Delayed funding from the county government. Inaccessibility to good quality farm

input seeds, pesticides etc. for the farmers

Potential rainwater harvesting

Cross border conflict with neighboring communities (during raids farmer abandon their fields). Recurrent drought(rain fed agriculture)

Existing irrigation borelos and shallow wells with well-organized farmers groups.

Poor coordination among service providers.

Promotion of smart agriculture Ready market for Agricultural

produce within Wajir county Promotion of industrial crops eg

Aloe spp

Crop pests and diseases especially for vegetable production

98

5.5.3 Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar

5.5.4 Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Rainfall

land preparation

planting

Gapping/thinning

weeding

pest/disease control

harvesting &post harvestmgt

marketing

Indicator Issues to address Warning stage Thresh hold Interventions

CerealsPrices High prices of cereal commodities

Alert 30% prices increase Provision of market information

Alarm 40% price increase Improve market linkages

Emergency 50% price increases Upscale dissemination of market information

Recovery 40% price decline Provision of market information

Normal Standard Strengthen market linkages &Disseminate market information

Crop yields Low crop yields Alert 30% decline Plant early maturing crops & traditional high value crops (THVC)

Alarm Scarce – less than 5% Value addition on available food

Emergency No harvests Provision & distribution of relief foods

99

Recovery 10% on vegetables only Provision of grants to farmers & clean planting materials

Training on proper agronomic practices

Normal Over 70% Provision of farm inputs & appropriate technology

Food availability and accessibility

Inaccessibility & unavailability of food

Alert crop wilt and dries up Provision of market information & value addition on food

Alarm Rain fed crops wilts and dries up Strengthen market linkages

Emergency No crop in the farms Provision of relief food supplements & credit to cereal traders

Recovery Irrigated crops germinating Provision of extension services

Normal Good yield Strengthen market linkages

Water availability and access for crop production

Quality and quantity of water available for crop production

Alert 40% of water pans full Promote water conservation & utilization technologies in crop production

Alarm 15% of water pans full Rehabilitation of shallow wells/ boreholes & strengthen water users associations

Emergency Pans dry Training on water conservation technologies

Recovery 60%of water pans full Enhance water harvesting initiatives like; Roof catchment ,Trapezoidal bunds, Contour bunds and Retention ditches

Normal Water pans full Drilling of boreholes, Water pan excavation , Extension service delivery and water harvesting technologies;

Agronomic

Practices

Poor agronomic practices

Alert Training on appropriate technologies

Alarm Training on appropriate technologies

Emergency Training on appropriate technologies

Recovery Training on appropriate technologies

Normal Training on appropriate technologies

100

5.5.5 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan

PHASE: ALERT

Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame

Trigger Target PPLn

Costs Define roles and responsibilities

Provision of market information

Market assessment

Alert early stage,

Ensure farmers are aware of market forces.

2 months Price increase of cereals.

70 % of farmers

4m Community: Give information on market trends

Government: Information dissemination

Development partners: Capacity building&provision of logistics

Crop yield assessment

Data collection

Data analysis

Alert early stage

Establish yield deficit

1month Crops wilting 30 % farmers

2m Community: Give information on crop yields

Government: Information dissemination

Development partners: Capacity building & logistics

Enhanced Water availability and access for crop production

Up-scaling water conservation & utilization technologies.

Alert stage

Ensure 70 % of farm families conserve water for crop production

3 months Moisture stress signs on crops

70 % of farmers

20m Community: accept and adopt technologies

Government: Appropriate Technology transfer

Development partners: Capacity building &logistics

Enhanced appropriate agronomic technologies promoted

Train on modern agronomic technologies

Alert stage

Disseminate appropriate technologies

3months Inappropriate technologies practiced

60 % of farmers

4 m Community: accept and adopt appropriate technologies

Government: Appropriate Technology transfer

Development partners: Capacity buildingandlogistics

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PHASE: ALARM

Proposed intervention Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities

Promote kitchen/ multistorey gardening

Establish kitchen &multistorey garden

alarm early stage,

Each household establishes a kitchen garden.

2 months Vegetable availability diminishing.

50 % of farmers 4m Community: accept & adopt technology

Government: technology dissemination &logistics

Development partners :Capacity building&logistics

Improved value addition on food

Training on value addition on locally produced food

alarm early stage

Increase shelve life for food

1month Food value diminishing

50 % of farmers 2m Community: accept & adopt technology

Government: Technology promotion. & logistics

Development partners: Capacity building & logistics

Upscale irrigation Adopt/ upscale appropriate technologies

2 months Irrigate 20 acres more

2months Water level drops below 50% in water pans

20% of farmers 20m Community: accept and adopt technology

Government: Provide funds & expertise &logistics

Development partners :Capacity building&logistics

102

PHASE: EMERGENCY

Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities

Promote appropriate agronomic technologies

Establish drip irrigation kits

and shade nets

emergency early stage,

Irrigate 20 acres more 3months Water level in dams drops to below 50% full

20% of farmers 20 m Community: accept & own projects

Government :Provide funds & expertise

Development partner: Capacity building

PHASE : RECOVERY

Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities

Provision of clean planting materials to farmers

Procure & distribute clean planting material and inputs

Recovery early stage,

Each farmer gets adequate planting materials

1 months 80% accesses planting materials

80 % of farmers 20 m Community :timely & appropriate planting

Government: extension service provision, procuring clean

103

planting materials

Development partners :procuring clean planting materials and distributing

Provision of suitable technologies

Promoting appropriate technologies

Recovery stage To upscale production 2months 80 % access technology 80% of farmers 8m Community : accept % adopt technologies

Government :Provide funds & expertise

Development partners :facilitate Capacity building&logistics

Enhanced water harvesting initiatives technologies

Promotion of trapezoidal bunds, contour bunds

Recovery stage Optimize water harvested for production

3 months Poor water conservation methods used

80% of farmers 80m Community : accept % adopt technologies

Government :Provide funds & expertise

Development partners :facilitate Capacity building&logistics

104

PHASE : NORMAL

Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities

clean planting materials

Procure & distribute clean planting material and inputs

Normal stage,

Each farmer to get adequate planting materials

2 months 80% accesses planting materials

80 % of farmers 20 m Community :timely & appropriate planting

Government: extension service provision, procuring clean planting materials

Development partners :procuring clean planting materials and distributing

Provision of suitable agronomic technologies

Promoting appropriate technologies

Normal stage To upscale production

3months Poor agronomic practices

80% of farmers 10m Community : accept % adopt technologies

Government :Provide funds & expertise

Development partners :facilitate Capacity builbbding&logistics

Enhanced water harvesting initiatives technologies

Trapezoidal buds constructed Retention ditches dug Roof catchments done Contour bunds constructed Drilling boreholes Pan Excavation

Normal stage Optimize water harvested for crop production

3 months Poor water conservation methods used

80% of farmers 100m Community : accept % adopt technologies Government :Provide funds & expertise Development partners :facilitate Capacity building&logistics

105

5.5.6 Agriculture Sector Budget

ALERT PHASE BUDGET

Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost (Ksh)

Total cost Notes

1.Provision of market information Market assessment DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

2.Crop yield assessment Data collection & analysis

DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

3.Enhanced Water availability and access for crop production

Upscalling water conservation & utilization technologies.

DSA & tools 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

Irrigation equipment 8 districts 500,000 4,000,000

4.Enhanced appropriate agronomic technologies promoted

Train on modern agronomic technologies

DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

Sub total 1,013,563,545

ALARM PHASE BUDGET

Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes

1.Promote kitchen/ multistorey gardening

Establish kitchen &multistorey garden

DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

8000 kitchen gardens 200 1,600,000

106

2.Improved value addition on food Training on value addition on locally produced food

Tools= 8,000 kitchen gardens

3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

3.Upscale irrigation Adopt/ upscale appropriate technologies

Tools & equipment 8 districts 2,000,000 16,000,000

Sub total 1,349,280,560

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET

Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes

2.Promote appropriate agronomic technologies

Establish drip irrigation kits and shade nets

Irrigation kits 80 10,000 800,000

3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

Shadenets 80 300,000 24,000,000

Sub total 2,963,845,110

RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET

Proposed interventions Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes

1.Provision of clean planting materials to farmers

Procure & distribute clean planting material and inputs

Assorted Clean planting materials

2,000,000 16,000,000

2.Provision of suitable technologies Promoting appropriate technologies

3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

3.Enhanced water harvesting initiatives technologies

Promotion of trapezoidal bunds, contour bunds

3 officers for 5 daysx 8 districts 4,000 480,000

Sub-total 16,960,000

107

5.6 CONFLICT SECTOR

5.6.1 Sector Brief

Wajir County is located in North Eastern Kenya. It borders Mandera to the North and North East, Garissa to the South and South West, Isiolo and Marsabit to the West, Somalia to the East and Ethiopia to the North West.

The county sits on area of 56,685.8 km2 and has a population of about 661,941. Administratively, the county has eight districts namely Wajir East, West, South, North, Buna, Tarbaj , Habaswein and Eldas with Wajir town as the proposed County headquarters.

Like other Northern Counties, Wajir has been synonymous with resource based conflict of water and pasture. In the distant past, the county was aflame with deadly clan wars. The effects of the violent fights were wearing down hard on women and children in terms of death, maiming, loss of livelihoods and the resultant animosity.

108

5.6.2 Conflict Sector Indicators and triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions : Community And External Actors

Water Availability and access

Water stressrelated to conflict.

ALERT - Average Distance More than 16KMs for livestock

- Average Distance 7KM for human

• Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams • Support conflict warning system • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI

ALARM - Average Distance More than 20 KMs for livestock

- Average Distance 10 KM for human

• Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams • Support conflict warning system • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points

using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI

EMERGENCY - Average Distance More than 25 KMs for livestock

- Average Distance 15KM for human

• Intensify peace building efforts in conflict zones and cross border points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI

RECOVERY - Average Distance More than 5 KMs for livestock

- Average Distance 3KM for human

• Documentation of best practices and reconstitution of peace committees. Promotion of inter clan sporting activities.

Pasture and browse availability and access

Pasture stressrelated to conflict.

ALERT Average Distance More than - 16KMs for livestock

• Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams • Support conflict warning system • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI

ALARM - Average Distance More than - 20KMs for livestock

• Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams • Support conflict warning system • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI.

EMERGENCY - Average Distance More than 5 - KMs for livestock

Intensify peace building efforts in conflict zones and cross border points using DPC

109

EW PHASE: ALERT Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Timefra

me Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

LALT1 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

Alert late stage

To equip them with skills on peace building and conflict management

Three months

Water availability for livestock use and human.

160 pple 1.1M

Community role Mobilization of peace elder Sensitization of community on peace. DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partners Capacity building ,

Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums

Alert late stage

To mitigate potential occurrence of conflict

Three months

Resource based conflict

16 groups 700,000

Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC

Organized community dialog meeting

Alert late stage

To stop potential conflict Three months

Resource based conflict

16 groups 2.5M

Provision of psychosocial support.

Organize psychosocial support to the most affected population

Alert late stage

To enable the affected population recover from the conflict psychologically.

Three months

Conflict 40% of the most affected population

3M Community role Beneficiary’s identification and verification. DMA,KRCS, partners Capacity building

• Provision of HH NFI Assessment To establish the number of HH displaced

Three months

Conflict 3000HH 1.2M

HH NFI To provide shelter and HH items to displaced families

5M

Beneficiaries Verification To ensure that the most needy are targeted by the intended intervention

1.2M

Distribution To provide the displaced HH with NFI

3.6

LALT2 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

Alert late stage

To equip them with skills on peace building and conflict management

Three months

Water availability for livestock use and human.

160 pple 1.1M

Community role Mobilization of peace elders Sensitization of community on peace. DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partners

Capacity building

Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums

Alert late stage

To mitigate potential occurrence of conflict

Three months

Resource based conflict

16 groups 700,000

Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC

Organized community dialog meeting

Alert late stage

To stop potential conflict Three months

Resource based conflict

16 groups 2.5M

110

5.6.3 CONFLICT SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN

Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

LALM1 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

Alarm stage To equip them with skills on peace building and conflict management

Three months Water availability for livestock use and human.

160 pple 1.1M

Community role Mobilization of peace eldesr Sensitization of community on peace. DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partnesr Capacity building

Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums

Alarm stage To mitigate potential occurrence of conflict

Three months Resource based conflict

16 groups 700,000

Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC

Organized community dialog meeting

Alarm stage To stop potential conflict Three months Resource based conflict

16 groups 2.5M

Provision of psychosocial support.

Organize psychosocial support to the most affected population

Alert late stage

To enable the affected population recover from the conflict psychologically.

Three months Conflict 40% of the most affected population

3M Community role Beneficiary’s identification and verification. DMA,KRCS, partners Capacity building

Provision of HH NFI Assessment Alert late stage

To establish the number of HH displaced

Three months Conflict 3000HH 1.2M

Household Non Food Items(HH NFI)

To provide shelter and HH items to displaced families

28.5M

Beneficiaries Verification To ensure that the most needy are targeted by the intended intervention

1.2M

Distribution To provide the displaced HH with NFI

3.6

LALM2 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

Alarm stage To equip them with skills on peace building and conflict management

Three months Water availability for livestock use and human.

160 pple 1.1M

Community role Mobilization of peace eldesr Sensitization of community on peace.

111

• Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums

Alarm stage To mitigate potential occurrence of conflict

Three months Resource based conflict

16 groups 700,000

DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partnesr Capacity building

LELM 1 • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict zones and cross border points using DPC

Organized peace mediation forums

Emergency stage

• To stop potential occurrence of conflict and small arms proliferation at the conflict areas and cross border points.

Three months • Tribal conflict

16 groups

7.5M Community role Mobilization of peace elders Sensitization of community on peace. DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partners • Capacity buildinG

Organized community dialog meeting

112

EW PHASE:RECOVERY Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target

Population Cost (Ksh)

Define roles and responsibility

LREC1 Promotion of inter clan sporting activities.

• Cultural sports week • Recovery stage

• To enhance peaceful coexistence

Three months • Peace 40 groups 6M Community role Mobilization of the community DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partnesr Team building

LREC2 Documentation of best practices and reconstitution of DPC

• Community meetings • Recovery stage

• To share on what worked well and what needs to be improved on

Three months • Peace 16 groups 2M Community role Mobilization of the community DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, partnesr Organizing for forums

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ALERT PHAS 13.4. CONFLICT SECTOR BUDGET

CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

LALT1 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

Workshop 8

137,500

1,100,000

Two workshop in every sub-county

• Organize psychosocial support to the most affected population

• Assessment Missions 4 300000 1,200,000 4 multi sectoral assessments done in critical areas

• HH NFI Kits 9500 3000 28,500,000 3000 HH kits procured and delivered at the FDP

• Beneficiaries Verification Trips 4 300000 1,200,00 Beneficiaries identified for distribution

• Distribution Sites 12 3,600,000 HH NFI distributed to targeted beneficiaries

Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums within the County/Cross border

Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC

Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums within the County/Cross border

Organized community dialog meeting Meetings 16 156,250 2,500,000 Holding 16 structure peace meetings within the county/cross border

Sub Total LAT1 38,300,000

LAT2 Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams

• Organize peace workshop for conflict mitigation teams.

8

137,500

1,100,000

two workshop in every sub-county

114

workshop

• Support conflict warning system

Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums in within the County

• Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC

Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums in within the County

Organized community dialog meeting Meetings 16 156,250 2,500,000 Holding 16 structure peace meetings

within the county/cross border

• Sub Total LAT2 5,000,000

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CONFLICT BUDGET SUMMARY

RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET CODE

Proposed Intervention

Activities

Item

Quantity

Unit Cost

Total Cost

Notes

LREC1 • Promotion of inter clan sporting activities.

Cultural sports week Forums

16 375,000 6,000,000 Peaceful existence among different clan

Sub Total LREC1 6,000,000 LREC2 • Documentation

of best practices and reconstitution of DPC

• Community meetings Meetings

16 2,000,000 Documentation of best practices and lessons

learnt and reconstitution of DPC

Sub Total LREC2 2,000,000

Alert 11,100,000

ALARM 26,000,000

EMERGENCY 28,000,000

RECOVERY 17,200,000

NORMAL 12,000,000

GRAND TOTAL 94,300,000

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5.7 SOCIAL PROTECTION.

5.7.1 DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION

The objective is to ensure effective and well-targeted financial support to those who are most vulnerable during emergency, to protect their lives and livelihoods from chocks. The safety net and cash transfer programme will enhance the capacity of and opportunities for the poor and vulnerable to improve and sustain their lives, livelihoods, and welfare of the beneficiaries and their dependants to maintain a reasonable level of income.

5.7.2 CURRENT INTERVENTIONS

5.7.2.1 Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP II)

HSNP is part of the National Safety Nets Programme which is coordinated by the National Social Protection Secretariat and reflects the Government of Kenya’s commitment to improving social welfare systems as outlined in the National Social protection Policy. The objective of the HSNP is to ensure effective, financially secure and well-targeted use of safety net and cash transfer programme to support some of the most vulnerable.

NDMA which falls under the Ministry of Devolution and Planning is the institutional home of HSNP II through which the Government will support the programme. NDMA will be responsible for the implementation and oversight of the programme and will have support from FSD who will manage the payments component while HelpAge will manage the right and grievances component

5.7.2.2 Relief Operations

Since 2004, the larger Wajir County has been under food aid assistance at varying levels of support based on the prevailing food security situations. Since then various food and non-food interventions have been sustained to enable the communities to access food and recover from the successive shocks and hazards. The initial number of beneficiaries who were targeted by the initial phase of the emergency operation programme in 2004/2005 was 214,107.

During the subsequent phases, the number dropped steadily until the March – August 2006 phase when the number rose gain to 282,981.Thereafter, the number of beneficiaries decreased in the subsequent phases until April 2009 when the figure rose to 176,363, and again in October 2009 when the number increased by 72 percent to 303,000 beneficiaries. Following good performance of short rain, the figure was down scaled to 22%. In April 2013 the figure was further revised down to 143,900 beneficiaries. The current case load stands at 130,000 only.

5.7.2.3 THE CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) PROGRAMME

The Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Programme was launched by the Government of Kenya (GOK) in 2004. The broad objective of the Programme is to strengthen households’ capacities to provide a social protection system through regular cash transfers to families with OVC, in order to encourage fostering and retention of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in

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their families within the communities and to promote their human capital development. The Programme provides regular support to poor households caring for OVCs in programme areas.

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RELIEF FOOD INTERVENTION PLAN

RELIEF FOOD BUDGET

PHASE: EMERGENCY

Proposed intervention

Activities When Objectives Time frame

Trigger Target population

Costs

Define roles and responsibilities

Relief food supplies

Distribute relief food

emergency early stage,

Each household accesses food daily.

3 months

10% of households take one meal per day.

50 % of popilation

50m Community :proper utilization of food Government: procure & distribute food

Development partners: procure & distribute food

Cash Relief and CFW Distribute cash to cover at least 30% of HH basket

Entire emergency and recovery phase

HH access to food from the market while protecting /

creating assets and supporting food martket

At least 8 months

Food relief & HSNP jointly cover only up to 30-50% of HHs and at 70% ration size

30% of HHs

67m Community: appropriate targeting Private sector: cash distribution

Donor (Govern/Donor/NGO: provision of cash

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ALERT PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost (Ksh)

Total cost Notes

5.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of relief food

Purchasing & distribution 337,854,515 1,013,563,545 Ppln=178802

Sub total 1,013,563,545 ALARM PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 4.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of

relief food Purchasing & distribution 443,573,520 1,330,720,560 Ppln=209898

Sub total 1,349,280,560 EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 1.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of

relief food Purchasing & distribution 796,188,370 2,388,565,110

Provision of cash Cash distribution, CFW Conditional and unconditional cash month 68,750,000 550,000,000 Target 20,000

HHs Shadenets 80 300,000 24,000,000 Sub total 2,963,845,110 Grand total 6,050,910,165

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Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage

Threshold Interventions

Prevention of loss of life and livelihood

• Need for scaling up interventions to prevent loss of life or livelihoods

ALARM -Condition of pasture and browse poor to very poor - Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % of young and weak animals reported. -Livestock prices drops by 50% as the livestock brought to the market exceeds the number demanded -Terms of trade drops by 50% as the livestock sector economy declines

-Most shallow well and pans dry up. The malnutrition level at this stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5

-Malnutrition status of pregnant and lactating mothers is MUAC of <25

-The anaemia level at moderate case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl

-Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%,

-Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme

• Scale up the cash transfer from the normal 19,201 beneficiaries who routinely receive the cash transfer under the programme to 30,000 beneficiaries

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- MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period

Prevention of extensive loss of life and livelihood

• Full scale up in order to prevent extensive loss of life or livelihood.

Emergency Livestock prices decreases by 40-60%

Livestock migration becomes extensive

Milk prices increases by 60%

Milk availability and consumption reduces by 60%

Water availability within normal grazing areas diminishes and water tracking increases

Malnutrition rates of children below 5 increases above emergency level (MUAC >20%) and acute malnutrition is >?per cent (Confirm MUAC/GAM)

Animal; body conditions deteriorate substantially (score less than 1.8)

Animal deaths increase substantially (> 20% for all categories);

Terms of trade collapse (less than 50% of seasonal norm)

Coping strategy index of above 4.0

Carry out full scale cash transfer to prevent extensive loss of life or livelihood.

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BUDGET

ACTIVITIES SUB-ACTIVITIES TARGET POPULATION

(QUANTIT)

TARGETED AREAS(SUB-COUNTIES)

QTY UNIT UNIT COST COST (KSH)

Up scaling of cash transfers program

.

Carry out the transfer Payments of t

12,000

households

County wide 12,000 12 2000 288,000,000

Payment, supervision and monitoring

Fuel 6 sub counties 6 125 1200 900,000

Per-diem 6 Sub-Counties 5 50 5000 1,750,000

Total 290,650,000

15.0 GRAND COUNTY CONTINGENCY PLAN BUDGET SUMMARY (ALL SECTORS)

PHASE AMOUNT (KSH)

ALERT 1,547,334,544

ALARM 1,766,656,059

EMERGENCY 3,582.889,310

RECOVERY 651,194,000

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GRAND COUNTY TOTAL 7,548,000,000 6.0 MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION OF CP PROCESS

6.1 Standard Operating Procedures The standard operating procedures outlines the relationships between various stakeholders and structures that are supposed to sustain different levels of interventions throughout the drought cycle. It emphasises, strong relationship among various actors and stakeholders in drought management.

The Government provides leadership through NDMA, while other actors that include, County Governments, INGOs, NGOs, CBOs, and community DRR structures playing their respective roles in mitigating the effects of drought.

The following taskforces and working groups at National, County, Sub-County and Community level will play the overall management and coordination and are critical in successful implementation of the drought contingency plan.

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6.2 Response Taskforces/ Working Groups at all levels

1. NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Provide policy and legal guidelines on integrating DRR into national developmental policies.

• Provide timely and relevant drought information

• Facilitate strengthening of drought preparedness and mitigation structures at all levels.

• Facilitates review and updates of drought contingency plans

• Strengthen community resilience through coordination of medium to long term resilience building programmes (ending drought emergency)

• Strengthen drought information systems.

• Resource mobilization to build the capacities of National, county and communities disaster preparedness teams

• Facilitate inter communities and inter-counties agreements for better natural resources access and control.

• Activate preparedness measures at a very early alert stage

• Stock pile fast moving items and acquiring required human resources

• Repair and maintenance of the available emergency infrastructure.

• Constitute drought rapid assessment teams to collect, analyze and disseminate drought information with clear thresholds

• Ensure early drought response mechanisms by disbursing DCF to the affected counties.

• Coordinate drought response to ensure use of best practices and standards

• Coordinate and provide leadership to KFSM, KFSSG, and sector working groups on emergency response

• Advice the President who in turn declares the drought a national disaster if it reaches beyond set thresholds.

• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction.

• Document lessons learnt and share with other stakeholders for better drought management

2.Kenya Food Security Meeting(KFSM)

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• Strengthen drought management structures

• Strengthen drought information management and sharing mechanisms

• Support community resilience initiatives

• Support DCF and strengthen disbursement mechanism

• Provide updated information on drought status throughout the drought period.

• Continuous vulnerability update

• Monitor drought response activities with a clear focus on mitigating drought effects.

• Support KFSSG on rapid assessments and continuous drought monitoring

• Facilitate and support recovery activities for livelihoods reconstruction.

3.Kenya Food Security Steering Group(KFSSG)

• Support drought management information

• Review and update livelihood zones maps

• Conduct bi-annual food security assessments

• Recommend resilience strategies to KFSM for support.

• Review and update on contingency plans across the counties

• Strengthen drought management structures both at national and local levels through necessary capacity building initiatives.

• Strengthen sector working groups and DISC

• Constitute rapid assessment teams and carry out drought effects assessments

• Provide drought status overview to stakeholders and KFSM

• Prioritize key intervention areas by sector working groups

• Review and recommend targeting levels for support by KFSM

• Provide monitoring and evaluation on drought response through sector working groups.

• Work closely with the county steering groups

• Carry out post drought assessments in collaboration with CSGs

• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction.

4. County Planning Units

• Building on the work of the community, County NDMA and CPUs refine and consolidate the ‘drought management risks’ and map the likely drought progression and impact for each climate and livelihood zone

• In collaboration with NDMA drought response officers, sector working groups of CSG and community DRR structures, the CPUs support the development and updating of drought contingency and resilience plans

• CPUs in collaboration with county NDMA ensure that county contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in

• During a drought the CPUs are part of the rapid teams that carry out rapid food security assessments to update contingency plans in to actions plans for request of DCF

• Continue to update contingency plans based on EW information

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weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the Early warning System

• CPUs with support from NDMA ensure that DRR issues are mainstreamed in the county development planning and resource allocation

4.County Steering Group ( CSG )

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Analysis of exact details of the implications of the warning / ensuring that warnings especially for vulnerable groups are passed through the fastest means of communication and checked for accuracy

• Activation of all response / preparedness teams/ taskforces and clear directions for each ones responsibility spelt out as outlined in contingency plan.

• Carry out capacity assessment of relevant response teams and ensure they are fully trained and aware of their roles and responsibilities as per drought contingency plan

• Collaborate with county NDMA and CPUs to review and update county drought contingency plans before drought onset.

• Monthly (or as necessary) CSG review meetings attended by all government line departments in respect of all drought preparedness/ mitigation activities.

• Facilitate communities to develop and review their contingency plans for mainstreaming in county contingency planning.

• Support resilience initiatives (ending drought emergencies).

• Sustain capacity building to community institutions on drought risk reduction.

• Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in development plans

• Assess the capacity requirements and identify gaps

• Strengthen conflict management initiatives

• Coordinate/ continuously monitor all preparedness/ response activities.

• Policy recommendations to the central government, humanitarian/ development partners, county political leadership, lower local governments, and sectoral emergency response teams based on assessment findings, relief/ rehabilitation needs.

• Provide drought information communication channels

• Strengthen community readiness systems for effective response.

• Develop and adopt targeting framework based on the vulnerability levels.

• Ensure proper coordination of drought response activities for effective and efficient response.

• Ensure timely utilization of DCF for effective and timely response mechanism.

• Provide technical backstopping to community institutions through sector working groups.

• Monitor and evaluate response activities and identify associated impacts

• Identify and focus on drought hot spots.

• Develop comprehensive drought response plan in cooperating multi-hazard approach(Conflict management initiatives)

• Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in development plans

• Continuous coordination of activities to provide sustainable means of livelihood to most vulnerable communities.

• Strengthening of disaster management structures at all levels.

• Document lessons learnt during the drought period for improvements in future droughts.

• Facilitate interventions that enhance livelihoods recovery.

• Facilitate community institutions to review and draw lessons learnt for better drought response

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5. Community disaster risk reduction structures (at division/ward level)

• Carry out community participatory drought risk reduction assessment and identify the most vulnerable groups

• Establish and strengthen drought risk reduction committees at village level

• Facilitate community process for review and update of drought risk reduction and contingency plans.

• Play a lead role in drought risk reduction measures planning and implementation.

• Navigate communities to resilience through medium and long term strategies

• Conduct community awareness on drought risk reduction campaigns

• Sustain resource mobilization within the community and from their development supporters

• Strengthen conflict management initiatives

• Facilitate intra and inter community agreements development.

• Stockpile food, and equipments for drought period

• Provide necessary linkages for resilience especially with county governments.

• Identify the most vulnerable households and individuals for targeting through relief and safety net programs

• Contribute to disseminate information on drought status and response

• Coordinate drought response interventions at cluster or villages levels through sector committees

• Work in collaboration with CSG in monitoring and evaluating the drought response activities.

• Facilitate awareness creation to the community to actively participate drought response activities for effective mitigation efforts.

• Work with sector working groups to develop sector rosters for various organized interventions.

• Facilitate recovery of livelihoods.

• Coordinate implementation of recovery initiatives at the community level

6.Drought information management teams (KFSSG and CSG working groups)

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Conduct bi-annual drought assessments

• Continue updates on livelihoods zones review and mapping

• Prepare and update vulnerability mapping, if there be any change in classification of areas shown in the map prepared for disaster affected areas.

• Disseminate drought warning alerts to all relevant stakeholders and communities.

• In case of warning that the drought has abated/ conditions

• Closely monitor disaster progress.

• Continuous flow of information to the CSG/KFSSG relevant stakeholders and communities on latest details.

• Provide regular drought vulnerability updates to the stakeholders

• Strengthen community early warning institutions and information dissemination channels at community

• Continuous monitoring of weather situation / information dissemination.

• Compilation/ dissemination of drought trend for future reference/ planning.

• Identify and facilitate post drought information for purposes of livelihoods

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have changed course, information should be immediately shared with all relevant stakeholders and the communities.

• Strengthen drought early warning information collection, analysis, sharing and dissemination mechanisms

• Capacity builds drought information stakeholders for better drought information management.

• Strengthen traditional drought early warning system

level. reconstruction

7.Public relations and communication team (NDMA drought information and CSG information sector group)

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Work closely with drought information management team and visit to drought affected areas.

• Assessment of publicity requirements of the affected areas depending on extent of drought vulnerability in the county.

• Develop communication policy and framework for drought information management with clear objectives.

• Mobilize all required logistics for publicity works.

• Keep close liaison with county governments and all concerned heads of departments, sector working groups and community disaster management committees for giving advance publicity.

• Train and capacity build other stakeholders on effective communication strategies at all levels.

• Develop and disseminate resilience building messages.

• Maintain close liaison with the local press and all media heads stationed in the national and local levels.

• Alert all relevant stakeholders on the warning and maintain close contact with county governments.

• Check personnel and equipment and arrange publicity through available means regarding drought status.

• As part of the rapid assessment teams visit drought affected areas and ascertain publicity requirements.

• Deploy fully equipped publicity units in affected areas.

• Issue relevant press messages by all available means, timely and regularly.

• Frequently visit drought affected areas to ensure effectiveness of communication mechanisms.

• Restore equipments and tools.

• Arrange for publicity materials in consultation with concerned departments on necessary post drought and recovery publicity needs.

• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning.

• Collect and disseminate drought mitigation good practices adopted by communities and share across other stakeholders.

8.Food items coordination teams

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Coordination meeting of stockiest is held every quarter and levels of emergency supplies by each stockiest (relief food, water, medicines, vaccines etc) are updated in the data base.

• Plan awareness campaign strategy before the drought onset in terms of

• Inter sectoral coordination/ coordination as well as ensure that coordination with NGOs is complete and each NGO is aware of their areas of operations and level of participation.

• Compilation of a multi sectoral post disaster report starting from disaster season , disaster and post disaster period bringing out all aspects of

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warning dissemination procedures, food stockpiling.

• Issue warning to the sectoral emergency focal points to check their response mechanisms, materials and equipments as per checklist and in accordance with drought contingency plan aligning with needs assessment.

• Meeting with emergency team focal points to review mitigation/ response requirements and minimum resources/ logistics required for each sectoral response.

• Support community resilience initiatives through promotion of livelihoods diversification options

• Build capacity of relief food value chain actors

• Strengthen community relief committees

• Strengthen FFA activities to bridge between general relief operations.

• Update and review targeting levels as per the food security assessments

• Mobilization of relevant stakeholders and stocking of resources for relief programs.

• Regular review meetings with line departments and emergency response teams/ taskforces.

• Ensure continuous flow of information and national authorities/ CSG / drought response teams are kept informed of latest details.

• Increase targeting levels considering the vulnerability levels

• Coordinate both relief and safety net programs in drought affected areas.

• Establish and strengthen the necessary logistics arrangement for timely relief food operations.

• Basic trainings to relief committees on food commodities handling

• Monitor the quality of distributed food to avert incidences of food toxicities e.g. aflotoxicies

• Train households on basic food utilization (preparation of supplementary feeds)

preparedness, response, restoration, rehabilitation , detailed causes of damages, casualties and deficiencies to support in future planning.

• Provision of relief seed for early planting in crop production areas

• Facilitate recovery and livelihoods reconstruction

9. Conflict management teams

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)

During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)

• Map all conflict hot spots and develop strategies to address long term conflict management initiatives

• Facilitate intra and inter communities land uses agreements to minimize friction among user groups during drought periods.

• Disseminate information on mapped conflicts hot spot to all stakeholders and county governments.

• Collect all intelligence information of all important matter pertaining to the drought warning and pass correct information to

• Keep watch over the drought situation particularly in livestock concentration areas that are conflicts hotspots.

• Keep in readiness available personnel for community policing.

• Provisions to be made to dispatch force rapid response personnel as and when required.

• Ensure security of drought affected communities and their livelihoods.

• Maintenance of law and order.

• Detail security personnel for guarding relief materials and at the time of distribution of relief items.

• Work in liaison with county governments and the CSG.

• Facilitate access to inaccessible areas and facilities for effective drought response

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the county governments and relevant stakeholders.

• Strengthen the county peace committees to integrate conflict management into planning.

• Facilitate community resilience through livelihoods diversifications

10.Rapid assessment team

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Training of team members on assessment modalities.

• In collaboration with line departments, develop an appropriate assessment tool that should be presented to the KFSSG and CSG for approval.

• Draft an assessment work plan.

• Mobilize all necessary assessment resources/ logistics.

• Participate in drought contingency plans updates

• Carry out initial rapid assessments/draft assessment report within 24 hours.

• Present assessment report to the KFSSG and CSG clearly highlighting extent of damage, required responses.

• Arrange / conduct multi sectoral detailed assessments of damages, casualties, resource shortfalls.

• Develop and maintain inventories of drought affected assets and individuals

• Provide essential data for targeting and timely response

• Arrange/ carry out multi sectoral post drought assessments.

• Provide necessary data for lessons learnt documentation.

11. Human health response teams

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage)

During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage)

Post Disaster(Recovery)

HEALTH

• Enhance human diseases surveillance mechanisms at all levels.

• Visit the generally drought affected areas on the basis of vulnerability

• Prepare a list of health facilities located in the area

• Alert all doctors and paramedical staff on receipt of warning.

• Check personnel, equipment and medical stores and upgrade where necessary.

• Arrange for necessary vehicles, ambulances in consultation with the district administration/

• Restore equipment and stores.

• Repair or replace damaged equipments.

• Arrange for disposal of utilized medicines and disinfectants.

• Strengthen community disease surveillance mechanisms

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• Prepare a list and contacts of medical personnel/ paramedics already available in the area and the projected number of additional personnel of each category that may be required in each of the areas in case of acute drought conditions.

• Prepare a list of medical personnel and paramedical staff of different categories that can be withdrawn from their places of work and their services utilized for emergency relief work.

• Ensure that adequate stock of medicines, vaccines and disinfectants likely to be necessary are kept at the county and sub-county health facilities.

• Keep ready materials for establishing an isolation unit for each of the very vulnerable areas.

• Arrange for mobilizing at short notice medical relief teams.

• Prepare a detailed plan for utilizing the doctors and staff from other health organization in the district if so required.

• Sustain community awareness campaigns to reduce drought related diseases

• Take measures for prevention of epidemic and arrange vaccinations against drought prone epidemics.

district health team.

• Immediately visit the affected areas.

• Start measures for health relief in the affected area through mobile clinics.

• Make immediate arrangements for temporary/ mobile clinics if necessary.

• Decide immediately on isolation of certain patients, if necessary and arrange for isolation wards.

• Frequently visit the drought affected areas and ensure effectiveness of health measures.

11.1 Nutrition

Pre- disaster During/ Post Disaster

• Activate/ Operationalize nutrition surveillance systems.

• Make arrangements for mobile units for maternal and child welfare centres in vulnerable areas if necessary.

• Draw up nutrition program for children under 5 years and expectant/ nursing mothers in drought prone areas.

• Alert personnel on receipt of drought warning and keep constant touch with health teams and that of food sector.

• Ensure that vulnerable groups received at supplementary / TFC are properly taken care of.

• Ensure adequate supplies for nutrition programs.

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• Assess requirements and make arrangements for supplementary feeding /therapeutic feeding

• Community awareness on basic nutrition skills

• Enhancing communities’ resilience through household food diversification options.

12. Water hygiene, and sanitation team

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Visit the generally drought affected areas.

• Assess measures likely to be required for safe water supply in those areas.

• Prepare list of WASH personnel already available and the number of additional personnel that may be required in each area.

• Prepare list of WASH personnel that may be withdrawn from other areas to be used for relief work.

• Put arrangements in place for deployment of public health education teams at county and sub county levels for hygiene and sanitation awareness campaign work.

• Ensure adequate stock of equipment and materials for emergency response/ preposition in appropriate places.

• Stockpile fast moving spare parts for boreholes and other water sources

• Stockpile water treatment agents for ease of access during drought period

• Train and equip the water resource user associations with basic skills and equipments

• Draw up tentative program of action

• Alert lower local government authorities on receipt of drought warning.

• Visit the affected areas immediately along with public health education team.

• Assess extent of water supply measures required and deploy necessary staff.

• Constantly visit the drought affected areas and ensure adequate safe water supply measures for both domestic and livestock requirements.

• Provide fuel subsidies for motorized water sources

• Identify areas with acute water shortages for targeting in water trucking with clear populations and needs.

• Other measures as per the Kenyan public health act.

• Restore tools and equipments

• Repair or replace damaged tools and equipments.

• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning.

• Re-train water user associations for effective water resource management.

13.Crop and Livestock drought response teams

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

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13.I Crop

• Based on meteorological reports, and biophysical EWS indicators, advice the season with below normal rains and advice suitable crop varieties and cropping patterns.

• Assessment of acreage under crops and number of farmers to be affected in each of the areas.

• Assessment of requirements of seeds and tools for drought recovery.

• Stockpile the right drought tolerant crop varieties for ease of access by farmers

• Alert all relevant stakeholders / community on receipt of warning.

• Draw a tentative program for emergency relief work.

• Render technical guidance to farmers for salvage and protection of surviving crops and rising of such varieties of crops as may be suitable during the season/ in the next planting season.

• Arrange for spraying of pesticides if necessary.

• Constantly visit the affected areas to ensure effectiveness if agricultural relief and rehabilitation measures.

• Implementation of agricultural livelihood restorative activities.

• Disposal of undistributed agricultural relief supplies that cannot be used beyond that particular period.

• Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support future planning

I3.2 Livestock

Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Assess requirements of veterinary measures to be under taken in the affected areas and arrange for required staff, equipments, vet drugs, vaccines etc and materials for opening first aid centres and dispensaries.

• Assessment of / make necessary arrangements for access to dry season grazing areas/ water for livestock.

• Mobilize veterinary teams at the county and sub county level for livestock sector response.

• Arrange for prevention of wide spread of epizootics.

• Establish and maintain the necessary infrastructure

• Capacity building activities for pastoral groups on livestock production.

• Sustain access to livestock extension services by pastoral groups.

• Alert all relevant stakeholders / pastoralists on receipt of warning.

• Draw up tentative program for mass vaccinations and treatment.

• Visit drought affected areas immediately with veterinary relief team and start relief measures.

• Arrange with help of district authorities relocation of livestock to refuge grazing areas.

• Constantly visit the livestock concentration areas and ensure effectiveness of vaccinations and treatments undertaken.

• Carry out livestock off-takes to cushion pastoralists against losses

• Support provision of livestock feeds and supplements

• Restore tools and equipments/ repair/replace damaged equipment.

• Arrange for disposal of balance medicines or replenish stock of medicines and stores.

• Take steps for repair of damaged veterinary facilities.

• Establish and strengthen community institutions as a readiness mechanism.

• Review and update development plans on livestock sector with focus on breeds improvement

• Monitor livestock market trends and advice pastoralists the right time for destocking

• Enhance communities’ livelihoods diversification options.

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• Prepare veterinary map showing veterinary service areas and livestock population covered by each of the institution.

• Arrange for short/ refresher trainings for veterinary medical care and prevention of epizootics for veterinary staff/ community animal health workers.

• Arrange for sufficient materials for public awareness.

• Train and support hides and skins groups on leather and tannery

• Provide necessary veterinary services in key markets to sustain livestock trade.

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7.0 ANNEXES

PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND (DCF)

DCF Business Process

Based on the new devolution process, this business process refers to county level structures, i.e. county, sub-county and division/ward. The DSG is replaced with the County Steering Group (CSG), which is a sub-committee of the County Development Committee and is mandated to coordinate various stakeholders involved in food security. A County Planning Unit (CPU) is involved in the planning process including mainstreaming of DRR and preparation of contingency plans, under the support of the County NDMA Office (CNDMA), which is a branch office of the NDMA.

• The three drought response management systems of: contingency planning, early warning and drought contingency fund management shall be interlinked, so as to ensure the coherence of outputs from all of them.

• Drought response activities are specific initiatives triggered by the stages of the drought cycle signalled by the EWS. Interventions are identified for each stage, and activities are implemented depending on five drought-warning stages based on drought monitoring data i.e. (i) normal, (ii) alert, (iii) alarm,(iv) emergency and (v) recovery warning stages.

• Comprehensive, multi-sectoral Contingency (shelf) Plans are prepared and activated for rapid reaction to the early warning. They cover necessary interventions at each phase of drought (alert, alarm, emergency and recovery) together with detailed budget for each activity

• The early warning information is used to determine the drought status in a given area.

• Applications for NDCF funds are supported by detailed contingency plans and budgets that are mapped to each warning phase;

• The parameters for early warning phase classification (normal, alarm, alert and emergency) are embedded in the early warning database so as to ensure consistent determination of status across the ASAL region.

• Relevant baseline data on such aspects as population size, water resources, nutrition status, etc, will be captured into the livelihood zone database so that it may serve as a basis for activity planning.

• The outcomes of the early warning activities should inform and be used to update the contingency action plans. • Comprehensive drought response intervention implementation plans and budgets that are

linked to contingency plan and clearly demonstrate expected impact of interventions must be submitted together with the funds request.

• The costing of interventions must be subject to standards costing rates that are already embedded in the contingency planning model.

• The funds requisition must be a computer generated document that summarises the implementation plan and budget.

• Information on disbursement process, implementation and reporting must be stored in web-based software (DCF business process)

The proposed drought response and fund disbursement model is summarised in the following tables.

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Table 3: Contingency Planning and Funds Requisition Model

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DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PROCESS (summary)

Proposed Drought Contingency Process

Long-term developmental priorities identified by the community are validated by the county officers representing key sectors at the county and referred to the relevant CPU for inclusion into the County Integrated Development Plans

A process initiated by the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) and coordinated by the Technical KFSSG and County Steering Group (CSG) at the county level map out each of the districts into climate and livelihood zones. (This is

Building on the work of the community, County NDMA and CPU refine and consolidate the ‘drought management risks and map the likely drought progression and impact for each climate

Division/ward drought vulnerability reports are consolidated into a sub-county report and enriched by the county team to fully reflect historical data and weather projections. Actions proposed by the community are categorised between developmental (long term) and emergency

(d h i l )

Division/ward development committees are facilitated by -County NDMA and County Planning Unit (CPU) to identify factors that render the community vulnerable to drought and the impact of such drought on the community health and livelihoods, prioritise them and propose both developmental and emergency responses. This allows mainstreaming DRR

The approved county contingency plans are sent to the NDMA. The NDMA reviews contingency plans and consolidate them into a national drought contingency plans which is submitted to the Board of Directors (BoD) for approval (NDCF)

A comprehensive and costed action plan that responds to each of these scenarios is then put together. Types and quantities of required materials are also specified.

This information is then consolidated and used to draw up a county drought contingency plan that indicates required actions and projected costs (use of contingency planning software to standardise the plans). Contingency plans are

d d l ( d h )

The contingency plans are submitted to the County Steering Group (CSG) for review and

The expected impact of the projected drought risks on the human and animal population at each drought phase is identified and the required response specified, in each instance. The size of the population (human and animal) that is likely to be impacted is also projected, based on the historical data and

National contingency plan and budget are also updated as needed to reflect information from the early warning status.

County contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the E l i S t

Requirements for the drought contingency funds are set and communicated to the Board of Trustees of the

The NDCF consolidates the funding requirements into a projected drought management budget for inclusion

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Early Warning Process

The sentinel sites that are established at the locational/sub-locational level serve as the centre points of drought surveillance

The CDC consults with the Technical County Steering Group (TCSG) and obtains their input on the findings.

The Data Analyst captures the data in the Early Warning System Database, analyses the information and generates reports. These reports are referred

A summary of findings and proposed actions (drought preparedness and response) is compiled and forwarded to community DRR structures and ward-level county offices for transmission to the

The Field Monitor visits each sentinel site once a month to collect data from each household and selected groups of key informants while the drought information officer visits each site once a month to collect completed forms and validates the results by carrying out interviews of

The authority sends copies of the bulletin to Ministry HQs to inform action planning by the Ministries.

If the early warning process reveals a drought situation, it triggers a rapid food assessment to confirm the status on the ground. This is done by the County team and in some cases by both counties and national teams

Discussions at TCSG level take note of and highlight any potential or existing food security issues for action. This information is then used to generate a County

The CDM presents the report to the CSG which validates it using its own information regarding the food security status within the County and finalises the Food

The bulletin is submitted to the NDMA. Concurrently, copies are made and distributed to the Line Ministries at the County and other

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Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process

The NDMA then consolidates the reports from the various counties to a national drought early warning b ll ti d di t ib t th t ll t k h ld

140

Fund Reporting Process

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On a monthly basis, or at the end of the intervention, if earlier, all ministries and/or departments that are recipients of drought contingency funds submit comprehensive implementation and expenditure reports to the CDC. Such reports include:

• The area of intervention.

• The nature of the interventions, e.g provision of water, food, vaccination, etc.

• The number of beneficiaries (both human and livestock)

• The amount expended per activity

• The stage of implementation – whether complete or partial

Financial & Implementation reports are submitted to the funding agencies/bodies

The NDMA reviews the County implementation reports, carries out sample audit as required and consolidate them into a national report. The report is then submitted to

The CDC compiles a consolidated report for the county on this basis and the County NDMA finance manager carries out a reconciliation exercise and ensures that all funds disbursed are accounted for. The report highlights key issues and indicates required actions going forward. Funding requirements for the next month are reconfirmed; the report is submitted to the NDMA.

The NDCF reviews the County Financial reports, carry out sample audit as required, and consolidate them into a national report. The report is then submitted to the Board of Trustees.

The CDC carries out physical inspection of the implementation activities by way of validating the reports submitted by the County Sector heads.

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Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages

5

6

3

4

2

1

Contingency Fund

• When a deteriorating situation persists the CMC will request funding based on the plan defined at the contingency planning stage.

• The requisition of funds must be accompanied by The Contingency Plan, Early Warning Bulletin and the Rapid needs Assessment Report.

Rapid needs Assessment

• Rapid needs Assessment are conducted to ascertain the food security after an early warning bulletin reports a deteriorating situation.

• They are coordinated by the NDMA Headquarters with the participation of county officers.

• The results are published in a food security report by the NDMA

Early Warning Process

• Early Warning monitoring are carried out monthly through the year.

• Early warning is guided by the prescribed drought status definition criteria (Normal/Alert/Alarm/Emergency/Recovery).

• Measurements are taken of indicators to establish if they have exceed the set thresholds to necessitate a drought status change

Contingency Planning

• Contingency plans are standardized & developed via the CP software

• The contingency planning process assesses the expected Drought Status, risk of food insecurity and scale of impact on livelihoods.

• Objective criteria for determining drought status and risk are pre-defined.

• For each drought status and risk category: (Normal (low risk) / Alert (moderate risk) / Alarm (high risk) / Emergency a set of actions, expected impacts and their corresponding costs are put in place.

• The plan is approved, first by the CSG and secondly by the NDMA.

• The plans are developed at county/sub county level

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Drought Contingency Process Linkage Details

Arrow Number

Stage Action

1 Contingency Plan to Early Warning

• The contingency plan is the first stage in the drought Contingency process. • The starting point in contingency planning is to build scenarios and expected

impacts of hazard, in this case drought, in each scenario. For example, what would be the impact of drought on livelihoods at Alarm / alert stage. This assumes no on-going interventions).

• Baseline information on county/sub-county is collected and prepared separately.

2 Early Warning To Contingency Plan

• Early Warning Assessment monitors the ‘drought’ status of the target area, using the prescribed criteria. The intent is to determine what action if any is required.

• The results inform the contingency planning process allows for the contingency plan to be updated in response to significant changes in anticipated/projected status.

• Related information such as impact, actions and costs are also updated.

3 Early Warning To Rapid Assessment

• If the Early Warning Assessment indicates a deteriorating situation, then it triggers a Rapid food Assessment within the county

• This assessment unlike that of the Early warning is conducted and coordinated by the NDMA Head office; with county teams acting as key participants.

4 Rapid Assessment To Contingency Plan

• The contingency plan is further updated to reflect the outcomes of the rapid food assessment.

5 Contingency Plan To Contingency Fund

• If the rapid food assessment confirms the requirements for an intervention, notification is sent to the NDMA, and an intervention plan is prepared and costed, making reference to the contingency plan, the early warning bulletin & the rapid food assessment report.

• A requisition form is completed. • The requisition, together with the documents referred to above is submitted to the

NDMA. • The NDMA reviews & approves the requisition and submits to NDDCF for action. • Any variations from the approved Contingency plan must be clearly justified based

on the findings in the Early Warning bulletin and Rapid food Assessment reports.

6 Contingency Fund To Contingency Plan

• After the situation has been contained the next years contingency plan is updated to reflect the lessons learnt, from the previous interventions.

• Reports are submitted accounting for the funds and who they have been utilized • Monitoring and Evaluation Reports are submitted detailing nature of Intervention

and the Impact achieved.

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EXAMPLE OF INTERVENTION ACTIVITY FORM

Reference Number T-LALT1 Goal Objectives and Expected Impact of Proposed Contingency Activity

The Goal and Objectives are...

1. Reduce animal population to a level that can be sustained by the remaining grazing areas and water and water availability

2. Provide income to pastoralists

Sector Livestock

Title of Intervention Activation of preparedness measures for supporting commercial off-take through provision of subsidies

Implementation Modalities and Timeframes

The following activities will be carried out:

- Organise workshop to plan activation of livestock off-take and set subsidies

- Alert communities

Implementation Agency Ministry of Livestock Development and VSF Belgium

Justification The ministry of livestock and VSF Belgium have experience in carrying out these activities

Strategy to Ensure Longer Term Sustainability of the Intervention

Investments in livestock marketing to improve infrastructure and information dissemination

Environmental Issues None

Project Area Wajir Agro- Pastoral Livelihood Zone

Gender Concerns Target female headed households whenever possible (ownership of mature animals with fair body conditions)

Estimated Number of Beneficiaries 350,000 sheep and 30,000 cattle

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Criteria for Selection of Beneficiaries The following criteria was used for the selection of beneficiaries

1. Herders with mature animals

2. Fair animal body conditions

Detail Budget Item Qty Unit Cost Line Total

Workshop 2 250,000 500,000

Organise barazas 25 50,000 1,250,000

Radio broadcasting

20 45,000 900,000

Maintenance of holding grounds

lumpsum

4,500,00 4,500,000

Criteria for Triggering of Contingency Activity

Criteria for Triggering of the Contingency Activity was

1. Declaration of Alert Status from the Early warning Assessment

2. SPI between -084 and -1.27

3. Negative weather forecast

Total 9,800,000

Procurement Procedures NDMA procedures through the procurement committee

Funding From other Sources

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Socio-economic Information

The following factors were identified to be the main cause of socio-economic challenges in the County:

• Resource based conflicts

• Migration and displacement

• High food prices

• Crop failure

• Livestock diseases

• Deteriorating water and pasture conditions

• Poor infrastructure

• Bush fires

• High unemployment rate

• Frequent drought

• High poverty level

• Predation and human-wildlife conflict

• Environmental degradation

• Mushrooming settlements

Stakeholders Analysis

These can be developed at local/community level of planning and at the management level/County. At all levels stakeholder analysis should be able to identify the key stakeholders and their specific roles and location.

s/n Name of Organization Specific roles/Services County contact Remarks/additional

comments 1 Kenya Red Cross Society NFI, shelter, WASH, Livelihood Maurice Onyango 2 NDMA Coordination of drought and food security,

Drought information, Drought response, Building long term resilience, Knowledge management.

A. M. Farah 0721443324

3 APHIA plus IMARISHA Health, Nutrition. WASH, Livelihood, OVC/HBC, Education.

Abdi Issack Yarrow

4 DPA HSNP right protection, Animal health, Advocacy and governance

Nurdin Abdi 0722377355

5 Aldef- Kenya Food Aid, Governance and advocacy, Education, livelihood, Nutrition, WASH,

Diyad m Hujale 0722287359

6 WASDA Food Aid, Governance and advocacy, Education, livelihood, Nutrition, WASH, Cross-border

7 UN-World Food Programme

Relief programmes (PRRO), supply of tools, equipments and other non-food items for implementation of the programme.

IkenyKpua 0707724300

8 CARITAS Disaster risk reduction., WASH StyversKathuni

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Wajir County Drought Contingency Plan Preparation Process

Wajir County Contingency Plan preparation process involved initial CSG sensitization on the contingency plan, preparation of six individual Sub-counties contingency plans. Consolidation of the sub-counties contingency plans into draft county contingency plan, validation of the draft county contingency plan by the six sub-counties and final approval of the draft contingency plan by the CSG. Below is the table showing activities, dates, locations and the number of participants in the contingency plan preparation process.

Activity Location Date Forum No. of participant Initial CSG sensitization meeting on contingency plan

County 17/1/2014 CSG 30

Preparation of the six sub –county contingency plans.

Wajir West sub-county 20-21/1/2014 Sub-CSG 29 Eldas 22-23/1/2014 Sub-CSG 23 Wajir North 24-25/1/2014 Sub-CSG 24 Tarbaj 26-27/1/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir South 28-29/1/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir East 30-31/1/2014 Sub-CSG 30

Consolidation of sub county contingency plan

Habaswein 11-14/2/2014 CSG 41

Validation of draft County contingency plan by sub counties

Wajir West sub-county 17-18/2/2014 Sub-CSG 20 Eldas 19-20/2/2014 Sub-CSG 23 Wajir North 21-22/2/2014 Sub-CSG 24 Tarbaj 23-24/2/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir South 25-26/2/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir East 27/28/2/2014 30

Final approval by CSG

0726396587 9 KAPAP Supply and capacity building on crops and

livestock production activities through the value chain approach e.g. citrus, poultry

Muktar Abdi

10 OXFAM- GB DRR, market strengthening, Mohamed Mursal 0710600938

11 Save The C children MCH, nutrition, DRR, market strengthening and Health system strengthening

Beatrice Otieno

12

UNICEF Health, Education, Harriet Hamale 0739788377

13 MercyCORPS AbdikarimDaud 071442396

15 Wajir Peace Peace building and conflict resolution, education, shelter, livelihood

Abdi Billow 0723266332

16 DLMC Livestock marketing information Kaltuma Abdullahi 0723143068

17 Islamic Relief Livelihood, Nutrition, WASH Elvis Okoth 0724939884

18 ADESO-REGAL-IR Livelihoods, NRM, Value addition Abdinasir 0724613113