NATIONAL, AMERICAN, & GROUP

IDENTITYAP US HISTORY REVIEW

Matthew Park & Michael Yoon

THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

NAT-1.0: Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.

NAT-2.0: Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.

NAT-4.0: Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.

NAT-3.0: Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States.

PERIOD 1: 1491-1607

PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA

- Indigenous peoples in the Americas adapted to their diverse environments, forming distinct cultures and civilizations.

- In North America, complex political systems were not prevalent as in South America. Most regions were divided into tribal communities and settlements.

- Tribes east of the Mississippi River were often linked by common linguistic roots.

- Alliances among different native societies were fragile, as most indigenous people did not identify themselves as members of a single civilization.

PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA

- Geography and climate heavily influenced the developments of these macro-cultures.

- Many natives identified with their independent tribes and kinship ties, but religion and social customs were important to all.

- Men and women often played different social roles, as men hunted and gathered resources while women tended to their families and prepared food.

- Throughout much of American history, native groups maintained their distinct tribal identities.

- Their identities were challenged with the rise of European colonialism and westward expansion.

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

- European nationalism and desires to expand resulted in the colonization of the Americas.

-- Europeans began to conquer the Americas,

bringing technologies, disease, culture, religion, and more. This resulted in the development of a new colonial class ruling over the indigenous Americans.

-- The battle between European and native

identities led to intense and violent conflicts.

PERIOD 2: 1607-1754

PERIOD 2: 1607-17541. The American colonies were founded by British people fleeing

persecution and seeking new opportunities

2. Living in the colonies resulted in the development of the ideas of individual liberty, democracy, religious freedom, and economic opportunities.

3. Colonists still identified as English people.

PERIOD 2 — KEY CONCEPTS

2.1.II.

In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

2.2.I.

Transatlantic, commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

During the 17th century, British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with

regional differences that reflected the varying environmental, demographic,

economic, and cultural factors. People in these colonies developed distinct

identities.

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES - Great Migration: approximately 16k Puritans sought escape from religious persecution in England, spread Christianity and formed new religious identity in the New England colonies

-- Pilgrims founded Plymouth (after leaving

Church of England/Separatists), emphasized “group identity”

-- Rhode Island established by Roger

Williams for religious toleration/ secularism, believed in friendly interactions w/ natives, small towns/family farms (base unit) and mixed agricultural/commercial economy

MIDDLE COLONIES- cultivated cereal crops (ex. wheats, oats),

attracted European migrants and cities had broad cultural/ethnic/religious diversity

-- Quakers: faced religious persecution in

England and emphasized connection to God w/ “inner light,” permitted women to openly participate in religious services

-- “Holy Experiment” of Pennsylvania:

established by William Penn and sought to enact Quaker ideals (religious tolerance, abolition of slavery, Native relations)

CHESAPEAKE COLONIES & NORTH CAROLINA

- beginnings of tobacco cultivation with new demands during the early 1600s, white indentured servants labored and formed a new class in the colonies

-- chattel/traditional slavery began as slaves

were being used as property and lacked any basic human rights

-- status of slavery was imposed upon birth

and freedom only possible through owners or by buying — lower status and new identity

-- largely controlled by an elite planter

aristocracy

The British Atlantic colonies were granted a degree of autonomy from

the royal government, leading to new self-governing, democratic

institutions and the formation of independent colonial identities.

ex. House of Burgesses w/ elite planters having control in South,

town meetings/votes in New England

RELIGION & PHILOSOPHIES

First Great Awakening

- Evangelical religious movement which swept America in the 18th and 19th centuries in which began shortly after the arrival of European settlers in the early 1700’s

- This revival produced ideas that opposed the notion of a single truth or a single church

- New denominations led to a unifying drive that helped create a “national consciousness”

- Great Awakening led to the divisions of congregations between the “New Light” (revivalists) and “Old Light” (traditionalists)

The Enlightenment

- Intellectual movement that celebrated scientific inquiry and human reason and believed reason could advance knowledge rather than faith

-- Encouraged people to look at themselves

and not God for guidance since humans have a moral sense of right and wrong

-- Most American Enlightenment ideas were

taken from European philosophers (John Locke) and later Americans such as Thomas Paine and Benjamin Franklin made contributions to the Enlightenment era

THE SPIRIT OF REBELLIONBACON’S REBELLION of 1676 PUEBLO REVOLT of 1680 LEISLER’S REBELLION STONO REBELLION of 1739

VIRGINIA COLONY

NATHANIEL BACON,GOVERNOR BERKELEY

CAUSES: land shortages + conflicts w/ natives on frontiers, unaddressed by elite/ colonial government

EFFECTS: Jamestown burned + Bacon died/ Berkeley removed from office, planters turned from indentured servants to more slaves

SPANISH MEXICO

NATIVE AMERICANS, SPANISH, the POPE

CAUSES: Spanish efforts to Christianize natives, encomienda system

EFFECTS: Spanish displaced from region, new Catholic reforms for treatment of the natives, Spain weakened + soon lost lands to Mexican independence leaders

NEW YORK COLONY, 1689-1691

Jacob Leisler, Colonial Governor, King James II

CAUSES: class tensions (royal/elite/mid/lower), resented King’s policies

EFFECTS: Leisler had temporary government + soon became tyrannical by jailing political opponents, executed

SOUTH CAROLINA

SLAVE OWNERS, 60-100 SLAVES

CAUSES: Spain’s proclamation of FL slaves being free + instability/harsh conditions

EFFECTS: uprising by the slaves w/ deaths on both sides, harsh slave codes and laws passed, ultimately unsuccessful

ESSAY PROMPT !Evaluate the extent to which a sense of identity

and unity contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostered change within the American

colonies from the years 1607 to 1776.

PERIOD 3: 1754-1800

LEADING UP TO REVOLUTION

- British attempts to assert tighter control over the colonies was met with protest from the colonists who had experienced and now advocated for self-governance

- 18th CE imperial struggles + attempts to tax colonists at higher rates led to calls for direct representation and resistance against British

- new popular movements such as political activism for laborers/artisans/women + increasing American colonial patriotism

- ideologies of Enlightenment/individualism also flourishing which contributed to new independence struggle

- ex. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” called for new national identity for the colonies

- Parliament’s aggression towards the colonists drew differences in the social, political, and economic identities of the colonial people

DURING THE WAR

- Loyalists: supported British efforts to retain control over the American colonies, often viewed as defenders of the British + had business/political ties

- Patriots: wide range of backgrounds + formed the Continental Army, sought independence and to maintain identity as Americans (not British colonial subjects)

- Slaves: “whiteness became a national identity” + reinforced sense of race as an identity, denoted a servile status w/ intense class/ethnic tensions

- Women: placed some important roles on the homefront/boycotts, still largely discriminated against and oppressed

FOLLOWINGREVOLUTION

- upon winning their independence, Americans sought legal protections for their individual liberties and to limit excessive/centralized power

- ex. Articles of Confederation formed the 1st national government yet was too weak/caused difficulties

- many Anti-Federalists called for the creation of a Bill of Rights, enumerating the people’s liberties and essential rights

- Constitutional Convention of 1787: created new founding documents that articulated the role of governments while enumerating people’s rights

- Republican ideals flourished w/ new awareness of societal inequalities, called for abolition of slavery and increased political democracies in government

- women depicted as ideal of “republican motherhood,” popular sentiment calling for active education of republican values within the household

1. French Revolutiona. Problems over free trade and foreign policies

i. George Washington: decided to stay neutral during the French Revolution (became America’s policy toward European conflict for a long time) and his Farewell Address encouraged the nation to not get involved in political factions and European conflicts

2. British and Spanish presencea. Different nations on America’s borders led to the United States forging diplomatic

initiatives to protect its citizensb. Undermined America’s ability to safeguard the borders, promote economic

interests, and maintain neutral trading rights

BEYONDTHE REVOLUTION

POPULAR REBELLIONS1. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763): Confederation of OH Valley tribes fought against the British government,

natives feared colonists would colonize/take over the OH region + resulted in numerous deaths/Proclamation of 1763

2. Paxton Boys (1764): disgruntled frontiersmen as Quakers (pacifists) refused to fight against the Native Americans + use of force/warfare to resolve conflicts — especially against the natives

3. Boston Tea Party (1773): reaction to the Tea Act of 1773 + Sons of Liberty group dumped British tea into the Boston harbor in protest, symbolic of the “no taxation without representation” movement during the pre-revolutionary era

4. Shays Rebellion (1786/87): inequality in taxation resulted in farmers jailed for debts + foreclosure of farms across the nation, calls grew for stronger national governance + balance between order and liberty

5. Whiskey Rebellion (1794/95): rural farmers protested taxes on whiskey + refused to pay/attacked tax collections, Washington led opposition for government troops, changing perceptions as seen as necessary liberty or destruction of American democracy

6. KY/VA Resolutions: reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts, strict/loose construction debate as the resolutions argued for state rights to nullification of federal laws

ESSAY PROMPT !Evaluate the extent to which a unique sense of

identity and unity fostered change or maintained continuity in the relationship between Britain and

its colonies from 1750-1776.

PERIOD 4: 1800-1848

PERIOD 4 — KEY CONCEPTS

4.1.I

The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.

4.1.II

While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.

4.1.III

Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.

GEOGRAPHICAL DIVIDE1. The Missouri Compromise (1820)

a. Debate over slavery led to Missouri being admitted as a slave stateb. States North would be admitted as free states and states South would be admitted as slave

statesc. This created two distinct regional identities where the North had little to no slaves while the

majority of the South had a lot of slaves2. Trail of Tears

a. There were the “Five Civilized Tribes” in the fertile lands of the southwest but the farmers demanded the natives to be moved to modern-day Oklahoma

i. Removal Act: most tribes were moved because they were too weak to resistii. This further separated the Natives from American society

RISE of PARTY POLITICS- Hamilton/Federalist Party + loose construction, favored by N/E +

wealthier/educated class- Jefferson/Democratic-Republicans + strict construction, favored by

S/W + agrarian ideal- Democratic Party founded w/ Andrew Jackson as 1st president +

Whigs w/ Henry Clay (1820s/30s)- People began to adopt political identities + sectional tensions

RELIGION & PHILOSOPHIES1. Second Great Awakening

a. Purpose was to spread the message that people needed to readmit God into their daily lives with active piety

b. Led to different sects and denominations emerging, with the Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists being the largest church groups

c. Women were a prominent part of this awakening, which is evidence that women’s role in society is improving socially and economically

2. Transcendentalisma. A movement that encouraged self-reliance and independent thoughtb. Also emphasized the observance of nature of truth and lifec. Led to the emergence of the American Transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and

Henry David Thoreau

REFORM MOVEMENTS1. Abolition Movement

a. North’s views on the institution of slavery changed due to the efforts of Abolitionists and movements

b. Notable Abolitionistsi. Frederick Douglass: believed in abolition of slavery but believed that the constitution

should still stand. More people preferred this ideology more than William’sii. William Lloyd Garrison: advocated for immediate end of slavery and the constitution

2. Temperance Movementa. Movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages

i. Important because it was one of the first times that women took lead role in a movement3. Women’s Reform

a. Seneca Falls Conventioni. The first women’s rights convention in American history and over 300 people attended,

with both men and women proposing the Declaration of Sentimentsb. Declaration of Sentiments

i. Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence declared that all “men and women are created equal”

ii. The Sentiments went on to specify female grievances in regard to property, access to education and professional careers, and the lowly status accorded women in most churches

REBELLIONS1. Hartford Resolutions (1814-1815): opposed War of 1812 + demanded

certain conditions in DC, viewed as traitors + damaged Federalists2. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831): witnessing plantations horrors led to

violence against planters/freeing of slaves, engaged militias/mobs + passed new restrictions of African American civil rights

3. Underground Railroads: championed by Harriet Tubman + carried slaves across the US/to the N, led to controversies over the fugitive slave law (“losses of property”)

ESSAY PROMPT !Evaluate the effect of various European immigrant groups on the development of a distinct American

identity in the period 1830 to 1860.

PERIOD 5: 1844-1877

PERIOD 5 — KEY CONCEPTS

5.1.II. In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of US inhabitants.

5.2.I. Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South.

5.2.II. Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of southern states.

5.3.I. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.

5.3.II. Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

IMMIGRANTS1. Influx of immigrants

a. Between the 1840s and 1850s, many laborers came from Asia and Europe and most were very poor and worked for low wages

b. This influx of immigrants led to a anti-Catholic nativist movement focusing on limiting the new immigrants’ political power and influence

c. There was also the Know-Nothing party (or the American party) that flourished in the 1850si. Although it was a national political organization, it was the strongest in Massachusetts

ii. It was based on nativist beliefs and its members were native born male protestants who were opposed to immigrants being able to vote or hold public office

iii. Left behind a deep sentiment about immigration workers that later plagued the early 20th century

MANIFEST DESTINY- Coined by John L. O’Sullivan — Democratic newspaper editor + influential through his

works- reflected growing American nationalism/pride and identity + belief in divine rights to

overtake the “uncivilized lands,” justified through religion as well as for racial reasons- espoused in government policies through territorial and economic expansions,

romanticized to a degree by Americans + growth of railroad/mining/farming/ranching industries in the W. along w/ rise in immigration

-- opposition to Manifest Destiny as some people did not believe America should expand

westward (sought to maintain N. as center of the nation + avoid slavery conflicts)

SLAVERY and the CIVIL WAR1. Slavery

a. As expansion increased, the conflict between the north and the south progressed due to their views on slavery

b. North: its growing manufacturing economy relied on free labor and the new Republican Party of the north believed that free labor should be practiced everywhere. Some Northerners did not object to slavery but believed that slavery would ultimately undermine the free labor market. Also, the Free-Soil movement rose to influence the expansion of anti-slavery in the Western territories

c. South: economy depended on slave labor and argued with racial doctrines and the view that slavery served a “positive good” to the nation

2. Civil Wara. Brought the end of slavery and the 13th Amendment and the military defeat of the Confederacy

enhanced Southern identity rather than destroyed it. Monuments were erected throughout the South and there were celebrations of the Lost Cause

b. sectional tensions over Union and the Confederacy (split in American identity/beliefs)

KEY AMENDMENTS1. 13th Amendment

a. Ratified in 1865 after the Civil War, abolished slavery in the UNited Statesb. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party

shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

2. 14th Amendmenta. Every person born or naturalized in the United States is a citizen and guaranteed all citizens

“equal protection of the laws”b. States must follow due process of law before taking away any citizen’s rights or property

3. 15th Amendmenta. A citizen’s right to vote cannot be taken away because of race, the color of their skin, or because

they used to be slavesb. Finally gave African Americans the right to vote

REBELLIONS1. John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

a. tried to stir slave insurrections + planned raiding Harpers Ferry arsenal, attracted some slaves + other whites

b. John Brown had previous reputation w/ massacre in Kansas + incident now made him a martyr for northern abolitionists, used by both sides as propaganda

2. South Carolina Secedes (December 1860)a. President Buchanan did not act to prevent the secession + Lincoln’s election

prompted South Carolina to secede from the Unionb. little efforts made to ameliorate the situation + beginnings of the Civil War

PERIOD 6: 1865-1898

PERIOD 6 — KEY CONCEPTS

6.2.I.

International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth of a new urban culture.

6.2.II.

Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.

6.3.II.

Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government.

RECONSTRUCTION ERA- expansion of African American civil rights through 14th/15th amendments + given equal

protection under the law as well as suffrage

- African Americans limited from actual opportunities + often returned to previous status,

sharecropping/tenant farming limited black opportunities + increased segregation and

violence with Supreme Court rulings

- ex. Plessy v. Ferguson upheld racial segregation/degraded political gains for blacks

- increasing migrant populations moved West and stirred ethnic tensions, disruption of

Native tribal lands/reservations + violation of federal treaties led to attempts at

assimilation, faced tremendous backlash from Native Americans

URBANIZATION1. There was a shift from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the increase of movement

into citiesa. Urban neighborhoods based on ethnicities, races and classesb. Immigrants from Asia and Europe coming to America, leading to the growth of

new factories and businessesc. Desire for the wealthy and the middle class to move out out cities due the poor

crammed into citiesd. Technology was growing, leading to the difficulty for farmers to make a livinge. Immigrants had little to no rights and corporations would take advantage of the

immigrant workers

GILDED AGE1. Definition

a. coined by Mark Twain + refers to a “thin layer of gold coating”i. There was a stark contrast between the rich and the poor: few people such as

Rockefeller, Plunkett, and Carnegie were extremely wealthy while the rest of America were working class, poor people

ii. The big corporations also controlled some parts of the governmentiii. The treatment the workers received led to multiple riots (ex. Homestead

Strike)

MORE REBELLIONS- Haymarket Riot (1886): labor protest at Haymarket Square (Chicago)

+ bomb thrown leading to deaths of police officers, riots broke out + depicted the continuing struggle between big business + workers

- May Day Riots (1894): worker unrest + labor protests with the Panic of 1893/depression, primarily demanded workers’ rights and protections

- Pullman Strike (1894): national railroad strikes + shut down networks across the nation, approximately $70-90 million in damages + prompted President Cleveland’s intervention w/ sending of troops (argued that strike obstructed national mail service)x

PERIOD 7: 1890-1945

PERIOD 7 — KEY CONCEPTS7.2.I Popular culture grew in influence in US society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity.

7.3.I In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new US territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world.

7.3.II WWI and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests.

7.3.III US participation in WWII transformed American society, while the victory of the US and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the US into a position of global, political, and military leadership.

IMPERIALISM- 19th/20th century: new territorial acquisitions

accompanied by debates over US’s role in the world- imperialists cited “New Manifest Destiny” + econ.

opportunities, racial theories, competition w/ Europe, “closed frontier” idea (Frederick Jackson Turner’s “Frontier Thesis” of 1893)

- suggested US had divine mission to expand + colonized peoples were inferior/incapable of self-governance (Philippines, Guam, Cuba, P.R.)

- dominating the Pacific seen as means of expanding American trade + connecting with the highly profitable Chinese economy

- opponents often cited self-determination principles as well as the traditional US foreign policy of neutrality/isolationism

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR- “splendid little war” fought between US and Spain

in 1898- popularized atrocities in Cuba + explosion of the

USS Maine in Havana Harbor prompted the US to intervene in the Cubans’ fight for independence

- African Americans soldiers often segregated- Cubans forced to incorporate Platt Amendment

to their constitution + deprived of full independence/freedom

- Philippines also struggled for their independence after US military govt. established

- conflicted over US being an imperial power while still protecting liberties of the people

PROGRESSIVISM- belief in progress + that the nation’s destiny was to grow and advance,

argued for direct/purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs

- new commitment to social justice + to create an egalitarian/humane society- Social Gospel: movement within Protestantism focused on the redemption of

cities + social welfare for those in need- many argued ignorance/poverty were effects of unhealthy environments +

prompted the Settlement House Movement (efforts to alleviate poverty + provide sheltered environments for people)

- “New Woman” ideal + women’s advocacy groups founded (ex. WTUL, NAWSA, WCTU), 19th Amendment eventually granted suffrage to all women

- African Americans turned towards more active pursuit of racial equality w/ W.E.B. DuBois’s ideas + foundation of the NAACP

PROGRESSIVISM- belief in government’s power to counter private interests + depended on 1st

reforming the inefficiencies and corruption in government- “secret ballot” undermined political machine/bosses influence in US politics- new middle-class progressives took increasing interest in political life along

w/ new state/municipal government reforms (ex. commission plan, initiative and referendum, direct primary and recall)

- party influence weakened by reformers + new interest groups emerged- Socialism emerged as a radical critique of capitalism + believed in the need

to change basic economic structure and restore “human scale” to economy- Roosevelt/Taft/Wilson = “Progressive Era Presidents” + often had differences

in policy and enforcement (ex. New Nationalism vs. New Freedom)

IMMIGRATION- The Great Migration

- Widespread migration of millions of African Americans from the South to the North and West during the 20th century, resulting from the economic opportunities in the North and racism and discrimination in the South

- Caused a drastic change in population: by 1970, over 50 percent of African Americans lived in the Northern areas whereas only 10 percent lived in the South in 1900

- Eugenics and Nativism- Eugenics Movement: the idea that “bad” genetic traits could be bred out and good

traits could be promoted in order to improve society- Accomplished this by sterilizing criminals and the mentally handicapped

- Nativism: belief that America should be a country of white Protestant Christians, protecting the pre-existing Anglo Saxon inhabitants from the outside immigrant “pollution”

GREAT DEPRESSION- Problems

- Crime rates rose rapidly as many unemployed workers resorted to theft, suicide rates rote, prostitution rose, and alcoholism increased

- Public spending on education declined sharply, causing many schools to open understaffed or close

- Demographic Changes- Marriages were delayed as many males waited until they were financially stable

and birth rates fell while more and more Americans learned about birth control to avoid the expenses of unexpected children

- Popular Culture- Despite the costs, movies were very popular, musical form such as the blues gained

popularity and the radio flourished (Pres. Roosevelt with his periodic “fireside chats” to keep the public informed)

WORLD WAR I- US engagement marked a departure from American neutrality +

Wilson’s call for defense of humanitarian and democratic principles- US had relatively brief engagement in the actual war + tipped the

balance of power towards the Allies (led to victory)- Senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles or join League of Nations

(attempts to amend were shut down by Wilson)- foreign policy of using peace treaties/some military intervention/

international investments to promote international order- growing limitations on freedom of speech w/ “Red Scare” radicalism

(1917 USSR) + criticisms against the president/government (ex. Sedition & Espionage Acts of 1917/18)

THE NEW DEAL- numerous programs to alleviate the Great Depression under

President FDR focusing on the “three r’s” — relief, recovery, and reform

- swift acts to stabilize economy + provide relief to suffering people- criticized by some who declared it unconstitutional + skyrocketing

national debt as a result- people increasingly turned to the government for solutions + less

rugged individualism and more social welfare (as in the Progressive Era)

WORLD WAR II- viewed by Americans as a fight for survival of freedom/democracy

against fascist/militarist ideologies- beliefs reinforced by Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration

camps, Holocaust, etc.- mass mobilization of people ended Great Depression + expanded

opportunities for female/minority groups to improve social status- generated challenges to civil liberties (ex. Japanese-American

internment camps) + racial segregation- victory led to US rise as a global political/military leader- US joined NATO + United Nations to spread democratic ideals

THE SPIRIT OF REBELLION- Coal Strike (1902): miners went on strike for higher wages/union

recognition/shorter workdays + 1st incident where govt. = arbitrator- Seattle General Strike (1919): 65k+ workers who sought higher wages

+ antagonized by media as radical subversion of American ideals- Tulsa Race Riot (1921): tensions between black/white residents in

Tulsa (OK) + destroyed 35 blocks of the wealthiest black community at the time, considered one of worst racial violence incidents in US

- Bonus Army March (1932): marchers demanded early payments as a result of the depression + govt. quashed the rebellion (seen as act of overthrowing the govt.) — belongings/shelters burned

PERIOD 8: 1945-1980

PERIOD 8 — KEY CONCEPTS

8.1.II.

Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.

8.2.I.

Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward racial equality was slow.

8.2.II.

Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.

COLD WAR- A state of political and military tension after WWII between the U.S.

and the Soviet Union over communism and democracy- end of Cold War was accompanied by new challenges + forced the

nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world- National Defense Education Act

- Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for Americans

- Allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation

- McCarthyism- Senator McCarthy accused people in the U.S. government and people in Hollywood

for being communists (said that communists infiltrated the U.S. leading to the Second Red Scare)

- Led to the U.S. sending communist hunts in order to find suspected communists

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT- sought to fulfill Reconstruction era promises + achieved some legal/political successes

ending segregation- overall progress toward racial equality remained slow- 14th/15th amendments became basis of court decisions to uphold civil rights during the

20th century- Brown v. Board of Education

- 1954: a unanimous Supreme Court declared that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional

- The case remains a landmark in legal history and a milestone in civil rights history- Civil Rights Act of 1964

- Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

- after 1965: growing debates on the efficacy of nonviolence strategies + resistance sparked national political/social unrest

ENVIRONMENTALISM- Environmentalism

- An activist movement beginning in the 1960s that was concerned with protecting the environment through activities such as conservation, pollution control measures, and public awareness campaigns

- EX: Earth Day- An annual event honoring the environment that was first celebrated on April 22,

1970, when 20 million citizens gathered in communities across the country to express their support for a cleaner, healthier planet

- Environmental Protection Agency- Federal agency created by Congress and Nixon in 1970 to enforce environmental

laws, conduct environmental research and reduce human health and environmental risks from pollutants

POPULAR REBELLIONS- Watts Riot (1965)

- Racial unrest increased in the second wave of the Great Migration during WWII and violence escalated after a conflict between a police and a black drunk driver

- Turned into a race riot and was the most severe riot in Los Angeles history until 1992- Democratic National Convention Protest (1968)

- Convention was held during a year of civil unrest and anti-Vietnam War protestors tried to get the attention of candidates and the nation but were met with aggression

- Stonewall Riot (1969)- Violent demonstrations protesting police raid at the Stonewall Inn and led to the gay liberation

movement and the modern fight for gay rights- Kent State & Jackson State Shootings (1970)

- Students were protesting bombing of Cambodia by President Nixon- Guardsmen killed students and many were injured- Led to a bad public opinion on the government

- Wounded Knee Occupation (1973):- Oglala and AIM activists Protested corrupt leadership of the tribes and broken treaty by the

government and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations- Seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee (symbolic), South Dakota, and the Pine Ridge

Indian Reservation

PERIOD 9: 1980 - PRESENT

PERIOD 9 — KEY CONCEPTS

9.2.II.

The US population continued to undergo demographic shifts that had significant cultural and political consequences.

9.3.II.

Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, US foreign policy efforts focused on fighting terrorism around the world.

WAR ON TERRORISM- US launched military efforts against terrorism and conflicts in the

Middle East following attacks of September 11, 2001- terrorist attacks led to more discrimination against Muslim/Middle

Eastern populations in US + increasing tensions over identity- military efforts’ goal was to improve national security + raised

questions about protection of civil liberties and human rights- also resulted in debates over the US’s dependence on oil/fossil fuels

+ concerns over the environmental impact of econ. consumption

CLIMATE CHANGE + ENVIRONMENTALISM- growing awareness of human effects on the

changing climate + modern wave of activism to protect and preserve the environment

- efforts to limit human dependence on fossil fuels/natural resources, activists partaking in the “Green/Environmentalist Movement”

- increasing debate/polarization (as well as politicization) of the climate change issue

- growing controversies with rebukes of climate change studies alongside activism + international agreements to combat changes

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION- Affirmative Action

- Program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education

- The term grew from an executive order issued by JFK in 1961, mandating that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in their hiring practices

- EX: Bakke v. Board of Regents- 1978: U.S. court case in which Bakke was denied to University of

California Medical School twice to people less qualified based on race

- Case determined that race could be used as one criterion in the admissions decisions of institutions

OUTSOURCING- growing sentiments against the outsourcing of labor (companies

hiring foreign workers for lower labor/production costs)- used by large corporations to keep costs low while being more

competitive in the global market + having higher profit margins- rebuke from the American working class w/ political opposition to

outsourcing + against the potential rise of US unemployment- increasing American corporation presence in foreign countries +

exploitation of underdeveloped nations for economic benefit

ACTS OF REBELLION- Los Angeles Riots (1992): series of riots/lootings/civil disturbance

following Rodney King/police brutality incident, largest US riots since 1960s + hundreds of businesses destroyed/reforms in LA govt.

- Branch Davidian Standoff (1993): religious cult stockpiled weapons + opened fire on FBI/govt. agents, mass suicide/fire ensued (51-day siege), govt. seen to be using too much force/violence

- Oklahoma City Bombing (1995): Timothy McVeigh + Terry Nicholas blew up federal government building, resulted in 168 deaths + new harsher penalties on domestic acts of terrorism

- Ferguson/Missouri Riots (2014): sparked by police shooting of unarmed Michael Brown + raised questions of police brutality/protocols alongside race issues and the battle between liberty/order

NATIONAL, AMERICAN, & GROUP

IDENTITYAP US HISTORY REVIEW